M U M ha l mt khu x l tn hiu rt quan trng trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu trong cc h thng thng tin s.

C nhiu loi m khc nhau v chc nng nhim v ca tng loi m cng khc nhau, n c th tn ti di dng cc loi m ngun (m ng dy line code) hoc m knh. Vic nghin cu, hc tp nm vng nhng kin thc c bn v m l rt quan i vi sinh vin, hc vin chuyn ngnh in t vin thng. NI DUNG

I. M ngun 1. M my (m gc)
Tn hiu in thoi sau khi m ho c chuyn thnh cc t m c hai mc (mc "1" v mc "0") nn n c gi l m nh phn hay m my (m gc). M nh phn c nhiu loi, sau y ta s xt mt s loi m nh phn c bn. a. M nh phn khng tr v khng (NRZ: Non - return - to - zero) *. M n cc NRZ y l loi m kh thng dng, n c to ra trc tip t cc b m ho, trong bt "1" c biu din bng xung in c mc in p cao l "+V" v bt "0" c biu din bng xung in c mc in p thp l "0 V", rng bt l , hnh 3-1.
V(t) 0 1 0 1 Hnh 3-1: M n cc NRZ 0 1 +V t

Ph nng lng c biu din nh hnh (3-2).

P() V2/2 V2/4 Thnh phn 1 chiu fH 0 1/ 5% 2/ 90%

Hnh 3-2: Ph nng lng ca m n cc NRZ

Trn hnh 3-2 ta nhn thy ph nng lng tp trung trong on t (0 1/) v c xut hin mt thnh phn lin tc (tn s bng 0) chnh l thnh phn mt chiu. *. M nh cc NRZ M nh cc NRZ c hnh thnh t m n cc NRZ, trong bt "1" tng ng vi V(t) cn bt 0 tng ng vi mc in p - V. Do s o du to nn bt mc in p +V "1" c bin "+V" v bt "1" k tip c bin "-V", nn m th hin 2 cc tnh r rt, hnh 3-3. V(t)
0 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 +V

Hnh 3-3: M nh cc NRZ

Ph nng lng c biu din trn hnh 3-4.

P() V2 85%

7,5% 0 0,37/ 1/ 2/

Hnh 3-4: Ph nng lng ca m nh cc NRZ

T hnh 3- 4 ta thy nng lng cng tp trung trong on (0 1/) c gi tr ln nht ti 0,37/. Nhng iu d thy y nng lng ca m nh cc NRZ ln gp 4 ln so vi m n cc NRZ, trong ph khng c nng lng ng h, vng tn s thp nng lng kh nh v khng c thnh phn mt chiu. b. M nh phn tr v khng (RZ: Return - to - zero ) *. M n cc RZ M n cc RZ l m c bt "1" tr v "0" nhng c bin vn gi l "+V" cn rng ca bt ch chim mt phn thi gian . Thi gian bt "1" quay v "0" xc nh c tnh ca m. Nu thi gian quay v "0" chim /2, ta c m RZ 50%, hnh 3-5.
V(t) /2 0 0 1 Hnh 3-5: M n cc RZ 50% 0 1 V

S phn b ph nng lng c biu din nh hnh 3-6:

P() V2/4 90% Vch ng h (fH)

V2/16 Thnh phn 1 chiu 0 1/ 2/

Hnh 3-6 : Ph nng lng ca m RZ 50 %

Mt iu nhn thy hnh 3-6 l nng lng ph cng tp trung ti 90% on (0 2/) nhng nng lng xut pht ch bng mt phn t nng lng ca m NRZ, nn d b can nhiu trn ng truyn dn. Ngoi ra trong ph xut hin vch ng h v thnh phn mt chiu vn cn ln. *. M nh cc RZ M nh cc RZ c xy dng t m n cc RZ, trong bt 1 : 50% u tng ng vi mc in p +V v 50% tip tng ng vi mc in p - V cn bt 0 tng ng vi mc in p - V. Gin thi gian c biu din trn hnh 3-7.

V(t) /2 0 0 +1 -1 Hnh 3-7: M nh cc RZ 0 +1 V

S phn b ph c dng hnh 3-8

P() V2/4 80%

10% 0 0,46/

1/

2/

Hnh 3-8: Ph nng lng ca m nh cc RZ

Trn hnh 3-8 nng lng ph ca m ch tp trung trong on (0 1/) c gi tr ln nht ti 0,46/. on tn s thp nng lng ph kh nh, trong ph khng c vch ng h v thnh phn mt chiu. c. Mt s nhc im ca m nh phn Qua phn kho st dc im ca mt s loi m nh phn ta thy: - M nh phn thay i khng c quy lut nn khng c kh nng pht hin li. - Trong dy s c th xut hin mt lot cc bt "0" lin tip ko di, cc bt "0" khng c thng tin nh thi nn vic khi phc tn hiu nh thi pha thu gp kh khn. - Ph nng lng chim di tn kh rng nn i hi tuyn truyn dn cng phi c di tn rng. - Trong ph cn c thnh phn 1 chiu (M n cc NRZ v RZ) khng truyn c qua bin p, mt khc nng lng tp trung phn tn s thp cn ln nn khi truyn qua cc b lc trn tuyn b tiu hao ln s gy mo tn hiu. Chnh v nhng l do trn, trc khi truyn dn phi chuyn m nh phn thnh m truyn dn.

2. M truyn dn a. Cc yu cu v phng php chn m truyn dn

*. Yu cu i vi m truyn dn - Khng c thnh phn mt chiu. - Nng lng ph tn s thp v tn s cao phi nh. - B rng ca ph hp. - C kh nng pht hin c li. - Mt xung c dng cao m bo d dng tch xung ng h v ti sinh tn hiu. - Cc b bin i m c cu trc khng phc tp. - i vi tuyn truyn dn c tc rt cao th tn s nhp ca m ng truyn phi b hn tn s nhp m nh phn gc.

*. Phng php chn m truyn dn - gim thnh phn mt chiu n gi tr nh nht (bng 0) thng dng m nh cc, m ny cn c cu trc sao cho trong mt n v thi gian tng s xung "m" v xung "dng" bng nhau. Trong thc t thng dng m nh cc 3 mc (mc +V, mc 0, mc -V). - Mun pht hin c li c th a thm cc bt d vo m nh phn. Cc bt d ny to ra mt quy lut m my thu c th nhn bit c li. V d: Dng m c xung dng v xung m xen k nhau, khi b li s c s trng cc tnh ca 2 xung k nhau. Hoc cng c th thm bt d vo mi t m u c trng s quy nh trc.

b. Cc loi m truyn dn
*. M AMI ( Altermate - Mark - Inversion ) M AMI c ci tin t m RZ nh cc bng cch m ho tn hiu nh phn "0", "1" thnh cc mc in p theo quy tc: bt "0" c thay th bng mc in p 0, bt 1 thnh cc xung dng hoc m xen k nhau. V d v m ho AMI c biu din hnh 3-12.
1 1 1 0 1 1 0

Hnh 3-9: M AMI

- Cc u im ca m AMI: + M AMI c hai cc i xng v vy m thit b m ho tng i n gin. (Ch rng mc in p 0 ca m l mc t ca h thng, s lun phin ca cc bt "1" bt chp cc bt 0 gia chng). + Ph cng sut cc i gn 0,5, mt ph rt nh tn s thp v khng c thnh phn 1 chiu (DC). + M c kh nng pht hin c li sinh ra trn h thng truyn dn do tp m hoc xuyn m, nu m b st mt xung hoc thm mt xung vo, trong c 2 trng hp, n s xut hin 2 xung cng cc tnh. iu vi phm lut nh cc v pha thu d dng pht hin ra li . - Tuy nhin, nhc im ca m AMI l di ca chui bt "0" khng b hn ch. Khi chui bt 0 qu di c th dn ti mt khi phc tn hiu nh thi pha thu. Trong mt s thit b dng m AMI, dy s liu trc khi a vo b m ho AMI c th c m ho gi ngu nhin . *. M HDB3 ( High Density Binary ) M HDB3 l loi m c mt xung +1 v -1 cao v trong m ch c ti a 3 bt "0" lin tip. Quy tc chuyn m nh phn thnh m HDB3 nh sau: - Dy 3 bt "0" tr xung trong m nh phn vn gi nguyn. - Cc bt "1" trong m nh phn c thay th bng bt +1 hay-1 xen k nhau trong m HDB3. -Trong dy cc bt "0" lin tip, bt "0" th t c thay th bng mt bt vi phm (bt V) tng ng vi t hp 000V. Bt V u tin c cc tnh cng cc tnh bt "1" lin trc n, hai bt V lin nhau phi c cc tnh ngc nhau.

- Tng s bt "1" gia hai bt V phi l l, nu cha l th thm mt bt n (bt B) tng ng vi t hp B00V. Bt n B c cc tnh cng cc tnh bt V lin sau n, hnh 310.
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
V V B V

Hnh 3-10: M HDB3

*. M CMI ( Code Mark Inversion) Quy tc chuyn i m nh sau: Bt "1" trong m nh phn c chuyn thnh +1 hoc -1 an du trong CMI v rng xung l nh nhau (100%). Cn bt 0 c chuyn thnh hai mc +A2 v -A2 trong CMI v rng xung chim 50%. M CMI c gi l m o du. M ny khng cha thnh phn mt chiu. S d cc bt "0" c rng ch bng 50% rng cc bt +1 v -1 u thu d dng phn bit gia bt "0" v bt "1". *. M 4 mc 2B1Q ( 2Binary- 1Quatenary) Mng ISDN dn dn tr thnh hin thc trong mt tng lai gn. Thc t h thng cp dn cho mng ISDN c pht trin t mng cp ng hin c, nn hn ch di tn truyn dn. khc phc nhc im ny ca cp ng v di tn, CCITT khuyn ngh dng m nhiu mc. u im ca truyn dn s l kh nng truyn s liu, tn hiu tng t ( c s ho ) vi cht lng cao, li bt thp. Nhc im khi tng s mc ca m ln th d b nhiu tc ng v c li bt cao. V vy, cn tm ra s mc ti u ca mi quan h gia s mc- cht lng- di tn truyn dn ca knh. Qua nghin cu thc t, i vi cp ng, dng m 2B1Q l hp l nht. y l m bn mc, n c s dng khng c d. Qui tc m ho m 2B1Q: Dng bt nh phn u vo c nhm thnh tng cp chuyn i thnh cc k hiu 4 mc, gi l "qut". Bng m ho nh sau: Bng 3-1: M ho m 2B1Q Bit 1(Bit du) Bit 2 (Gi tr) K hiu 4 mc (Qut) +3 +1 -3 -1

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 V d: M ho chui nh phn: S liu nh phn 10 11 10 01 11 01 00 M 2B1Q +3 +1 +3 -1 +1 -3 -1

t
Hnh 3-11 : Dng m 2B1Q pha thu, mi k hiu 4 mc c chuyn thnh mt cp bt ngc vi bng 3-1.

c im ca m 2B1Q: - M c 4 mc, v vy bn thu cn c b so snh tch mc. - Vic khi phc ng h khng kh khn so vi cc loi tn hiu nh phn, tam phn. B khi phc ng h ch cn c mch vi phn ly sn xung ca tn hiu 2B1Q sau khi c sa dng. - Tn hiu vo c th c nhng bt lin tip ging nhau, khi u ra ca b m ho s c nhng chui bt ging nhau. iu ny s gy mt xung kch thch cho b khi phc tn hiu ng h. Nh vy trc khi vo b m ho 2B1Q, s liu cn phi m ho gi ngu nhin tng tnh c lp thng k ca chui bt. - u im ca m l gim tc bt xung cn mt na, iu ny gip truyn dn vi tc cao hn trn ng dy c di thng hn ch. Nhng n d b nhiu hn v pha thu cn c b phn bit mc tn hiu. - M 2B1Q c khuyn ngh dng trong mng truyn dn ISDN. II. M knh 1. Khi nim v m knh Cn c thit k mt h thng truyn tin: - Tc truyn d liu: c yu cu bi cc dch v. - Cng sut pht: hn ch ty tng dch v - Bng tn ca knh truyn: hn ch. - yu cu v Thi gian tr v BER. Khi mt h thng c t s BER ln hn yu cu th phi s dng cc gii php ci thin cht lng truyn dn tn hiu. Nhn chung c nm phng php sau: - Tng cng sut pht: ci thin c t s SNR t ci thin t s BER. Tuy nhin gii php ny tiu tn nhiu ngun hn v kch thc ngun (v d nh pin) ln. - S dng cc gii php phn tp: rt hiu qu trong vic chng li li chm gy bi fading. C ba kiu phn tp chnh l phn tp khng gian , phn tp tn s v phn tp thi gian. - Truyn song cng, hay cn gi l kim tra echo (echo checking) y, khi b pht pht tin n b thu tin c pht ngc v b pht trn mt knh hi tip ring. Nu tin pht ngc v khc vi tin pht i th bit l c li. Phng php ny c khuyt im l yu cu bng thng gp i so vi truyn trn mt hng nn khng chp nhn khi cn tn dng ph. - Yu cu lp li t ng ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest). Trong h thng ARQ, m pht hin li c s dng bn thu kim tra li trong khi s liu thu v tr li cho bn pht trn mt knh hi tip. Tn hiu tr li l chp nhn ACK khi s liu thu ng v khng chp nhn NAK khi s liu thu sai. Nu bn pht nhn NAK, bn pht phi tin hnh truyn li khi s liu b li. C hai k thut ARQ chnh l ARQ dng v i v ARQ lin tc. - M ha sa li khng phn hi FECC (Foward Error Correction Coding). Trong 5 gii php nu trn th gii php th 4, v th 5 c xem nh s dng m knh (cn gi l m iu khin li). Trong gii php 4 m knh c s dng pht hin li, cn gii php 5 c dng pht hin ng thi sa li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu. Nh vy ta c th nh ngha m knh nh sau: M knh, cn gi l m ha iu khin li l loi m c s dng pht hin v sa cc cc bit thu b li bng cch thm vo phn thng tin c ch mt s lng bit d (khng mang tin), cn c vo cc bit d ny pha thu tin hnh gii m pht hin v c th sa c li trong chui bit pht. 2. Mt s loi m knh tiu biu a. m kim tra chn l *. khi nim: M kim tra chn l l loi m knh n gin nht, dng ph bin trong truyn s liu dng ASCII, c thc hin bng cch mi k t trc khi c truyn i c thm vo 1 bit kim tra P (bit parity) cho tng s bit 1 trong t m l chn hoc l. Cn c vo tnh cht chn hoc l ca t m pha thu pht hin c li (khng sa c li).

C hai loi parity l parity chn v parity l. Dng m parity l s trnh c trng hp truyn m t m gm ton s 0, tuy nhin, m parity chn li c dng ph bin hn. *. V d minh ho cho m kim tra chn l: Bit parity chn l 1, bit parity l l 0 vi k t 1001001. T l m l 7/8, mt mc d rt thp. B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 P chn = 1 P l = 0
7 bit tin

Khi nhn k t, bn thu s tnh ton bit parity tng t nh bn pht v so snh. Nu chng bng nhau th kt lun khng c li, nu khc nhau th kt lun c li. *. kh nng pht hin li ca m parity: Gi s dng P chn, cc t m mang tin l 7 bit t 0000000 n 1111111, cc t m lin tip trong b m ny s l: 0000000 0 0000001 1 0000010 1 .................. Ta thy khong cch Hamming ca b m ny l 2. Vy theo l thuyt m, m ny ch pht hin c 1 li. Tuy nhin, thc t m ny pht hin c tt c cc li n hay cc li xut hin vi li s l, khng pht hin c cc li xut hin vi s li chn. b.M kim tra tng khi BCC (Block sum Check Character) *. khi nim: Khi truyn i mt khi k t, mt k t trong khi c th b li, v v vy coi nh khi b li. Xc sut khi k t b li gi l xc sut li khi (block error rate). Khi truyn i khi k t, ta c th ci thin kh nng pht hin li ca m parity bng cch khng ch thm bit cho ring tng k t n l m cn thm tp cc bit P tnh trn c mt khi hon chnh. Vi phng php ny, mi k t trong khi c thm vo mt bit P, gi l bit parity hng (row parity, mi v tr ca bit trong khi c thm mt bit P gi l bit parity ct (column parity). Tp cc parity ct to thnh k t kim tra tng khi BCC. *. v d:
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 P

1 bit kim tra

1
Ni dung khung

0 1 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 1

1 0 0 1 1

1 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 1

Cc bit Paraty hng

0 1 1 0

BCC =

Cc bit Paraty ct

Bit P cho BCC

*. kh nng pht hin v sa li: Ta thy rng mc d hai bit li trong mt k t khng c pht hin nh parity hng nhng s c pht hin nh parity ct. M ny khng pht hin c hai bit li trong cng k t xy ra cng ct vo cng thi im (v d nh cc bit li xut hin cc v tr nh nh du trong hnh).

Tuy nhin, kh nng ny rt t xy ra nn m kim tra tng ci thin c kh nng pht hin li ca m parity n. Nu xy ra li n th cn c vo bit P hng v P ct thu sai khc so vi P hng v P ct tnh, ta c th xc nh c v tr bit li, do c th sa li. *. ng dng: Phng php kim tra tng thng c dng trong trng hp s liu truyn i l mt mng k t ASCII. c. M hamming *. Mt vi c im v m hamming: - L b m tuyn tnh c kh nng sa sai - L b m u c di n (vi k du mang tin, r du kim tra). - S cc t m: 2n, s t m mang tin: 2k - V tr cc du kim tra trong t m tun theo quy lut 2i. - Gi tr cc du kim tra cng c xc nh t cc du mang tin 1 s v tr no thng qua cc tng kim tra.

xi =

j =1

xj

j: c xc nh thng qua ma trn kim tra. V d: Xt m Hamming (7, 4): x1x2x3x4x5x6x7 Trong : + x1, x2, x4: L v tr cc du kim tra + x3, x5, x6, x7: L v tr cc du mang tin *. Xy dng m Hamming (n, k) * Lp cc tng kim tra:

TKT
(x1)

j= 3 ,5 ,7

TKT
(x2)

2
2

=
=

j = 3 ,6 ,7
2

x
x

TKT
(x4)

j= 5 ,6 ,7

Ch : Du mang tin no c mt ng thi trong cc tng kim tra th tng s th t ca cc tng kim tra chnh l v tr ca du mang tin. V d: To m Hamming (12, 8) cho on d liu: 10101110 (Bt cao bn phi). + Ta c: n = 12, k = 8 r=4 + Gi t m Hamming (12, 8) cn xy dng c dng: x1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8x9x10x11x12 Trong : - x1 ,x2 ,x3 , x8 l v tr cc du kim kim tra - x3x5x6x7x9x10x11x12 l v tr cc du mang tin. T ta c t m Hamming (12, 8) c dng : x1x21x4010x81110 + Cc tng kim tra c xc nh nh sau:

TKT
(x1)

j = 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 11

Tng t ta tnh c: TKT 21 = 0, TKT 22 = 1, TKT 23 = 1 T m Hamming cn xy dng l : 101101011110. *. Gii m cho m Hamming (n, k) + Cc bc thc hin: - Mang t m nhn c tch ra v tr cc du mang tin v cc du kim tra. - T cc du mang tin v kim tra lp li cc tng kim tra. Nu cc TKT c gi tr trng vi gi tr cc du kim tra, kt lun t m nhn c ng. Ngc li nu c t nht 1 v tr khng trng th kt lun t m nhn c c sai. - Xc nh v tr du sai: Nu ch c 1 TKT sai th sai xy ra v tr du kim tra , cn nu c 2 hoc nhiu TKT sai th sai xy ra v tr du mang tin v tng s th t ca cc TKT sai s cho v tr du mang tin b sai. - Ly o ca du sai s nhn c t m ng. *.V d: Xt t m Hamming (12,8) Gi s nhn c t m = 101100011110 Hy xc nh xem t m nhn c ng hay sai? Nu sai th sai v tr no? Hy sa sai cho du sai ? gii quyt bi ton trn, t t m nhn c tch ra v tr cc du mang tin v cc du kim tra sau lp li cc tng kim tra. TKT 20 = 1 ng sai TKT 21 = 1 TKT 22 = 1 sai 3 TKT 2 = 1 ng Kt lun: Sai du mang tin V tr du mang tin sai : 21 + 22 = 6 (Du mang tin x6). Ly o gi tr x6. T m ng l : = 101101011110. *. Nhn xt: Nu tng s th t ca cc TKT vt qu di n ca t m th kt lun t m b sai v s sai xy ra trong t m vt qu kh nng s sai sa c ca b m. d. M vng Cyclic *. Khi nim : M Xyclic l b m u nh phn c di n vi k du mang tin, r du kim tra. Trong mi t m ca b m l dch vng ca 1 t m khc trong cng b m. * c im ca m vng M vng l mt lp con ca m khi tuyn tnh. M vng c cc c im sau: - Cu trc ton hc ca m vng cho php kh nng sa li cao. - C th thc hin m vng d dng bng phn cng, bng cc thanh ghi dch v cc cng XOR. - Dch vng mt t m cng c mt t m thuc cng b m. - C th biu din m vng bng a thc. - C th to ra t m vng bng cch nhn modulo-2 vector mang tin vi a thc sinh. Lc ny m vng c gi l m vng khng h thng. *. c trng ca m Xyclic + a thc sinh g(x): g(x) = g0 + g1x1 + g2x2 + . + gixi + . + grxr r: S du kim tra, deg(g(x)) = r gi = (0, 1), g0 1, gr 1 g(x) = 1 + g1x1 + g2x2 + . + gixi + . + xr - g(x) l mt a thc ti gin (a thc bt kh quy) (khng th chia ht cho bt c a thc no c bc < n trong trng nh phn). - g(x) l mt a thc c bc thp nht biu din mt t m khc 0 trong b m (l t m c t nht mt du khc 0) Ch : Khi xy dng cc t m ca b m Xyclic th g(x) l cho trc. Cn nu khng cho trc th c th t chn bng cch phn tch a thc (xn + 1) thnh tch ca mt s a thc, nu a thc no tha mn c im ca a thc sinh th ta c th chn n. + Vi cch chn nh vy ngi ta gi g(x) l mt nhn t ca a thc (xn + 1).

Ma trn sinh G:
g (x) g0 x.g ( x ) g 1 . . G = = . . . . k 1 x . g ( x ) g k 1

+ Ma trn sinh G l dng ma trn c k hng, n ct. + Mi hng ca a thc sinh biu din mt t m ca b m, k t m ny l k t m c s ca m Xyclic. Cc t m cn li l t hp tuyn tnh ca mt vi t m c s. + k t m ny l c lp tuyn tnh vi nhau. *. To m Xyclic khi bit a thc sinh + Tng qut : a = U x G U : Dy bt thng tin cn m ha + To m C(n, k) thng qua vic tnh phn d: ain fi(x) = a0 + a1.x + .+ an-1.xn-1 (*) - Ta k hiu ai(x) l a thc ca phn mang tin. - Dch tri ai(x) i (n-k) nhp ta c: ai(x).xn-k = ai(x).xr - Ngi ta biu din (*) di dng sau : fi,(x) = r(x) + ai(x).xn-k (**) Chia 2 v ca (**) cho g(x):

f i ' ( x) r ( x) ai ( x).x n k = + g ( x) g ( x) g ( x)

q(x): Thng ca php chia ai(x).x cho g(x) r,(x): Phn d ca php chia ai(x).xn-k cho g(x) V fi,(x) l mt a thc biu din mt t m ca m Xyclic nn n chia ht cho g(x). r,(x) = r(x) (**) fi,(x) = r,(x) + ai(x).xn-k (***) T (***) ta rt ra quy tc sau: + Mang phn mang tin dch vng i n-k nhp (nhn vi xn-k hay xr) ri mang chia cho a thc sinh tm phn d. + Ly phn d cng vi phn mang tin dch i n-k nhp s nhn c t m ca m Xyclic. V d : Hy to t m C(7, 4) cho k t B trong h Hecxa (BH) : Vi a thc sinh : g(x) = 1 + x2 + x3 . BH = 1011B (Bt cao bn tri). Ta c :ai(x) = 1 + x + x3 Dch ai(x) i n-k nhp : ai(x).xr = (x3 + x +1).x3 = x6 + x4 + x3 Sau thc hin php chia:
x6 + x4 + x3 x6 + x5 + x3 0+x +x
5 4

f i ' ( x) r ( x ) r ' ( x) = + q( x) + g ( x) g ( x) g ( x) n-k

x3 + x2 + 1 x3 + x2

x5 + x4 + x2 0 + 0 + x2 (d)

 a thc ca t m C(7, 4) l: fi(x) = x6 + x4 + x3 + x2 Hay di dng m: 1011100 (Bt cao bn tri) *. Gii m cho m Xyclic +. Nguyn tc chung: Mang t m nhn c chia cho a thc sinh ca n, nu phn d = 0 th kt lun t m nhn c l ng, ngc li kt lun t m nhn c c sai. Nu t m c sai ta phi phn tch xc nh du sai v tin hnh sa sai cho du b sai . +. Cc bc thc hin: - Mang t m nhn c chia cho a thc sinh tm phn d. - Tnh trng s ca phn d W(r(x)). Nu W(r(x)) e (s sai sa c ca b m) th c th ly phn d ca php chia cng modul 2 vi t m nhn c s cho t m ng. - Nu W(r(x)) > e th tin hnh nh sau: + Dch vng tri t m nhn c 1 nhp + Lp li cc bc trn. Nu W(r(x)) # e th c th s dng 2 cch sau tm ra t m ng: . C1: Mang t m dch vng cng vi phn d va tm c sau dch vng ngc li (dch phi) by nhiu lt. . C2: Dch vng ngc li phn d ca php chia 1 s nhp dch vng ngc li ri cng modul 2 vi t m nhn c s cho ra t m ng, v c lp li nh vy cho n khi sa c sai. HNG DN NGHIN CU 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Nu khi nim, cch biu din v u nhc im ca m NRZ n cc. Nu khi nim, cch biu din v u nhc im ca m NRZ nh cc. Nu khi nim, cch biu din v u nhc im ca m RZ n cc. Nu khi nim, cch biu din v u nhc im ca m RZ nh cc. Nu nhng yu cu v phng php chn m truyn dn. Nu cch lp m, kh nng sa li v ng dng cc loi m AMI, CMI, HDB3, 2B1Q. nu khi nim m knh. Trnh by khi nim, cch lp m, kh nng sa li v ng dng ca m kim tra chn l. Trnh by khi nim, cch lp m, kh nng sa li v ng dng ca m kim tra tng khi. 10. Nu cc c im ca m hamming. Trnh by phng php lp v gii m hamming 11. Nu cc c im ca m Cyclic. Trnh by phng php lp v gii m Cyclic. 12. Ti sao phi iu ch khi truyn tn hiu s i xa. 13. Nu khi nim, cng thc ton hc, v dng sng tn hiu v mch thc hin iu ch bin s ASK. 14. Nu khi nim, cng thc ton hc, v dng sng tn hiu v mch thc hin iu ch pha s PSK. 15. Nu khi nim, cng thc ton hc, v dng sng tn hiu v mch thc hin iu ch FSK. 16. Nu khi nim, cng thc ton hc, v dng sng tn hiu v mch thc hin iu ch QAM. Ngy 06 thng 03 nm 2012 Ging vin bin son

Nguyn Thanh Bnh