CH 3

dce
2008
Chng 3 K thut m ha tn hiu

BK
TP.HCM
D liu s, tn hiu s D liu s, tn hiu tng t D liu tng t, tn hiu s D liu tng t, tn hiu tng t
dce
2008
Tn hiu analog
Ba c im chnh ca tn hiu analog bao gm
Bin (Amplitute) Tn s (Frequency) Pha (Phase)
Bin ca tn hiu analog

o mnh ca tn hiu, n v: decibel (dB) hay volts Bin cng ln, tn hiu cng c cng mnh Tn hiu ting ni - t hello
Ting ni (speech) l mt tn hiu rt phc tp Ting ni cha hng ngn t hp khc nhau ca nhiu tn hiu
Data Communication and Computer Networks 2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu 2
dce
2008
Tn s ca tn hiu analog
Tc thay i ca tn hiu trong mt giy, n v Hz hay s chu k trong mt giy (cycles per second)
T/h 30Hz thay i 30 ln trong mt giy
Mt chu k l s di chuyn sng ca tn hiu t im ngun bt u cho n khi quay tr v li im ngun .
Data Communication and Computer Networks
2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu
dce
2008
Pha ca tn hiu analog

Tc thay i quan h ca tn hiu i vi thi gian, c m t theo (degree) S dch pha xy ra khi chu k ca tn hiu cha kt thc, v mt chu k mi ca tn hiu bt u trc khi chu k trc cha hon tt
Tai ngi khng cm nhn c s dch pha T/h mang d liu b nh hng bi s dch pha
V d cc mi ni khng hon ho s gy ra dch pha
dce
2008
Tn hiu digital
Tn hiu s bao gm ch hai trng thi, c din t vi hai trng thi ON hay OFF hoc l 0 hay 1 Tn hiu s yu cu kh nng bng thng ln hn tn hiu analog.
dce
2008
Tn hiu digital
Cc vn khi s dng knh thoi (voice channel) trong vic truyn tn hiu s
Mt tn hiu s l mt t hp ca cc tn hiu khc. c bit, tn hiu s c th c biu din nh sau Signal = f + f3 + f5 +f7 +f9 +f11 +f13 ....f Do mt tn hiu s gm 1 tn s c bn (f), cng thm tn s 3f (hi tn bc 3), cng thm tn s 5f (hi tn bc 5), Nu bin ca tn s f, f3, f5, l a, a3, a5, th a = 3a3 = 5a5 gi tn hiu s qua knh truyn thoi, bng thng ca knh truyn phi cho php tn s c bn f, tn s 3f v tn s 5f i qua m khng nh hng nhiu n cc tn s ny y l yu cu ti thiu bn nhn nhn ng c tn hiu s
dce
2008
Tn hiu digital
Truyn 1 tn hiu s nh phn tc 2400bps trn knh thoi c bng thng 3.1kHz
Tn s c bn: 1200Hz (thng thng bng t c bit) Ch c tn s c bn i qua m khng b thay i
dce
2008
D liu, tn hiu v truyn dn

Analog data/Analog Signal
Gi bnh thng hoc m ha vo phn ph khc
Analog data/Digital Signal

M ha dng b codec to ra chui bit s
Analog and digital transmission

Analog Analog data signal Digital data Analog signal Digital signal Digital signal
Digital Data/Analog Signal

c m ha dng modem to ra t/h tng t
Digital Data/Digital Signal

Biu din trc tip d liu hoc m ha to ra t/h s c c tnh mong mun
Analog Signal/Analog Transmission

Lan truyn thng qua cc b khuch i, x l t/h nh nhau bt k d liu l s hoc tng t
Analog Signal/Digital Transmission

Gi s t/h biu din d liu s, lan truyn qua cc b repeater
Digital Signal/Analog Transmission

Khng dng
Digital Signal/Digital Transmission

T/h l chui nh phn lan truyn qua cc b repeater
dce
2008
D liu s, tn hiu s
Tn hiu s

Analog data Digital data Analog Analog signal signal Analog Analog signal signal Digital Digital signal signal
Xung in p ri rc, khng lin tc Mi xung l mt phn t tn hiu D liu nh phn c m ha thnh cc phn t tn hiu
Digital signal
dce
2008
Thut ng
Baseband signal Carrier signal Bandpass

Lowpass Highpass
10
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2008
Thut ng
Unipolar
Tt c cc phn t t/h c cng du
Polar
Mt trng thi logic c biu din bng mc in p dng, trng thi logic khc c biu din bng mc in p m
Tc d liu
Tc truyn dn d liu theo bps (bit per second)
rng (chiu di 1 bit)

Thi gian thit b pht dng truyn 1 bit
Tc iu ch (tc tn hiu)
Tc mc t/h thay i n v l baud = s phn t t/h trong 1 giy
Mark v Space
Tng ng vi 1 v 0 nh phn
11
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2008
Din gii tn hiu

Cn bit
nh thi ca cc bit (khi no chng bt u v kt thc) Mc tn hiu tng ng vi bit 0, 1
Yu t nh hng n vic din gii t/h

T s SNR: cng ln th BER cng gim Tc d liu (bps): cng tng th BER cng tng Bng thng: cng ln th tc d liu cng tng
12
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2008
Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)

Nonreturn to Zero-Level (NRZ-L)
2 mc in p khc nhau cho bit 1 v bit 0 Thng thng, in p m dng cho bit 1 v in p dng dng cho bit 0 in p khng thay i trong thi khong bit
Khng c transition (no return to 0V level)
NRZ: bit 0 khng c in p; bit 1 in p dng
Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)

NRZI cho cc bit 1 Xung in p hng s sut thi khong bit D liu c m cn c vo vic c hay khng s thay i t/h u thi khong bit Thay i t/h (LH hoc HL) m ha nh phn 1 Khng c thay i t/h m ha nh phn 0 Mt v d cho m ha sai phn (differential encoding)
13
dce
2008
Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)

M ha sai phn
D liu c biu din bng s thay i mc t/h (thay v bng mc t/h) Nhn bit s thay i d dng hn so vi nhn bit mc Trong cc h thng truyn dn phc tp, cm gic cc tnh d dng b mt
u v nhc im ca m ha NRZ
u
D dng nm bt Bng thng dng hiu qu
Nhc
C thnh phn mt chiu Thiu kh nng ng b
Dng trong vic ghi bng t, USB, CD t dng trong vic truyn t/h
dce
2008
Multilevel Binary
Dng nhiu hn 2 mc tn hiu Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
0 c biu din bng khng c t/h 1 c biu din bng xung dng hay xung m Cc xung 1 thay i cc tnh xen k Khng mt ng b khi d liu l mt dy 1 di (dy 0 vn b vn ng b) Khng c thnh phn mt chiu Bng thng thp Pht hin li d dng
Pseudoternary
1 c biu din bng khng c t/h 0 c biu din bng xung dng m xen k nhau Khng c u im v nhc im so vi bipolar-AMI
15
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2008
Multilevel Binary
Trade Off
Khng hiu qu bng NRZ Mi phn t t/h ch biu din 1 bit
H thng 3 mc c th biu din log23 = 1.58 bit
B thu phi c kh nng phn bit 3 mc (+A, -A, 0) Cn thm khong 3dB cng sut t c cng xc sut bit li ca binary code
16
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2008
Biphase: Manchester
Manchester
Thay i gia thi khong bit Thay i c dng nh t/h ng b (clock) v d liu LH biu din 1 HL biu din 0 Dng trong IEEE 802.3 (ethernet), RFID
17
dce
2008
Biphase: Differential Manchester

Differential Manchester
Thay i gia thi khong bit ch dng cho ng b Thay i u thi khong biu din 0 Khng c thay i u thi khong biu din 1 Dng trong IEEE 802.5 (token ring)
18
dce
2008
Biphase
u v nhc im
Nhc
Ti thiu c 1 thay i trong thi khong 1 bit v c th c 2 Tc iu ch ti a bng 2 ln NRZ Cn bng thng rng hn
u
ng b da vo s thay i gia thi khong bit (self clocking) Khng c thnh phn mt chiu Pht hin li
Khi thiu s thay i mong i
19
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2008
Bi tp
20
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2008
Scrambling
Dng k thut scrambling thay th cc chui to ra hng s in p Chui thay th
Phi to ra s thay i t/h, dng cho vic ng b ha Phi c nhn din bi b thu v thay th tr li chui ban u Cng di nh chui ban u
Khng c thnh phn mt chiu Khng to ra chui di cc t/h mc 0 Khng gim tc d liu C kh nng pht hin li
2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu 21
dce
2008
B8ZS v HDB3
B8ZS (Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution)
Da trn bipolar-AMI Nu c 8 s 0 v xung in p cui cng trc l dng, m thnh 000+0+ Nu c 8 s 0 v xung in p cui cng trc l m, m thnh 000+0+ Gy ra 2 vi phm m AMI C th lm ln vi tc ng gy ra bi nhiu B thu pht hin v din gii chng nh 8 s 0
HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3 Zeros)

Da trn bipolar-AMI Chui 4 s 0 c thay th bng chui c 1 hoc 2 xung theo quy tc:
Nu s bit 1 k t ln thay th cui cng l l: 0000 -> 000V Nu s bit 1 k t ln thay th cui cng l chn: 0000 -> B00V
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2008
B8ZS v HDB3
23
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2008
Bi tp
24
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2008
Mua bus 1 thc hnh
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2008
D liu s, tn hiu tng t

ng dng
Dng truyn d liu s trn mng in thoi cng cng
300Hz 3400Hz
Analog data Digital data Analog Analog signal signal Digital Digital signal signal Digital Digital signal signal
Thit b
MODEM (MOdulator-DEMulator)
Analog signal
K thut
iu bin: Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) iu tn: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) iu pha: Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Digital Analog
ASK
FSK
PSK
QAM
26
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2008
iu bin (ASK)
Dng 2 bin khc nhau ca sng mang biu din 0 v 1 (thng thng mt bin bng 0)
A cos(2f c t + c ) binary 1 s (t ) = 0 binary 0
S dng mt tn s sng mang duy nht Phng php ny ch ph hp trong truyn s liu tc thp (~1200bps trn knh truyn thoi) Tn s ca tn hiu mang c dng ph thuc vo chun giao tip ang c s dng K thut c dng trong cp quang
LED: sng, khng sng ILD: 2 mc sng khc nhau
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2008
iu bin (ASK)
28
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2008
iu tn (FSK)
S dng hai tn s sng mang: tn s f1 tng ng mc 1, tn s f2 tng ng mc 0.
A cos(2f1t + c ) binary 1 s (t ) = A cos(2f 2t + c ) binary 0
t li hn so vi ASK c s dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps hay thp hn trn mng in thoi C th dng tn s cao (3-30MHz) truyn trn sng radio hoc cp ng trc
29
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2008
iu tn (FSK)
30
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2008
iu pha (PSK)
S dng mt tn s sng mang v thay i pha ca sng mang ny
A cos(2f ct + ) binary 1 s(t ) = binary 0 A cos(2f ct )
PSK sai phn (differential PSK) thay i pha tng i so vi sng trc (thay v so vi sng tham chiu c nh) Cho php m ha nhiu bit trn mi thay i tn hiu sng mang (Phase Amplitude Modulation) Phng php ny thng c dng trong truyn d liu tc 2400bps (2 bits per phase change - CCITT V.26) hoc 4800bps (3 bits encoding per phase change - CCITT V.27) hoc 9600bps (4 bits encoding per phase/amplitude change)
Tng qut cho m ha NRZ-L
D=
R R = l log 2 L
D : modulation rate (bauds) R : data rate (bps) l : number of bits per signal element L : number of different signal elements
2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu 31
dce
2008
iu pha (PSK)
32
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2008
iu pha (PSK)
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
A cos(2f ct + 0) A cos(2f ct + 90 ) s (t ) = A cos(2f c t + 180 ) A cos(2f ct + 270 )
00 01 10 11
Multilevel PSK
H thng 64 v 256 trng thi Ci thin tc d liu vi bng thng khng i
Tng kh nng tim n li

dce
2008
Hiu sut
Bng thng
Bng thng ASK v PSK lin quan trc tip vi tc bit
BT = (1+r)R
Bng thng FSK c quan h vi tc d liu i vi cc tn s thp, c quan h vi sai lch ca cc tn s iu ch i vi tn s cao
BT = 2F + (1+r)R
Tn hiu nhiu mc
BT = (1+r)R/l = (1+r)R/log2M
Trong trng hp c li, tc li ca PSK v QPSK cao hn khong 3dB so vi ASK v FSK
34
dce
2008
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

QAM c dng trong ADSL v mt s h thng wireless Kt hp gia ASK v PSK M rng logic ca QPSK Gi ng thi 2 tn hiu khc nhau cng tn s mang
Dng 2 bn sao ca sng mang, mt ci c dch i 90 Mi sng mang c iu ch ASK 2 tn hiu c lp trn cng mi trng Gii iu ch v kt hp cho d liu nh phn ban u
35
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2008
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
dce
2008
D liu tng t, tn hiu s

ng dng
Dng truyn d liu tng t trn mng truyn d liu s
Tn dng cc u im ca truyn dn s (thit b r, dng repeater, TDM, ) Analog and digital transmission
Analog data Digital data Analog Analog signal signal Analog Analog signal signal
Digital signal
Digital Digital signal signal
S ha
D liu s c th truyn dng NRZ-L hay cc loi m khc
Thit b
CODEC (COder-DECoder)
K thut
iu ch xung m: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) iu ch Delta: Delta Modulation (DM)
Analog Digital
PCM
DM
37
dce
2008
iu ch xung m (PCM)
Nu tn hiu f(t) c ly mu u vi tc ly mu cao hn ti thiu 2 ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu, th cc mu thu c cha thng tin ca tn hiu ban u. T/h f(t) c th c ti to, dng b lc thng thp Cng thc Nyquist: N >= 2f
N: tc ly mu f: tn s ca tn hiu c ly mu
L thuyt ly mu
D liu ting ni
Gii hn tn s <4000Hz Tc ly mu cn thit 8000 mu/giy
38
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2008
iu ch xung m (PCM)
39
dce
2008
iu ch xung m (PCM)
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

Cc xung c ly mu tn s R=2B
Lng t ha cc xung PAM

Xc nh gi tr ca im c ly mu, ri vo khong no th ly gi tr khong Ty thuc vo cc mc lng t 2n (n l s bit cn thit s ha 1 xung)
M ha d liu
Thc hin cc thao tc m ha thng tin trc khi truyn i
Nhiu lng t (quantizing noise)

SNR = 6.02n + 1.76 (dB) Mi bit dng thm cho lng t ha s tng SNR 6dB
40
dce
2008
iu ch xung m (PCM)
41
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2008
Non-Linear encoding
Mc lng t khng u Gim mo tn hiu Companding (compressing-expanding)
42
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2008
Companding
43
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2008
iu ch Delta (DM)
Tn hiu tng t c xp x bi hm cu thang (staircase) Hnh vi nh phn
i ln hay xung 1 mc () ti mi thi khong ly mu
Hiu sut
ti to ting ni tt
PCM - 128 mc (7 bit) Bng thng thoi 4khz Cn 8000 x 7 = 56kbps i vi PCM
K thut nn d liu c th lm gim tc bit

V d: k thut m xen khung (interframe coding) cho video lm gim tc bit t 92Mbps xung 15Mbps
dce
2008
iu ch Delta (DM)
45
dce
2008
D liu tng t, tn hiu tng t

ng dng
Dng iu ch d liu tng t: thay i tn s truyn (tn s cao hn truyn dn tt hn) Dng cho FDM
Analog data Digital data
Analog signal
Analog Analog signal signal
Digital Digital signal signal Digital Digital signal signal
K thut
iu ch bin: Amplitude Modulation (AM) iu ch gc (Angle Modulation)
iu ch tn s: Frequency Modulation (FM) iu ch pha: Phase Modulation (PM)
Analog Analog
AM
Angle
FM
PM
46
dce
2008
iu ch bin (AM)
Bin ca sng mang c thay i bi bin ca tn hiu c truyn i
s(t) = [1+nax(t)]cos(2fct) To ra t/h 2 bn (DSBTC), trong ch cn c mt bn na<1 t/h bao l bn sao ca t/h ban u na>1 t/h bao ct trc thi gian (thng tin b mt) Pt = Pc(1+na2/2)
Pt v Pc cng sut t/h c truyn i v t/h sng mang na ch s iu ch, t s bin t/h c truyn v sng mang
Single sideband (SSB) v double sideband suppress carier (DSBSC) u im

D hin thc (iu ch v gii iu ch) D bin i tn hiu sang cc gii bng tn khc nhau
Khuyt im
D b nh hng ca nhiu
Khng s dng hiu qu nng lng
47
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2008
iu ch bin (AM)
M(f)
M(f)
Lower sideband
Discrete carrier term Upper sideband
fc B
fc
fc + B
48
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2008
iu ch bin (AM)
dce
2008
iu ch bin (AM)
na < 1 (V trong Matlab)
dce
2008
iu ch bin (AM)
na > 1
dce
2008
iu ch bin (AM)
na < 1 (V trong Matlab
dce
2008
iu ch gc
s(t) = Accos[2fct + (t)] Phng php iu tn s (FM)
o hm ca pha (t) t l thun vi tn hiu c truyn i 1 f i (t ) = f c + ' (t ) 2 (t) = nfm(t)
u im
Kh b nh hng ca nhiu S dng hiu qu nng lng
Khuyt im
Tn hiu c iu ch yu cu bng thng rng hn nhiu tn hiu truyn i ban u (d liu) Hin thc mch iu ch v gii iu ch phc tp hn so vi phng php iu bin
53
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2008
iu ch gc
54
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2008
iu ch gc
Phng php iu ch pha (PM)
(t) = npm(t) Tn hiu truyn i khng nh hng n thnh phn bin v tn s m ch lm thay i pha ca sng mang Ph tn s ca tn hiu c iu ch theo phng php iu pha tng t nh phng php iu tn phng php iu pha cng c cc c im tng t phng php iu tn Tuy nhin, c hai l do phng php iu pha c d chp nhn h n
i vi bn nhn: tn s ca tn hiu nhn c l c nh, ch c pha thay i nn ch cn thit k b lc tn s ch cho mt tn s duy nht thay v nhiu tn s nh trong phng php iu tn gim chi ph thit k v hin thc mch Trong trng hp tn hiu iu ch ch nhn mt s gi tr (nh tn hiu s), mch iu ch v gii iu ch hin thc theo phng php iu pha c n gin rt nhiu
55
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2008
Hiu sut
Bng thng
AM
BT = 2B
FM&PM
BT = 2(+1)B
n p Am = F n f Am = 2B B PM FM
FM&PM cn bng thng ln hn so vi AM

dce
2008
Bi tp
5.4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26
57

CH 3

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dce

Chng 3 K thut m ha tn hiu

Bin ca tn hiu analog

Mt chu k l s di chuyn sng ca tn hiu t im ngun bt u cho n khi quay tr v li im ngun .

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Pha ca tn hiu analog

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

D liu, tn hiu v truyn dn

Analog data/Digital Signal

Analog and digital transmission

Digital Data/Analog Signal

Digital Data/Digital Signal

Analog Signal/Analog Transmission

Analog Signal/Digital Transmission

Digital Signal/Analog Transmission

Digital Signal/Digital Transmission

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Analog and digital transmission

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Baseband signal Carrier signal Bandpass

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

rng (chiu di 1 bit)

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Din gii tn hiu

Yu t nh hng n vic din gii t/h

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)

NRZ: bit 0 khng c in p; bit 1 in p dng

Nonreturn to Zero Inverted (NRZI)

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Nonreturn to Zero (NRZ)

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Biphase: Differential Manchester

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

HDB3 (High Density Bipolar 3 Zeros)

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu

Data Communication and Computer Networks

2008, Dr. Dinh Duc Anh Vu