Chuyn e V Tuyn

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG KHOA VIN

THNG I - - - - - - -

BO CO CHUYN THNG TIN V TUYN

ti: K

THT TRI PH TRONG CDMA

GV HNG DN NHM sv THC HIN

: TH.S NGUYN VIT M : H TH HNG NGUYN VN L L VN THANH : H09VT9

LP

H Ni 08/2011

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

MC LC
MC LC ..................................................................................................................................... 2 LI NI U .............................................................................................................................. 3 I - K THUT TRI PH TRC TIP (H TH HNG) .................................................... 4 . Gii thiu ......................................................................................................................... 4 1,2 Nguyn l tri ph chui trc tip .................................................................................. 4 II - K THUT' TRI PH NHY TAN - FHSS ( NGUYN VN L) ............................. 8 2.1 Nguyn l chung ............................................................................................................ 8 2.1. : My pht FHSS ..................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2: MaythuFHSS........................................................................................................ 11 2.2 H thng tri ph nhy tn nhanh ............................................................................... 12 2.3 H thng tri ph nhy tn chm ................................................................................ 14 Ketun 16 III- K THUT TRAI PH NHY THI GIAN - THSS(L VN THANH ).............. 17 3.1 Gii thiu k thut tri ph nhy thi gian - THSS ..................................................... 17 3.2 Nguyn l ca h thong THSS ..................................................................................... 17 3.3 Kt lun ..... - ................................................................................................................ 19 IV .................................................................................................................................... CC H THNG LAI GHP ............................................................................................... 19 4. Gii thiu v h thng lai ghp .................................................................................... 19 4.2 Nhy tn chui trc tip FH/DS .................................................................................. 19 4.3 H thng TH/FH.. ....... ! .............................................................................................. 21 4.4 H thng TH/DS .......................................................................................................... 22 KT LUN ................................................................................................................................. 24 Chuyn e V Tuyn K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

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LI NI U

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

Nhng nm va qua, h thng thng tin di ng Vit Nam s dng cng ngh GSM. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai v ang pht trin ln h thng mi s dng cng ngh CDMA, nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng v s lng cng nh cht lng ca dch v trn h thng. Cng ngh CDMA da trn nguyn l tri ph t c hiu qu s dng di thng ln hn nhiu ln so vi cc cng ngh tng t hoc s khc, do s lng thu bao a truy nhp ln hcm rt nhiu. Nh vic dn rng ph tn hiu m c th chng li c cc tc ng nhiu v bo mt tn hiu. Cc h thng s dng cng ngh CDMA p ng c cc nhu cu v thng tin di ng trong tng lai. Vic nm bt c cng ngh ny l rt cn thit. Trong cng ngh CDMA, k thut tri ph ng vai tr quan trng nht. T l o , sau qu trnh tm hiu nhm chng em la chn ti: K thut tri ph trong CDMA nghi n cu. Do thi gian tim hiu v trnh cn hn ch. Trong phm vi bo co ny, chng em tp chung nghin cu 3 k thut tri ph v mt s h thng li ghp. Ni dung bo co gm 3 phn chnh: K thut tri ph trc tip (H Th Hng) K thut tri ph nhy tn (Nguyn Vn L) K thut tri ph nhy thi gian v mt s h thng lai ghp (L Vn Thanh) T/m nhm sinh vin thc hin Trng nhm
I - K THUT TRI PH TR c TIP ( H Th Hng}

H Th Hng

1.1 Gii thiu cc h thng thng tin thng thng, rng bng tn l vn quan tm chnh v cc h thng ny thng c thit k sao cho s dng cng t rng bng tn cng tt . Tuy

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

nhin, h thng thng tin tri ph ( ss : Spread Spectrum ), rng bng tn ca tn hiu c m rng gp nhiu ln trc khi pht. Khi ch c 1 ngi s dng trong bng tn tri ph th khng c hiu qu s dng bng tn. Nhng mi trng nhiu ngi dng, h c th s ng chung mt bng tn tri ph v h thng khi t c hiu qu s dng bng tn cao m vn duy tr c cc u im ca tri ph nh: Chng nhiu tt Chia s cng tn s vi nhiu ngi s dng Bo mt tot do c chui m gi ngu nhin Do s dng m gi ngu nhin nn n kh b nghe trm Hn ch v lm gim hiu ng a ng truyn

Nh vy, mt h thng thng tin c coi l h thng tri ph khi: -Tn hiu c pht c rng bng tn ln hn nhiu sa vi rng bng tn ti thiu cn thit. -Triph c thc hin bng mt m c lp vi s liu. My thu s dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly ra tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph. Cc tn hiu cn li xut hin dng cc nhiu ph rng cng sut thp nh tp m . 1.2 Nguyn ] tri ph chui trc tip Trong CDMA, k thut tri ph chui trc tip (DS/SS: Direct Sequence/Spread Spectrum) c s dng. Mi mt ngi s dng c cp mt m ring bit. M c s dng thng l mt chui gi tp m (PN-Pseudo Noise) hay gi ngu nhin, c tc rt ln, ln hn tc bt d liu, tc l phn t ca chui c rng thi gian rt nh, nh hn rng ca bit d liu v c gi l chip.

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ngun ritga (R bit s) -H8>-

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

phi V pht

Ngtii clui PN-iph (R chip s)

phit thu Sng mang vi PN-Pstmo Noise (chui gi Tp m

Sng mang
B lc Ngun chui PN tri ph (R chip s)

ngun
digital

Hnh 1: Nguyn l tri ph H thng DS-SS t c bng cch nhn trc tip tn hiu cn tri ph vi tn hiu gi ngu nhin . Tn hiu sau khi tri ph s iu ch sng mang theo BPSK hoc QPSK... trc khi truyn i. Pha thu s dng m PN gii tri ph ly ra tn hiu mong mun. Hnh minh ha tn hiu tri ph . i IT h<pit

\
1
C \

Tt tt pht ''
1 Tc U-

Hnh 2: Biu din tn hiu tri ph

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- Od(f) mt ph cng sut ca ti hiu trc khi tri ph - Odc{f) mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu sau khi tri ph Tn hiu pht ca ngi th k l lung s thng tin ca ngi s dng dk(t) c tc bt Rb = 1/Tb. Vi dk(t) c xc nh nh sau:
00

dk(t) = V dt(i)pn(t - iTb )

00 k(t) l lung bt lng cc vi hia mc gi tr {+ 1, -1}. Lung ti hiu dk(t) c tri ph bng cch nhn vi m tri ph (gi l m gi tp m P"N ) c(t) , c tc Rc= 1/T C ln hn nhiu ln so vi Rb. Phn t nh phn ca chui c(t) c gi l mt chip phn bit n vi phn t nh phn (bit) ca bn tin. M tri ph ny lm cho bng tn tn hiu sau khi tri pho s ln ln rt nhiu khi truyn i ng thi cng dng phn bit cc thu bao khi tn ng ng truyn cho qu trnh a truy nhp, m tri ph khng phi l ngu nhin m chng c chu k xc nh v c bit trc i vi my thu ch nh. M tri ph l chui chip nhn cc gi tr {+ 1 ,-1} gn nh ng xc sut v c biu din nh sau:
N

Ck(t) =

ck)Pt - i T c )

Trong c(i) = l,l chui xung nhn gi tr +1 hoc -1 v Tc l rng ca mt chip v Tc = NTb (N so chip trong mt bt) , pTc l hm xung vung c xc nh nh

Sau tri ph tn hiu c tc chip Rc uc a ln iu ch sng mang bng cch nhn vi tn hiu sng mang:

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Trc khi truyn i nh sau:

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

Trong Eb nng lng bt, Tb l bit v fc l tn s sng mang. Ti pha thu , cc my thu c th phn bit c cc m tri ph, cc m ny phi l cc m trc giao chu k Tb tho mn iu kin sau:

V tch ca ca hai m trc giao bng 1 nu l tch vi chnh n v l mt m trc giao mi trong tp m trc giao nu l tch ca hai m khc nhau:

n gin ta coi rng my thu c ng b sng mang v m tri ph vi my pht, ngha l tn s, pha sng mang v m tri ph ca my thu ging nh my pht. Ngoi ra nu b qua tp m nhit ca ng truyn v chi xt nhiu ca K -l ngi s dng trong h thng, gi s cng sut tn hiu thu ti my thu k ca K ngi s dng bng nhau v n gin ta cng b qua tr truyn sng, tn hiu thu s nh sa u:

Trong Ebr = Efc/Lp l nng lng bit thu, Lp l suy hao ng truyn. Tn hiu thu c a ln phn u ca qu trnh gii iu ch nhn vi sng mang:

Sau c a ln tri ph, kt qu cho ta: u(t) = 'T ' dj(t)cj(t)ck(t)c0s(4fffct)

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

Sau b tch phn thnh phn cao tn s b loi b, ta c: 7j rr* 7}

v(0 = J u{t)dt

= Q

I c,{t)ck(t)dt
T /=1
0

do tnh cht trc giao ca cc m tri ph v dj = {+1, -1} ta c kt qu nh sau: v ( =

dk{t)*sj E hr = A J Ebr
Mch quyt nh s cho ra mc 0 nu V(t) dng v 1 nu V(t) m kt qu ta c chui bt thu, "b(t) l c tnh ca chui pht. trong h thng tri ph chui trc tip c hai cch tri ph l: + tri ph DS/SS_ BPSK (Tri ph trc tip BPSK) + tri ph DS/SS_PSK (Tri ph trc tip QPSK)

II - K THUT TRI PH NHY TN - FHSS (Nguyn Vn L ) 2.1 Nguyn l chung H thng tri ph nhy tn - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, c nh ngha l nhy hay chuyn i tn s sng mang mt tp hp cc tn s theo mu c xc nh bi chui gi tp m PN. Trong cc h thng thng tin kiu tri ph nhy tn FH, m tri ph gi tp m khng trc tip iu ch sng mang c iu ch, nhng n c s dng iu khin b tng hp tn s. mi thi im nhy tn, b to m gi tp m a ra mt on k chip m iu khin b tng hp tn s, theo iu khin ca on k chip m ny, b tng hp tn s s nhy sang hot ng tn s tng ng thuc tp 2k cc tn Mi on gm k chip m c gi l mt t tn s, bi vy s c 2k t tn s . Do cc t tn s xut hin ngu nhin nn tn s dao ng do b tng hp tn s to ra nhn mt gi tr thuc tp 2k tn s cng mang tnh ngu nhin. Ph ca tn hiu nhy tn c b rng nh ca sng mang c iu ch ch khc l n b dch tn i mt khong bng tn s dao ng do b tng hp tn s to ra v nh hn rt nhiu so vi rng bng

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

tri ph. Tuy nhin, tnh trung bnh trn nhiu bc sng nhy th ph tn hiu nhy tn li chim ton b b rng bng tri ph .

Hnh 2.1: M phng mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu FHSS trn ton b bng tn Tc nhy tn c th nhanh hay chm hn tc s liu. T ta c 2 loi h thng tri ph nhy tn, l h thng nhy tn nhanh v h thng nhy tn chm . 2.1.1: My pht FHSS S khi my pht FHSS c m t nh hnh v:

B to chui PX

B tng hp tan s y(t)

b(t)

B iu ch FSK x(t)

BPF bng rus s()

Hnli 2.2: S (t khi my pht FH ss

Tn hiu d liu b(t) a vo c iu ch FSK thnh tn hiu x(t). Trong khong thi gian mi bt x(t) c mt trong hai tn so f v f+Af, tng ng vi bt 0 v 1 ca d LPH09VT9 Page 9

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

liu. Tn hiu ny c trn vi tn hiu y(t) t b tng hp tn s. C mi Th giy, tn s y(t) li c thay i theo cc gi tr ca k bit nhn c t b to m PN. Do c 2 t hp k bit nn ta c th c 2k cc tn s khc nhau c to ra bi b tng hp tn s. B trn to ra tn s ca tng v hiu, mt trong hai tn s ny c lc ra b lc bng thng (BPF) . Ta c th vit tn hiu u ra ca b tng hp tn s trong on nhy 1 nh sau: y(t) 2A COS [2n (fg + iAJ)t + 0] Trong : + i {0,2, 4, ... 2(2k - 1)} - l s nguyn chn. + fg: l mt tn so khng i + 0: gi tr pha. Gi tr ca i| c xc nh bi k bit nhn c t b to chui gi tp m. Gi thit rng b lc BPF ly ra tn s tng u ra ca b trn. Khi ny ta c th vit tn hiu u ra b lc BPF trong bc nhy nh sau: vt) = 2A cos [ 2n (to + if + bJ)t + J; vi l<t< (l+l)Th Trong : + b {0, 1} l gi tr ca s liu l<t< (l+l)Tf, v fo =f+fg Ta thy rng tn s pht s bang f0 + ijf khi bl = 0 v bng fD + ljf + Af khi bj = 1. V th cc tn s c th c pht s l { f0, f0 + f, f0 + 2Af, ... f + (K-l)Af}. Trong K = 2k+1, c th c tn s nhy l K. c bit pha 0| c th thay i t bc nhy ny ti bc nhy khc v b tng hp tn s rt kh duy tr n khng i. Xt v rng bng tn, tn s ca FH khng thay i trong mt on nhy. Trong ton b khong thi gian, tn hiu pht nhy tt c K tn so, vi th n chim rng bng tn l: BFH = K.Af e tnh ton li x l, ta bit rng rng bng tn knh cn thit truyn s liu bng 2/Tb, nn Gp l t s gia rng bng tn knh truyn d liu tri ph v rng bng tn cn thit truyn tn hiu bng tn gc nh sau: Gp = K.f/(2/Tb) = KTb/2Th ; vi Ti,<t<(/+)T/,

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

Trong ta gi thit rng phn cch tn s bng 1/Tb. Nu ta s dng thm b nhn tn c h s (3 th ph ca tn hiu FH s m rng p ln , V th rng bng tn tng hp ca tn hiu FH ny l p.KAf (Hz) v khi li s tnh bng: G, = flK.Af/ (2/T,) - p.KT/2Th 2.1.2: My thu FHSS S khi my thu FHSS c m t nh hnh v:

JLuiii 2.3: So1 (l khi may thu FH/SS

Tn hiu ca my thu c lc bi b loc bng thng BPF c rng bng thng bng rng ca bng tn hiu FHSS ngha l vo khong f0-0,5Af (Hz) n fo+(K 0, 5)Af (Hz). Hnh 2.3 m t cc h thng con thc hin khi phc nh thi k hiu v

ng b chui PN, y khng cn khi phc sng mang v my thu s dng gii iu ch khng lin kt v do tc nhy tn nhanh my thu rt kh theo di c pha ca sng mang khi pha ny thay i mi bc nhy. B to chui PN ti pha pht to ra mt chui PN ng b vi chui thu, u ra ca b tng hp tn s s l : g(t) = Acos [2n (fg + i/ f)t + 6] ; vi Th< t < (i+)Th B qua tp m, u vo BPF s l: g).s(t) = Acos [2n (fg + i/AJ)t +0 '].Acos [2t (fo + f + b/Af)t + 6] Vi: lTh < t < (+)Th

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

g(t).s(t) = A/2 cos [2it (fg + + 2Uf + bi AJ)t + 8 + 8 ] + COS [2n ( f g - + b AJ)t + 6 -6 ] Thnh phn tn s cao b b lc BPF loi b v ch cn li thnh phn tn s thp. Ta k hiu f) = fg + f.

Vy u vo b gii iu che FSK s l:

w(0

-cos(2;r

f ' t + , - 0 ;'); b ; = 0 c o $ ( 2 t ( f ' + A f t + e,- d , '));*, =1

u ny cha

hoc tn s F hoc (f + Af) . V b khng thay i trong ii gian

Tb ca mt bit, nn trong khong thi gian ny tn hiu w(t) c tn s khng i. Nh vy trong khong thi gian Tb giy b gii iu ch FSK tch ra tn s ny v to ra u ra c s 2 l 0 hoc l 1 . Ni cch khc ta c th tch ra tn s cha trong w(t) cho tng on nhy nhn c Tb/Th cc gi tr cho tng bc nhy. T cc gi tr ny, s dng nguyn tc a s ta c th quyt nh bit d liu l 0 hay l 1. 2.2 H thng tri ph nhy tn nhanh h thng FHSS nhanh, c t nht mt ln nhy tn s ng vi mt bit d liu. Vi Tb l chu k ca tn hiu d liu, T h l thi gian ca mt on nhy tn th T b>Th. Trong khong thi gian Th giy ca mi ln nhy tn, mt trong s cc 2k tn s {fo,fo + Af,fo + 2Af, ... ,fo +(K l)Af) c pht. Trong Af l khong cch gia cc tn s ln cn, thng c chn bng 1/Th. Hnh 2.4 biu din cho h thng FH vi tc nhy tn bng 3 ln tc s liu.

Chuyn D V Tuyn

K thut Tri Ph Trong CD MA

To. S
gfgfl

Kf

f. + w f3 + w
f. + 4f
r

^-

................................. P1

II II V* N

1 1

S Liu
Hiiili 2.4 : H thng tri ph ilty tn nliaiih vi T,= 3Th

Nhy tn nhanh vi iu che M-FSK hiu c th hn ta i tim hiu h thng tri ph nhy tn nhanh vi iu ch M - FSK . Dng tng qut ca FSK c s 2 l FSK M trng thi, trong M tn s c s dng biu th Log2(M) bit s liu. Vi tri ph FH, tn s pht nhy trn mt lng ln cc tn s ( 2k.M tn s), trong k l s bit ra t b to m PN n b tng hp tn s. Hnh 2.5 biu th c th h thng tri ph FH nhanh vi iu ch FSK M trng thi. Vi gi thit M = 4, ngha l mi thi im hai bit s liu c xem xt v gi thit l ba bc nhy mi k hiu (mi k hiu bang Log2(M) bit s liu), y ta s dng Ts = Log2(M)Tb biu din thi gian ca mt k hiu, tn. LP H09VT9 Page 13
Th

biu din thi gian ca mt bc nhy

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

Tn s

1.
_ _.

2kMAh)

1 1
/t h

-P 1 1

1 1

Thi gian
>

(Sa u tri >h) f

S liu

Thi gian
Hiii 2.5 : H thn? tri nh iliv tn nliaii vi iu ch 4 - FSK. T= 311 Trc tn s c cha thnh 2k nhm 4 tan so, k bit ca chui PN s xc nh tn s trong nhm no s c s dng. V th 2 bit t lung s liu v k bit t chui PN s xc nh chnh xc tn s no s c pht trong on nhy tn. Do tn s c pht thay i c Th giy mt ln nn iu ch c trc giao khong cch tn s ti thiu phi l 1/T h. rng bng tn tng hp khong 2k.M/Th(Hz). 2.3 H thng tri ph nhy tn chm Khi Tb/Th <1 ta c h thng nhy tn chm . S khi my pht v thu tng t nh h thng nhy tn nhanh. Hnh 2.6 m t biu ca mt h thng nhy tn chm vi T b/Th = 1/2 ngha l mt ln nhy tn 2 bit, mi ln nhy tn s liu thay i gia

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

0 v 1. V tn s pht c th thay i T h giy mt ln nn iu ch trc giao khong cch phi l Af = m/Tb. Trong m l s nguyn khc 0. Nu ta chn Af = 1/Tb v nu b tng hp tn s to ra 2k tn s, rng bng tn s l K.Af = K/Tb (Hz). Trong K = 2k+l. i x l l K/2 . Khi s dng b nhn tn vi h s nhn |3 my pht, phn cch tn s u ra cui cng tr thnh p.Af v G = p.K/2

Tn s

KAf

f. + 3Af fa + 2Af fa + 4f f, TJI~2;3 = 0 11 0 0 I

S Liu
Hi 2.6 : Biu (l rn s cho h thng FHSS chm vi T|, =2Tb

Nhy tn chm vi iu ch M- PSK Tm hiu c th hn v h thng nhy tn chm ta xt v d vi h thng nhy tn chm vi iu ch M-FSK c M = 4 v Ts = TbLog2M. Tc l trong thi gian mt bc nhy c 3 k hiu d liu . rng bng tn ln nht h thng t c l 2 k.M/Ts (Hz),

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Tn s

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

2h(M/ T,)

M T_ Ts >au tmL ph

T T = 3 Ts=2T hay M=4 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 10 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 : 19 : : 11 H &

Tng t nh h thng tri ph nhy tn nhanh . Trc tn s c chia thnh 2 k nhm 4 /T

t

tan so, k bit ca chui PN s xc nh tn s trong nhm no s c s dng. V th 2 bit t Hnh 2.7 :Biu tQ s cho m! b TtLag FH chtn vi iu ch.M -FSK, M=4 lung s liu v k bit t chui PN s xc nh chnh xc tn s no s c pht trong on nhy tn. 2.4 Kt lun H thng tri ph nhy tn c nhiu u im vt tri v tc chui PN cng nh tc xung nhp . H thng FHSS c th hot ng trn di tn s rng (c GHz) hom nhiu so vi cc h thng tri ph dng cc k thut khc, ngoi ra tn hiu FHSS cng c th tri rng hn nhiu so vi ht hng DSSS vi cng tc ng h .

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Tuy nhin, h thng FHSS cng cn mt s hn ch nht nh l tnh phc tp ca b tng hp tn s dn n gi thnli t , Mc d hn ch c nhiu giao thoa nhng h thng FHSS li d b thu trm hn h thng DSSS. Vic pht trin cc h thng FHSS hin nay ang c nghin cu mnh m . Tng lai s c nhng h thng FHSS vi tm hot ng trn cc bng tn rng hn na. K thut ca cng ngh ny s ngy cng hon thin, khc phc nhng hn ch hin nay .

III - K THUT TRI PH NHY THI GIAN - THSS ( L Vn Thanh ) 3.1 Gii thiu k thut tri ph nhy thi gian - THSS THSS Tirae Hopping Spread Spectrum. l h thng m bit cn truyn c chia thnh cc khi k bit, mi khi c pht i mt cch ngu nhin trong cc cm ca cc khe thi gian. Khe thi gian c chn pht cho mi cm c nh ngha bng chui PN n c nhim v xc nh mu nhy khe thi gian
Kht tluri l tan phai tk bin

Hnh 3.1: Tri ph nhy thi gian ( THSS ) Trong : M i s khe thi gian T =T,/M 3.2 Nguyn l ca h thng THSS Trong mt h thng tri ph nhy thi gian s liu c pht thnh cc cm . Mi cm gm k bit s liu v thi gian chnh xc pht mi cm c xc nh bi mt chui m PN. Gi s thang thi gian c chia thnh cc T giy . Mi khung li c chia tip thnh J cc khe thi gian . V th mi khe thi gian chim rng T = T f /J giy. Biu thi gian c th hin nh sau:

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0 T. 4T. ST,

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

t2T .

-I

\ / \ \ ' ' ........

b(l

y t-H-H HI-HH
3Tr

/
/L

/ /

\ \

j = S khe thi giiin trong khung Ifgt&y Tf/ T

Hnh 3.2: Bii thi gian cho mt h thng THSS Trong thi gian mi khung mt nhm k bit c pht trong Tsgiy ngha l trong J khe thi gian. Khe thi gian s c s dng pht c xc nh bi chui PN Mi bit ch chim T0 = T /K giy khi pht. Quan h gia T J, T , T0 c m t trn hnh 4.2 Gi s thi gian ca mt bit s liu l T, kp truyn dn s liu vo ta can T , =kT. Nu cc bit s liu vo l b:, i l s nguyn } ta c th biu din tn hiu THSS nh sau : ^h= X 'Lbi*kPJt-iTf-aiTrlTo)
1=co /=0 o k ]

Trong p T l xung ch nht n v rng l T 0 giy, a. e [0,1 j -1] l s ngu nhin c xc nh bi js bit ca chui PN v J= 2 ' vi th hin khung i, a ; th hin s khe thi gian, 1 l s th t bit trong cm S liu c truyn cc cm k bit mi ln vi mi bit c truyn trong khong T 0=( T J /J)/k giy. Vi th tc bit khi pht cm l 1/ T0 truyn bng tn gc c rng bng tn l 1/2 T Hz. V bn tin c rng l 1/T, rng bng tn c m rng bi mt tha s l ( 1/2 T 0)(1/2T\ ) = ( k T j )J/ T , = j khi truyn dn bng gc v 2j khi truyn dn bng thng.

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3.3 Kt lun

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

Hin nay phn ln cc quan tm v h thng ss l cc ng dng a truy nhp m nhiu ngi s dng cng chia se mt rng bng tn truyn dn. Trong h thng DSSS tt c mi ngi s dng cng dng chung mt bng tn v pht tn hiu ca h ng thi.My thu s dng ti hiu gi ngu nhin chnh xc ly ra tn hiu mong mun bng cch gii tri ph. C c tn hiu khc xut hin dng cc nhiu ph rng cng sut thp ta tp m. cc h thong FHSS v THSS mi ngi s dng c n nh mt m gi ngu nhin sao cho khng c cp my pht no s dng cng tn s hay cng khe thi gian, nh vy cc my pht s trnh c xung t. Nh vy FH v TH l kiu h thng trnh xung t, trong khi DS ! kiu h thng ly trung bnh.

IV - CC H THONG LAI GHP. 4.1 Gii thiu v h thng lai ghp . Vi cc h thng c miu t trn th iu ch hybrid c s dng cung cp thm cc tin li ca mi h thng. Thng thng cc h thong tng hp c s dng nh FH/DS, TH/FH, TH/DS cc h thng tng hp t hai h thng s cung cp thm cc c tnh m mt h thng khng th c c. 4.2 Nhy tn chui trc tip FH/DS H thng FH/DS tn hiu iu ch DS vi tn s trang tm c chuyn dch nh k ph tn s v c minh ho nh sau:

>/

y,

Tin hifiu chuyn djrh K ah chuyn dch

Hnh 4.1: Ph tn s tn hiu FH/DS. Mt tn hiu DS xut hin mt cch tc thi vi rng bng tn l mt phn rng trong rt nhiu tn hiu tri ph v tn hiu xut hin nh khc nh cc mu tn hiu FH.

l s chuyn ng ca ti hiu DS bng tn

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H thng FH/DS c s dng v: Dung lng

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

a truy nhp v thit lp a ch phn tn Ghp knh H thng iu ch tng hp ny c ngha c bit khi tc nhp ca b to m DS t gi tr cc i v gi tr ca knh FH . B pht tong hp nh trn thc hin chc nng iu ch DS nh bin oi tn s sng mang ( sng mang FH l tn hiu DS c iu ch) khng ging nh b iu ch n gin. Ngha l c mt b to m cung cp cc m vi b tron tn c s dng cung cp cc dng nhy tn s v mt b iu ch cn bng iu ch DS. S ng b thc hin gia cc mu m FH/DS biu th rng phn mu DS cho c xc nh ti cng mt v tr c tn s lc no cng c truyn qua mt knh tn s nht jnh . Nhn chung th tc m ca DS phi nhanh hn tc dch tn. Do s lng cc knh s dng tn s nh hn nhiu so vi s lng cc chip m nn tt c cc knh nam trong tng chiu di m s c s ng nhiu tn. Cc knh c s dng di dng tn hiu gi ngu nhin nh trong trng hp cc m . B tng quan c s dng gii iu ch tn hiu c m ho trc khi gii iu ch bng tn gc ti u thu . B tng quan FH c mt b tng quan DS v tn hiu dao ng ni c nhn vi tt c cc tn hiu thu c .

Hnh 4.2: B iu ch tng hp FH/DS

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

B to tn hiu dao ng ni trong b tng quan ging nh b iu ch pht tr hai im sau : 1. tn s trung tm ca tn hiu dao ng ni c c nh bng lch tn s tning tn (IF) . 2. M DS khng b bin i vi u vo bng gc .

u ra

u vo FH/D

Bo lc F

f' + 4f

Git itu ch bang gc

c nj k L

Ditu cbe ea

b4og
7*0 EI

MS DS

T hp s

M FH

Hnh 4.3: B thu tng hp FH/DS Gi tr li x l dB ca h thng tng hp FH/DS c th c tnh bng li x l ca hai loi iu ch tri ph . Do gii hn giao thoa tr ln ln hn so vi h thong FH hoc h thng DS n gin. 4.3 H thng TH/FH H thng TH/FH c s dng rng ri khi mun s dng nhiu thu bao c khong cch xa v cng sut khc nhau ti cng mt thi im . Vi s lng xc nh a ch l trung bnh th nn s dng mt h thng m n gin hn l mt h thng tri ph c bit. Khuynh hng chung l nn to ra mt h thng chuyn mch in thoi v tuyn c th chp nhn cc hoi ng c bn ca h thng nh l s truy nhp ngu nhin hoc s nh v cc a ch phn tn.

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

Hnh 4.4: H thng thng tin hai ng vi vn khong cch Ta thy hai u pht v thu c xc nh v my pht ng thng khc hot ng nh l mt ngun giao thoa khi ng thng c thit lp. S khc nhau v khong cch gia my pht bn cnh v my pht thc hin thng tin c th gy ra nhiu vn . H thng ny lm gim s giao thoa c th chp nhn c ca h thng thng tin tri ph xung vi , do nh hng ca khong cch gy ra cho tn hiu thu khng th loi b c ch vi vic x l tn hiu n gin m mt khong thi gian truyn dn nht nh nn c xc nh trnh chng ln tn hiu ti cng mt thi im

4.4 H thng TH/DS

Hnh 4.5: B pht TH/DS

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Kace

K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

chuyo

Tin. hlfiij TH/D5 th.u dc

RF

b lc IP

fc+I F
DtEu che da tO

u ra Cng rhi gian

1 Mi PN
B O bc Q

Cc 1004

tt-rUnc

Hnh 4.6: B thu TH/DS Nu phng php ghp knh theo m khng p ng c cc yu cu giao din ng truyn khi s dng h thng DS th h thng TH c s dng thay th cung cp mt h thng TDM cho kh nng iu ch tn hiu. Yu cu s dng ng b nhanh vi s tng quan m gia cc u cui h thng DS h thng TH c gii quyt cho tnrng hp ny.

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K thut Tri Ph Trong CDMA

KT LUN

Sau mt khong thi gian khng di, vi s c gng ca cc thnh vin trong nhm, di s hng dn ca thy Nguyn Vit m v s gip ca bn b, bn bo co vi ti K thut tri ph trong CDMA c hon thnh. Qua nghin cu bn bo co , ch ng em hiu r thm v mt khu rt quan trng ca cng ngh CDMA - cng ngh ct li ca th h 3G. Vic hon thnh nghin cu ti ny gip chng em c thm kin thc, to nn tng vng chc cho cng vic ca chng em trong tng lai , to tin cho vic tip tc nghin cu nhng vn khc su hn, mi hn trong tng

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Nguyn Vit m trc tip gip chng em thc hin bo co ny . Xin cm n s gip , h tr thm v ti liu tham kho ca bn b v thy c! Do thi gian v trnh cn nhiu hn ch. Bn bo co ca chng em chc chn khng trnh khi nhng sai st do khch quan v ch quan. Chng em mong mun c s ch bo ca cc thy c, bn b kin thc ca chng em ngy cng vng chc hn! T/M nhm- lp H09VT9 Nhm trng H Th Hng

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