Thc tp mi trng c s Bi 2: Kho st mt vi thng s cht lng nc & Hng dn s d ng mt s thi!

t "# $o nh%nh cc ch& ti'( mi t)*ng

Kt qu th nghim: a. xc nh tng lng cht rn (T !: Kh"i lng c"c Kh"i lng c"c * tng lng cht rn Tng lng cht rn /. xc nh lng cht rn hu01n 2h3 ( !: Kh"i lng gi0 l4c Kh"i lng gi0 l4c * cht rn hu01n 2h3 6ht rn hu01n 2h3 $. a. #$ % $&'.(&)( g #+ % $&'.,$+$ g # % -.-&+. g

#$ % -.')., g #+ % -.').5 g # % -.---+ g

/.

c.

+.

(.

78i T92 6c :9t cht t; nhi<n g=0 ra > ?c: @Ac BCng trDng Bu"t thEi gian lF: #3a lF cc cDn BCng thEng cG lu lng nAc lAnH :9n t"c IJng ch0 rt mKnh. LD G Mhi nguNn nAc ch0 tO thng nguNn :1H nG cu"n thPD rt nhi1u thQ nh /3nH tH H xc cRa cc lD8i >ng th;c :9tH :8 m>t B" tK2 cht MhcScc cht n80 c cu"n thPD c3ng IJng nAcH hJa lTn :8D trDng nAc chD n<n nAc BCng :8D m3a lF cG > ?c rt lAn. @Ac BCng / C nhiUm: @Ac BCng C nhiUm thEng l8 ID cG m>t ha0 nhi1u nguNn cht thi n8D G thi tr;c ti2 ra m8 cha c xV lWH cht thi G gNm cc cht :C cX cFng nh hYu cXH cc cht n80 hJa lTn trDng nAc BZ g=0 ra > ?c chD :3ng nAc / C nhiUm G. [> ?c nhi1u ha0 t t30 thu>c :8D B; C nhiUm cRa cc cht thi \ nXi G. @Ac thi Binh hDKt: @Ac thi Binh hDKt l8 nAc ] qua BV I?ng cRa cDn ngEiH Mhi c thi ra nG mang thPD m>t lng h2 cht hYu cX hD^c :C cX (nhi1u ha0 t t30 thu>c :8D nhu c_u Binh hDKt cRa cDn ngEi! :8 t ctH hGa cht MhcHS nhYng tK2 cht G BZ g=0 ra > ?c chD nAc. [> ?c MhCng th` tXng quan :Ai h8m lng cc cht lX lVng trDng mTu nAc: :a > ?c MhCng hD8n tD8n l8 ID cc cht rn lX lVng trDng nAc g=0 ra m8 nG cJn /aD gNm c cc cht hJa tan trDng nAcH nh m>t B" Mim lDKiH 2hi MimH...:8 cc cht Mhc. 6Jn cht rn lX lVng chb /aD gNm nhYng cht MhCng hJa tan trDng nAcH nhng chcng cFng MhCng tch Mhdi m^t nAc. LD G > ?c :8 cht rn lX lVng trDng nAc MhCng th` tXng quan :Ai nhau. ["i :Ai nAc c2 I3ng chD m?c ch Binh hDKtH giAi hKn chD 2he2 > ?c t"i a l8 & @Tf. @u > ?c trDng nAc Binh hDKt g & @Tf tha Mhi cDn ngEi BV I?ng BZ nh h\ng tAi BQc MhdPH :a Mhi > ?c trDng nAc g & @Tf tha trDng nAc G BZ chQa m>t B" h2 cht g=0 ra > ?cH nhYng h2 cht G BZ nh h\ng tAi cDn ngEi Mhi cDn ngEi BV I?ng.

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang $

Thc tp mi trng c s ,. i i @hYng hKn ch :8 ngu0<n nh=n ITn n Bai B": nhYng hKn ch "i :Ai :ic xc nh T :8 l8 thiu I?ng c? Mh thu9tH ngu0<n nh=n ITn n Bai B" /aD gNm ngu0<n nh=n chR quan :8 ngu0<n nh=n Mhch quan: chR quan: ID thaD tc th;c hin cha cng Mh thu9tH cc I?ng c? th nghim cha c B0 MhC n Mh"i lng MhCng i nh 1 /8i 0<u c_uHS Mhch quan: ID i1u Min nhit >H > jmH giGH Bai cRa m>t B" I?ng c? Mh thu9tHS.

Bi +:

,c $#nh $ c-ng c.% nc/ ,c $#nh 0%21 2 3g21 t)ong $t "4ng 5h6ng 5h5 com5l78on

a.

Kt qu th nghim: xc nh > cQng cRa mTu nAc hN: Th tch E T! ti"# t$n% +.(k$ ml +.&k+ ml +.,k( ml +.,ml 9 /. xc > cQng cRa mTu rmng: Th tch E T! ti"# t$n% +.&k$ ml +.&k+ ml +.&k( ml +.&ml 9 &' () c*ng c+a m,# n-c h. % % % -.-$+ /mg0L 1a1234 [=0 l8 nAc m1m. () c*ng c+a m5# r6ng % % % -.$+& /mg0L 1a1234 k90 =0 l8 nAc m1m

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang +

Thc tp mi trng c s

78i T92 $. @gu0<n nh=n g=0 ra > cQng cRa nAc: > cQng cRa nAc ID cc iDn Mim lDKi 6a +*H #g+* :8 m>t B" Mim lDKi hGa tr nn nh oP+*H #n+*H r+*S. 6hcng hJa lTn :8D trDng nAc :8 g=0 ra > cQng chD nAc. 7-c c*ng (8c chia thnh 9 :oi : i @Ac cQng tKm thEi (ha0 cJn g4i l8 > ccng 6ar/Dnat! l8 > cQng cRa nAc ID cc + mu"i car/Dnat ( 0: ( ! /icar/Dnat ( H0: + ! cRa cc mu"i calcium :8 cc magiPBium g=0 n<n. lDKi nAc n80 cG th` xV lW m>t cch IU I8ng Bau Mhui un BCi nAc. i @Ac cQng :pnh cVu (ha0 cJn g4i l8 4 cQng 2hi car/Dnat! l8 > cQng cRa nAc ID 0l ! cRa cc calcium :8 magiPBium g=0 n<n. [> cQng n80 cc mu"i ( ;: + , ! hD^c ( MhCng / 2h hR0 /qng /in 2h2 un BCi nAc. +. [> cQng tng c>ng /i`u IiUn /qng Xn : mgrl 6a6s( tarInPBB % r+* (mgrl! x * +.,)' x u6aH mgrlv * ,.$$. x u#gH mgrlv % (+ x !* (+.,)' x $&! * (,.$$. x $-! % .-.)+ mgrl 6a6s( (. [> cQng tng c>ng /i`u IiUn /qng Xn : 6a6s(: tarInPBB % r+* (mgrl! x * +.,)'u6aH mgrlv * ,.$$.u#gH mgrlv % (+ x ! * (+.,)' x &! * (,.$$. x $-! % '5.&- mgrl ,. [> cQng tng c>ng /i`u IiUn /qng Xn : 6a6s(: tarInPBB %#+* (mgrl! x * +.,')u6aH mgrlv * ,.$$.u#gH mgrlv % (-.+ x ! * (- x ! * (-.& x ! * (+.,)' x &! * (,.$$. x $-! % (((.+, mgrl Bi < : ,c $#nh =: t)ong nc "4ng 5h6ng 5h5 >in?l7)

Kt qu th nghim: th tch 7a9;923 ti"# t$n% k$ k+ Khoa mi trng i hc Lt '.& ml '.& ml Trang (

Thc tp mi trng c s k(
9

'.5 ml

'.&( ml 6Q $ml Iung Ich @a+ +s( -.-+&@ ti<u t"n trDng qu tranh chujn > tXng Xng :Ai -.+-- mg Ls. k90 '.&( ml Iung Ich @a+ +s( -.-+&@ ti<u t"n trDng qu tranh chujn > tXng Xng :Ai $.&-5 mg Ls 78i T92

$. w nghpa mCi trEng cRa Ls: 6c Binh :t B"ng trDng nAc cFng rt c_n Dx0 ` B"ng nh cc Binh :9t tr<n cKn. @u nguNn nAc / C nhiUm n^ng lng Dx0 hJa tan trDng nAc BZ / cc h2 cht hYu cX g=0 C nhiUm Dx0 hGaH ID G cc Binh :9t B"ng trDng nAc BZ / thiu h?t Dx0. k90 :ic xc nh Ls trDng nAc rt quan tr4ng ` xc nh mQc > C nhiUm cRa nguNn nAc. @hYng 0u t" nh h\ng n Mh nxng hJa tan cRa Dx0 trDng nAc: i i @hit >H > jmHS Th;c :9t B"ng trDng nAcH cc cht cn trDng nAcHS

+. @hYng lu W Mhi lT0 mTu ` 2h=n tch Ls: tKn ch MhCng Mh hJa :8D nAc :8 Dx0 trDng nAc thDt ra ngD8i. ka th c_n l0 mTu $ cch cjn th9nH MhCng n<n Mhu0 >ng mKnh mTu nAcH MhCng n<n Ii chu0`n mju. T"t nht l8 tin h8nh xc nh Ls nga0 tKi chm. (. 6c cht cn :8 /in 2h2 Mhc 2h?c Mhi xc nh Ls /qng 2hXng 2h2 yinMlPr: i @itrit (@s+i! :a Mhi G trDng nAc x0 ra 2hn Qng +@s+i * +ni * ,t* n+ * @+s+ *+t+s @+s+ * $r+s+ * t+s +@s+i * +t* i [` lDKi /d @s+i ngEi ta th<m @a@(H :a: @a@( * t* @(t * @a* @(t * @s+i * ,t* @+ * @+s * t+s i t (oP+*! H ` lDKi /d oP+* ngEi ta th<m 2PrmanganatP ,. tai mTu nAc l0 c3ng m>t thEi i`m :8 : tr \ m>t IJng BCng ` xc nh Ls. #Tu thQ nht xV lW nga0 Bau Mhi l0H mTu cJn lKi c xR lW ch9m hXn. Z cG B; Mhc /it :1 Mt qu 2h=n tchH mTu $ BZ chD Mt qu th2 hXn. ka trDng qu tranh I` trDng MhCng Mh thi BZ cG Dxi trDng MhCng Mh hJa tan :8D nAc.

Bi @ :

,c $#nh nh( cA( o8B hC% hDc "4ng 5h6ng 5h5 Bich)om%t E 0:= F 0h7mic%l :8Bg7n =7m%nd G

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang ,

Thc tp mi trng c s Kt qu th nghim: Th tch <#ng <=ch >!; ti"# t$n % a? ($i @-i m,# n-c h.% k$ k+ k(
9

$.( ml $.( ml $.( ml $.( ml

A? ($i @-i m,# r6ng : k % $., ml 6sL % % % (+ (mg s+rl! 78i T92 $. w nghpa :ic 2h=n tch 6sL trDng th;c h8nh Mh thu9t mCi trEng: [` gim /At thEi gian chD qu tranh Dx0 hGa cFng nh txng Mh nxng Dx0 hGaH ngEi ta I3ng 2hXng 2h2 6sL ` xc nh h8m lng cc cht hYu cX cG trDng nAc. +. @hYng nhGm hYu cX MhCng / Dx0 hGa trDng tPBt 6sL: zNm nhYng h2 cht hYu cX hiIrDcar/Dn nD :8 hiIrDcar/Dn thXm :a chcng rt MhG / Dx0 hGa (. {he2 xc nh 6sL / nh h\ng /\i 0u t" cn 0l . 6ch Mhc 2h?c: I3ng Iung Ich tg s,r|g+ s,. ,. kai trJ cRa tg s,r|g+ s, trDng tPBt 6sL : i |g+ s, l8 cht xcc tc chD qu tranh Dx0 hGa cc cht hYu cX cG Mh"i lng 2h=n tV th2 i tg s, l8 cht tKD 2hQc :Ai 0l TrDng qu tranh th nghim MhCng th` thiu m>t trDng hai cht n80. @u thiu BZ g=0 Bai B" chD Mt qu D.

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang &

Thc tp mi trng c s

&.

zii thch: a. KhCng cG m^t cRa tg s, BZ chD Bai B" =m :a: Hg + BZ tc I?ng :Ai 0l cG trDng nAc. kic n80 BZ l8m gim tc I?ng cRa |g + s,. LD G c_n 2hi cG tg s, ` MhV 0l trDng nAc. /. KhCng cG m^t cRa |g+ s, BZ l8m Bai B" =m :a : cc cht hYu cX cG Mh"i lng 2h=n tV th2 MhCng / Dx0 hGa. }u tranh Dxi hGa cc cht hYu cX n80 BZ MhCng x0 raH ID G trDng nAc BZ cG cc cht cn g=0 cn tr\ trDng qu tranh th nghim. c. V I?ng Iung Ich o| ] 2ha MhDng + tu_n trAcH nhng MhCng c chujn > lKi ` xc nh chnh xc nNng > cRa o| BZ g=0 ra Bai B" IXngH :a Iung Ich ` l=u BZ cG B; thDt hXi nAcH ID G nNng > cRa Iung Ich BZ txng l<nH chD n<n nu BV I?ng BZ g=0 Bai B" IXng. Bi I : ,c $#nh nh( cA( o8B sinh hC% J B:=

Kt qu th nghim: B:= $o ng%B "4ng mB $o :8Bm7t7) B:= K L 7sL D trDng & ng80 \ nhit > +--c 7sL % $5$ 7sL&% $5$i ) % $&+ ( B2 B2 @s !@< ($5$ )! % -.5-. +&-

7sL+-& (rPal! % 78i t92:

$. gii: +~2 I?ng cCng thQc : B:= & % trDng G 7sL &+- 7sL th;c hin mTu nAc Hmgrl 7sL B 7sL cuar mTu Bau & ng80 R \ nhit > +--c mgrl 7sL/S.7sL cRa mTu trng Bau & ng80 R \ nhit > +--c Hmgrl k SSth` tch mTu nAc Mhi ma lD]ng Hml kIS......th` tch mTu nAc Bau Mhi 2ha lD]ng Hml B:=@2M K +. zii: (+-- $&! +&K$.&+&

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang 5

Thc tp mi trng c s "i :Ai th` tch +ml 7sL& %% ( 2i 2 C ! &< &s ["i :Ai th` tch &ml B:=@ K % (.H$ &H 5! (-%('& +

( 2i 2 C ! &< &s ( 2i 2 C ! &< &s

(. $H '! (-K+NO & (.H$ -! (-K2<+ $-

B:=@ K

(.H + .! (-% 'H-5 .H& &s (. 63ng :Ai m>t lDKi nAc thi c_n xc nh 7sLH 6sL tha chcng chD chcng ta nhYng Mt qu Mhc nhau. ka =0 l8 hai nhu c_u Dx0 hGa Mhc nhauH m>t l8 nhu c_u chD :i Binh :9tH m>t l8 nhu c_u chD Dx0 hGa cc cht hYu cX ID cc cht Dx0 hGa mKnh: 7sL chb th` hin lng cht hYu cX cG th` / Dx0 hGa nhE :ai trJ cRa :i Binh :9t. 6sL th` hin tD8n /> cc cht hYu cX cG th` / Dx0 hGa /\i tc nh=n hGa h4c. +,. #>t mTu nAc thi cG B:= & /qng $&- 22m. zi tr M /qng -H+( ng80. t]0 tnh B:=$& . % Ta cG: 7sL&+- % 7sL.+- ( $ P Mt ! $&- % 7sL.+- ( $ P -H+( x & ! 7sL mTu trng % % 7sL.+- % $&- r ( $ P -H+( x & ! % +$)H,( 22m 7sL.$& % 7sL.+- ( $ P MT x t ! % +$)H,( ( $ P MTx . ! % $&5H., 22m kAi MT % M+- x $H-&T +- % -H+ x $H-& $& +k90 7sL.$& % $&5H., 22m. ++&. #>t mTu nAc thi cG B:= & /qng +$- 22m. 6G -H+( .Tnh: B:=$- % H B:= (& % Ta cG: 7sL&+- % 7sL$-+- ( $ P Mt ! 7sL$-+- % 7sL&+- r ( $ P Mt ! % +$- r ( $ P -H+( x & ! % (-'H+ 22m 7sL&+- % 7sL&(- ( $ P MT x t! 7sL&(- % 7sL&+- r ( $ P MT x t! % +$- r ( $ P MT x &! % +$5H$'& 22m kAi MT % M+- x $H-&T +- % -H+ x $H-& (- +-

( 2i 2 C ! &<

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang '

Thc tp mi trng c s Bi N: ,c $#nh 0lo tP do v 0lo)(% t)ong nc tP nhi'n

Kt qu th nghim: DhEp (o io<% 9Q K 92 K 9+ K

9

-H+ ml -H+ ml -H+ ml -H+ ml

mg 6l aB 6l+rml % % -H(&,&.$-i( Dhng phFp Gohr% 9Q K +H, ml 92 K +H+ ml 9+ K +H+ ml 9 +H(' ml Dhng phFp >aHans% 9Q K 5H- ml 92 K 5H+ ml 9+ K 5H( ml 9 5H$' ml Bi O : 78i t92: $. Thbnh thDng ngEi ta lKi th<m 2hDB2hat :8D cCng DKn xV lW nAc thi cCng nghi2 /qng /in 2h2 Binh h4c. ka cc :i Binh :9t trDng qu tranh xV lW nAc thi /qng /in 2h2 Binh h4c Ji hdi c_n m>t lng nht nh 2hDB2hat ` ti Binh t /8D mAi nhqm Iu0 tra _0 R B" lng :i Binh :9t c_n thit ` xV lW nguNn nAc thi G. #^t Mhc {hDB2hat cJn c BV I?ng trDng m>t B" h th"ng nAc c2 cCng c>ng ` Mi`m BDt B; xn mJn Eng "ng :8 cc thit / /qng Mim lDKi. @gD8i raH cJn cG th` c BV I?ng "i :Ai m>t B" lDKi nAc m1m ` n nh hGa 6a6s( +. ; Mhc nhau giYa cc IKng Di2hDB2hatH 2Dl02hDB2hat :8 2hDt2hD hYu cX: (. L; Dn Mt qu 2h=n tch Di2hDB2hat BZ th2 hXn gi tr th;c trDng mTu nAc thi Binh hDKt m8 ] c aciI hGa ` ngxn ch^n hDKt >ng cRa :i Mhujn :8 c lu giY rt nhi1u ng80 trAc Mhi 2h=n tch. ,c $#nh 5hos5ho)(s v oJ5hos5h%t t)ong nc tP nhi'n

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang .

Thc tp mi trng c s Bi L: ,c $#nh Rit)og7nJKS7ld%hl v RJR:+J t)ong nc tP nhi'n

Kt qu th nghim: mg R:+JTU HK -.& -.-+' $ -.-&) $.& -.-', +.& -.$(+ ( -.+,

{hXng tranh Eng chujn cG IKng: | % a * /6 6x l8 h8m lng cht nh 2h=n trDng mTu |x l8 gi tr Ki lng | D c ! a 6x% I A

1i+ !i 1i 1i !i Ta cG: a % % -0,024 + n 1i+ ( 1i )

n 1i !i 1i !i % 0,0765 + n 1i+ ( 1i )

/%

:90 2hXng tranh Eng chujn cG IKng A= -0,024+ 0,0765 x C ["i :Ai mTu hN: kmTu % & ml H knh mQc % +& ml ta D c |x % -H-+) Tha0 :8D 2hXng tranh Eng chujn ta c: 6x % ( |x a ! r / % ( -H-+) * -H-+,! r -H-'5&% -H5)+. (#! Dhng trJnh (ng ch#5n:

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang )

Thc tp mi trng c s

78i t92: $. @hYng IKng n8D cRa nitX thEng x0 ra trDng nAc t; nhi<n l8: 6c IKng nitX thEng cG m^t trDng nAc nitratH nitrtH amDniH :8 cc IKng nitX hYu cXH cc IKng nitX n80 thEng cG :ai trJ quang tr4ng trDng chu tranh cRa nitX :8 c quang t=m nhi1u Mhi 2hi 2h=n tch nAc. +. :ic 2h=n tch nitX trDng nAc cG :ai trJ quang tr4ng :a nitX trDng nAc cG nh h\ng lAn n Bcc MhdP cRa cDn ngEi Mhi nG c chu0`n hGa th8nh nitrat.tai IKng h2 cht :C cX chQa nitX cG trDng nAc thi l8 nitrit :8 nitrat. @itrat l8 Bn 2hjm Dx0 hGa cRa amDni (@t,*! Mhi tNn tKi Dx0H thEng g4i qu tranh n80 l8 qu tranh nitrat hGa. 6Jn nitrit (@s+i! l8 Bn 2hjm trung gian cRa qu tranh nitrat hGaH nitrit l8 h2 cht MhCng /1n :Yng IU / Dx0 hGa th8nh nitrat (@s (i!. 7\i :a amDni ti<u th? Dx0 trDng qu tranh nitrat hGa :8 cc :i Binh :9t nAcH rDngH tD I3ng nitrat l8m thQc xn ` 2ht tri`nH chD n<n nu h8m lng nitX cG trDng nAc thi x ra BDngH hN qu mQc chD 2he2 BZ g=0 ra hin tng 2hc IngH nu trDng nAc cG m^t th<m 2hDB2hD :8 cc IKng h2 cht Mhc. Mch thch B; 2ht tri`n nhanh cRa rDngH r<uH tD l8m /jn nguNn nAc. (. trDng mCi trEng tha niX MhCng cG nh h\ng lAn n BQc MhdP cRa cDn ngEi :8 mCi trEng nhng Mhi nitX chu0`n hGa th8nh cc IKng Mhc tha cG nh h\ng lAn n mCi trEng cFng nh BQc MhdP cRa cDn ngEi nh @s +i l8 m>t h2 cht l8 txng B; 2ht tri`n cRa cc : Binh :9t l8m chD nAc cG > ?c :8 g=0 hin tng 2hc IngH ngD8i ra Mhi nhGm n80 Mt h2 :Ai hPmDglD2in trDng mu ngEi g=0 nh h\ng n h th_n Minh cRa tr Pm :8 g=0 /nh ung th. @gD8i ra cJn cG cc IKng Mhc nh @t, ,. Mhi x thi amDni :8D trDng nAc tha cc :n 1 mCi trEng B0 ra l8 : tin tng 2hc Ing nAcH hin tng C nhiUm nAc l8m nh h\ng tAi Bcc MhdP cRa cDn ngEiH g=0 ?c nAcH B? 2ht tri`n mKnh cRa cc Binh :9t /9c th2.

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang $-

Thc tp mi trng c s

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang $$

Thc tp mi trng c s

Khoa mi trng i hc Lt

Trang $+