2013-11-09 1

Th.S Pham Th Phng

MON HOC: KY THUAT GHEP KENH

Chng 1: M au
2013-11-09 2
Th.S Pham Th Phng
NOI DUNG MON HOC
Chng 1: M au.

Chng 2: Ghep kenh PCM,PDH.

Chng 3: Ghep luong bac cao SDH.

Chng 4: Cac giai phap duy tr mang.
2013-11-09 3
Th.S Pham Th Phng
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Robert G.Winch, Telecommunication Tr
ansmission Systems, McGraw-Hill,Inc.
2. Slide mon hoc
3. Cac tai lieu khac do giao vien ch n
h.
4. Tm kiem tren mang.
2013-11-09 4
Th.S Pham Th Phng
NOI DUNG CHNG 1
Ghep kenh la g ?
Tai sao phai ghep kenh?
Phan loai ghep kenh.
FDM
WDM
TDM
CDM

2013-11-09 5
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Cac he thong truyen dan
Local
Exchange
Trunk
Exchange
Transmission
Center
Local
Exchange
Trunk
Exchange
Transmission
Center
Ha noi
Tp.Ho Ch Minh
Fiber Optic Cable
Satellite
Link
Microwave
Systems
Gia s cung luc co 1000 cuoc thoai Ha noi Tp.HCM
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Ghep kenh la g?
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Multiplexing ghep kenh

Muc ch cua ghep kenh: s dung nhieu tn hieu
khac nhau tren cung mot kenh truyen vat ly.
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Phan loai ghep kenh
Co cac loai ghep kenh c ban:
1. Ghep kenh phan chia theo tan so
(Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM)
2. Ghep kenh phan chia theo bc song
(Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM)
3. Ghep kenh phan chia theo thi gian
(Time Division Multiplexing TDM)
4. Ghep kenh phan chia theo ma
(Code Division Multiplexing CDM)
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
FDM
Bang thong cua moi trng truyen dan
phai ln hn bang thong yeu cau cua
kenh.
Moi tn hieu c ieu che vi mot tan
so song mang khac nhau.
Cac tan so song mang c tach ri
nhau, v vay cac tn hieu khong b chong
lan len nhau.
V du: cac tn hieu t cac ai phat thanh
Kenh van c danh rieng ngay ca khi
khong co tn hieu.
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Cac kenh cua FDM
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
FDM System
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
FDM cua 3 tn hieu bang tan voice
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
V du ve phan cap FDM
AT&T (USA)
S o phan cap (Hierarchy) FDM
Group
12 kenh voice (moi kenh 4kHz ) = 48kHz
Pham vi tan so: t 60kHz ti 108kHz
Supergroup
60 kenh
FDM cac tn hieu cua 5 group tren cac song mang
t 420kHz ti 612 kHz
Mastergroup
10 supergroups
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
S dung nhieu tia song (beams) anh sang tai
cac bc song khac nhau (tan so khac nhau)
c truyen dan bang cap si quang (optical
fiber)

m
Optical
MUX

m
Optical
deMUX

2
.

m
Optical
fiber
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Ve ban chat ay la FDM
Moi mau cua anh sang (bc song) mang kenh t
hong tin rieng biet
1997 Bell Labs
100 tia song
Moi tia song s dung toc o 10 Gbps
Tong the: 1 terabit per second (Tbps)
Cac he thong thng mai hien nay: 160 kenh 10 Gb
ps
Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 kenh tai 39.8 Gbps moi ken
h
10.1 Tbps
Truyen xa hn 100km
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Time Division Multiplexing
Toc o truyen dan thong tin cua moi
trng phai ln hn toc o bit c phat
i.
Cac tn hieu so c ghep xen ke nhau
theo thi gian
Co the ghep theo tng khoi bit
Cac khe thi gian (TS) c an nh trc
tai nguon va khong thay oi.
Cac khe thi gian van c danh rieng
ngay ca khi khong co d lieu.

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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Time Division Multiplexing
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
TDM System
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Nguyen ly TDM
S o khoi ghep 4 kenh theo thi gian
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Nguyen ly TDM
Dang song TDM
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Nguyen ly TDM
S o khoi he thong TDM tn hieu so
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)
PCM la phng phap bien oi cac ban tin Analog e c
o the truyen dan di dang so va sau o giai ma t
ai au thu.
encode
Channel
sampling
LP-filtering quantization
Pulse
regeneration
LP-filtering decode
transmitter
receiver
2013-11-09 23
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)
Ban chat cua PCM la chuyen oi A/D tn
hieu ( ay la tn hieu thoai), gom 3 b
c:
Lay mau (sampling)
Lng t hoa (quantization), va
Ma hoa (encode)
Khoi phuc tn hieu tai au thu la bien o
i ngc lai (D/A), bao gom 2 bc:
Giai ma (decode)
Loc thong thap (khoi phuc)
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Lay mau va khoi phuc tn hieu
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Ly Mu
Tn hiu ngun
Tn hiu ly mu
Bien o
t
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Lay mau
Ban chat cua lay mau la nhan tn hieu can t
ruyen vi day xung dirac, hay con goi la ie
u che bien o xung (PAM).
Co mot so phng phap lay mau:
2013-11-09 27
Th.S Pham Th Phng
nh ly Lay mau Shannon
Tan so lay mau phai ln hn hoac ba
ng 2 lan tan so cc ai cua tn hieu:
Fs >= 2 Fmax
Vi tn hieu thoai:
Bang tan: 300 Hz en 3400 Hz.
Tan so lay mau: 8000 Hz.
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Lay mau tn hieu thoai
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Th.S Pham Th Phng
Lng t hoa & Ma hoa
Tn hieu nguye
n thuy cac cac
mc bien o lie
n tuc trong mot
khoang ong.
Tn hieu PAM r
i rac theo thi
gian, co bien o
bien thien lie
n tuc
Tn hieu PAM
c lng t ho
a ch co cac
mc bien o
c ch ra bi ca
c t ma ( a
y t ma 3 bit)

Continuous
PAM-pulse
train
Quantized
PAM-pulse
train
Analog
signal to be
transmitted
2013-11-09 30
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Lng t hoa tuyen tnh: au p
hat
Viec bien oi cac mau co mc bien o lien tuc tha
nh ri rac c goi la lng t hoa.
Trong lng t hoa tuyen tnh (uniform quantization), cac
mc lng t cach eu nhau.
PCM transmitter
PAM Q-PAM
PAM (analog signal
amplitude)
Q-PAM
(quantized signal
amplitude)
3
2, 8
256 log
2/ 7.8 10
: number of quantization levels
: number of quantization bits
ADC: nalog-to-Digital Converter
: output bitrate
( )
M
v
M v
q M v q
q
q
v
A
r

= =
= = =
~
2013-11-09 31
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Nguyen ly lng t hoa eu

10000111

10000110

10000101

10000100

10000011

10000010

10000001

10000000
Gi tr
ngng
Khong
lng
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2013-11-09 32
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Kenh 64kbit/s
Vi tn hieu thoai:
Tan so lay mau: 8000 Hz.
So mc lng t hoa: 256, do o
So bit ma hoa: 8 bit cho moi t ma
V vay to o bit cua moi kenh thoai sau
PCM:
Rb = 8000 x 8 = 64000 bit/s = 64 Kbit/s
2013-11-09 33
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Sai so lng t
5
4
3
2
1
Thi im ly mu Tn
hiu
analog
Cc mc
lng t
0.5
0
-0.5
2013-11-09 34
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Sai so lng t
S bt ma hoa S bc lng t
S/N, dB
7 128 42
8 256
48
10 1024 60
20 4096 72
2013-11-09 35
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Khoi phuc t tn hieu a lng t hoa

Note that quantization er
ror amplitude is
limited to 1/
k
q c s
( ) 1 / q q
( ) 1 / q q
2/ q
PCM receiver
Q-PAM
S
T
Q-PAM
(quantized signal
amplitude)
time
PAM (analog signal
amplitude)
2013-11-09 36
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Lng t hoa phi tuyen
Mot ac iem c ban cua tn hieu thoai la cac m
au xuat hien nhieu tai vung bien o thap va
cang t xuat hien khi bien o cang cao.
e lam giam sai so lng t, ngi ta dung phe
p lng t hoa ma trong o:
Cac khoang lng t cang be khi mc bien o ca
ng nho
Cac khoang lng t cang ln khi mc bien o ca
ng ln
Nh vay: sai so lng t phan bien o nho gia
m va vung bien o ln tang
Ket qua: tong sai so lng t giam.
2013-11-09 37
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Lng t hoa phi tuyen
2013-11-09 38
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Nen va giai nen
Viec thc hien lng t hoa vi cac mc lng k
hong eu la kho khan.
e khac phuc van e nay, ta s dung phng pha
p nen tn hieu trc khi lng t hoa va giai n
en tn hieu tai au thu sau giai ma.
Khoi nen la mot bo khuech ai tn hieu co he so
khuech ai ln vung bien o thap va giam da
n khi bien o tang len.
Khoi giai nen la bo khuech ai ngc lai vi khoi
nen.
Nh vay: neu mot tn hieu i qua khoi nen roi qua
giai nen se tr ve dang ban au.
2013-11-09 39
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Nen va giai nen
Nn Ly mu
Lng t
& m ha
voice
Gii
m
Gii nn
voice
u pht
u thu
+
=
NN GiI NN KT QU
out
out
out
in in in
Hnh 2.6:
2013-11-09 40
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Cac luat Nen tn hiu
(

+
+
=
) 1 ln(
) 1 ln(
) sgn(

x
x y
Lut : ( = 255)
Lut A: (A = 87.6)
A
Ax
Y
ln 1
ln 1
+
+
=
A
Ax
Y
ln 1+
=
1/A <x<1
0<x<1/A
1.0
1.0
Tn hiu vo
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
T

n

h
i

u

r
a

2013-11-09 41
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Giai Ma
Bien oi xung lng t thanh mot t ma c
o so bt nhat nh.
Theo tieu chuan cua ITU T th so mc ln
g t N = 256 mc. Nen o dai t ma c
xac nh :

K = log
2
N = 8bit
2013-11-09 42
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Kenh 64kbit/s
Vi tn hieu thoai:
Tan so lay mau: 8000 Hz.
So mc lng t hoa: 256, do o
So bit ma hoa: 8 bit cho moi t ma
V vay to o bit cua moi kenh thoai sau
PCM:
Rb = 8000 x 8 = 64000 bit/s = 64 Kbit/s
2013-11-09 43
Th.S Pham Th Phng
Cau hoi?
Ghep kenh la g ?
Tai sao phai ghep kenh?
Ghep kenh thc hien au?
Ghep kenh co nhng loai nao?
Nguyen ly c ban cua FDM?
Nguyen ly c ban cua WDM?
Nguyen ly c ban cua TDM?
So sanh FDM, WDM, TDM?