M U truyn tn hiu s i xa ngi ta phi iu ch, khc vi iu ch trong cc h thng thng tin tng t, iu ch trong cc h thng thng tin

n s gm rt nhiu cc phng php khc nhau. Bi ging ny s gii thiu cc phng php iu ch c bn lm c s ngi hc hiu r hn qu trnh x l v truyn tn hiu bn trong cc h thng thng tin s. NI DUNG I. Khi nim iu ch, gii iu ch s: 1. Khi nim: iu ch c ngha l chuyn thng tin thnh mt dng nng lng thch hp vi mi trng truyn lan, trong dng nng lng c dng t b tn hao v t b bin dng do tc ng ca nhiu. Ni cch khc, iu ch l qu trnh dng tin tc tc ng vo sng mang lm thay i mt hoc mt vi tham s ca sng mang theo qui lut ca tin tc. iu ch s l qu trnh bin i cc tn hiu s thun tu bng gc thnh cc tn hiu dng sng lin tc truyn i c xa trn knh lin tc. Thc cht ca php iu ch l bin i mt hoc nhiu thng s ca dng nng lng chn theo quy lut c trng cho thng tin. Php iu ch nhm gii quyt 2 vn : - Chn nng lng thch hp vi s truyn lan trong mi trng (sng in t). - Tu theo tnh cht ca tp nhiu trong knh m xy dng h thng tn hiu c phn bit vi nhau r rng, qu trnh gii iu ch c th d dng nhn dng c d c b tp nhiu bin dng i phn no. Gii iu ch l php bin i ngc ca php iu ch, iu khc l tn hiu u vo ca thit b gii iu ch khng phi ch l tn hiu u ra ca thit b iu ch, m l mt hn hp tn hiu iu ch v tp nhiu. Nhim v ca thit b gii iu ch l t trong hn hp lc ra c thng tin di dng mt hm in p lin tc hoc l mt dy xung in ri rc ging nh thng tin u vo thit b iu ch, vi sai s trong phm vi cho php. 2. phn loi iu ch s: - iu ch nh phn: ASK, PSK, FSK - iu ch nhiu mc: M-ASK, M-PSK, M-FSK - iu ch kt hp: APK.... II. IU CH, GII IU CH BIN 1. iu ch kha dch bin nh phn BASK Tn hiu kha dch bin nh phn BASK c th c xc nh bi cng thc: s (t ) = A.m(t ). cos 2f ct 0t T (4.1) trong : A: l hng s m(t): nhn gi tr bng 1 hoc 0 T: l thi gian tn ti ca mt bt 2 T P = A / 2 ta c A = 2 P , biu thc (4.1) c th vit li nh sau:
s (t ) = = = 2 P cos 2f c t PT E 2 cos 2f c t T 2 cos 2f c t T 0t T 0t T 0t T

(4.2)

Trong E = PT l nng lng ca mt bt tn hiu Nu coi 1 (t ) =

2 cos 2f c t l hm trc giao c s ta c constellation ca BASK: T S1 S0 E

Hnh 4.1: Constellation tn hiu BASK Hnh 4.2 ch ra dng ca tn hiu BASK c to ra t chui bt nh phn 0101001. Bin ca sng mang RF c ng m bi tn hiu nh phn m(t), do tn hiu BASK cn c gi l OOK (On-Off Keying).
m(t )

1 0
s (t )

1
t

A 0 -A Hnh 4.2: Dng tn hiu BASK Bin i Fourier ca tn hiu BASK:

S( f ) =

A A m(t )e j 2fct e 2 jft dt + m(t )e j 2fct e 2 jft dt 2 2

(4.3)

A A S( f ) = M ( f fc ) + M ( f + fc ) 2 2

T biu thc (4.3) ta thy, nu khng tnh n h s 1/2 th qu trnh iu ch kho dch bin nh phn BASK lm dch ph ca tn hiu gc ln xung quanh fctrn min tn s. Hnh 4.3(b) ch ra bin ph ca tn hiu BASK khi m(t) l mt chui xung tun hon.
M(f )
ng bao

m(t )
1/2T

0 0

1
-3/T -1/T 1/T 3/T 2/T B=1/T

T 2T 3T

Hnh 4.4(a): Chui xung tun hon m(t) v ph ca n

S( f )

1/2T

1/2T

...
-fc-3/T -fc -1/T -fc -fc+1/T -fc+3/T

...
0
fc-3/T fc -1/T fc fc+1/T fc+3/T

Hnh 4.3(b): Ph ca tn hiu BASK T chng ta c th xc nh c rng bng ca m(t) l t trc ta n im ct khng u tin bng B v rng bng ca tn hiu BASK l 2B.

S mch iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu BASK nh sau:

0.5 Am(t ) cos 4f c t + 0.5 Am(t ) m(t )

A cos 2f c t

s (t )

s (t )

cos 2f c t

LPF 0.5 Am(t )

(a) (b) Hnh 4.4: (a) S mch iu ch, (b) s gii iu ch tn hiu BASK Nh vy, to s(t ) l tn hiu BASK ta ch cn cho chui bt m(t ) qua mt mch nhn nhn vi thnh phn sng mang A cos 2f c . Ti u thu, tn hiu s(t ) c cho qua mt mch nhn nhn vi thnh phn sng mang cos 2f c t . Tn hiu ra sau mch nhn c cho qua mt mch lc thng thp loi b tn hiu cao tn. Tn hiu ra sau mch lc thng thp qua mch quyt nh v so ngng nhm khi phc li tn hiu gc m(t ) c pht i. 2. iu ch kha dch bin M-ASK Mt tn hiu M-ASK c th c xc nh bi cng thc sau: s (t ) = Ai cos 2f c t 0t T (4.4) trong : Ai = A[2i ( M 1)] vi i = 0, 1, ., M-1 v M 4 A: l mt hng s, fc: l tn s sng mang, T: l thi gian tn ti ca mt symbol
Ai2 T Pi = suy ra Ai = Pi , v vy biu thc (4.4) c th c vit li: 2 s (t ) = 2 Pi cos 2f c t , 0t T

= Pi T = Ei

2 cos 2f c t , T 2 cos 2f c t T

0t T 0t T

(4.5)

Trong Ei = Pi T l nng lng ca s(t ) trong mt symbol vi i = 0,1..., M 1 . Constellation ca tn hiu M-ASK nh hnh 4.5.

Si

Ei

Hnh 4.5: Constellation ca tn hiu M-ASK Xt c th dng tn hiu 4-ASK c to ra bi chui nh phn 00011011 nh hnh 4.6.

1 1

(a) Chui nh phn

1 0
m(t )

(b) Tn hiu 4 mc

3 1 -1 -3

s (t )
3

(c) Tn hiu 4-ASK

1 -1 -3

Hnh 4.6: Dng tn hiu 4-ASK T ta c s mch iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu M-ASK nh hnh 4.7.
log 2 M
Chui bt nh phn

Converter

S/P

D/A
Converter

m(t )

A cos 2f c t

s (t )

(a)
Chui bt nh phn

0.5 Am(t ) cos 4f c t + 0.5 Am(t ) s (t )

cos 2f c t

LPF

0.5 Am(t )

Comp

m(t )

A/D
Converter

(b)

Hnh 4.7: (a) S mch iu ch v (b) gii iu ch tn hiu M-ASK Ch gii: S/P converter: B bin i ni tip song D/A converter: B bin i s/tng t song A/D converter: B bin i tng t/s LPF (Low Pass Filter): Mch lc thng thp Comp: Mch so snh Nhn xt: i vi phng php ASK, tng tc truyn ta tng s mc iu ch M, ng thi phi tng cng sut ca tn hiu ln rt nhiu nu mun duy tr mt t l li bt no . iu ny khng mang li hiu qu kinh t, v thit k mt b khuch i cng sut c h s khuch i ln, tuyn tnh l rt kh thc hin. Hn na, vi tn hiu ASK tin tc phn nh qua bin ca tn hiu v vy kh nng chng nhiu ca b tn hiu s rt km do bin ca

tn hiu b nh hng bi can nhiu, tp m v hin tng iu bin k sinh dn ti xc sut thu li ca h thng tng ln. V vy, phng php iu ch kho dch bin ASK khng c p dng rng ri nhiu trong cc h thng truyn dn v ch c p dng trong cc h thng truyn s liu tc thp. III. IU CH GII IU CH TN S 1. Kha dch tn nh phn BFSK Mt tn hiu kha dch tn s nh phn BFSK c th c xc nh bi cng thc sau: 0t T A cos 2f 0 t (4.8) s (t ) = vi gi tr khc ca t A cos 2f 1t trong - A l hng s - f 0 , f1 l cc tn s sng mang c pht i - T l thi gian tn ti ca mt bt. Ta li c P =
A2 nn suy ra A = 2 P . Thay vo biu thc (4.8) ta c: 2 0t T 2 P cos 2f 0 t s (t ) = (4.9) P f t 2 cos 2 v i gi tr khc c a t 1 T E = PT l nng lng ca mt bt tn hiu, bng cch bin i thng thng 2 cos 2f 0 t E T s (t ) = E 2 cos 2f t 1 T 0t T

biu thc (4.9) tng ng vi: (4.10)

vi gi tr khc ca t

Gi s f 0 = m / T v f1 = n / T vi m v n l hai s nguyn v n > m,

2 2 cos 2f 0 t v 2 (t ) = cos 2f 1t l hai hm trc giao c s th f 1 f 0 phi l bi s T T nguyn ln ca 1 / 2T . 2 2 Khi BFSK gm hai tn hiu s0 (t ) = E . cos 2f 0 t v s1 (t ) = E . cos 2f 1t c T T

1 (t ) =

constellation nh hnh 4.9.

2
s E 1
0

s0

Hnh 4.9: Constellation ca tn hiu BFSK V d: chng ta mun to tn hiu BFSK t chui bt nh phn 0101001, khi ta c dng sng ca tn hiu BFSK nh hnh 2.10.

m(t )

1
s (t )

1
t

(a)

A 0 -A (b)

Hnh 4.10: (a) Chui bt nh phn v (b) dng tn hiu BFSK

T hnh 4.10 ta nhn thy s lin tc v pha ca sng mang RF c duy tr trong qu trnh chuyn tip, hn na tn hiu BFSK l tng ca hai tn hiu BASK c to ra bi hai tn hiu m0 (t ) v m1 (t ) nh hnh 4.11.
m0 (t )

m1 (t )
0 1 0 1 1 0
t

1 0
s (t )

1
t

0 Hnh 4.11: Dng tn hiu BASK ca hai chui nh phn m0(t) v m1(t)
s (t ) t

A 0 -A

0 -A V vy, khai trin Fourier ca tn hiu BFSK l:

S( f ) = A A m0 (t )e j 2f0t e 2 jft dt + m0 (t )e j 2f 0t e 2 jft dt + 2 2 A A j 2f1t 2 jft m ( t ) e e dt + m1 (t )e j 2f1t e 2 jft dt 1 2 2

(4.11)

Suy ra:
A A A A M 0 ( f f 0 ) + M 0 ( f + f 0 ) + M 1 ( f f 1 ) + M 1 ( f + f1 ) 2 2 2 2 Bin ph ca tn hiu BFSK khi m0 (t ) v m1 (t ) l cc chui xung tun hon nh hnh 4.12. S( f ) = m0 (t ) M 0 ( f ), M 1 ( f ) t
1/2T

1 0

m1 (t )

(b)
3/T 2/T

(a)
0 1 0
t
-3/T -1/T 1/T

1 0

0
B=1/T

S( f )
1/2T

2f
1/2T

...
0
f0-3/T f0 -1/T

fc f0
f0+1/T f0+3/T f1-3/T f1 -1/T

f1

f1+1/T f1+3/T

c) Hnh 4.12: (a) Chui nh phn, (b) ph ca m0 (t ) v m1 (t ) , (c) ph ca tn hiu BFSK (ch v thnh phn tn s dng) Mt biu din khc ca tn hiu BFSK bao gm thnh phn f 0 = f c f v f1 = f c + f . V vy ta c: f 1 f 0 = 2f v s (t ) = A cos 2 ( f c + f )t . trong : - f c l tn s sng mang - f = .B l dch tn s (frequency deviation) + l ch s iu ch (modulation index) + B= Khi f >>
1 l rng bng ca tn hiu iu ch. T

1 , ta c tn hiu BFSK bng rng v rng bng ca tn hiu BFSK bng T 1 rng xp x bng 2f . Khi f << , ta c tn hiu BFSK bng hp v rng bng ca tn T hiu BFSK bng hp xp x bng 2 B .

S mch iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu BFSK nh hnh 4.13.

m0 (t )

A cos 2f 0 t

+
(a)

s (t )

m1 (t )

A cos 2f1t

0.5 Am0 (t ) cos 4f 0 t + 0.5 Am0 (t )

s (t )

LPF
0.5 Am0 (t )

cos 2f 0 t

cos 2f 1t
LPF

0.5 Am1 (t )

m0 (t ) hoc m1 (t )

0.5 Am1 (t ) cos 4f 1t + 0.5 Am1 (t )

(b)

Hnh 4.13: (a) S mch iu ch v (b) gii iu ch tn hiu BFSK

2. Kha dch tn M mc M-FSK Tn hiu kha dch tn s M mc M-FSK c th c xc nh bi cng thc: s (t ) = A cos(2f i t + ' ) 0 t T , vi i = 0,1,....., M 1 (4.12) Trong : A l hng s, f i l tn s sng mang c pht i, ' l gc pha ban u, T l thi gian tn ti ca mt symbol.
A2 T P = suy ra A = 2 P , thay vo biu thc (2.12) ta c: 2 s (t ) = 2 P cos(2f i + ' ) 0t T

(4.13) 2 cos(2f i + ' ) 0t T T Trong E = PT l nng lng ca s (t ) trong mt symbol, vi i = 0,1,...., M 1 . thun tin ta coi gc pha ban u ca sng mang cao tn ' = 0 . Nu ta chn 2 f 0 = k / T , f 1 = (k + 2) / T , f 3 = (k + 4) / T ,..., vi k > 0 th 1 (t ) = cos 2f 0 t , T 2 2 (t ) = cos 2f 1 t..... h cc hm trc giao c s v ta c th xc nh c constellation ca T
= E

tn hiu M-FSK. V d dng sng ca tn hiu 4-FSK khi chui bt nh phn 00011011 c a vo iu ch nh hnh 4.15. m(t )
1 0
s (t )

1 1
t

(a) Chui nh phn

A (b) Tn hiu 4-FSK

t

-A

f0 f1 f2 f3 Hnh 4.15: (a) Chui bt nh phn v (b) dng tn hiu 4-FSK S mch iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu M-FSK nh hnh 2.16.
log 2 M
Chui bt nh phn

S/P
Converter

D/A
Converter

m(t )

Frequency

s (t )

MOD

(a)
s (t )

Cc mch lc cc tn s f0fM-1

(b) Hnh 4.16: (a) S mch iu ch v (b) gii iu ch M-FSK(b)

GII M

Chui bt nh phn

IV. IU CH, GII IU CH PHA S 1. Kha dch pha nh phn BPSK Mt tn hiu kha dch pha nh phn BPSK c th c xc nh bi cng thc: s (t ) = A.m(t ). cos 2f c t , 0t T (4.18) Trong A l hng s, m(t ) = +1 hoc -1, fc l tn s sng mang, T l thi gian tn ti ca mt bt. T P=A2/2 suy ra A = 2 P , v vy biu thc (4.18) tng ng vi: s (t ) = 2 P . cos 2f c t , 0t T
= E 2 . cos 2f c t , T 0t T

vi E = PT l nng lng ca mt bt tn hiu. Nu ta t 1 (t ) = c s, khi constellation tn hiu BPSK nh hnh 4.19.

2 cos 2f c t l hm trc giao T

S0

S1

Hnh 4.19: Constellation ca tn hiu BPSK V d ta c chui tn hiu nh phn l 0101001 a vo iu ch BPSK, khi dng sng ca tn hiu BPSK nh hnh 4.20. a) b)
m(t )

0 1

0
t

1 s (t ) A
t

A v (b) dng tn hiu BPSK Khi tn hiu iu ch l chui xung Hnh 4.20: (a) Tn hiu m(t)

tun hon m(t) th lc ny bin ph ca tn hiu BPSK nh hnh 4.21.

M(f )

m(t )

0 1 -1

1
t
-3/T -1/T

1/2T

1/T

3/T 2/T

0
B=1/T

(a)

(b)

S( f )

1/2T

1/2T

.
-fc-3/T -fc -1/T -fc -fc+1/T -fc+3/T

.
0
fc-3/T fc -1/T fc fc+1/T fc+3/T

c) Hnh 4.21: (a) Chui nh phn tun hon m(t), (b) ph ca m(t) v (c) ph ca tn hiu BPSK T ta xc nh c rng bng ca tn hiu m(t) l t trc ta n im ct 0 u tin, nh vy ta c B (Hz) l rng bng thng ca tn hiu bng gc v 2B (Hz) l rng bng ca tn hiu BPSK. S mch iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu BPSK nh hnh 4.22.
m(t )

A cos 2f c t

s (t )

0.5 Am(t ) cos 4f c t + 0.5 Am(t )

s (t )

cos 2f c t

LPF

(a)

(b)

0.5 Am(t )

m(t ) l chui nh phn 1; LPF (Low pass filter): Mch lc thng thp

Hnh 4.22: (a) S mch iu ch v (b) gii iu ch tn hiu BPSK 2. Kha dch pha M mc M-PSK Tn hiu iu ch pha M mc c th xc nh bi cng thc: si (t ) = A. cos(2f c t + i ) 0t T (2i 1) trong : i = , vi i = 1,.2..., M ; A l hng s, fc l tn s sng mang, ' l gc pha
M

ban u, T l thi gian tn ti ca mt symbol. Khai trin biu thc ta c: s (t ) = A cos i cos 2f c t A sin i cos 2f c t = si1 1 (t ) + si 2 2 (t ) Trong :
T

si1 = si 2 =

s (t ) (t )dt =
i 1 0

E cos i E sin i

s (t )
i
0

(t )dt =

E=

1 2 AT 2

Pha c quan h vi si1 v si 2 nh sau:

i = tan
si 2 s i1

Constellation ca tn hiu M-PSK gm 2 thnh phn, mi tn hiu si (t ) c biu din bi mt im ( si1 , si 2 ) trong to m rng bi 1 (t ) v 2 (t ) . To cc ca tn hiu l ( E , i ). Trong bin l
E v gc lch so vi trc ngang l i . Nhng im tn hiu

nm trn ng trn bn knh E v tm nm gc to . Nhng im tn hiu c nh x tu to thnh nh x mt- mt. Phng php ny gi l m ho Gray thng c s dng trong iu ch tn hiu M-PSK. M Gray ch ra n-tuples vi sai khc mt bt gia 2 tn hiu ln cn trong constellation. Khi xy ra li symbol M mc, vic pht hin ra tn hiu ging nh tn hiu ln cn trn constellation, v th ch c mt trong n bt u vo b li. Hnh 4.23 l constellation ca 8-PSK trong m Gray c s dng cho vic chuyn i bit.

Hnh 4.23 Constellation ca 8-PSK Ta thy rng: BPSK v QPSK l trng hp c bit ca M-PSK vi M=2 v M=4. Trn ton trc thi gian chng ta c th biu din tn hiu MPSK: s (t ) = s1 (t ) cos 2f c t - s 2 (t ) sin 2f c t . - < t < (4.19) vi
s1 (t ) = A cos( k ) p (t kT )
s 2 (t ) = A sin( k ) p (t kT )
k = k =

trong k l mt trong M mc quyt nh bi u vo nh phn di n-tuple, p(t ) l xung vung c bin nm trong khong [ 0, T ]. Trong biu thc 4.19, tn s mang l bi s nguyn ca thi gian symbol v th pha ban u ca tn hiu trong chu k symbol l k . Tn hiu MPSK gm 2 chiu, khi M 4 th iu ch c th thc hin bng php iu ch cu phng (quadrature modulator). S iu ch MPSK c biu din trn hnh 4.24

S 1 ( t )T

= nT b

cos 2f c t

( S i1 , S i 2 )
2

S2 (t ) T = nT b

sin 2f c t

Hnh 4.24 S iu ch MPSK

Mi vect chiu di n ca dy bt u vo c s dng iu khin mc pht. N cung cp cho knh ng pha I (inphase) v knh vung pha Q(quadrature) nhng tn hiu c bit v mc tn hiu trn trc to nm ngang v thng ng mt cch tng ng. Trong iu ch QPSK th mc pht c th ch l b bin i ni tip- song song (serial-to-parallel). Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh dn s dng cc thit b s hon thin. Trn mi trng nht nh, tn hiu MPSK l cc tn hiu s kt hp v c a vo b bin i stng t (D/A) kt qu u ra l tn hiu iu ch pha mong mun. B gii iu ch kt hp ca MPSK c th l mt trong cc b tch sng kt hp ca tn hiu M mc. Tn hiu MPSK l tp hp ca 2 chc nng c bn, phn thu s dng 2 b tng quan. c tnh c li ca tn hiu MPSK chnh l b gii iu ch thng thng c th c ti u ho. V. IU CH, GII IU CH M-QAM iu ch bin vung gc M-QAM c th xem nh phng php iu ch kt hp gia iu ch bin v iu ch pha. Tn gi iu ch bin vung gc xut pht t thc t l tn hiu M-QAM c to ra bng cch cng hai tn hiu iu ch bin M mc c cc sng mang vung pha vi nhau. Tn hiu li ra ca iu ch M-QAM c th vit nh sau: s(t)= 2 E / Ts .a(t).cos2fct 2 E / Ts .b(t).sin2fct (4.14) Trong a(t)= 1, 3; b(t)= 1, 3 vi M=16 v a(t)= 1, 3, 5, 7; b(t)= 1, 3, 5, 7 vi M=64,... iu ch M-QAM c thc hin theo s khi trn hnh 4.17 (a). Trong s iu ch M-QAM, b bin i ni tip - song song (S/P) thc hin bin i tng cm k = log2M bt li vo b iu ch thnh hai cm xung khng v khng NRZ (NonReturn to Zero) song song vi nhau, mi cm gm k/2 xung. Khi 2/L thc hin bin tng cm NRZ thnh tn hiu c L = M trng thi. V d L = 4 vi M = 16, v vy trong iu ch 16QAM, c hai b lc thng thp u c u vo l cc tn hiu 4 bin . B iu ch nh vy c to ra t hai b iu ch bin vi sng mang b nn. Mch nhn c s dng sau mi mch lc nhm thc hin iu ch tuyn tnh. Khi b iu ch thc s tuyn tnh, ph tn hiu u ra c hnh thnh nh cc b lc thng thp pha trc mch nhn.
2/L a(t)
Dao ng cos2fct

LPF

Data S/P

s(t)

+
Quay pha 90o

(L = M ) b(t) 2/L LPF

(a)


V1(t)

LPF Vd2

A/D

s(t)
Quay pha 90o V2 (t)

S/P

Chui bt li ra

Sng mang da

Vd1 LPF A/D

(b)

Hnh 4.17: (a) s iu ch v (b) gii iu tn hiu M-QAM.

S mch gii iu ch tn hiu M-QAM nh hnh 4.17 (b) Tn hiu M-QAM li vo c dng nh nu trong biu thc (4.14) trong trng hp l tng, cc sng mang gii iu ch c dng: (4.15) V1(t) = 2. cos 2f c t v V2(t) = 2.sin 2f c t (4.16) Sau khi thc hin nhn v loi b thnh phn bc hai, hai tn hiu gii iu ch c dng: Vd1(t) = a(t) (4.17a) Vd2(t) = b(t) (4.17b) Cc bin ca a(t) v b(t) c th c L = M gi tr. Tn hiu vi L gi tr bin c bin i ti b bin i A/D thnh tn hiu nh phn c k/2 bt. Hai nhnh tn hiu c a ti b bin i song song- ni tip to thnh cm k bt li ra. Constellation ca tn hiu 16-QAM v tn hiu 4 mc nh hnh 4.18.
Q

0 1 0 0 1 1
11 10 01 00

S(t) I

(a)

(b)

Hnh 4.18: (a) Constellation ca tn hiu 16-QAM v (b) tn hiu 4 mc

KT LUN Bi ging phn tch lm r cc phng php iu ch s c bn trong cc h thng thng tin s. y l nhng ni dung rt quan trng gip ngi hc hiu r hn qu trnh x l v truyn tn hiu bn trong cc h thng thng tin s lm c s hc tp tt hn cc mn hc chuyn ngnh v vn dng nghin cu, xem xt mt h thng thng tin s c th trn thc t.

HNG DN NGHIN CU 1. Ti sao phi iu ch khi truyn tn hiu s i xa. Nu khi nim v cc loi iu ch s c bn. 2. Trnh by ni dung phng php iu ch, gii iu ch bin s nh phn BASK. 3. Trnh by ni dung phng php iu ch, gii iu ch bin s nhiu mc MASK. 4. Trnh by ni dung phng php iu ch, gii iu ch BFSK. 5. Trnh by ni dung phng php iu ch, gii iu ch MFSK. 6. Trnh by ni dung phng php iu ch, gii iu ch BPSK. 7. Trnh by ni dung phng php iu ch, gii iu ch MPSK. 8. Trnh by phng php iu ch v gii iu ch MQAM.

Ngy 09 thng 03 nm 2012 Ging vin bin son

i y Nguyn Thanh Bnh