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VUD rKF* bO v_ _ rKFK jOu bB* t_ UNM* dUM b wb* UJU WU WUM
jzUu s UdO d_ rKF WOK; WUI uU( Xd rKF qzU s dO v WU{
bU*
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W WOULJ WDA uHBK VJ lOL WFd WduD WDAw U WF wDG
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U WO 5% wdJ rOKF UJA U w WO WOM lOu Wu WDA UuL
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l .uI VOU WDA_ qzUu fb ozdD qB W{ dR sLC WuM
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bOu vK qLF c su wd
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ZUM* dA* wU* UNLb UJOK WuJ WU WIbB WOdF b
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tFu V q
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uD V bu nOQ r b
wUMB dA wU nBK UB hB dEM UJ u cN
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UMb
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ULUJL UuUMO UNLE rUIL uUNUuJ WOHUN WJA uNH UMb
WU bu w
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WbIL WOLKF UL WuF W Q UMUMI UNU WuKDL UNL UFO s WKD sOJL U F hM uB
rOUH qJ vK UL dF UML
UMS Wud WOKLF WOLKF rKFL bI rNUUL WKD UOHK vK bLF
UU v WU{U W UNL U vK rbU WuM WOKL Ub UUA u Ub WK
su b w WOMODKH dU WUF vK nOQ od d UJ b w uHRL UNc w WKuD
sOLKFL s sOK dF uK WOLKF UL sO w rN UL UB w WBBL tUR tUFU
tK U WUI UFD w UJ sO vK qLFK rNUEL UMOK uK WKD U sObMNL
Wd q U WOMODKH UB Wd ZUML sOLKFL uM v bN c d w rN s q dJA
sOLUF tK bL rNzUBM UMOK uK r sL sdOJ sOLLBL u WuOK WOMODKH UB

oOu w tK
uHRL

WOOUMGdNJ Uu*
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tBzUB Wud d UD

qIM uD
b qUF
Wu; quJ
WdB UO_

WObF* qIM uD UOU Xu

WOzUM WOJK qIM uD
UFUL* Wu
dI* Uu*

WOUMD UL_ ndJO* WLE

WOUMB UL WLE

ndJO* WLE
ndJO* UB UE

WOHUN UJA
WOHUN U*UJ* uUMO
WOHUN WJA w WU UIOD
se qIM u/

WOzb WOHUN UJA

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WOJK UI U WLE
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WOJK WLE aU
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WuOK) WLE
WKIM* UB w*UF UEM
WuOK) nuN WLE w Wb( UOMI
WOJK nuN WLE

WOU bu

WOOUMGdNJ Wu* UDI

UOzuN

WU bu

Uu* UA UOzuN

U u
WOKUL WOLd UB WLE 5 WUI
wLdwKUL qu
wCM 5LC
ed* wCM 5LC
wK{UH ed wCM 5LC

WF d bu

WU) bu

wLd wCM 5LC

U 5LC
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bF* U
qIM j eOd
WOLd 5LC d

WU bu

v_ bu

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b????????u

wLd wCM 5LC

Pulse And Digital Modulation

wLd wCM 5LC

UA UB WLE bN UB UuKFL UOuuMJ U w wLKF uDK dE
UJ d UuKFL UUO qI Wd WOL
d UB eN uD UNL WHK U w U F
WOL
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WLE w WbL wL
d wCM sOLC Wb UB UOMI b w bu c Y
U qu WO WdF vK bu c ed UuKFL UI U Wb UB
PCM

edL wCM sOLC WOMI (PAM

,PWM ,PPM)

WOCM sOLC d WOL

v WOKUL

( ASK,FSK,PSK,QPSK,GMSK) WOL
d sOLC d v WU{U

M U sOLC

bu b
vK U
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WOL v WOKUL U qu% WO dF
A/D u qL uD dA
wCM 5LC u dF

M U 5LC UE PCM ed* wCM 5LC UE qL WO dA

WHK* PCM eOd d 5 eO9

PCM M wUE 5 UI eO9
WOLd 5LC d dF

U u
v U qJA U rI
(Analog Signals)

WOKUL U

UB WOO WOzUdNJ U q b WOM d UDI WKu dOG U LO

cQ U w
(2) qJ w UL nUN udJO s UB WOzUdNJ U (1) qJA w UL wzUdN bB s
V.(t)
A-

V.(t)

A-

udJO U qJ

WOO Wu qJ
(Digital Signals)

WOLd U

uU s UB U p U se l UdOG bM b U LO

cQ w U pK w
(3) qJ k dGK
V.(t)

A-

t
A-

-A -

T
WOL
U qJ

U c qbF qu vK WOKLF UIOD iF qJ sO

qJA WOL U WOKU9 U
qJA WOKU9 U WOKU9 U
?qJA WOL U WOL U
qJA WOKU9 U WOL U

WOKUL U

WOKUL U

WOKUL U

WOL
U

nU

pJHed
eOd

WOL
UUO

WOL
UUO

WOKUL U

WOL
U

u
wL
qIqd

U qbF qu vK WOKL UIOD qJ

WOKUL WOLd UB WLE 5 WUI

wU UL WOKUL s WOL
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wLd qI * w UuKF* WOuM WOUF UHJ u'
WOKUL UB eN s qC qLFU WOu WdI WOUFH WOLd UB eN U9
UD_ `OB WOUJWOKUL WLE_ w tM q WOLd WLE_ vK (Noise) guA dOQ uJ
U UOMI bU WOLd WLE_ w Y UM fH vK U s b Z WOUJ
bF* wLd
WUL( s_U WOU eO UNODF U2 UUO dOHA vK WOLd WLE_ bLF
WOKUL WLE_ s WUB d WOLd WLE_ bF

rJ% dOHA se WOLd U W'UF w Wu; UOMI WOLd WLE_ b
UNM UOK UN WOL
d WLE bFL UOU r
WOKUL WLE_ s bOIF d WOLd WLE_ bF

WOKUL WLE_ l WUI b dO UD dF UNU
(A/D)

A/D Analog to Digital

wLdwKUL qu

s WKK v?? WOKUL U?? qu vK W??O? c?? bLF

A/D ADC WO cN ed UuKFL U dOG U I UCM
s U {u se b w WLEM uB UMO U?? wHJ YO
(5) qJA k WOKUL U U

qd v wL
d wKUL qu WO qd rI
A/D
1

U WOE( rO c w (Sampling) UMOF c

`B YO b d w WKB* WOKUL U
se U w WKBHM U

WOEK rOI VdI WOKL w (Quantization) rOLJ

v UMOF c WKd w c w (Samples)
Levels b Uu 

wL
wKUL qu qJ

1 0 wzUM UEM u b WOL u rOLJ Uu  UD WOKL w (Coding) eOd

wL
d wKUL qu WOKLF w
bMB jDL (6) qJA sO
m1 (t)

Quantization

Sampling

WOKUL U

Coding

4-

m (t)

32-

mq (t)

1-

t
msec

0-1 -

UMOF c

-2 -

rOLJ

m1 (t)

4-

3-

3-

2-

2-

1-

1-

-3 -4 -

0-1 -

t
msec

WOL
U

eOd

m1 (t)

4-

0-1 -

-2 -

-2 -

-3 -

-3 -

-4 -

-4 -

t
msec

wL
v wKUL s quK w
bMB jDL qJ

UNU dL WOKUL UuKFL U m (t)

m (t)

YO

WOO U UbFM
qONK

t (msec)

(7) qJA w sO u UL

m (t) A sin (2 ft)

b wL
dwKUL qu WOKL w b U rNH wJ
-A
T

WOO U qJ

WOKLF c UNO dL w  qdL d s

(Sampling)

UMOF c WKd

UOI dL tIK r (sample) WMOF c_ U ` (gating) Vu WOKL UMOF c WOKL qL

WOKUL U WF rEM qJA WKBHM rO
c UEU WOKLF dJhold rU dF pc
U s UMO c r t vK hM w (Sampling Theorem) UMOF WdE ndF s b UM
v p fs 2fm WLEM uB 2fm s qI (fs) UMOF c d (fm) vB
_ d WOKUL
UNUMO s WOKUL U Ud sJL
s fs UMOF c d q
U XuJU d 2fm d l fs d tO U c d vb
UMOF U nO UuJ sO (aliasing error) qb QD b

2fm

wQ U b

m (t) 8 sin (2 1000 t WO WUFLU WKL WOO U

U????

A U U

m (t)

A=8

fm
0.5

t (msec)

U d

fm = 1000 Hz
T
T=

b s

1
1
=
= 1 ms
fm
1000
fs

XuJU d

fs = 2fm = 2 (1000) = 2000 Hz

Ts UMOF c s
Ts =

1
1
=
= (0.5) (10)-3 = 0.5 ms
2000
fs
ns

d q w UMOF b
ns =

fs
2000
=
=2
1000
fm

UMOF c WOKL vK WK

U (8) qJ sO
UMOF c WOKLF U OO{u
m (t)

p (t)

mS (t) = m(t)p(t)

(?)

TS

()

()

UMOF c vK U qJ

qJAU WKUL UC p (t) WOC U d{ vK bLF UMOF c WOKL (8)qJ s k

U s dF UMO vK uB r sm (t) UuKFL US bU dF UU WU
(9) qJA w `{u u UL UMOF c_ WOKLF b s bbF b sJL WOK_

ms (t)
m (t)
t

ms (t)

wdJ
wdJ UH

p (t)

ms (t)

m (t)
t

ms (t)

V (t)
p (t)

wdJ UHL WIdD UMOF c_ U qJ

vK bLF w (S/H) UH c_ bU UMOF c sJL UL

S/H Sample and Hold

(10) qJA w UL luL sA WOU uJ YO UHL b

R
R

s1

r
V (t)
C

VD

TS

(S/H) UH c_ WIdD UMOF c_ U qJ

Quantization

rOLJ WKd

WKdL c bN WOL
v WOKUL U qu qd s WOU WKdL w rOLJ WKd
UeOd WOKL qN UL rOLJ Uu s u d
v WMO q WLO
VdI v
s b v dH c rI [-A ,A] dH sL{ U b m (t) UuKFL U dHM
wQ UL WUL Ub UuL
(1) ...................

2A
L

UMb c UMU w Ub UuL b L

YO

L= 2n = 23 = 8

WMO q qOL Coder edLK W WOzUM UU b qL n

b q qL w UMOF c d s U w ms (t) U sO (11) qJA

(T) d q w UMO 10 s uJ se U w WKBHM U c k rLJL
v A = 4 U WLO
v

A=4

U WLO
vB
sO WUL rOI r bI (12) qJ w U

1 WUFL s V tOK c uL u q sO WUL YO (L = 8) Uu 8

=

dL bM WOKOUL U WLO

2A
2 4
=
=1
L
8

V0 (t)

9 /2 7 /2 -

bN

m1 (t)

5 /2 -

V1 (t)

/2 -6

-5

-4

-3

-2

Voltage

3 /2 -

- - /2 -

4321-

t
msec

0-1 -

-2 -

qbL bM WOKOUL U WLO

-3 /2 -

-3 -4 -

-5 /2 -7 /2 -9 /2 -

UMOF c d qJ

u qJ 1 =

UMOF c d qJ

Ue [3.5 , -3.5] dH w [

-7
2

, 7

dH w UuL dB r b

tI c uL s

rOLJ QD WMOFK WOdI WLOI WMOFK WOIOI WLOI WMO q?? r??
`{u

(1)

b???

WMO q eOd WMOF tO Xd

w uL (Quantization Error)
WMOFK WOdI WLOI WMOFK WOIOI WLOI rOLJ QD

W???E

(n = 3) eOd

w??? u??? ? L? 
WMOF tO Xd

rOLJ QD

WMOFK WOdI WLOI

rLJL d

WMOFK WOIOI WLOI

rLJL qb

WMOF r

100

-0.5

0.5

110

-0.3

2.5

2.2

111

0.3

3.5

3.8

111

0.3

3.5

3.8

110

-0.3

2.5

2.2

100

-0.5

0.5

001

0.3

-2.5

-2.2

000

-0.3

-3.5

-3.8

000

-0.3

-3.5

-3.8

001

0.3

-2.5

-2.2

10

b
:Quantization Noise

rOLJ guA

WMOFK WOdI WLOI rLJL qb bM WMOFK WOIOI WLOI sO U

d UM (1) b s k
- , dHU b guA c uJ rOLJ guA dH c vb (rLJL d bM
2

WO UFL s rOLJ guA s U O{U dF [0.5 ,-0.5]

WOO U w W
UD bF
(2) ...................

S=

A2
2

WOO U U qL

YO

rOLJ guA w W
UD bF
2

(3) ...................

Nq=

12

A2
3L2

rLJL w WbL UuL b

YO

(SNR) guA U b
v U b
WvK qB 3 WUFL vK 2 WUFL WLI

WO WUFLU
(4) ...................

SNR =

S
Nq

}=

3 2
L
2

ULK L2 UuL b ld l U d U UM VUM SNR k 4 WUFL s

iOH v R c d_ vK SNR XU rLJL w WbL UuL b
guA dOQ
sOLC UE WUu XK m (t) = 4 sin (2
= 1 Volt

wQ U b

WOO U XLK

L = 8 UuL b b c

2 WUFL s
S=

100 t)

U???

PCM ed wC
S W
UD bF

42
16
=
= 8Watt
2
2

3 WUFL s
2

Nq =

12

Nq rOLJ guA W
U bF

A2
= 0.083Watt
3L2

4 WUFL s
SNR =

{ NS }
q

SNR

bI

8
= 96.4
0.083

d WIdD UN UC lOD

SNR =

3 2 3 2
L =
8 = 96
2
2
Coding

eOd WKd

WMO q UD r UNO wL
d wKUL qu qd s dO_ WU WKdL w eOd WKd
p WOzUM UU WMO q UMK oU UMU w (Binary Coding) U OzUM eOd rLJL d bM
w n WOzUM UU b

UuL b sO W
UM Uu

t rLJL _

L=2n

(5)...................

UMO dAF (1) b w UUO oU UL vK ULU edL s WU U qJ U

(13) qJ wU qJA vK uJ
WMOF eOd

U qJ
edL d

100

110

111

111

110

100

001

000

000

001

WMOF qJ
1

10

WMOF r

(Pulse Modulation)

wCM 5LC

YO s UCM hzUB dOOG r WKU WuL WLEM UC WKK b vK dD c bLF

UMOF WLO
V UJL d dF U
w v dD c nOMB r pc
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation

PAM

WCM U 5LC

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

PPM Pulse Position Modulation

bL WOMe WDIM w WKU WuL WCM U VUM

WOMe WEK fH w UuKFL U U l U d U UM

PWM

WCM d 5LC

U U l U d U UM bL WOMe WDIM w WKU WuL d WCM d VUM

WMOF UH UU WCM d e YO U U WCM U UI l WOMe WEK fH w UuKFL
WCM WF sOLC l WUI guAU dQ q
sOLC c bF

PPM

WCM UJ 5LC

U U l U d U UM bL WOMe WDIM w WKU WuL WC Wb WCM l

u VUM
UU WCM l
u dOQ e YO sOU WCM d U UI l WOMe WEK fH w UuKFL
guAU dQ q
_ bF
WMOF U

wKUL UCM sOLC W UM_ (14) qJ `{u

UuKFL U

PAM

UM_ qJ
wCM sOLCK W

PDM

PPM
td

UN UNUO s bL dOB

UB WLE eOK ndJOL bF w WLE_ c b
U s be U w tb sJL dO d UD d v U
PAM

LPF

M (t)

wCM 5LC U nA

ddL `d WUu PAM WCM U sOLC U nA r

PAM U nA

qJA

(15) qJ k .(LPF) iHM

bU (PPM) WCM l

u sOLC U ( PWM) WCM d sOLC U nA r
iHM ddL `d bU UNHA r s PAM WCM WF sOLC U v UNKu qUJ
(16) qJ k

PAM
PWM

iHM ddL `d

qUJ

UuKFL U

PWM

t
TS

s qu qJ
v PWM PPM wU
PAM U

2TS

3TS

4T

PPM

t
TS

2TS

3TS

4T

PAM

PCM

ed* wCM 5LC

s teOL UL WOHUN UB WLE w U b U uO WLE_ d s sOLC c bF

guA b{ WOU WOUF

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

TDM wLd lOL w tb

tuO s
dO d UD d v tU
t WU) UI U eN bOIF

d UDM bU WOHUN UB w U WOKLF  d UDM d qOKI r

WOuB W
UD rEF ed YO WOHUN UMIK UDM U u d s ( 3.4kHz ....0.4kHz)
d s UDM c sL{
PCM

U nA bOu

U c nA WO PCM U bOu WOKLF WOzd UuJLK w

bMB jDL (17) qJ sO
WOL
U v WOuB WOKUL U qu vK bLF w

U
LPF iHM ddL `d

WOKUL U

UMOF c

A/D

ed

rLJ

wuu u

wL
wKUL u

8bit PCM
PAM

uwu u

eOd pJH

WOKUL U

iHM ddL `d

UI

PCM

U UI U qJ

w uM vK

PCM

U bOu WO hOK sJL

sL{ WOuB d ddL p (LPF) iHM dd9 `d v WOKUL U U r

(3.4kHz ....0.4kHz) d U*
U bF0 WOHUN UMI U d fm fs

2fm d UMOF c WUu UMOF cR

U* 6.8KHz s d c fs = 8kHz WOUWMO 8000

u  d v WMOF VdI rLJ* uI YO rOLJ WUu UMOF rOLJ r
.(256 = 28) eOd WKd w WMO qJ 8bit

UL WU w u  256 b

d 8bit s uJ wzUM bF u  q qOL p eOd WUu UMOF eOd r

u qJA U c

WOu U v Wu* U qu u

u u b
64kbit/sec (64000 = 8000*8) U Wd PCM U wuu u s WU) U vL
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b WIU WMOF v W WOK{UH WLO
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Delta Modulation

U 5LC

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UDM qOKI r t k cN vL WU dOG WLOI WCM qL U U dH U U w WU
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m (t)
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A/D D/A u

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PCM UE bF
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bF* U
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2 UM

3 UM

4 UM

5 UM

6 UM

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t
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time (t) se

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space (si) UCH

frequency (f) d

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code (c) ed

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Space Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
Code Division Multiplexing

U?? c?? qBH UI UN uI

UDM ddL Ud bU

TDM

wMe rOIU bF* U

UHU p b UB j w U eN sO se rOI vK uM c qL b bLF

sO WMeL rOI c VKD UB WLE WF U v R c WOU WOMe dH s
(21) qJ k UI U eN
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d wMe rOIU bF* U

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3 UM

4 UM

5 UM

6 UM

1 UM

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4 UM

5 UM

6 UM

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:CDMA
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2 UM

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4 UM

5 UM

6 UM

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t

(23) qJ k UI U UN sO WMe v

CDMA qJ

qIM j eOd
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bN WHK ULM
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DC dL * WOuH Wd qOKI

UB UM d U Wd U
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UNRZ qJ

WdI UUL w b uN pc DC dL WOuH Wd vK u t tuO s

WU q9 (URZ) dHB v uF l WODI U u/
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Unipolar Non Return to Zero

UD dF sJ U WU WC WUu

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Unipolar Return to Zero

WU w U qd (bit) WOzUM s nB UF

(25) qJA `{u u UL
0

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DC dL * WOuH Wd qKI t_ oU  uLM s qC uLM c bF

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BNRZ qJ

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BNRZ

Bipolar Non Return to Zero

BRZ

Bipolar Return to Zero

dL * WOuH Wd UHU uLM c U1

WODI U u/ l WUI

oDM* WU q9 BRZdHB v uF l WODI wzUM u/

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(27) qJA w UL WOzUM s nB w WODI

BRZ

qJ

U l UD vK b (DC) dL * WOuH Wd iH w qC_ u

WU WU WODI (1) oDML WU qL (Biphase Manchester Code) uD wzUM d AU u/
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v qIM r WOzUM s nBM U
.(28) qJA w `{u u UL0

uL qJ
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WIU ULMU WUI U b d_ qC_ bF

U?????????A
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WOLd 5LC d
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WOJK UIOD s bbF w U b Ud wL
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FSK Wd W 5LC

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Vm (t)
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WOJK WLE_ s dOJ w b XuHU t rJ cc VCO

PSK WuD W 5LC

WOzUM qbL U V WKU U u dOG YO uD d dOG vK sOLC c bLF
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d UDM d dG
ASK
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VCO
GMSK
PSK
QPSK

Amplitude Shift Keying

Frequency Shift Keying
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

WOU u 5LC c lL
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d_ WLE_ s q U b v U
tu s
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5LC c uNH (31) qJ 5 5KL 5LO b WKU( Wu* u cQ tO

m (t)

Mc (t)
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BPSK

(QPSK) WOUd WuD W 5LC

w WKL rO l b WKU( Wu* u cQ YO wL 5LC WOMI s U u

(32) qJ k[ 2
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00

135

01

11

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225

10
315

(MPSK) Uu* bF WuD W 5LC ?

WKL; rOI s WuL sL{ s WMOF WLO WKU( Wu* u cQ YO wL 5LC WOMIu
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= M = 2N

u e qJ UU b u Nb YO
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U?????????A
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GMSK
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1 0

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1 WOLd UuKF* u% qB* uD Wd W 5LC s u u

FM d sLC bU U 5LC r iHM* d ddL U `d b r

U  d UDM s qKI U `d b GMSK U U `B

(33) qJ k U* uMI 5 qb b s qKI

wL
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U
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WK?????_
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GMSK UE ASK UE BPSK
WOLd WLE_ Ue d
WOLd WLE_ UOK d
PCM UE uO Ue d
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t) WOU UuKF* U XOD

d q w UMOF b fs U UMO d ( fm) U d U WF wQ U b

bI L UuL b b UU WMO q qOL ed b
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PCM sOLC UE WUu m(t) = 10 cos (800

t)

UuKFL U XK

wK U bQ ( L = 8 1 = )
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guA WU bF

U WU bF

PCM U nA bOu WOHO rd l d

5F UB j WUu WKd WOzUM UuKF U 01011001101 wzUM ed XOD
b bM W&UM eOd U r
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WOKU9 U WU( s WU) U
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b WOL u UMOF UD WOKL u eOd

WOKUL UuKF* U s nF{ U d UMOF c s uJ
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SDM wUJ* rO I bF* U u s

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WHK d vK
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Tm/2 Ts

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ASK

wLd 5LC WLE s

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b????????u

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Antennas And Wave Propagation

Uu* UA UOzuN
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bu b
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UDI uNH `{u

UOzuN hzUB r dA
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WOOUMGdNJ Uu*
UuKFL qL w WOOUMGdNJ UuL Y U wzu v wJK UB UE U
v WDIKL WOOUMGdNJ UuL qu UI wzu v U C U UL bBL s WKdL
UI WN w nAJK WUM WOzUdN U
d WOOUMGdNJ WuL hzUB W s b UNu UNBzUB UOzuN Wb b q

WOOUMGdNJ UuLK UA ju u G hzUB vK dF v WU{U UUA

The Electromagnetic Wave

WOOUMGdNJ Wu* hzUB

iF l ULNCF sbUF H wOUMG U E wzUdN U s WOOUMGdNJ WuL uJ

1 qJA w `{u u UL ULUA U l

E vzUdN UL b

UA U
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WOOUMGdN Wu qJ

wQ UL WOOUMGdNJ WuL hzUB r hOK sJL

UNUI bM UNd qI WOUd 3

108 WGU uC Wd s dI Wd UCH w dAM

qUM ju WFO u V d_ U_ w

YO Wu* d dU jd wu u UN
=

c
f

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edONU WuL d f
WOUd 3

108 WGU uC WdC

U I `CO UL UF WdF wzuN rOLB d{ WOOUMGdNJ WuL u WdF bOHL s


w OUMGdNJ nODU dF ULO l
UD
vK WO OUMGdNJ Uu* d b9

(The Electromagnetic Spectrum)

UJv dF b UNS WHK* U_ s bd UUA WO OUMGdNJ Uu* UI bM
wU UNHdF sJL w uH qb s U C wUF b
uO UJF
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t d j
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.(2) qJA dEUdM

WO OUMGdNJ Wu* dOOG u Reection UJF

dJM WOOUMGdN Wu qJA

c qBH e U vK UNuI  W O ju fH w UNU&

WOzUdNJ hzUB) w tF nK d j

s ju
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(4) qJA dE UNNu w ozuF s
UbM Ue UJ* fH w Ubu bM d 5u u Interference qb
WUI Uu* c d uJ

qdL

qE WIDM

uK dEM

qE WIDM
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wU dEM

qI

l
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UJF qJ

UCH w UNUI bM nFC YO WO OUMGdNJ Wu* b w dOG

u Fading uH)
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UC Wu' quF dOQ qFH UOKF u' UI w

Ud V rK 100 wu u WOOUMGdN Wu

c
f

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f=

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= 3GHZ
100 10-3

WOOUMGdNJ Uu* UA d
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WOzUCH Uu*
(Ground Surface Waves)

WOD WO{_ Uu*

bL d U d UUA bM _ `D l wMM UN_r cN XOL b

edOuKO 500 v edOuKO 150 sO WO{_ UuL bU sODI sO UB bM

w qL UB WOKL w UuL s uM c b Ue UM

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v uu
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d UH dE dO UF
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(Sky Waves)

WUL Uu*

rO wdOHuu_ WI q UNUJF qFH _ v W OU uF UL u UN r w w

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s Ud U d UU
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wU UCH v
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dOHuu_

WUL UuL

dOHuu_ WI s WUL UuL UJF qJ

4000 v qB UA oOI sJL YO w Y UOKL w dJ WUL UuL b

UB w WUL UuL b Ue r bO dE w duKO

WOU WOzUdN b v U WD U%

edOUO 30 3 WOUF d UD sL{ UB

dOu vK U _ `D dQ

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bOF UU *
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dO d UD
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(Space waves)

WOzUCH Uu*

WLOI uD UA v qOL wN c edOUO 30 s vK U uJ UuL c d

WOUMB UL
_ d WOzUCH UB w _ `D vK Wd j WLE sO UB oOI
sOL
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qJA UI wzu v U wzu s dU qB w w dU* Uu*
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`D s UNUJF bF UI wzu v qB w w _ s W
JFM* Uu*
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W j u dA tS UB UOKL w WOzUCH UuL b t dcU db s

oOI WMJL WU d U sJL UI wzu U wzu sO (Line Of Sight) dE
WOU W
F s Wd j
R (km) = 4 (

ht (m) +

hr (m) )

d uKOJU UI wzu U wzu sO WUL R

dLU _ `D s U wzu UH ht
dLU _ `D s UI wzu UH hr
hr UI wzu ht U sO Wd j

ht

hr

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R (km) = 4 ( hr (m) +

ht (m) )

vK qB WUFL w iuFU
R (km) = 4 ( 36 +

36 ) = 4 (6 + 6) = 48 Km

UB v WU{U UHK Y w ndJOL UB w WOzUCH UuL b dJ

WOUMB UL
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wzu s UNUI bM WOOUMGdNJ UuL t s d c ju u u G

UNUI UN dF w dOQ UuL c UI WOHO rNH UI wzu v U
_U jOL u GK j d
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WOUM* WID dOHud WI w WOz U

W v 9 qJA s dNE UL u G rI
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Troposphere

WOUM* WID dOHud WI

- 140
- 130
- 120
- 110
- 100

dOHuu

s bL u G s vKH WID dOHud qL

dOHud WI bF
U dI (16km) UH v d `D u

- 90
- 80

b WOUML WID UNOK oKD UML dOG w WUFH WID

- 70
- 60
- 50

UD_ uOG UCU WID c w Wu duE lOL

- 40
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dOHud

UKI b?? pc WOKd nuF Wbd nuF

- 20
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km

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u jG{ d Wu s p l U fID UML

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vK UMFH ULK WID c w d U h
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UB WLE rEF vK guA v R WID c w Wu duE s ZUM
r
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UCH
400

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50
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d sO W
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w d `D s UH
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dOHud

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d u

Stratosphere

dOHud WI

u U dIU eOL _ `D s U dI r 50 UH v bL dOHud WI u lI

nOF{ d OQ WID c bF
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Ionosphere

dOHuu_ WI

b w WIDML UN_ r cN XOL b

U dI r 400 WUG r 50 UH s WID c bL
s UbL w W
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WOHM u WOLA WF_
w WOz UI l s WMQL WIDML nQ
WID c dNE _ `D s U dI r 90 50 UH vK D WI
b YOUNM w
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bU UB WOUJ du U2 VLF b iHM* d Uu* fJF
WOU U bI dO UFQ UOzu
(MF) ju* (LF) iHM* d Uu h9
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d UU dOQ c qI edOUO 3 s Ud be w Uu* vK dR
pL _ `D s r 100 UH vK lI O2 5 _ Ue sQ s QAM E WI
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20 s Ud be

w Uu* vK dR

s UdI r 20 pL r 200 UH vK lI 5dOM Ue sQ s QAM F1 WI

UNBzUB r
S U d UNCF 5u HF wUF d Uu iF UB vK qLF
.F2 WID WUu UN J rF1 WID s U C d9 E WID d w d

WI lI 5bON uOKON 5 _U UG s bbF sQ s QAM F2 WI

d_ Uu_U W U d_ WID w _ `D s U dI r 400 UH vK F2
wUF d U w W U b* bOF UB w W OL d_ WID wN c WOUF

bOF UUv
d WOUF UuL UA vK qLF YO edOUO 30 v HF
O UbM F2 F1 wI d b UL
UJF uJ wUU F vb b W I JA
O UNUI UuL
U C qC uB r UN tM qC
qOK UNM dOHuu_ UI sO 11 qJA

F2- layer
F1- layer

U??NM w??
_

E- layer
D- layer

UI qJA
UNM WMQL u

ud u

qdL
_

q?? OK w??

F- layer

UI qJA
qOK WMQL u
qdL
_

dOHuu_ UI s Uu* UJF w dR* quF

UNKB sJL w WUL vKdOHuu_ WI v WOOUMGdNJ UuL UF W dR q
dOHuu_ WUJ dOQ bu q dOHuu_ WI s UNUJF w WKdL U d dR nO Y
u tJ w tdI
Radiation Angle

UF WdOQ

U wzu o_ j sO uBL We pK UNQ UF W dF

qI We c UU WOJ W
WKdL WuLK eHI WU UF W sO W
F uJ
w (Critical Angle) Wd We v qB v U WD s dI WuLK eHI WU
Ue WMQL WID vK WD
U UuL UbM bd W d UNQ sOF
d bM UNHdF sJL
q WMQL WID sL{ wMM WOOUMGdNJ u_ lOD Wd We WLO
s UF W
dOHuu
wU UCH v W
d dL
A

qb d fH UN Wu Uu 12 qJA w dNE

WHK UF Ue dOHuu_ WI
We
Wd
B WuL eH

C WuL eH

wU) UCH v dOHuu_ WI d A Wu*

s d UN UF W _ _ v uF
U dI W 90 Wd( We

UuL uK qJA

uJ _ v uF wMM UNS c Wd( We U UF We UNU - B Wu*

sJ1U dG eHI WU 

v uF V  B Wu* UNK w s bF WU 

bM _ v uF wMM C Wu*
B Wu* UF W Wd( We s dG UN UF W
Frequency d dOQ

WUL w wUU dOHuu_ UID UN

d oL U UJF vK WKdL U d dR
d d dF
WMOF UF W bM d UU WUL c e Y UNKB sJL w
tQ Critical Frequency
v dOHuu_ UI d UL _ v uF UNS tM WKdL U d c d
U d d s vK d b WOUMB UL
_ d UBS c wU UCH
Layer Density WID WU dOQ

w oUM s uJ WMQ WI q U sOL 13 qJA dNE

c v Wud Wu* qb UbM WLEM dO WDu WU w sQ U WIDM
_ v bzU wMM UNS WIDM*
d U J uJ UNO WOUF WUJ vDu WIDM* w rE_ sQ WIDM
_ QD
WLEM sQ WU
v _ s bOF wMM UNS WIDM* c v Wu* qb UbM sQ hUM WIDM
wU) UCH

sQ h
UM
sQ rE

sQ U

qIL
qdL

Wud UuL UJF vK dOHuu_ WU dOQ qJA

Skip Distance and Skip Zone

XuH WIDM eHI WU

Uu qJ vK dAM sJL WMOF d bM WKdL WOOUMGdNJ UuL S rKF UL

14 qJA s `C UL WUL Uu WO{
dOHuu_

v qdL s WUL UNQ eHI WU ndF sJL

WUL Wu

_ v bdL WUL WuL UNO uF WDI

WO{ Wu

UI UNKLA w WIDML UNQ XuH WIDM dF

XuH WIDM
eHI WU

UuL UI UbM nFC w WDIM s b Y

bdL WUL WuL UNO uF w WDIM v WO{_
WIDM eHI WU sO W
F qJA
WO{_ UuL XuH

_ v

U???????A
u G UI sL{ UuL UA vK _ WI dOQ w Y

tBzUB Wud d UD
WOL t d r

wOUMGdNJ nOD U IU X
d rO U tM e vK XdF

300GHz WUG 3kHz s bL c Wud d UD r

u UB WLE w WU

rd vK WU
bb uM
pc qEO UB WLE w U b d_ UDM c bF
YO
We b
dN w UuKFL qIM eOK s e
b U w Wb Ub U_ s
WKIL uMI s sOL qI vK eOK s b
G w UUA UL_ `O{u
l Wud d nOD wUL e sO 1 r
b

WOKLF UNUIOD r v WU{U  u

U???????A
Wud eK WOU Wb UOL dF c b s Y

d e WOzUC Uu

d e WOzUC Uu

d ndJOL WOUMB UL
_ d UB
UJA sO se w WbL Atomic Clocks Wc UU
WOKIL Ub hB UDM c s d_ e

dU WOzUC Uu

ndJOL WOUMB UL
_ d UB
d WdJ UIOD d

LOS Communication ndJOL UB

bUA WKIML UdF sH dzUD w qIMK WKU
UHF WLE s dOJ
WdA vUDL UF UO w U Ou

UHF uMI UHK Y

.FM w Y
r 80 40 WdI UUL UB
WOD eN_ wUMB UL w WOL UB w

UuL wU qJA dAM

j UB dU WOzUC
LOS Wd

WUL dAM WO{ UuL

U dI r 500 50 s
UUL dAM WUL UuL
U dE U F WKu

bOF UU
d UB
.SW dOBI WuLU w Y w
.Amateur Radio uN u

.VHF uMI UHK Y

WO{ UuL dAM sJL

dU WOzUC WUL

WO{ UuL dAM

WO{ UuL dAM

UA jL

Y w bL WuL u V WUL nK WDuL UUL UB

.AM w Y w b edOuKO 1606 526 d UDM

sH UuG l W U r 5000 v 1000 s WDuL UUL UB

Wd WL w

UOL UUG d UN WU UHJ LF d c b dzUDK sJL

bOF UUL
Wd UB w
d `D X WKC UL_ w UuGU UB

b wKLF oOD

HF

edO UO 30 3

SHF

EHF

edOUO 30030

UHF

edOUO 303

edOUO

3 0 0 0 - 3 0 0

VHF

MF

edOuKO 3000-300

edO UO 30030

LF

edOuKO 300-30

.Extremly High Frequency

uKF WGU d

.Super High Frequency

uKF WIzU d

.Ultra High Frequency

WOUF u d

.Very High Frequency

b WOUF d

.High Frequency

WOUF d

.Medium Frequency

WDuL d

.Low Frequency

WCHML d

.Very Low Frequency

b WCHML d

VLF

edOuKO 30-3

Wd We

d UB

(Polarization)

WOOUMGdNJ Wu* UDI

WdF s bOH U sJ WOOUMGdNJ WuLK wzUdNJ UL U tQ UDI dF

WuL UDI
UL UI wzu UDI uJ UbM b WKdL WuLK UI qC
U wzu UDI
L
dL U UDI V U uL U OI UI wzu Vd UHK UI U w
dE wueHK YK wI_ UDI b XU WOLUF WLE_ VK S

UNUI
] Vd
X
u
uLF UDI bU dO `L v UN lL w UeLK
UCO UDI dzb UDI wD UDIw UDI s WOz u
W UM

UDI s UU UM Wu* UA UM U D wzUdNJ U* qJA tO wD) UDI

UL wD)
_ `D  U u wzUdNJ U* wzuN uJ UbM tOK qB wI_ UDI
WHKL sOu quF W UI d guA qbU dQ q
tQ UL
`D vK U uL wzUdNJ U* wzuN uJ UbM tOK qB uLF UDI
wD) UDI u `{u U 5* qJA _
E
H

WuL WbI

wOUMGL UL
wI wzu

wzUdNJ UL
_

WOzUdN uD

wI UDI

WOOUMG uD

uL wzu

WuL WbI

wzUdNJ UL

wOUMGL UL
H

_
uL UDI

uLF wI_ wD UDI qJA

qJA UDI dOG Wu* UA UM dz wzUdNJ U* qJA tO dzb UDI

dz qJA U uHK wzuN uJ UbM UDI s uM c vK uB( sJ1 se ldL 

 J wzUdNJ U* rd tO UCO UDI

Wu* UA UM U UCO
W UDI u 16 qJA dNE

W UDI u qJA
UCO dzb wD

UCO

dz

wD

Antennas

UOzuN

UI U eN W
XGK ULNL wJK UB UE w WLNL dUMF s wzuN bF

tM vM U OU wzuNK S
S U q JA WOOUMGdNJ W
UD UI UF vK qLF WKu tQ wzuN dF

s uJ UOzuN WuEM
vK u' v U UN s WOzUdNJ bI UF s UMMJ9 w _ u U wzu
WO OUMGdN u
qJ

b v u' w dAM* WO OUMGdNJ u_ qu% s UMMJ9 w _ u UI wzu

UI UN v tu WOzUdN
b sJL YO U C UI wzu vK oDM U wzu UHu WdF bOHL s
UOzu ndJOL WLE UOzu s d O w U u UL UI U UOKL w wzuN
WuOK UB WLE
q JA wzuN s WOOUMGdNJ UuL UF UN r w WOHOJ s Q pU w dD b

UdJ v UF eF U OKL WU UM

s U Lz ZM Radiation UF uI sJL U
WO s d b WId b eK tS wzuN s UF U sJL v WUL
wzuN w UO d U
wzuNK WOzUdNJ WUD U

 UNUF d* Wu* u nB U uD wzuN rOLB

wUOI wzuN s j d rbI s b WOKLF UNUHu UOzuN hzUB r v dD q

ULF WFzUA Decibel qb b v WU{U

Isotropic Antenna

pde

w UHJ fHM qLF dE wzu tQ pde wzu dF

w UL Spherical d q J tUF uL UU lOL

WU wzuN u Field Strength UL b uJ (17) qJA
tMJ UHuL cN wUO
wzu UM qO U OKL
bM ULO
UOzuN WLE l WUILK dE ldL b

dB qb bu wzuN (Gain) V U

wzu UF jD qJA
pde

UOI b WOUO

b s U uN Decibel qb U
wLUuK UOIL tQ qb sU O{UdF Gain VJ
L dB UB VJ sOLO
sO WMK
s dOF sJL
wU qb bu U d JL bI V
dB = 10 Log ( Pout )
Pin
Antenna Characteristics

UOzuN hzUB

rEF dA U q JA tKL U b eOL w WLNL hzUB s b wzu qJ bu

wzu d vK bM c w edM UI U UOzu XU u hzUB c w UOzuN
wQ U hzUB c r s UOzuN rEFL U_ UU WuL nB
Gain

VJ

WFML W
UD WU v sOF U w wzuN s WFML W
UD WU sO WM tQ VJ dF

wzuN V UI WU ULNO WKb W

UD dU WDIM fH bM wUOI wzuN s
dB qbU
Input Impedance

wzuN qb WFU2

WM UNQ wzuN qb WFUL dF

qIM j l wzuN qOu Ud tQ wzuN qb dF

18 qJA w `{u u UL wzuN qb wd bM UO WLO

v bN WLO
sO

I in

V in

wzu qb WFUL qJA

WuL oOI W b?? bb w UNdF s UH

bM t qBL qIM j WFUL wzuN WFUL sO Matching
sO sO WFULL WuL bBI qIM j WFUL s wzuN WFUL
qb WFULL WU v_ b d WFUL uJ sOOzUdN
ULNMO W
UD s b
d UI ULC p WOU b
Directivity

WOU&

sOF U w tM WFML W

UD eOd vK wzuN b
UN bBI
WOU cN lL c wzuN vL UU WOI s d
dO UOzu UM Directional Antenna W
UDK tuL wzuNU
Y YO 19 qJA w UL Omnidirection Antenna W
UDK WNu
b U p WK s UU lOL w U q JA UN
U
w Y UD iF w
tu dO wzu qJA

Radiation Pattern

UF jD

qJA w UL jOL u v wzuN s UB W

UD lu WOHO `{u jD s U
tNOu WOHO w wzuN cN WOKLF UIOD bb w wzuNK UF jD WdF bzU sLJ
uLF jDL 90
180

wzuN u
225

wzuN u

135

r uL
270

90

315

45
0

VDI wzUM wzuNK UF jD qJA

Antenna Efciency
Pin

tO WKb bI v

wzuN UH

Pr wzuN s WFML bIK WuL WM UNQ dF

=(

Pr
) 100 %
Pin

wzuN UH

YO

uU wzuNK WKb bI Pin

uU wzuN s WFML bI Pr
V U wzuN qB td w uKO 100 U b
u U UN

U????

U wzu s WFML bI

wzuN UH
uKO 5 U wzuN w WFzUC bI Q XLK
WFzUC bI Pin wzuNK WKb bI Pr wzuN s WFML bI
5 - 100

uKO

95

wzuN UH

Pr WFML bI
Pin WKb bI
95
100

95 %

Antenna Dimension

wzuN UF

sJL YO Ud vK wUU UNKI UNFA u w WuL u vK wzuN u bLF

`O fJF wzuN UF XK
wzuN UNF qUF w U d ULK t uI
s uJ V tu S WOOUMGdNJ UuL UF w WOU UH wzu UM q_
UNUF dL U wuL uD UB U UHUC
WuL nB wzu bF
0.25 WuL u l u bU dUM b sJL u q
S U
UOzuN s d_ u_ rEF uD tM QA c U_ t YO b WFzUA UOzuN s (0.5
0.95 U u UFH uDU wzuN dUM u U w bL WuL u vb
UFH
uD wzuN q WuL u
d dH w WuL u

YO

5% wu q
w wzuN q UNd v wzuN q WuL u w UH c V uF

d dH w UNd s

UOzuN u r
oOD wzu q rz YO UOzuN s bF u WOJK UB WLE w b
WdF vK eOd l WbL UOzuN u r dFM bNL wKLF
UDI

tKJ wzuN r

UF jD

V J

wKLF b

t d b*

Half Wave Dipole Antenna

VDI wzUM Wu* nB wzu

UL UNFA w WuL u nB tu wbF pK s VDI wzUM wzuN uJ tUJ j w

d_ UOzuN rEF tM XIKD c U_ wzuN c bF
(21) qJA w sO u

edOUO (10000 3) d b*
_ `D s tUH vK UL 2.5dBwu V J
. Linear wD UDI

wU& wzu t jD* dNE (21) qJA w UL UF jD

U w W U UOzuN s dO u tM vM c U_ bF
wKLF b
UHK UI
wzuN u
0
30

60

90

120

150
180

tUF jD VDI wzUM WuL nB wzu qJA

Folded Dipole Antenna

uD* VDI wzUM wzu

q r YO VDI wzUM WuL nB wzuN duD bF c uDL wzuN 22 qJA sO

U OJOUJO u
tKF UL ( ) UNu WKu U F sODI
2

tUF jD uDL VDI wzUM qJA

edOUO (10000 50) d b*

.2dB wu V J
. wD UDI

(22) qJA w UL UF jD

d UD dF lL YO U qJA wueHK UI U w wKLF b
.(Wide Bandwidth) dO
Monopole Antenna

VDI U wzuN

UNM eF _ `D u l{u qu s U u UN dL WuL u l tu mK U

(23) qJA dE Omnidirectional UU lOL w tUu lA uN U OU U Ozu bF

edOUO (10000 10) d b*

2.5dB

wu V J

. wD UDI

(23) qJA w u UL UF jD

Y w UL UU& lOL s UI YK fOz qJA b wKLF b
WKIM* Wd* UOzu w UI

wzuN u
VDI U wzuN

WcG j
U
jDL ed

UF jD

tUF jD VDI U wzuN qJ

Yagi Uda Antenna

wU wzu

uD wzu VDI wzUM wzu u wUUO tLLB r vK wU WuHBL U C vb

(24) qJA w ULUNuL fuF s UEM
qB Folded Dipole

OK
u wU{ dBM fUF
wzUM nK l{u wzuN U fH s uMB VDI wzUM s
wJF U w UNHFC wU_ U w wzuN U WuI vK fUF qLFVDI
t s be UL
OK
dB
wU{ dBM tuL
VDI wzUM U l{u wzuN U fH s uMB VDI wzUM s

WOU sO bN
wzuNK VJ WOU Ue fU tu s d b sJL t kL s
edOUO 10000 50 d b*
fuF UNu* b wzuN rOLB vK UL 20dB - 5dB 5 U d V J
wD UDI
dNE UL WOU& UOzuN s wU wzu bF
(24) qJA w u UL UF jD

tUF j/ s
UDL UI ULO
UA WOKLF UOzuN d s wU wzu bF
wKLF b

U C FM U UHF VHF Wd U

UDM vK WUHK

VDI wzUM wzu

fU

UNu

u q

tUF jD wU wzu qJA

Horn Antenna

u wzu

UF jD v WU{U u wzu s bF UL sO 25 qJA ndJOL UOzu s bF

edOUO 10 - 1 dO d qL UD d b*
V  V J
q 20 10 U
wD UDI
WU  vK UL WOU wzuN cN WOU& dF 25 qJA w u UL UF jD
tKJ u Wu lDI
bF lL YO ndJO* UB w wU qJA wzuN c b wKLF b
d_ vK tOd WuN t WH Ue

WOU e

WOzd e

tUF jD u wzu s WHK ULM u qJA

Dish (Parabolic) Antenna

sB wzu

dFIL UdL qFH UL tR w WF_ lOL vK qLF s qJ vK dFI wbF `D

edOUO 10 -1 dO d qL UD d b*
V  V J
b * sB dD vK UL q 4010U
cG* UDI b UDI

26 qJA w tUF j/ s dNE UL oO{ d

ed tUF We uJ UF jD
wKLF b
w ndJOL UJ sO qdK ndJOL d U w dJ wzuN c b
d WUHK UDL UI WOzUCH UB w tb dAM UL Wd j UB
WOUMB UL
_

wz uN qJA
tUF jD wMB

Cassegrain Antenna

sdU wzu

uU fUF l{u YO sOU tbU UL t WOMB UOzuN s wzuN c bF

w `{u u UL wOzd wMB fUF v UuL fJF uIO w
u cGL U bL
(27) qJA
edOUO 10 - 1 dO d qL UD d b*
V  V J
b * sB dD vK UL q 40 10 U
cG* UDI b UDI
s UF w dOJ dG wzu s b WIO{ UF We vK uB( sJ1 UF jD
jI fUF wu fUF b w UOzuN
WOUMD UL_ l UB WO{_ UD; w b wKLF b

wOzd fUF

wzu qJA
sdU

w
u cG
uU fU
Wu qO

Sector Antenna

wUDI wzuN

b U UD
wDG b UU U UI UF ed Directional tu wzu s U u
sO u UL U dI b
1 d b
4 uD WKOD Wu tAO tKJ U 60 90 120 t
.(28)qJA w

 GSM b * uOK) UEM d UD d b*

V  V J
V J u 0 rJ r U wU&  wzuNU WUI U
L UNODG d* WOK) WU  vK UL
WODG b* w (3dB) V  u  b
u UL V J u  U r WOK) WU  Ue Wd bM dOG WOK WU 
(29) qJA w `{u

WOK bU
WD

0 dB V

3 dB V

6 dB V

9 dB V
_

WOK WU wzuN V sO W

F qJA

Sector Antenna wUD

wzu

qJA

wDUDI
UD v tu UF We qJA uJ UF jD
WOUF e WOK) qU WODG r 120
WOK ed w wUDI wzuN b wKLF b
WOUDI UOzuN l{u YO WuOK UB WLEQ
qU WODG d Vu vK UOzu W U Sector
(30) qJA w sO u UL WOK WU
W uOK UB d qJ
WOUD
UOzu

Smart Antennas

WOc UOzuN

s bF
w (Smart Antennas) WOc UOzuNU dF U U bdN
WuOK UB WLEQ Base Station WOK ed UOzu u
XU dO UF jL ULF vK WOc UOzuN qL dJ uI
WF_ bF `L WOMI b YO d WOK ed wzu s
qJA s `C UL Multibeam Scanning
WOc UOzuN w UF jL qJA

r WUI U u W UOzuN s uM c nAJ

bL Wb wzuN UF tOu bOF

UND s UNNOu w rJ U WUFL Vu UE vK UOzuN c qL bLF

w UEM c Ue r uOK UB bU
w UOzuNU
fH w sd d fH b U od s WOLd WOJK UJA WF U
ud nODK qC U b du U2 WIDM*
UUO qIM d Wd dOu _ 5 %
fHM ud* U& w wzuN V  U sJ1 YO uK qJA UB WOu 5 %
.Interferes qb UU& w UF iOH Xu

q uOF iF s wUF WOc UOzuN S UeL s rd vK

WHKJ U wUU Transceiver UI U WLE bOIF
WuF d X ud qd WOKL
qI * hA Wd UUO bF qI

w UN UNb lOu UNu UM Wb u_ s UOzuN c WdF bOHL s

UN lL w UeLK dE WOJK WLE_ nK

U?????A
WO UOzuN s US V Xd WJA WB* ld*U sF
w UI eN UOzu WODdA UOzuN w9UuK wzuN weK( wzuN wIK( wzuN

WK?????_
UNBzUB r w U WO OUMGdNJ Wu* uJ 3
WO OUMGdNJ Uu* UA d UBU d
bU UB uO Ue 5
WUL  Uu*
U wzu s

(km 35)

bF vK _ `D s (m

WOD  WO{_ Uu*

25)

tUH UI wzu l{

5OzuN 5 W j u s oI% _ `D s m 36 tUH

_U jO; u' G w W Ozd UID US d
dOHuu_ UI s WI q UNR w nzUu r d
p dOQ U dOHuu_ UI vK fLA W WF_ uBH UNM qOK dOQ uU
UB UOKL vK
dOHuu_ s Uu* UJF w dR* quF w U
WO d

d( d

Wd( UF W

XuH WIDM

eHI WU  ?

WO d e( wKLF oOD UA j/ d b* 5
LF

HF

UHF

EHF

Wu* UDI WdF s bzUH U 5

UDI u d
uLF UDI wI_ UDI rdU `{

WO d

dB q b ?

(Isotropic) wUOI wzuN

wzuN

tKL U b% wzuN eO9 w hzUB) r d

sdD s be U0 qK
U w t qB* qIM j WFU2 wzuN WFU2 5 Wu* oOI% b ?
UFUL* XHK

0.95

U c WuLK UFH
uD b wzuN UF U bM
WO UOzuN s >qJ wKLF b u U
wMB wzuN

wU wzu

wUDI wzuN

VDI U wzuN ?

WHK* dUM qL d r tUF j/ r wU wzu r

UN lL w Ue* b WOc UOzuN qL dJ d
WO qL' s qJ WU) UF U X U WOB UF U  U l{
_ `D s W JFM dU 5L  v WOzUCH Uu* r IM
Wu' duE lOL UN b% w WOUM* WID w dOHud  WI
bOF UU * Wd UB w b WCHM* d b
WNu*

UOzuN s Sector Antenna wUDI wzuN bF

iHM* V J UOzuN b wMB wzuN bF

wQ U2 WOB WU d
Wu' quF rEF UN b u' G UI
dOHud 

dOHuu_

dOHbON

dOHud?

dOHuu_ WI s Uu* UJF w dR WOU quF s

Y W

WID w sQ WU

d U lOL

WKd* Wu* d ?
wzuN UF b c U

UNO U rO w WU *

qd* b

d U2 TO

qOGA d ?

WOc UOzuN uO s
uKF WIzU d v U%

WHKJ U bOIF

iHM V 

qb qUA s be?

WO OUMGdNJ Wu* UDI b WO s

.E wzUdNJ U*

. H w OUMG* U*

d U2 w

UA W ?
u wzu bF

iHM V 

wU& U Ozu

d U2 w

ndJO* UB UOzu s ?
t wU wzu eO2 s

wU& wzu

V 
U

`O dU lOL

d s l b* b ?
v QK wzuN s UF Ue

wzuNK WUD U
`O dU lOL

U d U

v wzuN u U ?

U (100M HZ) Ud w Wu* u

U
U

30
0.3

U
U

300

b????????u

q???????????????IM uD
Transmission Lines

q?????????IM uD
dGK d cMUN UL b b
UB UE _ WOzd UuJL b qIM uD bF

dA lU dI nBM w

UuKFL U?? qIM WHKL UOzuN WLE WOOUMGdNJ UuL b sJL

WCHM UHJ sJ WKu UUL

uD bU tIOI sJL c d_ WOU UHJ U qIM U U U UB WLE w
(Transmission Lines) qIM
qIL qdL sO qu wzUeOH UL vK qIM j `KDB oKD
q Guided Media WNuL jzUu qIM uD s bF u bu
WdB UO_ WuL quJ WOzUM WOJK uD

bu b
vK U
uJ pM l
u bu c W s pzUN bF
Two Wire Lines WOzUM WOJK  uD) dF

Coaxial Cables Wu; quJ dF

Impedance Matching UFUL* Wu0 uBI* `{u

UNOL

Standing Waves dI * Uu* uNH dA

Optical Fibers WdB UO_ uD d= F

WObF* qIM uD UOU Xu

q
Q qIL v bBL qdL s U qI w UB UE w qIM j WOzd WHOu
qIM j WOzUdNJ WOzUeOH u vK dG c oI bLF W
UD w UOC s b

U Lz dc l WObFL qIM uD UOU Xu r bu c s _ e w g

UMM
WuL WOzUM WObFL qIM uD lOL qLA u_ c

UOU_ Xu r
WUD bB qd* 5 tKOu YO UB UE w WOzUdNJ b s e qIM j bF

(1) qJA w `{u u UL WOzUdNJ b UL v R  nU UN qI *
I
qIM j l
u qJ
UB UE w

V
qIL

qdL

qIM j

(2) qJA w UL (G) WOKu (C) WF (L) WO (R) WUI qI j qJ
I

j WUJL b qJ
u b tu qI

uD bu qIM j WUI R

YO

uD bu qIM j WO L

uD bu qIM j WF C
uD bu qIM j WOKu G

vK UNLO
bLF qIM j u vK Wu (Constants) Xu c uJ
(GCLR) Xu lOL rO j) u 5 Wd WF uJ YO qIM j u
L WO( R WUI* rO vK U O J UdOQ uJ WKUM _ pL
G WOKu* C WF  rO vK U O J UdOQ uJ _ 5 WU *
_ tM uMB* bF* WOu
_ 5 WUF U*

U???????A
Xu rO
vK _ sO WUF UL bFL WOu dOQ pz l g
UUL rKF bUL
qIM j

vK qLA w (Line Losses) qIM j bOUH0 vL ULO qIM j d WuIM* WUD s e lOC
R WUI* V d qJ vK lOC (Copper Losses) WOU bOUH
5 WUF U* vK d( dOQ s ZM

(Dielectric Losses)

wzUdNJ UF bOUH

qIM j u

qu* u w OUMG* U* s e UF s ZM (Radiation Losses) UF bOUH

d U bM ULO tDO v
dOQ s dOJ d uJ WF  WO( dOQ S WOU d WuIM* U uJ UbM
WuIM* U UF{ w WOKu* WUI*
UO WOuH 5 WF b% Characteristic Impedance (Z0) eO2 WFU2 qI j qJ bu
WF s WOUF d bM UNU sJ1 qIM j vK WDI bM
Z0 =

L
C

( )=

V
I

dMNU qIM j WO L

L = 400 mH

YO

UHU qIM j WF C
qdL

C = 40nF

qIM j eOLL WFULL WLO

V

f =100MHZ
qIM j

qJ

ZL

(3) qJA w sOL

U????

 G WOKuL R WUIL dOQ UL sJL b U WKdL U d UL

Z0 =

L
C

( )

Z0 =

400 10-6
40 10-9

Z0 =

10000 = 100 ( )

Two Wires Lines

WOzUM WOJK qIM uD

lMB U U U WU U ULNMO WObFL _ s tQ wzUM wJK qIM j dF

uJ U U UG WUF UL U UdNJK qOu bO U W uOMu_ UM s _

pO s

qIM j b* e j u* j) UNM dc WOzUM WOJK uD s bF UJ

bu
wL; wzUM wJK 
Parallel Line

u* j)

q WuL uD s bF UJ UM sJL

WOHUN uD) w dGK uD w U 1b b b Two-Wire Open Line uH* j)
U tbU uO U bOF oUMLK WOU)
Two-Wire Ribbon (Twin Lead) Line wDdA 5u* 5JK  j)

(4) qJA w 5 u UL qJA

ULNMO qBH 5u 5JK s j) c uJ VOd
bN WOJO U W 5KO wu s WU U
WOU) dR* s ULNUL ULNO
300 v qB Z0 eOL* WFUL*
WUHK U qIM fOz qJA b b
sOJK j qJ
wDdA sOuL

iHM* dF  WOUF UHJ Ue* r

s W&UM WO OUMGdNJ U*U dQ uOF r
guA U

Twisted Pair Line

b* e j

(5) qJA w 5 u UL qJA

w UL U F 5b 5eF 5JK s U VOd
(5) qJA
U

(150) v (75) s Z0

eOL* WFUL*

w qLF bM U qJA j) c b b

(Noisy Environment) WuA WO

bL e j qJ

bu guA WOu W UG v 5JK  UH R YO guA US dQ Ue* r

d pK  w bu* guA WOu q s 5JK  b w
U d U bM Dielectric

Loss

WOUF bI UH s j) c wUF uOF r

WuIM*

Two-Wire Shielded Line

wL; 5JK qIM j

.(6) qJA w 5 u UL qJA

U w 5u{u 5JK s j) c uJ VOd

WUL qLF WOU WJ UN jO 5KO wu WU

wU G
WOUM WJA WODG r 5 w 5JK K
(6) qJAdE WULK
(100 50) 5U Z0 eOL* WFUL*
wLL sOJK qIM j qJ

UbM WOU ( WOU eN_ bK b b

wU) guA dOQ e

WJA od s _ v guA WOu mdH r YO guA US dQ Ue* r

w{_U UNK r w WOUM

t c wUF 5u V WKu WU *

tb bM WuIM* U tUF{ uOF r

WOzUM WOJK uD) Ue

wU WOzUM WOJK uD Ue r hOK sJL U q JA
qIM uD s d_ u_U W UI UNML UH
UNF qUFK WOU WOM UN v U% wN UA bbL WKN

WOzUM WOJK uD) uO

U Wd UH wUU UN d UDM dG
U bM WHKJ UH wUU bOF* UD; b U v R U2 bIH WOU
bOF UU *
WHK* guA UB s WO OUMGdNJ bU dQ UNLEF
UuKF* qI w Wd  U_ W s qKI U2 UNOK XBM WOUJ
Impedance Matching

UFUL* Wu

w WuL s sJL b
d oOI V tS (7) qJA w UL U F sOOzUdN sO j bM
sOb sO WFULL
(Z in2) WOU b qb WFULL WU (Zout1) v_ b d WFUL uJ vMFL

v v_ b s W
UD s sJL b
d UI UL{ u WuL oOI s bN
WOU b

`{u w
bM jD qJ
sO sO WFULL Wu

Zin1

2
Zout1

Zout

Zin2

v_ b

WOU b

WU b d WHKL WOzUdNJ eN_ b sO WuL oI b U w

w UL w `{u u UL Wu u bU p oOI

ueHK q WFUL
300

300

75

75

300

wzu

75 eOLL tFUL u qI j

WuL WOKL w uL b qJ

Wu wu b r bI qJA s `C UL

U  75 qIM j WFUL 300 wzuN WFUL sO

v_

UI r pc (300) UHK UN qb WFUL U  (75) qIM j WFUL sO

W?? OU

UHK UN v wzuN s U u
rE
bdL W
UD bI U 100 U U UN w d b
XU U????
qIM j w Wd W
U qJ vK UNFOL lOC 20 U (Reflected Powe)
U wzuN UNKOu rO w WOKFH bI bI VU
wzuN s bdL bI wzuNK u bI wzuNK WKb bI
20 - 100

80

Standing Waves

dI* Uu*

qdLU WcGL b WN s qIM j sO WFULL w WuL oOI d{ o UL UMd

d WN s wzuNU WKIL
ZL qL WFUL WLO
s

ZO qIM j eOLL WFULL WLO

XHK b U sJ
(ZL Z0)

s Uu uJ YO bBL v bzU bd j d WKdL W

UD s e S WU c w
UL qIM j u vK UuL
Load qL( v qd* s WKd* Uu*
qd* v qL( s bd* Uu*
w

Standing Waves dIL UuL uN v R iF ULNCF UuL c qb

bzUF W
UD c YK bdL UuL WKdL UuL sO qb WKB UNQ UNHdF sJL
(9)

qJA bBL qdL d WUI w j WUI w Wd bO

UH qJ vK lOC
dIL WuL dU `{u

WKdL WuL

dIL WuL dU qJ

bdL WuL

V max
V min

dIL WuL

j eOLL WFULL ZL qL WFUL sO dH bI vK bBL v bdL W

UD WLO
bLF
WO U Wb uIM p vK UM Z0 qIM
[ ZL = ] (Open Load) U uH qL( uJ UbM

W
UD c N qL bu t_ bBL s WKdL UuLK qU b b UM
uJ dIL WuL U dH U UO sJL U rE j WUN bM WOuH uJ
WU c `{u (10) qJA sJLU d
[ ZL = 0]

(Short Circuited Load)

uBI qL( uJ UbM

w WOuH dO qIM j u vK UuLK qU b U C b WIU WU w UL

d uJ dIL WuL pc sJLU d uJO UO U dH U qIM j WUN
WU c `{u (11) qJA sJLU
1
2

1
2

1
4

j WUN
qL

j Wb

1
4

S.C

LOW Zo

HIGH Zo

j WUN
qL
O.C

LOW Zo

LOW Zo

uBI qI j WU qJ

O.C

[ ZL = Z0 ]

j Wb

S.C
HIGH Zo

HIGH Zo

LOW Zo

HIGH Zo

uH qI j WU qJ

qIM j) eOL* WFULLK WU  qL( WFU2 uJ UbM

bu bFM UL UNM e bd qLK qIM j s WUDK UI d qB WU c w

(12) qJA dE qIM j vK dI L UuL
I,V
j Wb

j WUN

j vK dIL UuL uJ ZM o UL

ZL

ZO = ZL

WOu rE sO WM Z0 ZL wLO

sO dHU WDd qIM
WOu WM vb dIL WuLK Vmin WOu q
Vmax
VSWR dIL WuL qUF dIL WuL

ZL = Z0 UbM j WU

qJ
VSWR =

Vmax
Vmin

U sOF WODI cR YO

sJL UM qIM j d W
UD qI UH UO
w VSWR dIL WuL qUF WdF s UH
WO WOKLF UEL qO
WOKL X O WOU WU w Perfect U U qIM j d WUD qI uJ VSWR = 1 UbM
WUD qI w dO UH v WU( c dOA

1.5 VSWR > 1 UbM

Poor Matching WUD qI UH UH vK dR WU( c bF

VSWR > 2 UbM
UO
r UbM qI qd sO jdK UB WLE b w qI j b

U???

WLOI U Uu 10 UNLO

XU j w dIL WuLK vLEF WOuH bI
Uu 3 U XUJ dIL WuL WOuH dGB
b * qIM j) VSWR dI * Wu* qUF WLO V

Matched u j) c q 5

V max
10
=
= 3.33
V min
3

(2) s d (3.33) b * jK dI *Wu* qUF WLO U0

VSWR =

u dO bL j Q ZM

Reection Factor

b qUF

W
UD qI WOKL qIM j UH UOI b qIM j eOLL hzUB s b qUF bF
b qUF WLO
ULK t YO
l qIM j Wu b V qIM UH UH vK p
tQ dF
`O fJF qL

KR edU tO ed VT WKdL WuLK vLEF WLOI VR

KR =

VR
VT

bdL WuLK vLEF WLOI sO WM

ZL - Z0
ZL + Z0

................... 1

Wu WM tM dF U U b qUF KR

YO

qL WFUL ZL
qIM j eOLL WFULL Z0
WO W
F s KR WLO
U sJLO WdF VSWR WLO
XU
KR =

VSWR - 1 ................... 2
VSWR + 1

S WdF KR WLO
XU S fJFU
VSWR =

1+KR
.................... 3
1-KR

U?????A
VSWR

ZL
Z0

X 31 sO
F bU

.(100 ) bI qL v W
UD UB (Z0 = 75 ) U eOL WFUL qI j bU

U???

b * jK VSWR dI * Wu* qUF bI V

WIU  uD) w Wu ; VSWR WLO V j) UH vK oK
VSWR =
KR =

ZL - Z0
ZL + Z0

1+KR
1-KR

100 - 75
= 0.142
100 + 75

sJ

vK qB WUFL w iuFU
VSWR =

1+KR
1 + 0.143
=
= 1.33
1 - 0.143
1-KR

WOU UH v dOA p S (1.5) s q w (1.33) U jK VSWR WLO U0

j) c bU qL( v WUD qI w

Coaxial Cables

Wu; quJ

UOK s hKK UNLOLB r YO b WFzUA qIM uD u s WuL quJ bF

WuIF WHKJ WOU UH qI j ULF v WU b WOzUM uD UNM wUF w

wU_ VOd
s (13) qJA w `{u u UL Coaxial Cable uL qOJ Vd
U qIM wK qu
quLK Shield WUL qLF Copper

Mesh

WOU WJ qJA wuD wU qu

WO OUMGdNJ b s wKb
5Ku* 5 qBH Dielectric WU U

WOU) dR* s qOJ WUL( U wU

qUJ VOd qJ
uL

wK qu
U
wU qu
wU WOU WJ

Ub
UJ tb s WUG V u q b YO WuL quJ s bb u?? UM

WOHUN UB UJ w l UD
vK b WuL quJ XU Wd
d v b
UL p l WOUF UHJ WdB UO_ quJ UNb r q
WHKL rUIL sO jdK
q WOKLF UIOD s bbF w b WuL quJ X
UHK eN v UOzuN s WUHK U qI
U r eN l Wb * pK U h qOu UUG WBB* quJ
UdO U bu

Oscilliscope

Wave Guides Wu* W v U eN s U qIM ndJO* UD w b

WOUF ndJO* d vK
b s bbF w dAM* quJ UHK UJ bb9 w

q d U u qLA w

RG u WuL quJ b U U U

UB WLE w UNb dJ w U 50 U eO2 WFUL0 (RG8)

(RG58)

WHK*
s WUHK U qIM U U b

75

U eO2 WFUL0

(RG6)

(RG59)

UHK eN v UOzuN
WOMH UNBzUB r s UuKF v WU{U WbL u_ dN sO (1) b
WOUF u d bM bIH

WOUF d bM bIH

Loss at UHF 400 MHZ

Loss at HF 100MHZ

4.7dB

2.3dB

5.9dB

2.9dB

9.4dB

4.3dB

8dB

3.7dB

4.1dB

1.9dB

4.5dB

1.9dB

1.5dB

0.5dB

Size r

dO
ju
dOG
ju
dO
dO
dO

Coax. Type

uL qUJ u
RG 6
RG 59
RG 58U
RG 8X
RG 8U
RG 213

VK j Hardline

WuL quJ s bF u b

Wu; quJ uO Ue r

wQ UL UeL r hOK sJL
Hard VKB uM w (1.5GHZ) v WUF u_ w (1GHZ) v qB l d UD

WuIM* UuKF* WOL s be U2Line Coaxial

qOJ q dBM WO OUMGdNJ Uu* _ UF s "UM bIH bF
r w WOU( WJA u V U* WO OUMGdNJ U*U qb dQ
WuA* sU_ w b WUM UNKF U2 UNCQ
VOd WKN
WUB wN wUU qu wKOGA dL
UNLP WuL quJ uO r U
bI
d UU bIH c e 5Ku* 5 WUF U* qu* WUI s ZM UO U
b WOUF bI qL% w UNUOUJ

Optical Fiber

WdB UO_

Ue UuKFL U UB U w WKzUN u

WOzdL WOHUN UB w dDL
UB WLE vK VKD U v bb U F
d Xd lu b v WU{U
WOUF WUB
dOJ WF
UUK WMU b UF vI WbOKI qIM uD S bu c Wb w X UL

bI rK WOzUCH UB WO{_ ndJOL WLE U UB UJA beL
U Oze
WKJAL cN
qI WF UB UJ b v WU QA bI UM s
bU tIOI sJ c d_ X
u fH w WUB
b WKzU UUO
edO1016 WUG edO 1012 s UNd UD b w WdB UO_
Ue s WuMB WUH WIO
uO UNQ WdB UO_ dF

bF UuKFL qIM uI WMO dOF qJ vK pO

(24) qJA w UL qIL v qdL s u{ v UNKu
WdB UO_ qJ

WdB UO_ uO Ue

WOJK WbOKI qIM uD Xu
U U uB WLNL UeL s bbFU WdB UO_ UL
wQ U UeL c r s WuL WOzUM
zU U L wMF U2 WOzuC d bM UDM U V b WOUF UNF
UuKF* s
b WOU Wd UO_ c d tU sJ1
bOF* UDLK WU  wUU b qOK qOu WOKL WUD bI
be WU  vK
WOUM  (5Km) qUI (50Km) s
WUM* c V WO OUMGdNJ b s WU WUM
WUD lA t UL UdNJK qU dO dB nOK
b V uN wUU
d_ UB WLE l
qIM se UOKL qN U2 WJOL dO u WHOH
(25) qJA dE VOd bbL
Wud UNKF U2 WObF* UNOL UNOK XBM sJ1
UA bO
WdB UO WJ qJ

 WdJ F UB WMOF Ub

UNLQ uOF U
dB UEM VOd bM WOUF WOzb WHKJ
bF* WJA WUO UJ bb9 UOKL Vb WOU WOM u v WU(

WdB UO WOKLF Ub

UB UJ w U O Wb UuJL s WdB UO_ bF

dE dO_ uM w l qJA UNb dA bI p l

w UNb dJ YO UN lL w bbF UeLK
duKOJ 5 bb9 - YO b* bOF UB UJ
rUF rEF w WdB UO_ uD s
(26) qJA dE WOHUN UJA w rUI* 5 qu
Xd uU( UJ w UUO qI
b s bbF w dAM* quJ UHK UJ
UO WJA bbL qJ
l
uL b w WdB

UNOK XBM WU WdJ F UB

WdB UO_ VOd

w
u G
VKI

UDG

s (27) qJA s `C UL wU qJA dB nOK uJ

uC t s qIM c wKb U * q1 Core VKI
VKIU jO% w WOU) U* uCladding UDG
fJ vK qLF YO VKI U s WU q uJ

dB nOK UuJ qJ

VKI q qEO dLU uC

WOU) dR* s nOK WUL( WOJO U s U u Buffer Coating G

dB nOK d uC UA

YO UB WLE w WbL WdB UO_ quJ wU_ uJL WdB UO_ bF

Carrier UuKFLK q U uC b

uC UAU WU ozUI iF v dD s b dB nOK qL b dA
u* w tUI bM td iHM WOUd (3

108) WGU td d( UCH w uC dAM

UCH s WU d_

YO Refraction U J t b WUJ WCHM U v WUJ WOU U s uC UI bM

(28) qJA w 5 u UL WUJ WOU U* v t
dHBKWU  ( 2) U J W UbM `B w ( 1) uI  W UNQ Wd( We dF

(29) qJA w 5 u UL

UJ s UFA U

dJM UF
2 = 0
Wd We = 1

WUJ WCHM U

fJFM UF

WUJ WOU U

WUJ WCHM U
WUJ WOU U

j
U UF
j
U UF

Wd We qJ

uC UJ qJ

wzuC UFAK Reection UJF b Wd( We WLO s (1) uI  W XK

(30) qJA w 5 u UL WCHM* WUJ U* d

UJF qJ
uC

Wd We > 1

1

WUJ WCHM U
2

WUJ WOU U

j
U UF
fJFM UF

UFAK wKb wKJ UJF b vK bLF WdB UO_ d uC UA o UL ZM
Wd We s dG We uC US tOK qB c wzuC

WdB UO_ w 5u

d_ u_ w tM d OJ q
WdB UO_ w u Loss bIH s ZM sOu S U q JA
WOzuC U sOu wUU bIH v R w U_ W s b p l qIM uD s
U WU Wd bb wUU d UDM WF vK wK dOQK dE WuIML

wN nOK w bIH u r U

v tu uC hL w WKOKI VzuA iF V b Absorption Loss UB bI
wU pK w wzUdN UO d s ZUM bIHK tUA qJAd

YO WKu U UO `B WdB UO_ lOMB WFO V b Scattering Loss dUM bI
w vI WOuJdJO UNE sJL WLEM dO e uN UO_ cN bA WOKL V
UC UDG U v WHK UUU uC dUM V dB nOK
WF UA w wMe UH V bIH c b Pulse Spreading Loss WCM UA bI
WHK U  w dO w uC
wzuC wzUM UNFA w uC Uu u V b Wu* u dUM uK dUM bI
UNuA v wUU UNu s UuL c Wd vK dR UL nOK qb bM LED
nOK w u dOGB UM V bIH c b Radiation Loss UF bI
WO u bM b bIH cN sJL Coupling Loss We* bI
U WN w dB nOKU uC bB WK
dU dB nOK WK
UI WN w uC nUJ dB nOK WK

WdB UO_ u
u W bu U q JA WUILK bL UOFL V WdB UO_ u s bbF bu
w WdB UO_ s WOz
Single Mode Step-Index Fiber
Multimode Step-Index Fiber

uD) U J qUF dH* jLM nOK

uD) U J qUF bF* jLM nOK

Multimode Graded Index Fiber b* U J qUF bF* jLM nOK

uD) UJ qUF bOu jLM nOK

uJ (31) qJA w sO u UL qUJ u vK uCK b U UM _ r cN wL
tUN v dB nOK Wb s UNUI UM Wu WOzuC WF_
VKI

UDG

wzu{ UF

uD UJ qUF bOu jLM dB nOK w uC U qJ

UDG dD
s 0.1 v 0.05 ) b dOG dD
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(16) qJAU `{uu UL (Jumper) WOU

uD vK UNKOu r WOzUdN s WuJ WU WUL bF ULF vK U Lz d

QAM sJL w WOUF UOuH UO s rIL eN WUL fOzd lu qJO w sOdAL
UA qB w ouB s WOzUdNJ quJ WJA WOU uD UL od s

 U?????A
pb jO w WOHUN lu WJA WObO Ue r

(Switches)

rUI*

uO s rIL qU bUL sOdAL j `O WbO rUIL rUIL s _ qO U

rUIL c
YO WMJ2 WODG vBQ Wb) lu ULC 5dA* UM 5 ju lu w UNF{ V U
tO d9 c wUM pK  u ULK nFC WOzUdNJ U
5dA* s be* b_ WU b  wHJ sJ r UO WKOK WF
qu r UNMO ULO WDd rUI* uJ V U d WMb w dA VK WU w
d r I s U b
W*UJ*U b q dG * Xu dA qUF vK UUL
WOU_ WMK XU UN ULUJL qu UM w b XU w UD_ UOUJ UND r
rUIL duD WOKL w
rNCF l sOdAL j WOUJ d w WOJOUJOdNJ rUIL dU wU qO dN
lbN c oI WOJOUJOdN e vK UNKL w rUIL pK bLF XU dA qUF qb
WedL rJ b duD r bI UB U w UNu UOd VOu w dOJ uD
(switching) qu d b WU

WOuU Zd duD r uU eN vK bLF rUIL w

WOKUL WOdJ rUILU dFL YU qO b cN rUIL e w rJ

UO bU (Digital) WOL
v (Analog) WOKUL U qu w oI c wLKF bI l
(Digital switches) WOL
d rUIL dN (PCM) edL wCM sOLC

WOzd tLE wLd rI*

UNzeQ WJA c rJ vK qLF c?? e w WOHUN WJA w rUIL
sO (17) qJAuKDL qJAU sOdALK WOHUN Wb rbI v bN UOP WHKL
rILK WOOzd bu

U eN
UOd

CPU

WedL WUFL b

Switching Network

DTC

DTC

UE

rJ b
UJdU
WOL
d

SS7

duH WLE

qu WJ

LCM

LCM

rJ b
uD w

MDF

qd Wd v

v

wL
d rILK w
bM jD qJ

w WLE_ c UNMO ULO qUJ w WLE_ s b s rIL uJ

rOd WLE

dA* l qUF WLE

WdA* UMIK U UE

WU) UOd WLE

duH WLE
dA* l qUF WLE

WOL
d UJdU rJ b WOHUN uDU rJ b dAL d s uJ
(18) qJA w `{uu UL d qJ vK WOdJO s uJ dA* d
WOKL rUIL u iF w d u sJL WUG cN rLB d w dJ l{ r
d b (19) qJA `{u U d 32 vK

sOdAL Ud d qJ

dAL d qJ

WOOzd lu Uu vK WL Ou qu d q sO U qOu qO v d q qB

lOL& r (LCM) WOHUN uD)U rJ b
bLF d' s bF qJO q l qUO w d'
WFMB* WdA YO s r I* u vK bF c
t b* vK bLF WOK; rUI* lOL
s nK (Line Number) j r
vb U L
d q qL
e W s r
d c uJ nUN r

d' q dJ r
rJ b q d' r
WOHUN uDU rJ b qJ

r I* w rJ b r

WU bu w 9 r
d w 12 tL
c dJ wMF 12-9-05 j r
L
WOHUN WJA w sOdAL uD WFUL WUOB qOGA UOKL w U OK b rO
d c
UNzUA cM rUIL w d bu U
Q WU UF l{ s bQU rUILubMN uI
uDU rJ b lOL qBd Ub rIL w d b dJ qB
rILK WOKb WJA b od s UNCF LCM WOHUN
WJAU jd DTC WOLd UJdU rJ b
UJdU rJ b vb b rILK WOKb
b WU Ud vK b q u DTC WOL
d
(21) qJA w UL PCM qOGA
WOL
d UJdU rJ b qJ

WOHU UM
30 s uJ c E1s qOGA vK bu c qLF
bL bI edOuKO 20 WUG WOFL d b s rdU

LCU Line Controller Unit

DTC Digital Trunck Controller

rEF b YO WOHUN UMI qOL 3400Hz v 300Hz s UDM

LCM Line Control Module

U

(22) qJA w `{uu UL UDM c sL{ ed WOuB W

UD
q??d??L? s?? U?? L? ? W??O? u??B?  U?? ? W??O?H?B? r??? t??S?? p??c??
U c S UMOF c WdEM U I 4000Hz bM udJOL

WOHUN UMI UD
0

20

edOuKO d

qJ

U d nF{ bIL d d UM
v U WOuB
w U OLU U UOI ` d dF c 8000Hz WuIML
bF ULO dM UL UB uM
bb

wx uMI lOL UOLU UUE bu

w uM vK u UM 32 s uJ UO bLF* u (E1) lOL U
SS7 U UEM d_ seK UM WOUuKF* WOuB U qIM b WOHU UM 30
125sec U c UM
32 hBL se rI
wx UM
q s V
125

488ns

3.9

sec
= 3.9 sec
32

sec
WU qJ hBL se uJ pc (bit) WOzUM UU 8 s WOM Wd q uJ
32

(23) qJA w UL b WOzUM WU qJ

125 sec

0 1 2 3 4 5

15 16 17

29 30 31

3.9 sec

se UM

WOHU uM

ss7 UM

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
488 ns

E1 lOL U qJ

UOzUM 8 Wd q w bu 8000Hz u UMOF c WdE V WOuB U UMOF c d _

c UM UMI w UuKFL ddL bF u 64KHz = 8000Hz UOzUM 8 UM
q d S
wU E1 ? w UuKFL ddL bF S E1 UNM uJ w uMI lOL bFL
2.045Mbps = 64KHz

UM
32

WOuB U qIM b UM s uJ UOJd bLF*u T1 lOL U

uJ cN Framing bit U se WU vb Bit b WOzUM WU U q w UC WOUuKF*
wU UEM c w UuKF* qI bF
WOzUM 193 = 1+ [UOzUM 8 WOM Wd UM
24 ]
1.544bps = 8000Hz

WOzUM 193

125 sec

1 2 3 4 5 6

24

5.2 sec

WOHU UM

U se WU
0 1

651 nsec

T1 lOL U qJ

rIL w LCM WOHUN uDU rJ b u bLF

L WOHUN WJA w rIL WHO vK
rUI u sJL

WOMOD KH UB Wd b

.E1 lOL U

sO ULUJL dOO UNHO w WOb WOMu rUIL uF

dO b UN du sO w bu c q vK WOKL rUIL
DTC WOL
d UJdU rJU WU bu s
rI*U WU) UOd WLE
WO UNL qN WU UOd w

W b pc WJA w nuN UQ UND uD) U_ W b qL

SS7 U WLE_ WOKd uK
r I* UNM uJ w bu s b Q WU) JA* UN
WOU) WOKd uU WU) JA* `O{u qO
dA*U WU) qUA* `O{u UN
(PCM channels) WU* uMI s U*UJ*U WU) U * ndF
duH WLE
UUO bUI UEM jd t s UL rIL s UB ULUJLK qO UE s U w
WO uI vK u
W*UJ* b X

uKD* rd

VUD rd

W*UJ* b

W*UJ* b aU

rIL w (Hard disk) VK d

vK UuKFL c e
dOu UNKu ULUJL d
qOKU WU eN v tKI r
WO dDU U UuKFL qI WOKL r sOdALK
UUO WJ od s UuKF* qI
qI r s WU WO OUMG Wd WUu UuKF* d
d WLE b (25) qJA 5 UNKOK% rO Wd_ c
du UE qJ

rUI* w WO OUMG* Wd_ vK bLF c duH

rOd WLE

sOF wL
b WJA q wK rI qJ d_ U
_ s eOL r
dA nU qJ
UNLOEM W q w UB uI rO
d WD V

 L rIL WF vK rI qJ wL

d bL w U
_ b bLF
tK rIL wL
d bL
wHU r

40000 du wMF UL (295xxxx , 296xxxx,297xxxx, 298xxxx)

wU u edL wKL

U U u b uJO wL
d bLU U O dOG bK b w rUIL w U
WIDM q vDF UB oUM b v WOHUN WJA UNODG w WUL rI rO
d WOKL rOEM
(Code) U MOF e
w b w `{uu UL oUML u XLE sODK wH

970

ed
wb

02

295

e
WIDML

rIL

nUN

04

sOM WIDM

09

dJu fKU WIDM

02

WHC uM ju WIDM

08

e WIDM

b tLOEM (ITU-T) UB wb U uI wb ed vL e rUF w W qJ
wb edU uKDL dALK WOHUN WJA r s Wb vK b wb UB WOKL UM
216 fu 20 dBL 962  970u sODKH
(Common Channel Signaling System No. 7 (SS7 or C7)

WdA* UMIK U UE

rUIL sO UU bb WLUJL b WOKL w rJ w b uud s WuL u

WU U qzU U s rUIL sO WKuL WOL
d uMI s WJ vK UL UNzUN
(Signaling messages)

uD WLE WuL w WOc WJA

w rJ w d WOUJ wDF qUH
WU Ub qOFH WOHUN U*UJ*
b*U b 5D K w WOU* U_
.1800xxxxxx wLd

1975 U UEM c d s WOJd_ AT&T Wd XU

U OLU dAMO bF ULO UB wb U bL c
rUIL sO dF w ULUJLK WO c b
UNL U OLU UA v w UeL s bbFU UEM c eOL
Call Setup W*UJLK eOON WOKL w WOU Wd
WOuB uMI b w d WOKU
q WU) UNUb WOc WJA rb

WUF U*UJ*U dA* vK W*UJ* U r Wb) cN Toll Free wU* rd

UB w vL U lb WI nuN Ub q lb WI  U*UJ* Wb
oL lb U
UD pc uL Wb WOMODKH

UN ud* dO lM WOHUN U*UJ* w rJ w WOUF

rUI*ubMN uI  5L I 5 UB w WKJA u bMF WOHUN WJAU rJK WO dOu
s UEM c uJ UNK JA* WdF* U qzU qOK
dUM sO U ddL b sOU uM
w (Signaling Link) U j
WOUXuKO 64 UuKF qI bFL WJA
r
d rI q qL SS7 WdAL UMI U WJ w (Signaling point) U WDI
rIL WHO e q b signaling point code U WDI e vb wLU b
U UI s u W UM WJA q
SSP Service Switching Point
STP Service Transfer Point

WOK; rUI* w b SSP Wb) qu% WDI

uF rUI w b STP Wb) qI WDI

SCP Service Control Point

WOHUN U*UJ* dOO uI w WOb rUI*

rUI* 5
WJA WOc WJA jd WU qLF WO w b SCPWb)U rJ WDI
WUF UB
(26) qJAU `{uu UL U j od s UuJL lOL q r

SSP

SSP

STP

SS7 LINKS

STP

SCP

SS7 LINKS

SCP

WdAL UMIK U UE qJ

U?????A
WJA UNbI w Ub WdFL pIDM w UB WdA sOdAL Ub ed l

PBX

U) wKb wdH rI*

WOK WJ t qB UdA URL w b

PBX Private Branche
Exchange

WF rUIL c?? q UL b?? vM w U?? bL dOG

Udu sJL w Ub WHK u b
WJA c jd eK d r
WL UNM bu l sJL
wQ U WUF WOHUN WJA l dOGB WOKb

WU WOK WJ UQ tF qUF r ed* r I* vK tHdF r b wL b

d E1 US WU WOHU uD bF U ed* r I*U PBX wKb wdH r I* q
w UJA c eOL s UHU URL uM uI
U/ WOKb WJA U 5 WOKb U*UJ* dOE UB WdA uM U R* lb
UNM WU) U*UJLK p eK
qB sJ1 L WdA W RLK lU wMH q s WOKb WJA UQ rJ WOUJ
wKb r I* vK WOKb WJAK WFU uD) s s wb wMu UB WOUJ
UB Wd q s pc UOI dU uD u bM eK 5 w dU
UB Wd v ud WKU( U*UJLK WOK dOu UB Wd s dUI b WOUJ
UUO qI eN uB qI eN WOLd WUF s nUN eN s WHK u UN qLF sJ1
UU l  WJA c q d r v WOKb WJA s UB eK t k
jI U

WOHUN U*UJ* uUMO

sJL VUD r
d t wLM c rIL fH w uKDL r
d U WU w WOHUN WLUJLuUMO
WO uDU p `O{u
-48v WOu 50mA UO nUN r I* e WUL  l WU w
WLGM w (Dial Tone) VKD WLG UU uI WU( c r I* w rJ b nAJ
c uKD* nUN r UI eU r I* wMF nUN WUL l bM UNFL w
440Hz d_ 350Hz ULb 5c s uJ U
b* sL{ lI uKD* rd U U bb rJ b uI uKD* rd dA* VK bF
WOK W*UJ W*UJ* vL  t H r ILK U FU U t H r ILK wLd

r I* w tD rd uKD* nUN j lOD  UUO bU hH rJ b uI

d' U UQ rJ b uI uGA dO U S uKD* rd WU h r
vK U U c Uu 90 bN dH AC d WOzUdN U w (Ringing signal)
WLG rJ b qd Xu fH w uKD* rdK nUN UN w 5d qOGA
VUD dALK (Ring Back tone) bzUF d'
r s VUD nUN j tHU j 5 J `H uKD* rd nU WUL l bM
rJ b od s uB U qIM
uGA* j) WLG vb WU WLG bS uI r I* w rJ b S uGA j) U
uGA U L VKD UbM dA* v r I* UbOF WLG w
620Hz 480Hz 5c s uJ
WOU nB bI0 d vK WFDI WLGM c uJ
uD c (27) qJA `{u 5dD b bM WUL  r I* f % bF W*UJ* UN r
nU

nU
r IL
WUL  l
VKD WLG
nUN r
bzUF d WLG
d U
WUL  l
WUL
WLUJL UN
WUL  oK

WUL  oK

qJ

U?????A
UL -48V WOuH nUN rIL e WUL l U w

VUD r
d t wLM c rIL fH w uKDL r
d u b WU w
Dial tone VKD WLG US uI WU( c r I* w rJ b

nAJ WUL  l WU w

WIU  WU( w UL

b* sL{ lI uKD* rd bb rJ b uI uKD* rd dA* VK bF

d r I* wL b sL{ lI r ILK wLd

qJA U uKD* nUN tO wLM c r I* l SS7 U qOFH rJ b uI

r I od s SSP U UE bU uKD* r I* l dU U j du dU
WOb U*UJ* dd9 w U( pc dU j du r

STP

U UE bU u

WJA w WOb rUI* od s

WLG U uKD* r I* w rJ b qOFH r uKD* rd WMLC U qd
uGA
uBH uKD* rd sJ r d'

Wd( ddL WdF* E1s ? WuL s WOU qJ XuKO 64 dd9 bF0 WOHU UM ` r
qJA `{u WOKd u s WJA UNCF rUI* jd uKD* r I* vK WOHUN
WOMOD KH UB WJ w WOb rUI* uF rUI (28)
wb rIL
tK wMODKH

wb rIL
e wMODKH

qJ
wMu rIL
tK wMODKH

wMu rIL
e edL

wMu rIL
fKU edL

wMu rIL
fuOU edL

tUL  oKG* rd t wLM c r I* w rJ b uI W*UJ* UN bM

U YF
W*UJ* UN WOHUN UMI d r ILK U j s
(Transmission Media) qd WuEM
ULO rUIL j WOKL UL vK tLN uI c WJA s e p WOKd u qJA
WOHUN WJA q tLN tu U ULN rI VU qd Wd vb Wd bu cN UNMO
WOKd uU WKu UNUUN uJ WU b qd eN s WuJ Wd s U w
d qIMK qU
qJ vK UuKFL lOL UNLN uJ w lOL WLE vK qd Wd u
Wd{ WOL
d WOKUL rUIL s WKdL UuKFLK lOL WOKL WOKd uK WHKL u_
qIM WHKJ qOKI v R UL qIM j fH vK uMI s dO b Z od s WF Ue

lOL WLE
wKUL lOL UE
w uM vK lOL r tO U Lb
b U (FDM) d UDM rOI vK bLF UEu
.108KHz

v

60KHz s d UDM

WO_ WuL* vK uBK UM 12 q lOL& r

UDM UM 60 vK u% W Oz WuL vK uBK WO UuL fL q lOL& r

552KHz v
UM

300 vK u% dO WO Oz WuL

312KHz s d

vK uBK WO Ozd UuL* c s W L q lOL& r

kwJ qJA UNH qdL w dLU uMI vK uB U r UI WN w

(29) qJA
wKUL lOL UE uO
WU* uMI b Wb

uMI 5 U qb WOUJ

dOJ eN_ r

Wd  b XBMK WOKUI
5

552
504

4
12

108

456
3
2

UE qJ
wKUL lOL

3
2
1

72

68

408
360
312

3
2
1

64
60KHZ

WO WuL

WOz WuL

dO WOz WuL

WOLd lOL WLE

wU WOKUL WLE_ s eOL TDM wMe rOI vK bLF WLE w
UO dOG eN_ r

UNuM 5 qbK W{d q

UUO qI WOUJ

uMI s d bF lOL WOUJ

XBMK W{d q
WOL
d lOL WLE s Uu bu
(PDH)

WMeL t WOLd WOKJON

lOL r w_ UEM wH UuKFL qI Wd bF duDu wU b vK UEM c bLF

wU qd vK

2048kpbs UuKF qI bFL E1s ?

E2 vL U qOJA 8,448Kpbs qI bF0 4E1s lOL& v_ WKd*

E3 vL U qOJA 34,368Kpbs qI bF0

4E2s lOL&

WOU?? ? ? WKd*

E4 vL U qOJA 139,264Kpbs qI bF0

4E3s lOL&

WU?? ?  WKd*

E0-64Kbps
E1-2.048Kbps
1
1
2

WOL
d WOKJON qJ
(PDH) WMeL t

30

E2-8.448Kbps
1

E3-34.368Kbps
1

E4-139.264Kbps

UM

UM

UM

UM

U OJ udU De-multiplexing lOL p r (TI) wJd_ UEMU qLF r bL fHM
ucL qdLU
UEM c uO r s
sJ1 (2.048Mbps)

E1 w OQ U

vK uBK U O J qd* lOL d* d{

WKd W wD

WdB UO_ l UNDd UO*U bu dOUF vK UUL b

2Mpbs ? s WHK* qd* oOD UM w WKBHM (multiplexers) UFL b v WU(

140Mpbs v
b PDH UE s w_ wJd_ UEM ou
JA* UA WOKL w WuF
140Mpbs s d UuKF qI bF* uu sJ1
(SDH)

WMeL WOLd WOKJON

vb c wJd_ UEM U O oDL UEM c tA

PDH

Pelsiochronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

c w VKG r b
SONET WMeL WdB WJA

SONET Synchronous Optical Network

vL WIU lOL WLE UNM XU w uOF vK UEM

STM

s UuKFLK rOI lOL WOKLF uI w bu

Synchronous transport modules

wU w (STMs) WMeL qIM ULM SDH ?

63E1s qIM l sJ1 STM1 : 155.52 Mbps
STM14= 63E1sX4

qIM l sJ1 STM4 : 622.08 Mbps

STM16 : 2.488 Gbps
STM64 : 9.9539Gbps

WO hzUBU eOL
UO*U bu WdB quJ SDH ? eN 5 qu dOUF
JA* UA rJK d WuN
sJ1 (2.048Mbps) E1 w OQ U UMU bM U O J qd* lOL d* v WU( b
lOL qd s WKd w U vK uB(
b STM b s

(E1) w_ (T1) wJd_ UEM lOL& sJ1

STM64 WKd w U uB dOJ qIM bF

STM UN q

vK bIU eOL WO w qOu w Ring WIK( UO b

U d U * vI sU * b lD - S 5HK sU  od s 5dD s

`{u UL UNJ w ULU WOMOD KH UB Wd uI uD UEu
WIK( (31) qJA

fKU
B A

A B

B A

dJu

sOM

B A

tK

STM1 b b qJ

B A

WOKOIK

(SDH) WMeL WOL

d WOKJON qJ

qd r
w uuL

WOKd u
v WOKd u qOu d rI
WOUM quJ d qOu WId
ndJO* d qOu WId
WdB UO_ d qOu WId

WOUM quJ
c w dBI U UNbU uO U rUIL sO U qI WOKL w U Lb
UNOK bLF U
fOzd rIL WLbI dOGB rUIL iF sO jd vK UL
Microwave

UI U wOzu sO

(Line of site)

ndJO*

dE j u vK bLF qd WId w

jdK WKb WIdD UNCF rUIL jd su b vK WF ndJO WJ UM r sODK w

WdB UO_ bbL WJ w lD
JA W uB bM

WdB UO_
U$S WOMOD KH UB Wd XU 5D K w
qu WJA W bbLK WOU_ WOM
qB UNzUA w w dO UF WdB
WOUJ  UFL dI b* lOL v

dE rUIL sO WOKd jzUu qC WdB UO_ bF

w WdB UO_ UJ UA UN lL w bbF UeLK
bK p w UB UD
uD b fJF U bK

w sOLI sO UB dLU `L WKb U vK u YO U WOHUN UJA rLB

lDIK ULNMO WOKd WKu dF U

U?????A
WdAK Ue rNb WId D uI WOMODKH UB Wd l oOMU

WOHUN WJA w WU UIOD

u* UN s U*UJ*
WJA d qIMK WKU
WOKUL U v qdL dD s WOL
d UuKFL u UN uL dN
qUF VOuK sJL WOL
UuKF v WOKUL U qu uIO qIL dD w U WOHUN
(33) qJA w ULUB wd bM u UN u eK YO UNF
WOUX 300 Wd qLF XU w uL eN v dN
wLKJ UB w Modem WLK

VOu uD l sJ X
u p w WUM Wd pK XU b

Demodulator - Modulator

qI Wd U?? s b U UNUF w UuKFL r U??

uL d UUO

uL b qJ

.u* qLF nO

WOHUN WKu d WOzUdNJ b qLJ u* S d VU l UB b * VKD UbM
v u* qd YO UF nUN qFH UL U U9 (DTMF) rd VK U qd t Wuu*
uKD* nUN r r I*
5d U uKD* u* f YO uKD* rd v 5 U US r I* uI
u* dz jd r I* uI r s d u nU WUL UMF u UL U U9 UB qI
b c qJA u* UN 5 WIKG dz UMb `B cN uKD* u* dzb qB*
ULNMO UB UM
U qJ vK d dD v UNKOu bd w WOLd UuKF* US qB* VU( uI
nUN j vK t uL * d UDM u 4KHz s q d U OL WMLC
vK UM UM u* UNKI YO UB WN v WOHUN WJA d WOKUL U qIM
Ud1 bb s WOL U v WOKUL U qu% r U qI w b * 5LC
t jd* VU( UN v b

fUH
WOHUN WJA WUu d UJ s uBM ozUu u qIM b nUN j l qu UNu

fUH qLF nO

qd YO nUN qFH UL UU9 UB UAS fUH uI
tO qd* fUH r q9 DTMF ULG
UN jd* uKD* wHUN jK 5 WLG US r I* uI
u UL U U9 r I* 5 tMO UB S uI c fU
uI r s wHUN UB w nUN WUL l rb
fU UN qJ

ULNMO UB UM qJA U2 qI * qd* w jd r I*

b fUH d d gb* s
bMKJ_ q 5 nUN d q
q 1843 U td sU bM J
q 5 WM 5 nUN uN
vM w WOU_ U* d d w
r t tdF c fUH bF ULO UNOK
Xu p w uu eO v d

fUH dFO p WOHdF WLG US qd* fUH uI

U OHU UB fO fU UNu UB bB qI *
bR tO qd* fUH s WOOd WLGM wQ UU
bF r fU UNu qI * Q qdLK WOOd WLGM
ULNM q Wd YO s sUN'  UuKF* U p
jG{ UOu ULb UU U resolution dI W
UN l w WdA r Data

Compression

UuKF*

b * eOd WFO UNU d* WHB r fUH

u light sensor dOG wzu{ f d0 p UNU d* Wu dI qd* fUH b
WU * pK w uK dI f* uI  ld dLOKO l dOG WU  wDG YO Wu
d WLG qd tS UCO XU U 1300Hz d WLG US UNM dF tS u XU S
WU * w uK uD q w dI UNUN v UNb s Wu u f* d1 cJ 800Hz d
Wu qU d r v cJ dI* uK U F ULGM qd UNu uJ w dOGB
UI v ULGM WLd b uI c qI * fUH v WOHUN WJA d ULGM qIM
fHM d WU WUu W vK UIM c lD WKI * WLGM d U F UCO u
qd* fUH w wzuC f* tO d c uK_
eOK d qLF w uU WFUD WNUA UOMI vK Wb eN_ bLF
w fUH eN qL XLE w uud `zuK s b bQ UB wLUF U U

fUH eN lOD YO UdO bL eOd Wd q WMOF hzUB tb qO q UO WF

s d fU WKd lOD fUH UL UNMO ULO uBM ozUu UI U qO fH v WOLML
d uJ u ld qO U YU qO s w rUF w UOU dAML fUH eN rEF oU qO
ISDN WbL WOL
d uD d U OL
qd lOD ld qO eN UL UI U w
Leased Line

dR* uD) WOMI

sb sOF
u sO WBB qOGA od s UNLbI UB Wd uI WU Wb w
Wd b WU eN od s b Wd
Ou sOF
u sO dRL WOHUN uD sR
c dOQ U r dU U B dL
c d WuIML U vK WEULK WU eN du c nUN Wb e s uD
WHKJ c dO UF wHUN UB WOMI WUI WFHd UNb WHK uJ qb s uD

U UuKFL UUO s dO WOL qIM URL UdA WU dQL U WLN bF

tUUO buI dL UB v WHKL tUJ w
vb uL UN tO U UN v dRL uD U
CSU Channel service Unit

UU UN c Vd j q WUN bM eOd lI CSU/DSU

DSU

wHUN j w rJK

Data Service Unit

(CSU)

UMI Wb b?? sOb s

UUO WON w rJK (DSU) UUO Wb b?? dQL

j d UNKI
WOMI v WU dNE tS fOzd VJLU dH q VKD WMOF WdA dH b be UbM
(Frame Relay) U qI WOMI U UM s Wd d WHK q
d
Frame Relay

U qI WOMI

UUO _ r cN vL (Packet Switching) We qu UOMI s U qI WOMI bF

Frames U vL b qJ vK UNU r WKdL

56 sO d UUO qI Wd
e& tO r qu% UE We( qu%
qJA UNU Packets e v UUO
qd* 5 UM e r YO qBHM
qI *
WJ w sUN 5 UB WdU
We( qu% b

WOU WO
uu WOMI c du UL

WNu Wb WOMI c duWOU w XUO 45v WOU w XuKO

sO (Permanent Virtual Circuit) WLz WdU bS p r
WJ d UUO tJK c UL b WKIL WKdL eN_
WDL WOx dE p dO WOUFH WOMI c lL U qI
UUO ob rJK rJL UEM UUO tOu

WJA s VF nH UL WJA fO UD_ WUF s WRL w WOMI c w eN_
iF s WU WF UJ WU WF UJ sOL
v U qI WJ rIM U s
WOMI c eOL
dQ * uD) ISDN UJ s WHKJ q d UO du
U s WHK u qI vK bI
d_ UOMI s bOIF q j v WU(
bL w dAM dO d UN bu w uM URL UdA WOMI c q s bOH
UNMO ULO UUO qI eK

ISDN

WKUJ* WOLd Ub) WJ

Ub vK uB dAL UJS ` YO WOL

d UUO qIM wL
wHU j w
bOKI wKUL j l WUILU b wL
wHU j vK UUO qI WOHU WLUJ WKUJ
WOHUN WJA uD b UN q
WOKUL v WOL
d UUO qu v U c wD
sOdALK ISDN ? Wb UB
UNL u b v rIM d UDM b (ISDN) WKUJL UbK WOL
d WJA uD
u PRI WOzb Wd U WJA ju _ uM
PRI Primary Rate Interface
NT Network Terminal

qIM B UM 30 vK u WOUX UO 2 s E1 U

WbI* u_ jd b rJK b (D) UM UUO
WOKL w WOK; rUI*U

PBX

WU) WOKb rUI* s

Xd WJA WOHUN WJA j

r IWOUXuKO 128 td ISDN WKUJ* UbK WOLd WJA ju wU uM
c B UM rU dF WOU XuKO 64 Wd UNM q 5KU 5UM v Wd  c
Wd b UUO W*UJ b WOu W*UJ t Xu w 5UM b WJA c lOD
rJK

(D) UM w WU UMI b XUuKO 128 Wd UUO W*UJ XUuKO 64

Wuu* eN_ (ISDN) 5 UB du (NT) wd bF U j) c vK Vd j)U

d s Y - pc b Wd Xd wb  5dA* b uM cdAMUN
WOHUN WJA s UUO qIM d
(DSL)

wLd dA* j

v WU dN wBA uU UA l seU Xd uN UB UOMI uD l

w uL ULF U UM s Xd s iF l UNCF UNUJ uU eN jd UOMI
d b dH uL qL WFO uU UJ VOu sO WOL
d U qI
UuKFL U w WOU Wd wDF s c 4KHz s q
WOHUN WJA b w WUL
WOU w XuKO 56 w uLK Wd vB

UJA WO WOM w wU dOOG WOU Ud du bb UOMI w dOJH s b U pc

UOQ UNb WOU UJA dOOG nKJL s t WOUM _ vK U U bLF w UB
dA qJ WDdL WOUM _ U v WdB

qJ WOUM _ fH WOMI c qLF YO DSL wL

d dAL j WOMI dN UM
WOKUL U l qb s WOU Ud (Broad Band) id UD WJA tDd dA
UL WOU d WF d U
UD ULF od s p r WOHUN ULUJLU WU
WOU Ud WOL
d U qIM `L
rOI s WOHUN ULUJLU WU UU idF UDMU WU U Z r
(35) qJA w UL (FDM) d

WOHU U
WUF WOHUN WJA
PSTN

wHUN rIL

`d

Xd
Internet

dAL jqJ
DSL wL
d

DSLAM

UDM U
idF

wUM

WOHU U
`d
WOL
U

dsl u

idF UDM U

`d vK bLF c Filter / Splitter `d WUu DSL U s WOHUN U qB r

U U iHM UD UNu WOHUN U WOHB Low Pass Filter iHM UD ddL
WOHUN u lL UNUJ VOu v UNKIM WOL
U v UNLd rO wUF d
UNKIM WOHUN U qBHO dAL b c q `d d dL rIL bM sOdALU WU
v UNKI rO idF UDMU WU U pK U d WOHU U WQ UNKUF rO rIL v
s idF UDM U qI UN s Uu (DSLAM) wL
d dAL j u lL
UL Xd VOu WJ s UNN v UNKd WOL
U v UNLd sOdAL q
U qu s sOdAL v UNKd Xd VOu WJ s WuKDL UUO qI
idF UDM sL{ d WOKUL U v UUO c qL w WOL
d
wQ UL w UNUd U UNUb bF WOL
d sOdAL uD u nK
UDM uJ vK rL b UA d_u (ADSL) qUL* dO wLd dA* j
hB* UDM s dOJ q 140KHz

30 KHz

dA* q s WKd* UUOK hB*

 dALK ULF WFOD uF p 1104KHz v qB w WKI * WUI UUOK

v qeM Wd qB sJ1 WKd* UuKF* s dOJ d WuKD* UuKF* uJ U t
WOU q w XuKO 640 v qOL Wd qB 5 w WOU q w XUGO 2
UNUb bI w U R* UdA w b (SDSL) qUL* wLd dA* j
B sJ1 WU  UuKF* qOL% qeM Wd Q eOL YO Xd od s
WOU XUGO 2 v
b (VDSL) ozUH wLd dA* j

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line.

SDSL

Symetric Digital Subscriber Line.

VDSL

Very high Speed Digital Subscriber LIne.

DSLAM DSL Access Multiplerxer.

Y qI U w dOJ UHK* qI w
qB sJ1 b WOU Wd eOL UHK
WOU XUGO 56 v
(ATM)

se qIM u/

s WuLL `L WOU UD WF WbI WOMI w??

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode.

B-ISDN

b WJ d UNKI UNL rO WHKL Ub UIOD

Broadband ISDN.

UJA w U uK sO WOMI c duD r b

Wd WOU WOL

WJ w (BISDN) Wb
d UUO qIM Ud rb WFu WOKL UJA s q l ATM WOMI nOJ
ATM WOMI S U UOMI s UdOG U  d WOUXUO 1.2 WOUXUO 25 sO
r b Cells U qJ vK UNKd q r WHK d WO vK UUO qd
vB
b XU 53 qL WOK q
dO U?? e qJ vK UNKI s UH WOUF d dOG U qJ vK UUO qI bF

WO eOLLU lL U c _ p U_ WHK

WJA UuJ 5 d qJA UNKI sJL* s
r( dO d_ s d qJA UN'UF sJ1 bOIF q
UD_ W'UF UUO ob rJ u s sJ1 U q v U%
(Virtual Path) dU U du d{ YO s U qI WOMI qL WIdD r WOMI c qL WId U

UUO qI WOKLF b q
WKIL WKdL eN_ sO
VKD V UDM WF wJOUMb UNFu w U qI WOMI WNUA ATM UL

l qU qJA WIu eN_ lOL uJ b ATM WOMI b

UOUJ s uBI UH
ATM WOMI eOL s . ATM UHu
WOUF Wd 
WFHd* UDM WF  dE p dOu Frame Relay WOMI lOD U2 d Ub) s l b dOu
UN j qN U2 WFu UJA WOK; UJA 5 qUJ dOu

WK?????_
WOHU WJA UuJ d
nUN UN UuJ d
wudJ udJO* qL WO d
lu WJ UuJ `{u U ObM U DD r
uJ 3 (MDF) fOzd lu qJO q WUL( bF b U*
WbO rUI* uO r d
tUuJ r U {u wLd r I* e_ U ObM UDD r
ss7 WdA* UMIK U UE eO1 U r d
w jD* V 5L I 5 WOM W*UJ uUMO d
u r I u wMu tK r I Q U LK
uKDL

VUD
e rI
wKL

tK rI
wMu

tK rI
wKL

08282

02295

WOKUL WLE_ s qd WuEM w WOLd lOL WLE eO1 U d

WOLd lOL WLE u d

SDH WMe* WOLd WOKJON UE hzUB r d
UNu w U WKUJ*U ISDN WOLd Ub) WJ XOL U*
WHK* UNUd U {u UNUb DSL WOLd 5dA* uD u b
UNb qCH s Frame Relay U qI WOMI eOL U0
UNuOb ATM WOMI eO2 d

qd WdG dU jd c r I* w e' u U

WO qL' s qJ WU) UF U X U WOB UF U  U l{
r I* WF vK r I qJ wLd b* w U_ b bLF
WOUJ  UFL d w WOzb rUI* l{ V U
DTMF d bF We* ULGM vK wdI nUN UN bLF
w dOJ UF  d_ WOd quJ U O dOGB UF  quJ b
WOHUN lu WJ w W Oz quJ 40000 v qB
5dA* Ud s b b u WOLd rUI* w WOHUN uD)U rJ b w d'
UM 32 s uJ uMI lOL wJd_ UEM
W*UJ* w b qI vK u% UUO bUI jd r I* w duH WLE
dA* c l r I v WdF sJ1 dA* nU r s
WOc WJA vK bLF Wb w WOU* U_ Wb
SDH ? UE s d eO2 PDH UE bF

WOB WU d
UNM uOF s bbF WbO rUILK U
WKOK UF

U*UJ* ddL r I* qU v UNU

d U q

wUJ  lL j w uJ v WU( ?

? DTC WOLd UJdU rJ b uI

d' qOGA
d U q

WU  l bM d(U uD) be
.T1s ? E1s qOGA

UNFL WOu Wu v WOzUdNJ U qu% s R * e' nUN UN w

WUL 

udJO*

VKD d

d'tOM b ?
rUI* UO b s

WOLd rUI*

WbO rUI*

WOKUL rUI*

WOJOUJOdNJ rUI* ?

jd dOJ UF  quJ b

nUN fI nUN UN

r I*U lu sze

lu bMB nUN fI fOzd qOJU bL_ vK W* oUMB ?

q Ub) s bbFU WOc WJA eOL
lb WI  nuN Ub

wU* rd

d U q

lb WI  UUD Wb ?

uJ vK ADSL qUL* dO wLd dA* j rL

WKI * UUOK hB* UDM s dOJ q WKd* UUOK hB* UDM
WKI * UUOK hB* UDM s q WKI * UUOK hB* UDM
WKd* UUO UDM U U  WKI * UUOK hB* UDM ?
d U q

b????????u

W?OJK U??B WLE??

Wirelss Communcations Systems

WOJK UB WLE
WOdG WIDML WU d bF V ozu uu WOJK UB b cF UbM
YO WKIML Ub UIOD w ULO
WOJK bbL UB qOL s `B UbM
v WU X bI Wu Wd Wd WKIML UdL w W U UB UM Wd Wd v WU
WOJK UB WLE tF uD ld wuuMJ uD l WOJK UB WLE b
uMI UI s vM tM UMG VFB qJA WOuO UMUO vK d dO qJA dA
wU UdB dUE s dNE X w WuOK nuN WLE dN UL WUHK WO
U w UA uD UUDI d s b UNM WuOK WU WOJK UB UD
bF
ubOH uB UUO qI UL jI uB qI vK dBI r rUF

bu b
vK U
uJ pM l
u bu c p bF
UNBzUB WuOK) WLE_ uD dA
GSM WuOK) UB w*UF UEM vK dF
WuOK) WLE_ duD Wb * UOMI dA
U u uuK q d WOJK WLE vK dF
WKIM* WOUMB UL_ nu vK dF
WOJK WOK; b UE vK dF
WOJK UB eN UE UuJ vK dF

WOJK WLE_ aU
UB d w edO dMN _ qCH eF 1885
s U uJ U UN U YO U DO U UE U u
UI UN U UD d d bOu w nK UH
b bM pK  w WIO{ W l nK s U uN
UN UD 5 d b% U UN UD 5 d
d* q dOB WU  sL{ UI
v jO  ed dM UE u c wuU p l
W??L? E? U???? ? W?? d?? w?? u?? U??  f?? ?
qu ezU U?? WOJK U??B?
1937 U wu 1907 U UeOH w
Wd s e bF
UN w WdA
dJ dM

U/ WOzUdNJ dA b vK bLF qC UE

U b q YO uO UNdF w UOzuN vK
UULB d duKO WFC s dIU v
UNOKU U UB eN uD v Wd(
sdudu  UI UN bM  md  u1912

WLE_ WK* WU( dN v_ WO*UF d( w FM d 5LC b md  u 1933

VUM UQ WLE v WU( dN WdF* VK v WdJ F jD) d_ qI w ud
WdF* w uM' dN vK WOI w qL% WOd( sH  dzUD Ud*
b* Uu w WU w Y vK U BM UL U v_ WO*UF d( UN bF
UF pKN LK U& qJA Udu UI eN U U v WO UD; b be
U&U

1923 U bM Wd Xd WdA qIM* U) ud wL U* b U 1921

(Simplex) b
WdJ F UO t YO dO qJA dA uD b ud U WOU WO*UF d( uK
s Y b WOU WO*UF d( UNU UF* UU w tM vM ` wU qJA
Private Mobile Radio `KDB dN dJ F b dO ud nUNK bb u

WU) WUIM nUN WLE PMR

AT&T WdA U Mobile Telephone Services (MTS) qIM* nUN Wb) uN 1946
UO WU) UO  s bbF w l{u qIM* nUN U w{U* dI s UOMO L) w
WOJK ud eN r s qK c ued d bF UJ dOJ uD U d
WOzUdNJ WUDK UNN s iH

 b UN wd q be WdA dzb sJ b bOU qL wJK UN dN 1965

5uI l{ Y d b rOEM v WU( dH pK w dN UO  be s

UN UFdA
WU qIM* nUN Wb bI w U b* Uu w UdA s bbF dN b
XOI b WOK vK UUL dOB b0 WF  b XU UNMJ bu  UOUDd w
u Wb) w
dI s UOMOUL w uNE uD w uOK) nUN WLE b v
AT&T WdA WFU Bell Labs q s uOK) UEMK WO_ f XF{ b XU 5 w{U*

w (AMPS) dN 5 UOMOUL w du r UNIOD W UOuuMJ sJ 1948 U

s bbF w UEM c dA b 800MHz d UN hB WOJd b* Uu
rUF bK
UE dDO uOK nUN UEM WO dOUF l{ r bF U w GSM UE dN 1991
WOU) tMOQ rUF lOL w dO qJA dA rUF w uOK) nUN u vK GSM
tKL c rd fHM rUF s bbF w qIM hAK UJU qF Roaming u
w WOJK UIOD s bbF dN dO_ W w d_ Ue* s bbF v WU{U
qLF d UL

Bluetooth uuK WiFi U u q WMOF UIOD UB Ub sR

WOU UUO qI Ud UIOD s bbF sRO WuOK) UB w*U UE duD vK

s tS UI UNb v WU bu c w WeOK UKDBL s dOJ b dE
rQ b wQ ULO U I dBL b r s U bI UB c wUF dOH qC
WbL UKDBL
dBL

eOK vMFL

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication.

BSS

Base Station Subsystem.

NSS

Network Switching Subsystem.

OMSS

Operation And Maintenance Subsystem.

BTS

Base Transceiver Station.

BSC

Base Station Controller.

MSC

Mobile Switching Center.

GMSC

Gate way Mobile Switching Center.

PSTN

Public Switch Telephone network.

VLR

Visitor Location Register.

wdF vMFL
WKIML UB wLUF UEM
bUI WD wd UE
qu wd UE
WUOB qOGA wd UE
bUI UB WD
bUI WD w rJ UE
edL rIL
u rI
WUF nUN WJ
dze l
u q

HLR

Home Location Register.

EIR

Equipment Identity Register.

IMEI

International Mobile Equipment Identity .

AUC

Authentication center.

IMSI

International Mobile Subscriber Identity.

TMSI

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity.

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network.

SIM

Subscriber Identity Module.

AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System.

GPRS

General Packet Radio Service.

U OJK e qIM WUF Wb

EDGE

Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution.

.GSM WLE_ sL qIM bF

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.

HCMTS

High Capacity Mobile Telephone Services.

WF wU qIML nUN Wb

MS

Mobile Station.

uOK UNWKIML bu

ME

Mobile Equipment.

PIN

Personal Identification Number.

PUK

Personal Unblocking Key.

SMSC

Short Message Service Center.

VMS

Voice Mail System.

OSS

Operation Support System.

CCBS

Customer Care and Billing System.

NMC

Network Management center.

HSCSD

High Speed Circuit Switched Data.

TCH

Traffic Channel.

CCH

Control Channel.

BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel.

CCCH

Common Control Channel.

WdA rJ UM

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channel.

WdJ rJ UM

CT2

Cordless Telephone 2.

DECT

Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone.

sL wL
d wJK nUN

FHSS

Frequency Hopping Spread spectrum.

dAML nOD d eH

WLL

Wireless Local Loop.

MSISDN

Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number.

wb dAL nU r

TDD

Time Division Duplexing.

wzUM wMe rOI UE

wOzd l
uL q
WKIML bu Wu q
WOb UN Wu
oOu ed
dALK WOb WuN
t
RL dAL Wu
IMLK WUF WO{_ WJA
dAL Wu W
UD
qIML nUNK uDL UEM

IMLK wLUF UB UE

qIML UN
wBA ndF r

wBA p r

dOBI qzUd Wb ed

wuB bd UE
qOGA r UE
duH sOdAL Ub UE
WJA ed
Wd WOU UUO qu
UuKFL qI UM

rJ UM

YU rJ UM

wU qO wJK nUN

WOJK WOKL b

WOK) bO WbOKI WOJK WLE_

sOQ WLE_ cN wU_ bN U WOU WOLUF d bF WbOKI WOJK WLE_ dN
(1) qJA kPSTN WUF nUN WJA UND WKIML UO UdLK UB
dB
WHOF{ U WOu XU wKUL UEM vK UUL
WL WLE WdA WdJF URL vK Wb w UNb
d_ UO U b v qI r Wd Wu
WbOKI WLE_ uO
UB se UNK WHKJ UH
qJ

WKIM* eN_ r WU{

b WOKb U d b U O b WODG WU 
UdI UM 25 5dA* bF b WF
dOHA UE b bF qHD WOUJ
WCHM UB u
(Cellular Systems)

WuOK) WLE_

d b U vL oUM v Wb WIDM rOI u WuK WLE_ w wU_ bL
fH b U w qb lML d qJ WCHM U W
U bU p WOK q WODG
W
UD WuOK eN b WU UM bF r pc (2) qJA w UL d WOK w d
` U d??_ s beL WU{S WuOK WLE_ WF U?? UJU ` UL WOU
qI v WU{U Ub s bbF WU{ r (3) qJA fK qJA U sO qIM UJU
v uD r _ qOU Xd wKUL UEM Wb w Xb WLE b dN uB
duD Y bO
WLE_ c XU wU qOU Xd wL
d UEM Xb d WLE
WOuL Xd Ub uB uB qI UNM Ub s bbF dOu UNz sO
wQ ULO YU qOU dF U U d WOUMB UL
_ bU WOdG WODG
UO_ c eOL d_ hK

 qJ

qJ
G1 1980

qO'

XOI UOMOF d w p uOK UEM b nOu vK _ UL qO c WLE XU

wKUL UEM bU eOL UOMOF qz v tb w
.FM

sOLC UE Analog wKUL UEM FDMA d rOI b XU UOuuMJ

UUO w HCMTS bu w NMT-900WOJd bL Uu w AMPS

WK?? ? ? 

qO hzUB
bu WO dOUF u bF WHK d vK bLF UEM w WIu dO
Wb * UOuuMJ nFC lu WF  b
wKUL UEM vK UUL WCHM u
dOHA UE UUL bF qHD b{ WUL( nF{
jI uB qI vK Ub) UB
G2 1992

wU qO'

UNKI Wd uD WOL
d b WUM uD bF WOL
d WOMI bU qO c WLE U
WLE cN WO dOUF l{ r b
_ qO WLEQ WUI WOUF UNUF eOL UUOK
UUA qN UL
QPSK sOLC WOL
d UOuuMJ CDMA FDMA TDMA uu UOMI b

UI U w GMSK

Wb
L WOMI

.TDMA b WOJd bL Uu DAMPS

WK?? ? ? 

.TDMA b rUF s bbF U GSM

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Global Rooming

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Ciphering dOHA Authentication oOu WOKL w b w WHKL dOHA UL vK u UL

b dAL UUO UuKF UNO e dc b dAL Wu W

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bUI UD w rJ UE bUI UB WD s uJ

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uL WIDM vL WIDM w WFUB
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Ub nzU rEF S uI uOK UEM VB u
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MSISDN
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A&C

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(Authentication & Ciphering) dOHA oOu wOKL

q w UNMe r r dAL tO buL VLR dze l

u q s VKD ud c bOu r
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A&C

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s UuKF* qIM d v WIDM s dA* UI bM

dze l
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VLR q q U OzuA bu IMSI s qb r u TMSI XR* dA* Wu r

dA* Wu Wd vK UHK
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(Authentication & Ciphering triplets) dOHA oOu u
WOdH WLE_
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q  c kHEIR WKIM* bu Wu q
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BSC

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lu 5 (15) qJAqLF s U uu Ud 

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u qJ

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bUK q c v ld w bu WJA w MSC ed rI s d l q c jd
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nUN u
r EIR WKIML bu Wu q vK UM
p dL qJA q c Yb V c tC qIML
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bu 5 WU* dOBI qzUd UI U WOKL w
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dOBI qzUd ed qJ

(16) qJA k Voice Mail system wuB bd

 WKIM* bu bMVMS wuB bd UE

NSS

qzU se 5KBLK sJ1 WJA UD U UNd

VMS

q s U I UNUL wuB bd UE w WOu

ed od s WOu qzU uu t r dA*

SMSC
SMS

dALK dOB WU US

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dOBI qzUd

qB fUH UUO e wuB bdK sJ1 UL

ed l MSC ed rI s d l wuB bd
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(17) qJA k SMSC dOBI qzUd

(OMSS)

WUOB qOGA wd UE

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(18) qJA w UL
OMSS

(OSS) qOGA r UE
OMS

OSS

w WUOB qOGAK dN WL

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OMC-R

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NMC

PCS

CCBS

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(CCBS) duH 5dA* Ub UE

wQ U0 duH 5dA* Ub UE UN hK

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CCBS

HLR
MSC

r I c w rPCS dA* Wu UUD b UE

rd UUO jd p SIM 5dA* UUD eON&
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MSISDN

IMSI

IMSI

r
PIN d r
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W
UD qJ PUK

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UD_ W'UF WFU

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U?????A
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GSM

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w Wb c s UH
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UB WHKJ UN

(21) qJACaller ID qB* r UN

(22) qJACall Forwarding U*UJ* qu%

Call Waiting UE w W*UJ

Conference bF* b

(23) qJACall Parrying U*UJ* V

ULUJL r qJ

ULUJL qu qJ

UN qJ
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UNU b
Ub c WOU{ UFQ sd Ud l UFU

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GSM WJ UNbI Ub

q U Ou dAL
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f5
f6

f4
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f1

f1

f2

WOK WMOF WIDM d q wDG BTS WOzd UB

f1
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f3

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f4

f3
f2

b YO U vK uMI d lu r

qb b v d fH sOU sOOK W
WIDM sL{ WOHUN uMI iF b r pc ULNMO

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(24) qJA w UL d WIDM w UNb U U

s WOK dD
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w U
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rOLB WuN U?? wb qJA b
Wdz WODG uJ U OKL sJ

.10Km v UdD nB qB Umbrella cell

.1Km v UdD nB qBMini cell
.300m v 100m s UdD nB qB Micro cell

jOD rOLB
vK UNL U b bLF
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W Ozd UB WD WKIM* bu 5 WU *

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WOH WOb WIDM XU U
WIDM* pK w 5dA* b
wzuN d s nK d WOK wzu q wDG YO d qJ WOUD
UOzu W U b
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WKOK U WU
WuN WODG WIDM U WOUJ

120
sector

BTS

120
sector

120
sector

WOUDI UOzuN qJ

l qB w BSC bUI UDL rJ UE UN rJ U (Cluster) uIM w d WuL q

(26)qJA w UL MSC wU_ rIL

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AUC

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BSC

EIR
VLR

MSC

BSC

qu WJ wd UE
BSC

MSC Wb WIDM

LA

MSC Wb WIDM qJ

WOK
BSC

WD wd UE
bUI
Wb WIDM

UUO qI
UL sOd bS qIM UUO u r WKIML bu w
13Kbits UNd Full Rate qUJ qIM bF
6.5Kbits UNd Half Rate wHBM qIM bF
16Kbits v UUO qI Wd qB UUO iF UC UNO rJ WLE BTS bUI UD w
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GSM 1800

E-GSM 900

WOU?? ? 

1850-1910MHz

1710-1785MHz

880-915MHz

(Uplink) U d UD

1930-1990MHz

1805-1880MHz

925-960MHz

(Downlink) UI d UD

2*60MHz

2*75

2*35MHz

(Bandwidth) wKJ UDM d

200 KHz

(Carrier Separation) qUH UDM

80MHz

95MHz

45MHz

(Duplex Distance) WeL WUL

300Ch

373Ch

175Ch

WeL uMI b

TDMA/FDMA

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GMSK

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Downlink

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bUI UB
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UB WOKL WKIM*
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WOM Wd sL{

qUJ

546.5us b WKIM b q 4.615ms UNb Time Slot b

UuKFL UNO qIM

qb lM WULK WOM d u v WU{U rJ se UUO

935 - 960 MHZ
down link

c
en

qu

fre

890 - 915 MHZ

up link

UM

time

time
4.615 s

time
546.5 s

rJ UuKF
UUO
uu UE qJ

TDMA qJ

Modulation Method

5LC UE

UDM oOC eOL bUI WD WKIML bu sO UI U w GMSK sOLC b
UL uMI sO qb qOKI U wKJ UDM d s qKI UL bL

UB uM
UuKFL qI uM
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s bbF b
rJ uM

5d bS dO h u s qB* UuKF qIM b (TCH) UuKF* qI uM

.Half rate Full rate

WD WKIM* bu 5 rUH rJ uU oKF U q qIM b (CCH) rJ uM
WOd u W v r I bUI
GSM

UE qGA Wu r q ndF UuKF Y b BCCH YU rJ UM

WKIM* bu v bUI UD q s b U&U Y Wb * d_ d

W*UJ uu WKIM* bu UF oOu WOKL d b CCCH WdA* rJ UM
WKIM* bu q s W*UJ d VKD pc
dOBI qzUd UI U lu* Yb b DCCH WdJ* rJ UM

qLF UO
(Location Update)

lu* Yb%

w ME WKIML buK l
uL UuKF Yb s b GSM WJ q qIM V
UNO r d q w WOKLF c b (HLR fOzd l
uL

VLR e ) WJA

WKIM* bu qOGA

Wb) UD U UNd WKIM* bu qB
WHK* WJA oUM qIM

Ciphering dOHA Authentication oOu Wd U_

lM UO UOKL lM dAL Wu s bQ s GSM UE sJL w WOKLF w oOu
q
WOKLF c r WJA vK qLF s W
dL WuBHL dAL Wu U
UD
lu* Yb% WOKL
W*UJ d
W*UJ UI
dOBI qzUd UUO U
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UdOHA d WOU_ WDL WKIML bu sO UNUI
fH UI WD WKIML bu s q b V
dOHA qJ

`O qJA dOHA p dOHA ULC dOHA e

UB U*UJ*
VLR
3
6

PSTN

UUO qIM ULUJLK u PSTN WOKL WJA nU v

MSC

GMSC
7

d WKIM b v WKIML bu s UB ULUJL w

dOBI qzUd

8
2

WOdH wzuAF uu UM bU p r 5F r VK bM

BSS

MS

WLOI UB WD v UB d VK U r CCCH w

10

UB ULUJL dO qJ

.BSC bUI UD w rJ UE v UNM BTS

UB BSC bUI UD0 rJ UE sR

b MSC ed* r I* WKIM* bu 5
.VLR e q l Authentication oOu WOKL UbM
vK UM
bUI UB WD WKIM* bu 5 dOHA UE qL b oOu WOKL U$ bF
oOu WOKL UODF
ed* r I* v uKD* nUN r rOd uM b bU WKIM* bu qd UbF
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rJ UE BTS bUI WD d MSC

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d d_ WKIM* bu l tKB WKIM* bu l UB UM e MSC fOzd r I* uI

.BTS bUI UB WD BSC bUI UD0 rJ UE
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PSTN WUF UB WJ v

u U*UJ*
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References:
Simon Haykin, Communication Systems ,4th Edition, Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Martin Roben, Analog And Digital Communication Systems, 4th Edition, Prentic Hall 1998.
Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson, Introduction to Digital Communications, Second Edition, Prentic Hall 2001.
Morris Tischler, Antennas And Transmission Lines.
Jack Hudson, Jerry Luecke, Baisic Communications Electronics.
Gordon L. Stuber, Principles of mobile communications, Second Edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
Bruce R .Elbert, The Satellite Communication Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Artech house, 2004
Siegmund M. Redl, GSM and Personal Communications HandBook, Artech House, 1998
William Webb, The Complete Wireless Communications Professional , Artech House, 1999.
Juha Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications, Second Edition, Artech House ,2003.
Friedhelm Hillebrand ,GSM and UMTS: The Creation of Global Mobile Communication, Wiley ,2001.
William Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, McGraw Hill, 2001.
Gunnar Heine, GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation, Artech House, 1998.
Tarmo Anttalaien, Introduction to telecommunication network engineering.
Stephen J .Bigelow, Joseph J. Carr, and Steve Winder, Understanding Telephone electronics.
Roger l. Freeman, Fundamental of Telecommunication.

Websites:
http://www.gsmworld.com.
http://www.howstuffworks.com.
http://www.web-ee.com.

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