1.

FAQ v mng thng tin di ng t bo

1) Theo mi ngi th nng cp t GSM/GPRS ln UMTS th cn phi thay i nhng thnh
phn no?
2)theo cc bc hin nay phn giao din hu tuyn trong cc h thng thng tin di ng
dng cable g?
3) Cc giao din Iub, Iur, Iu-CS, Iu-PS trong UMTS c nhim v g? chng khc nhau ra sao?
4)Khi cc mng ln 3G th cc in thoi 2G hin ti c s dng c khng? v cc in
thoi 2G ch c dual band th c s dng c cc dch v ca 3G ko?
5) UMTS v CDMA2000 ging v khc nhau th no?
6) Hi v ng b trong CDMA v ng b nh thi chip trong CDMA l g vy? Nguyn l
ca n?
7) Trong WCDMA, khi thu MS nhn c rt nhiu tn hiu bng rng bao gm ca n v ca
cc thu bao khc. Ti u thu n thc hin qu trnh gii tri ph, lm sao n bit tn hiu
no ca n n nhn vi chui gii tri ph?
8)t s C/I nh hng nh th no ti cuc gi trong thng tin di ng GSM
8bis) Mnh ko bit C/I vit tt ca ci g ch hiu nm na n nh l n v o cht lng knh.
C ai gii thch r hn C/I l g c ko ?
9)cc bc cho e hi giao din A v Abis khc nhau ch yu v phng thc truyn dn l g?
10)cc bc cho em hi v qu trnh ti u trong mng thng tin di ng GSM. qu trnh ny
gm cc bc v th t nh th no? cn cc cng c g thc hin? khi i lm ti u cn
hiu v nhng kin thc g (v d nh kin thc v BSS, hay phn mm chng hn).
11)Mnh c cu hi ny mong cc bn gip . Nh chng ta bit, bng tn down-link v
up-link trong h thng GSM thng dng l 935-960 v 890-915Mhz.Vy liu chng ta c th
o ngc hai bng tn ny cho nhau khng ? nguyn nhn?
12)Cho em xin hi cc nguyn nhn dn n rt mng trong di ng l g?
13) Cell load trong mng thng tin di ng c tnh nh th no?
14)Trong mng GSM th c phn h NSS trong c cc HLR ( home location register ) v
VLR ( Visitor Location Register ) dng xc nh v tr thu bao, nh th th HLR v VLR
cha nhng thng tin g? Chng khc nhau v ci g? V thc t n l ci g, hnh dng ra
sao?
15)Khi mt MS bt my ca mnh th chng s hot ng nh no?
15bis) Cho em hi mt cuc goi ni mng GSM din ra th no?
16)Ti sao li xy ra adjacent interference trong khi BTS ch c setup thu trn 1 knh
RF ?
17) Phng php tnh ton nh hng ca can nhiu n h thng CDMA?
17bis) Tip tc vn v can nhiu trong mng TTDD, mnh xin gii thiu cc phng php
xc nh can nhiu i vi mng GMS thng c cc operator p dng.

18)Ti sao khi m rng thu bao, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng thng tng s lng
BTS ch khng phi l tng cng sut pht ca BTS vy cc bn?
19)Gip mnh phn bit AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) v AMC (Adaptive Modulation and
Coding) vi?
20)Mnh mun hi RAB(Radio Access Bearer) dch l 'Vt mang truy nhp v tuyn' c ng
k ? Bn no c th nh ngha gip mnh RAB l g c ko?
21)c ai bit v tnh ton d tr fading (fading margin) trong GSM ko?
22)Trong WCDMA,tc d liu ngi s dng l hng s trong 1 frame 10 ms. Tuy nhin
th tc ngi s dng s thay i theo dch v. Hot ng ny l nh th no?
23)Theo nh em c bit th tc ca WCDMA ln n 2 Mbps l nh s dng h s tri
ph kh bin v cc kt ni a m. Nhng em cha hiu nh th no l h s tri ph kh
bin v kt ni a m. V khi mt kt ni s dng nhiu m th s x l nh th no?
25)Trong GSM, ti sao pht ln tn s thp, cn tn s pht xung li cao hn, trong khi
thng tin v tinh th ngc li?
26)c im ca cng ngh EDGE tin tin (Evolved EDGE)?
27) Compressed mode trong UMTS l g? Khi no th dng n?
28)Ai c th gip mnh phn bit khi nim v cc trng hp s dng cc ng k IMSI-MS
ISDN,TMSI-MRSN c khng?
29) my anh cho em hi cc thit b ca mng GSM giao tip vi nhau bng nhng giao din
no?
VD: nh MS lin kt c vi trm BTS thng qua giao din Um.
vy cn cc thit b kht s dng giao din g vy?

1.

1) Theo mi ngi th nng cp t GSM/GPRS ln UMTS th cn phi thay

i nhng thnh phn no?
Nguyn vn bi nvqthinh

Theo mnh th t GSM ln GPRS l mt bc tin quan trng i ln UMTS. V lc

mnh trin khai mng GPRS core (SGSN v GGSN) hot ng mode packet. Tip theo
cc operator c th chuyn ln EDGE (2.5G+) bng cch thay i cch iu ch radio (radio
modulation).
chuyn i t GSM/GPRS ln UMTS th iu u tin cc operators lm l phi c c
license cho tn s ca UMTS (thng nc ngoi ci ny l ci rt t). V mt k thut th
UMTS s dng mng li ca GSM/GPRS. Ch c iu tn km l phn radio ca UMTS hon
ton khc vi GSM/GPRS nn phi trin khai cc Node B v cc RNC. Nh c cp n
trong cc post trc th angten UMTS (Node B) thng s c lp trng vi cc angten GSM
vn c. Tuy nhin v planning ca UMTS khng ging GSM, nn nu mun c vng ph UMTS
ton din th mnh tin l phi thm nhiu Node B hn l s BTS cn cho GSM.
Nguyn vn bi nqbinhdi

Nn nh rng bng tn ca 3G l hn 2 GHz, tiu hao ng truyn s rt ln. Ngha l trm

gc (node B) s phi cm dy c hn ci anh 2G nhiu. Ta c tng tng rng ch ring
H Ni, ph sng GSM tng i tt hin ang cn c 700 BTS, c bng 1800 MHz ln
bng 900 MHz, trong loi BS 900 MHz l ch o (BS 1800 MHz ng c lp kh t, hay
s dng kiu overlaid 1800 MHz qun vnh trong cn 900 MHz qun vnh ngoi trong
mt cell dng chung c 1800 ln 900 MHz cho tn nh trm), by gi ln 3G th s trm
gc s l lt th no (bn trm c l s chng khc ci mt anh r hoa l my nh).
2)theo cc bc hin nay phn giao din hu tuyn trong cc h thng thng tin di
ng dng cable g?
Nguyn vn bi vtluc1984

Thng thng kt ni vi BTS ta c th s dng lung E1, E3 hoc STM1 nu khng c

th s dng lung T1, DS-3 hoc OC-3. Nh vy, dung lng ca cc ng truyn dn ni
n RNC c th cao hn tng ti ca giao din Iub ti RNC.Chng hn nu ta cn u ni
100BTS vi dung lng Iub ca mi BTS l 2,5 Mbps, bit rng cu hnh cho mi BTS hai
lung 2 Mbps v tng dung lng kh dng ca giao din Iub s l 100 x 2 x 2 = 400 Mbps.
Tuy nhin tng ti ca giao din Iub ti RNC vn l 250 Mbps ch khng phi l 400 Mbps.
Nguyn vn bi nvqthinh

a phn cc kt ni gia node-B vi RNC/BSC v RNC/BSC vi mng trc l s dng ng

truyn E1 (hay chu M th gi l T1). Phn mng ny gi chung l Radio Access Network
(RAN). cc Release R4 tr v trc th mng vn ti (transport network) ca RAN l mng
ATM. n R5 th c th dng IP. Tuy nhin nhng operator no trin khai ATM ri th h
vn tip tc dng ATM. Cable E1/T1 l 1 dng unshielded twisted pairs . D nhin l c th
thay th bng cp quang (nhng tn km hn E1/T1)
1. 3) Cc giao din Iub, Iur, Iu-CS, Iu-PS trong UMTS c nhim v g? chng
khc nhau ra sao?

vtluc1984 tr li nh sau:
Giao din Iub
Giao din Iub l mt giao din quan trng nht trong s cc giao din ca h thng
mng UMTS. S d nh vy l do tt c cc lu lng thoi v s liu u c truyn
ti qua giao din ny, cho nn giao din ny tr thnh nhn t rng buc bc nht
i vi nh cung cp thit b ng thi vic nh c giao din ny mang ngha rt
quan trng.
c im ca giao din vt l i vi BTS dn n dung lng Iub vi BTS c mt gi
tr quy nh. Thng thng kt ni vi BTS ta c th s dng lung E1, E3 hoc
STM1 nu khng c th s dng lung T1, DS-3 hoc OC-3. Nh vy, dung lng ca
cc ng truyn dn ni n RNC c th cao hn tng ti ca giao din Iub ti
RNC.Chng hn nu ta cn u ni 100BTS vi dung lng Iub ca mi BTS l 2,5
Mbps, bit rng cu hnh cho mi BTS hai lung 2 Mbps v tng dung lng kh dng
ca giao din Iub s l 100 x 2 x 2 = 400 Mbps. Tuy nhin tng ti ca giao din Iub
ti RNC vn l 250 Mbps ch khng phi l 400 Mbps.
Giao din Iur
Ta c th thy r v tr ca giao din Iur trong cu hnh ca phn t ca mng UMTS.
Giao din Iur mang thng tin ca cc thu bao thc hin chuyn giao mm gia hai
Node B cc RNC khc nhau. Tng t nh giao din Iub, rng bng ca giao din
Iur gn bng hai ln lu lng do vic chuyn giao mm gia hai RNC gy ra.
Giao din Iu
Giao din Iu l giao din kt ni gia mng li CN v mng truy nhp v tuyn
UTRAN. Giao din ny gm hai thnh phn chnh l:
Giao din Iu-CS: Giao din ny ch yu l truyn ti lu lng thoi gia RNC v
MSC/VLR. Vic nh c giao din Iu-CS ph thuc vo lu lng d liu chuyn mch
knh m ch yu l lng ting.
Giao din Iu-PS: L giao din gia RNC v SGSN. nh c giao din ny ph thuc
vo lu lng d liu chuyn mch gi. Vic nh c giao din ny phc tp hn
nhiu so vi giao din Iub v c nhiu dch v d liu gi vi tc khc nhau truyn
trn giao din ny.
4)Khi cc mng ln 3G th cc in thoi 2G hin ti c s dng c
khng? v cc in thoi 2G ch c dual band th c s dng c cc dch
v ca 3G ko?
Nguyn vn bi khoalv

Khi tin ln 3G th tu theo dng cng ngh s c th tng thch ngc vi cc u cui
ca 2G, 2.5G hay khng. V d:
a. u cui ca 3G UMTS c th s dng dch v ca 2G theo dng cng ngh GSM
b. u cui ca 3G theo dng cng ngh CDMA20001X -EVDO c th s dng dch v ca
CDMA20001X
Tuy nhin u cui 3G ca mc (a) khng th s dng dch v 2G ca mc (b) cng nh u
cui 3G ca mc (b) khng th s dng dch v 2G ca mc (a).

Cn u cui 2G (khng support 3G) th s khng th s dng c cc dch v ca 3G (dual

band khng lin quan g n vn ny)
Nguyn vn bi nvqthinh

s dng dch v UMTS, bn phi c in thoi 3G. Trn th trng khi mua in thoi bn
nn ch cc loi support nh GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS (3G), HSDPA v.v... Nhng in thoi
p ng 3G d nhin s p ng GSM/GPRS, hay cn gi l in thoi bimode.
1. 5) UMTS v CDMA2000 ging v khc nhau th no?
UMTS l mng di ng th h th 3 (3G) s dng k thut tri ph W(wideband)CDMA. UMTS c chun ha bi t chc 3GPP. UMTS i khi cn c gi l 3GSM
ch kh nng tng vn gia GSM v UMTS. UMTS c pht trin ln t cc nc
s dng GSM. UMTS s dng bng tng khc vi GSM.
Cdma2000 1xRTT, cdma2000 1xEV-DO (EVolution, Data Only), cdma2000 3x cng l
mng di ng th h th 3 s dng k thut multi-carrier CDMA. CDMA2000 c
pht trin t CdmaOne vi mc tiu l s dng li chnh di bng tng ny.
CDMA2000 c chun ha bi 3GPP2 (bao gm cc t chc ARIB v TTC Nht,
CWTS ca Trung Quc, TTA ca Hn v TIA ca Bc M).
Nhn chung th UMTS v CDMA2000 c nhiu im chung, nhiu mc pht trin kh
tng ng. Nhn qua th thy 2 cng ngh ny u s dng cc k thut nh: Direct
sequence spread spectrum multiple access, orthogonal channelization codes, random
access, fast uplink power control, rake receivers, soft handoff, single frequency reuse, scrambling...
Nu UMTS c pht trin ci gi l HSDPA th CDMA2000 c ci gi l CDMA2000
1xEV-DO. Mc chh l tng tc truyn downlink. Hai cng ngh ny dng chung
nhng k thut sau: Fast and adaptive modulation and coding schemes (AMC), fast
and adaptive packet data scheduling, fast downlink rate control, fast hybrid ARQ,
short transmission time intervals...
Bc tip theo th 3GPP pht trin 3G LTE cn 3GPP2 th pht trin UBM (hay cn gi
l CDMA2000 Rev C). Chung u hng ti s dng MIMO tng tc truyn.
V mt kin trc mng (architecture) ca 2 cng ngh ny kh ging nhau v nguyn
tc, tuy nhin tn gi cc thc th mng hoc cc interface c th khc nhau.
Nhng im khc nhau:

Bng 1: Nhng im khc nhau gia CDMA2000 1x v UMTS (WCDMA)

Hnh 1: S khc nhau gia CDMA2000 v WCDMA

(theo mt ti liu ca Qualcomm)

Nguyn vn bi khoalv

- Th nht v thut ng MC-CDMA l multi-carrier ch khng phi l multi code v trong

CDMA2000 1x EV-DO s dng ti thiu 2 carrier (mt cho voice 1 cho data) v vy gi l MCCDMA
- Cn v k thut a truy nhp th theo quan im ca mnh trong UMTS dng phng thc
TDM cp pht ti nguyn cho user, mc d vn s dng cng ngh tri ph nhng khi
ny Long PN code c s dng scrambling d liu v phn bit user, cc sector vn
c phn bit bi Short PN CODE. Cn Wash code dng phn bit cc forward code
channel.K thut ny trong HSPA gi l Scheduling, khi mt user c th c cp 1 hoc
nhiu timeslot ca mt hoc nhiu forward code channel
Trong CDMA2000 1x EV-DO cng s dng k thut TDM cp pht ti nguyn bng thng
cho users, duy c iu khc vi cc k thut TDM truyn thng, cc timeslot cp cho user l
ng ph thuc vo nhu cu ca user v iu kin thu. Ti mt thi im ch c 1 user s
dng ton b bng thng nng cao cht lng tn hiu v tc truyn
1. Cu 6) Hi v ng b trong CDMA v ng b nh thi chip trong CDMA l
g vy? Nguyn l ca n?
ng b trong h thng CDMA gm:
1. ng b sng mang, thng bng cc PLL analog thng thng.
2. ng b ng h bt d liu, thng l bng cc PLL s hoc bng cch phn pht
gi i trn knh ng b ca mnh (nh cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo th trn
knh ng b c n nh bi chui m Walsh 01010101...01) mt chui bt c cu
trc m my thu bit trc. My thu dch ng h ca mnh dn v lin tc tnh tng
quan gia chui ng b lu tr sn vi chui tn hiu nhn c, khi gi tr tng
quan tnh c t nh th ng h thu ng b vi tn hiu ng h hm cha
trong tn hiu thu c.
C hai bc 1 v 2 ny ni chung nh nhau vi mi loi h thng truyn dn.
3. Ci quan trng nht v c th ca h thng CDMA s dng tri ph chui trc
tip l ng b chui PN.
ng b thi chp:
Trong CDMA, k thut tri ph chui trc tip (DS-SS) c s dng. Mi mt ngi
s dng c cp mt code phn bit vi ngi khc. Code c s dng thng
l mt chui gi ngu nhin (PN), c tc rt ln hn tc symbol d liu, tc l
phn t ca chui c rng thi gian rt nh hn rng ca symbol (hay bit) d
liu v c gi l chip. Vic ng b nh thi chip trong CDMA l c bit quan
trng v n cho php ng b bn sao chui PN ca ngi s dng tr sn ti my
thu vi chui PN hm cha trong tn hiu thu c, nh vy vic gii tri ph bng
cch nhn chui PN ng b nh thi ti my thu vi tn hiu thu c s tch
c tn hiu cn thu khi nn nhiu bao gm c nhiu t nhin ln nhiu do nhiu
ngi dng khc s dng chung tn s gy ra (gi l nhiu a truy nhp MAI Multiple Access Interference). Nu ng b nh thi khng hon ho th hoc l
khng th tch c tn hiu d liu, hoc l t s SNR s thp, gim cht lng lin
lc.
Nguyn l ng b nh thi chip (hay cn gi l ng b chui PN) bao gm hai giai
on: acquisition v tracking.

 hiu r v cc qu trnh ng b ni trn, cn bit v cc c tnh c bn ca cc

chui PN. C nhiu loi chui PN, c to ra t cc thanh ghi dch c hi tip. Loi
PN hay c s dng c th l chui c di (chu k chui) cc i hay cn gi l
m-sequence (m-dy hay chui m). Chui m c to ra bng mt b ghi dch hi tip
c cu hnh Fibonacci hay Galois (hai cu hnh ny v mt ton hc th tng ng
nhau), c hnh thnh theo mt a thc sinh quy nh cc u ra cc khu nh ca
thanh ghi tham gia hay khng vo mch hi tip. a thc sinh l mt a thc nguyn
thy (primitive polynomial), khi chui chip li ra s l mt chui PN c chu k lp
li ln nht, l N = 2^m - 1, trong m l s khu nh ca thanh ghi. Mt c im
c bn ca chui m l c hm t tng quan dng thumb-nail, mt chu k ca n c
hai phn chnh: a) tr ca hm t tng quan chun ha gim tuyn tnh t 1 xung
cn -1/N khi bin tau tng t 0 ti Tc (Tc l rng mt chip); b) tr ca hm t tng
quan l -1/N (khng i) khi bin tau tng t Tc ti (N-1).Tc. Nu N rt ln (nh s
dng thanh ghi dch c m ln, trong cc h thng CDMA nh IS-95 th m = 42 vi
chui m di dng phn bit ngi s dng v bng 15 i vi m ngn dng
phn bit trm BS) th trong on sau, hm t tng quan c th xem l bng 0.
a) Acquisition period:
Khi bt u qu trnh ng b, do chui PN hm cha trong tn hiu thu c (do qu
trnh nhn trc tip dy d liu d(t) vi chui PN khi tri ph phn pht) v chui PN
my thu lch pha nhau, sai pha ny l mt gi tr ngu nhin, phn b u trong
khong t 0 ti N.Tc, do vy kh nng rt cao l sai pha ln hn Tc. Khi qu
trnh acquisition din ra vi mc tiu l ko cho sai pha gia chui PN ca my thu v
chui Pn trong tn hiu thu gim xung cn di mt Tc. V bn cht, qu trnh ny
thc hin tnh tng quan gia chui PN ca my thu vi chui PN c trong tn hiu
thu c. Nu gi tr tng quan cho ny (v cng l gi tr hm t tng quan vi
bin tau chnh l lng sai pha) vn cn bng 0 hoc rt nh th my thu tip tc dch
m PN ca mnh cho ti khi gi tr tng quan cho tnh c vt qu mt mc cho
trc (mt in p ngng no , n nh rng tau nh hn Tc) th dng qu
trnh acquisition, chuyn sang qu trnh tracking (tinh chnh sai pha tau c ko
v 0).
b) Tracking period:
thc hin iu chnh tinh, mt mch ng b sm-mun gm 2 nhnh thng
c s dng. V bn cht, y l 2 PLL nhn cng mt tn hiu li vo, song trn hai
nhnh th tn hiu li vo c tnh tng quan vi hai chui PN to ra cng t cng
mt b to m PN song c pha u c lm lch i +Tc/2 v -Tc/2 mt cch tng
ng. Trn u ra ca 2 b tnh tng quan trn hai nhnh s c cc in p kh ln
(do sai pha tau lc ny nh di mt Tc) v khc nhau. Hiu ca 2 in p ny,
sau b lc mch vng, s c s dng iu khin dch m PN (tc l s iu
chnh chnh b to m PN ni trn ca my thu), cc tnh ca in p hiu s quyt
nh chiu dch m nhanh pha ln hay chm pha i. Trong sut qu trnh iu chnh
ny, gi tr tuyt i ca hiu in p ni trn s gim dn, gim cho ti 0 th chui
PN ca my thu hon ton ng b vi chui PN trong tn hiu thu c. Kt thc
qu trnh ng b m PN (hay ng b chip).
(thy nqbinh tr li)
1. 7) Trong WCDMA, khi thu MS nhn c rt nhiu tn hiu bng rng bao
gm ca n v ca cc thu bao khc. Ti u thu n thc hin qu trnh

gii tri ph, lm sao n bit tn hiu no ca n n nhn vi chui gii

tri ph?
Nguyn vn bi Tuan Duc

BS bit ht chui tri ph ca cc MS n qun l... cn MS ch bit chui ca n, n nhn

chui ca n vi tn hu thu c (gm tn hiu BS truyn cho n v nhiu user khc...). Do
chui tri ph ca n trc giao vi tn hiu ca cc user khc (nhn vi nhau th kt qu =
0), nn sau qu trnh ny... MS s lc ra c tn hiu "ca n"
8)t s C/I nh hng nh th no ti cuc gi trong thng tin di ng GSM
Nguyn vn bi nqbinhdi

T s C/I l t s cng sut sng mang tn hiu hu ch trn nhiu, hin nhin trong h thng
v tuyn di ng s nh GSM th t s ny cng nh, xc sut thu li cc bt (BER: Bit Error
Rate) cng ln, do cht lng thoi hay d liu cng thp. Ti mt mc no ph thuc
s iu ch (trong GSM th l GMSK), cht lng cuc gi khng th chp nhn c na
th cuc gi b rt. Ngoi ra, nu C/I qu thp (cng sut tn hiu thu c qu thp hay mc
nhiu qu ln) th cc knh iu khin, d c c m ha chng nhiu (m knh) cn thn
hn, cng b rt, dn n khng th kt ni/thit lp cuc gi.
8bis) Mnh ko bit C/I vit tt ca ci g ch hiu nm na n nh l n v o cht
lng knh. C ai gii thch r hn C/I l g c ko ?
Nguyn vn bi khoalv

C/I (c ti liu gi l S/I - Signal to Interference ratio) l vit tt ca ch Carrier to

Interference ratio, trong C l cng sut sng mang trung bnh thu c (phn tn hiu c
ch), cn C l cng sut nhiu ng knh trung bnh thu c (phn khng mong mun). C/I
l mt tham s quan trng trong vic nh gi cht lng knh truyn, trong cc h thng
wireless communication u quy nh v gi tr C/I ti thiu m bo cht lng thng tin
1. 9)cc bc cho e hi giao din A v Abis khc nhau ch yu v phng thc
truyn dn l g?
Giao din A v Abis khc nhau ch yu nh sau:
Gi s lung truyn dn l E1 (PCM30/32, 2048 kbps) th giao din A n l lung E1
tiu chun, mi mt trong 30 TS truyn tn hiu thoi mang mt knh thoi 64 kbps
(mt knh thoi PCM). Trong khi giao din Abis trong h thng GSM (Abis ngha l
A th hai, gi tng t nh s nh 15 v s nh 15bis hay 15b ca mt ph no ,
trong GSM cn c giao din A th ba na gi l giao din Ater, ter l vit tt ca tip
u ng tern- ngha l th ba) cng l mt lung E1 song mi mt TS ti thoi li ti
4 knh thoi s, mi knh c tc 16 kbps (l tn hiu thoi c s ha bng LPC
vocoder kiu RPE-LTP) ch khng phi l knh thoi PCM, ngoi ra trong giao din
Abis nhiu TS vn c dng ti thoi trong giao din A li c s dng
truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu v iu khin cho cc knh thoi ca BTS.
(tr li ca nqbinhdi)
1. 10)cc bc cho em hi v qu trnh ti u trong mng thng tin di ng
GSM. qu trnh ny gm cc bc v th t nh th no? cn cc cng c g

 thc hin? khi i lm ti u cn hiu v nhng kin thc g (v d nh

kin thc v BSS, hay phn mm chng hn).
Qu trnh ti u trong mng GSM gm ti u mng v tuyn (mng truy nhp) do
phng access ca cng ty di ng m trch v ti u mng li do phng core
network chu trch nhim. Tt nhin l c hai qu trnh ny quan h mt thit vi
nhau.
Ci m bn nh hi thuc nhim v phng access. K s cn nm chc mt s
vn :
1. Tnh ton ph sng: Quy trnh tnh ton ph sng (ci ny cc bc thit k v
tuyn l chnh song ngi lm ti u khng th khng bit), ci ny lin quan ti tool
(phn mm), v ngi lm ti u phi nm chc, hiu chc ci tool y hot ng ra
sao, n tnh ton ci g, theo thut ton c bn no, kt qu n l ci g, cc d liu
u vo l nhng ci g.
2. Cc tham s c bn th hin hot ng/cht lng ca mng (cc KPIs). Cn nm
chc cc thng s ny tng gim do nhng ci g, tc ng n chng thng qua ci
g v s c tc ng ra sao ti cc thng s khc ca h thng.
3. Quan h ln cn gia cc BS:
+ Vn nhiu knh ln cn (ACI: Adjacent Channel Interference);
+ Vn v chuyn giao (HandOver);
4. Cc tools lin quan ti o th (driving test) v ti u ha t ng.
5. Nm chc cu hnh v u ni ca cc BTS, nhng yu cu v dung lng, ngun
lc v tuyn, k hoch truyn dn.
...
Nhng ci ny khng mt trng H no dy k c c, ch cung cp nhng khi
nim c bn, khi vo lm s c o to k.
(tr li ca nqbinhdi)
1. 11)Mnh c cu hi ny mong cc bn gip . Nh chng ta bit, bng
tn down-link v up-link trong h thng GSM thng dng l 935-960 v 890915Mhz.Vy liu chng ta c th o ngc hai bng tn ny cho nhau
khng ? nguyn nhn?
Nguyn vn bi H2O

Theo mnh th v nguyn tc l c, khng c g cn tr c. Tuy nhin, nu chn th s vn

chn bng tn nh cho uplink v bng tn ln hn cho downlink. L do l my in thoi
pht tn hiu tn s cng thp th tn hiu s truyn cng tt hn, nn n s n c ti
BS d hn (t tn nng lng my pht na).
Nguyn vn bi Tuan Duc

Tn s sng thp th suy hao truyn i trong khng kh thp hn tn s cao (Tn s tng
gp i, th suy hao tng thm t 1,5 n 2 dB khi khong cch tng gp i).
Cn "Vy liu chng ta c th o ngc hai bng tn ny cho nhau khng" -> c, nhng
s ko tng thch vi cc thit b radio access ca chun thit b GSM hin nay.

Nguyn vn bi khoalv

V mt l thuyt th hon ton c, khng sao c. Tuy nhin bn phi bit rng GSM l
chun c c th gii cng nhn. Nu bn o ngc th ly u ra thit b BTS v thit
b u cui lm vic ngc i nh vy. Cn l do c l do dc tnh truyn sng ca tn s
thp hn th tt hn (i c xa hn) nn u tin ginh cho MS (v c cng sut pht thp
hn nhiu so vi BTS).
Nguyn vn bi brightmoon

Theo mnh th l do chnh l v suy hao trong khng gian t do t l nghch vi tn s: Lp =

20lg(4d/) trong l bc sng, =c/f. iu c ngha l tn s cng cao th suy hao
cng nhiu. Thm vo mt l do khc ht sc thc t l cng sut pht v nhy thu
ca BTS >> cng sut pht v nhy thu ca MS rt nhiu ln. Do cc nh sn xut
s dng phn tn s thp hn cho ng UL v phn tn s cao hn cho ng DL phn
chu thit nhiu hn v suy hao trong khng gian t do s do BTS chu.
1. 12)Cho em xin hi cc nguyn nhn dn n rt mng trong di ng l g?
Nguyn vn bi nvqthinh

Rt mng ca bn y l nh th no, ang gi in th cuc gi b ngt mt, hay l khng

thc hin c cuc gi...? Tr li chung chung th cc nguyn nhn rt mng l:
- Mng s dng ht cng sut, nn khng th m bo duy tr ni kt cho tt c c nn s
c ngi b nh rt. Cng v l do , bn khng thc hin c cuc gi mi v ti nguyn
mng b dng ht.
- Bn di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng
- Cht lng knh truyn b xu i (do mt chic xe ti chy ngang chn sng, do ma...)
- Ngi ang ni chuyn vi bn b rt mng
- Chuyn giao cng c th gy ra rt mng nu: vng tip gip gia 2 cell khng ln hoc
ti nguyn trong cell ti (target cell) khng cn m bo cuc gi chuyn giao n.
-etc...
Nguyn vn bi khoalv

Thc ra nguyn nhn rt cuc gi trong CDMA v GSM v bn cht l hon ton ging nhau.
C 2 tham s quyt nh n hin tng rt cuc gi l received signal level (RSL) v signal
quality (SINR). Hai tham s ny c quan h vi nhau:
- Nu RSL thp lm gim SINR xung di mc cho php (trong CDMA gi tr ny yu cu l
>=6dB, tuy nhin operator c th thit lp thp hn na n gi tr m cht lng cuc gi
thp n mc khng th chp nhn c na) v MS cha kp handover (nu vng tip gip
khng ln) hoc khng th handover c na do cell ch ht ti nguyn hoc ra ngoi
vng ph sng. Khi ny h thng s quyt nh cho gii phng cuc gi gy ra rt.
- Trng hp b can nhiu, trong khi RSL vn t mc yu cu nhng do b nhiu s lm
gim SINR trong khi MS cha kp hoc khng th thc hin handover. CDMA c c im
ring l pht x ca cc thu bao khc s l ngun nhiu i vi thu bao ang xt, v vy
vic iu khin cng sut trong CDMA rt quan trng v lin quan mt thit n capacity
ca 1 cell, cn phi dm bo sao cho RSL ca tt c cc MS ti BTS ng u l tt nht.

1. 12)Cho em xin hi cc nguyn nhn dn n rt mng trong di ng l

g?
Cc nguyn nhn rt cuc gi ch yu trong GSM l:
- Excessive TA.
- Low Signal Strength [ SS ].
- Bad Quality.
- Sudden Drop.
- Other reason.
y l 5 loi nguyn nhn rt chnh cho c knh SD & TCH. Da vo cc counter trong h
thng v bn tin bo co o lng hoc gii phng cuc gi t MS gi v m h thng s
phn loi c nguyn nhn rt cuc gi. Trong 5 loi nguyn nhn rt cuc gi ch yu k
trn th rt cuc gi do 2 nguyn nhn sau cng l kh phn tch nht i vi nhn vin ti
u.
- Excessive TA: counter s m l rt do vt qu timing advance nu TA>=TALIM
(TALIM<MAXTA) thi im xy ra gii phng cuc gi mt cch bt thng (thiu bn tin
gi v h thng) hay cn gi l rt. TALIM l gi tr timing advance (TA) ln nht m MS c
khuyn ngh s dng trong cell, cn MAXTA l gi tr timing advance ln nht h thng
lm ngng release cuc gi. V GMS s dng FDMA + TDMA nn phi c quy nh v thi
gian tr ln nht MS c php s dng khng b chng ln ln khe thi gian ca ngi
s dng khc. Nu gi tr o lng timing advance TA=TALIM, th MS buc phi HO khn
sang mt cell neighbour khc. Nu khng c neighbor chuyn giao (do thiu trm, hoc
do khai bo thiu quan h neighbor) m TA>=MAXTA th cuc gi s b h thng release.
Gi tr ca TALIM, MAXTA trong khong 063 (n v: bit periods) i vi normal range cell
(cell c 1 timeslot cho 1 MS thng thng) hoc ln n 219 i vi extended range cell (cell
ghp 2 hoc nhiu timeslot cho 1 MS). ng nhin l trng hp extended range cell th s
ngi s dng ng thi s phi gim xung.
- Low Signal Strength [ SS ]: trong qu trnh lin lc MS lin tc gi cc bn tin o lng v
cng tn hiu (SS) v cht lng (Quality) ca chnh n v cc neighbor xung quanh v
BSC BSC quyt nh xem MS c phi HO hay khng, nu MS b rt m bn tin o lng
cui cng MS gi v ch ra rng cng tn hiu ca MS o c nh hn mt mc ngng
no h thng t ra (VD: -102dBm hoc -96dBm) th cuc gi s c tnh l rt do
cng tn hiu thp Low Signal Strength. Nguyn nhn c th do tha trm, vng ph
rng hoc khai bo thiu quan h neighbour khin cho MS khng HO c dn n rt, hoc
c th do li phn cng nh u cho sai fi cng dn n khng HO c gy rt.
- Bad Quality: nguyn nhn rt do bad quality thng lin quan n phn tn s v c
chia ra lm 2 loi: Bad quality ng DL do phn thit k tn s khng tt dn n b nhiu
tn s ca trm BTS ny cho trm BTS khc (lu l GSM t ong, di tn GSM c hn nn
phi ti s dng li tn s), v Bad quality ng UL thng do nhiu ngoi mng gy ra.
Tng t h thng cng t ra mt mc ngng RxQual no (RxQual = 07 tng ng
vi cc mc BER) so snh vi gi tr MS o lng gi v v quyt nh cuc gi b rt c
phi do nguyn nhn bad quality hay khng.
- Sudden Drop: Cuc gi s c tnh l rt do sudden drop nu mng khng th kt ni li
vi MS sau mt thi gian nh trc no v bn tin bo co o lng cui cng mng
nhn c t MS khng do cc nguyn nhn Excessive TA, Low Signal Strength, Bad Quality
k trn. Nguyn nhn: mt hoc gim cng tn hiu mnh mt cch t ngt khi thu
bao i vo to nh, thang my, bi gi xe tng hm, hoc b nh hng mt cch t ngt
t mt ngun nhiu rt mnh, hoc MS b mt ngun t ngt trong qu trnh lin lc, hoc
do MS di chuyn nhanh qua gc khut ca to nh m cha kp HO
- Other reason: Nguyn nhn rt ny thng l do li ca phn cng nh: BTS HW faults,
Synchronization or Abis link fault (transmission faults), MS Faults
1. 13) Cell load trong mng thng tin di ng c tnh nh th no?

Cell load (UL hay DL) c tnh bng tng ca load ring r ca tng radio access
bearer (RAB) (hay tng user) trong 1 cell v c nhng thnh phn khc, e.g. thermal
noise, intercell interference. Load ca tng RAB dc tnh ton v s dng cho cc
tnh nng nh Load Control (LC), Admission Control (AC), Congestion Control (CC). V
d nh khi 1 RABx c thit lp (hay handover) trong 1 cell, AC s thc hin "load
check" , i loi th ny:
RABx s vt qua th tc "load check" nu:
Current_cell_load + Load_RABx < load_threshold
Nu RABx c admitted (ngoi load check OK, ti nguyn khc (e.g. Code, Hardware
resource, baseband resources ...etc cng phi check l ), cell load value s c
updated (Curent_cell_load = Current_cell_load + Load_RABx )
Load_RABx c tnh khng ph thuc nu la CS RAB hay PS RAB (Circuit Switch,
Packet Switch)!
Load_RABx ph thuc vo c tnh ca cc knh vt l m RABx s s dng:
SIRtarget, SF (Spreading Factor), power setting (UL only). Nu normalize load bng
thang gi tr 0 ti 1 (1 = maximum load, 0 = zero load in cell (practically not happen
v lun lun c noise) th load ca tng RABx c th tnh:
Nu in DL:
Load_RABx = SIRx / 2SF
Nu in UL:
Load_RABx = SIRx / SF
(nu phn tch k hn, SIR c th tnh t Eb/No value ca knh vt l)
Cch tnh ny hin c dng thc t trong UTRAN ca cc vendor, ch khng ch l
sch v.
Tm li, theo ti, load calculation khng ph thuc vo type of RAB (CS hay PS) hay
type of service (voice, non.realtime data, streaming ...etc)
(tr li ca Conqueror)
1. 14)Trong mng GSM th c phn h NSS trong c cc HLR ( home
location register ) v VLR ( Visitor Location Register ) dng xc nh v
tr thu bao, nh th th HLR v VLR cha nhng thng tin g? Chng khc
nhau v ci g? V thc t n l ci g, hnh dng ra sao?
Trong mt h thng mng GSM s c 1 HLR v nhiu VLR. VLR s qun l mt vi
vng ( location areas) nh hnh di y.

HLR cha cc thng tin: v tr ca thu bao, chi tit lin quan n hp ng thu bao ca
ngi dng nh cc dch v, identity. N cha thng s K_i dng trong qu trnh bo mt v
chng nhn thc. Cc thng tin ny mang tnh permanent.
VLR cha cc thng tin mang tnh temporal, bao gm cc thng tin lin quan n thu bao
( ly t HLR) v v tr chnh xc ca MS trong vng VLR ny (ang kt ni vi BSC no...).
Cn v thc t hnh dng n th no th bn c th hnh dung n gin n nh mt my vi
tnh c lp trnh thc hin c cc chc nng m ngi ta trao cho n.
qua l mt c s d liu ( database).

N chng

(tr li bi nvqthinh)
15)Khi mt MS bt my ca mnh th chng s hot ng nh no?
- Khi MS m my ln (powered on), th iu u tin l n s search tt c cc PLMN m
n nhn c tn hiu.
- Tip theo MS d nhin s chn ci PLMN m c gi l HPLMN. Nu m l roaming th s
chn ci no m HPLMN c SLA. Nu khng th ngi dng c th chn manually. a phn
th l chn t ng da vo thng tin ghi sn trong SIM.
- Mt khi chn PLMN, n s chn 1 cell tt nht trong s nhng cell ca PLMN chn. MS

s scan nhng knh control ca cell ny ( control channel).

- Ri MS s ng k s hin din ca n vi mng PLMN, vi HLR...thng qua cc qu trnh
nh location registration (LR), GPRS attach hoc IMSI attach.
- MS s chuyn v ch "idle" nu khng thc hin cuc gi no c.
==============================================

15bis) Cho em hi mt cuc goi ni mng GSM din ra th no? MSC bn thu bao
gi c phi hi HLR thng tin nh tuyn n MSC bn thu bao b gi khng? chng hn hi
MSRN ca thu bao b gi t HLR, HLR hi s ny t MSC ang phc v MS b gi nh
tuyn cuc gi? khng th lm sao MSC bn thu bao ch gi nh tuyn cuc gi n thu
bao b gi ca cng mt mng gsm, trong khi thu bao b gi MS thng xuyn di chuyn
vng ca MSC ny sang cc MSC khc. m c s d liu thu bao hu nh lu trn HLR.
p ca nqbinhdi
Cuc gi ni mng GSM din ra nh sau (gia 2 MS thuc hai MSC khc nhau):
1. MS ch gi gi s MSIDN (s mng ISDN ca MS, l s my cng khai ca MS) ti MSC
qun l mnh.
2. MSC ny gi s MSIDN ny ti HLR thc hin cuc hi nh tuyn, nhm hi MSRN ca
MS b gi. MSRN l s thu bao di ng tm thi (s roaming) do MSC t cho tng MS ang
lu ng trong vng qun l ca mnh, s ny l cn thit nh tuyn v iu khin
trng chuyn mch ca MSC . MSRN c cc s u l a ch (m im bo hiu) ca
MSC ang qun l MS , cc s cn li phc v cho iu khin paging v chuyn mch...
3. HLR tra trong bn ghi ca mnh bit MS b gi hin c nhp mng khng v nu ang
nhp mng th ang hin din ti MSC no (thng tin ny c cp nht khi MS nhp mng
v di chuyn t MSC ny sang MSC khc), nu MS ang ri mng th pht tn hiu bo bn
n MSC ca MS ch gi MSC gi tn hiu bo bn cho MS ch gi (announcement l The
subscriber you have called is not available at the moment...), nu MS b gi ang nhp mng
th HLR s gi yu cu MSRN ca MS b gi ti MSC ang qun l n.
4. MSC ang qun l MS b gi gi MSRN ca MS b gi ti HLR, HLR n lt mnh s chuyn
tip s cho MSC ca MS ch gi.
5. MSC ca MS ch gi s gi MSRN nhn c t HLR ti MSC ch trn ng bo hiu s
7.
6. MSC ch khi nhn c MSRN s ra lnh gi MS b gi trn ton vng nh v (LA) m MS
b gi ang hin din (LAI ca vng LA ny c ng k trong VLR ca MSC khi MS ng
nhp hoc Location update khi chuyn t LA ny sang LA khc thuc MSC ang qun l n).

1. 16)Ti sao li xy ra adjacent interference trong khi BTS ch c setup

thu trn 1 knh RF ?
- Ph pht x ca adjacent channel c pht x ngoi bng khng m bo theo quy
nh v mt n ph cng sut pht x trong tech.spec (v d necessary bandwidth
yu cu ch 1.23 MHz cho CDMA nhng thc t pht 1.28 MHz chng hn c th gy
ra adjacent channel interference.Gii php thng c p dng l s dng RF filter
(thng l loi BPF) cho BTS gy ra nhiu ct bt phn ph pht x ngoi bng
khng cn thit.
Nguyn vn bi smiles

Cc RF filter (BPF) khng ti u. Do vy, cc tn s ct, cc filter ny c ng truyn t

dng thoai thoi. Nh vy, vn cn 1 s cng sut pht x nh hng sang cc knh k cn
khc.
Bnh thng ta c iu chnh cng sut. Tuy nhin, nu 1 MS ca operator A n gn 1 BS
ca operator B th khng c s iu chnh cng sut ny dn n kh nng MS ny ri vo 1
vng gi l deadzone.
- Trong tech.spec ca cc h thng thng tin di ng u quy nh v blocking requirement
v receiver intermod requirement cho receiver. Khi cc tn hiu out of band c mc cng
sut vt qu cc gii hn cho php th s xy ra hin tng sau:
1. Hnh thnh cc sn phm xuyn iu ch my thu do c tnh phi tuyn ca cc phn t
tch cc trong h thng my thu (nh cc amplifier), cc sn phm ny c tn s ri vo
trong bng tn thu ca Receiver gy ra can nhiu.
2. Gy ra hin tng desensitisation cho my thu, do b qu ti u vo lm suy gim h s
khuych i ca my thu t lm gim S/N, gy nh hng xu n cht lng ca tn
hiu thu.
3.Do phase noise ca cc local oscillator trn vi cc tn hiu blocker lm gim S/N do tng
N trong my thu
Gii php cho cc vn ny l operators nn c planning tt tc l m bo h s isolation
gia cc h thng vi nhau, ngoi ra c th s dng cc RF filter lp ti u vo receiver
chn cc tn hiu out of band
Mt v d in hnh v nhiu out of band tng xy ra vit nam l nhiu do cc BTS ca
HT Mobile vo cc BTS ca mng Vinaphone xy ra, l do l c b lc RF ca BTS
vinaphone c thit k cho EGSM (c bng tn thu ca BTS t 880 MHz n 915 chiu
uplink, downlink cng thm 45 MHz) rng hn 10 MHz so vi PGSM ( t 890 MHz n 915
MHz, trong khi bng tn ca Vinaphone c cp php lm vic trong di tn ginh cho
PGSM), chnh v vy khi cc BTS ca HT mobile ( c bng tn pht t 882 MHz n 890 MHz)
gy nhiu cho cc trm BTS ca Vinaphone t gn . Gii php cui cng x l vn
ny l Vinaphone s dng cc BPF c thit k cho P-GSM thay th cho cc BPF EGSM
ang s dng. Kt qu cui cng l can nhiu c gii quyt xong.
Trn thc t ti u vo my thu ca cc BTS u c BPF, trnh nhiu knh k cch tt
nht l khi planning cn phi m bo h s isolation m bo theo yu cu trnh nhiu

gia cc BTS ca cng operator hoc ca cc operator khc.

Cn v trng hp nh bn ni MS ca operator A s b ri vo "vng cht" khi i vo gn BS
ca operator B (vic iu khin cng sut khng nh hng n nhiu n hiu ng ny)
trong trng hp MS thu c cng sut t BS ca Operator B vt qu gii hn cho php
trn. Gii hn ny ph thuc vo tng loi cell khc nhau nh normal cell, micro cell hay
pico cell, bn c th tham kho ti tech. spec quy nh v cc yu cu cho hot ng
thu/pht ca GSM v CDMA trong cc site ca 3GPP v 3GPP2.
(tr li ca khoalv)
---------------------------------------------------------C th, cn phi bit r th tc lm vic ca cc MS trong qu trnh bt my (turn-on) v
trong ch ch. Tuy nhin, ngay c khi nu tt ton b BTS trong khu vc v gi nh mi
MS u khng pht trong ch ch i na (thm ch ngay c khi khng c mt MS no
trong khu vc quanh ) th vn c mt kh nng na m bn vn thy ph tn hiu m bn
tng l ph tn hiu MS. l trng hp khi trong khu vc bn o ang c mt my pht
nhiu in thoi di ng (gi l my ch p in thoi di ng) ang nh up-link ca h
thng CDMA (thng l ngi s dng my pht nhiu s chn phng thc ny khi gn
trm BTS). Ph ca my pht nhiu s ging c ph ca tn hiu CDMA do nhiu c to
ra l nhiu cn ti u. Bn c tt tt c BTS i song ci bc an ninh ph trch my gy nhiu
u c bit v c pht nhiu ln, v do vy bn vn c o thy ph ca tn hiu nhiu rt
ging vi ph tn hiu MS. Bn th ni xem ci khu vc bn thy nh th u, khi no nh.
Thng thng, mt s mc tiu quan trng s c th c bo v bng thit b ph sng. Khi
y, nu thi gian gy nhiu lu lu mt cht th cc cell lin quan s nhy ln u cell-list
(danh sch cc cell ang km nht, c call-drop rate - CDR - cao nht) ti OMC ngay. Nhiu
khi, do bo v cc on quc t quan trng, ngi ta cng s dng cc thit b gy nhiu
nhm chng kch n bom qua v tuyn bng in thoi di ng (m ci ca bom iu khin
bng mobile ny th ai cng lm c nh, min l c cht n). Hi tng thng M sang ta
hp APEC, khi on xe qua gn nh ti th mi loi in thoi di ng trong khu vc u mt
lin lc trong mt khong thi gian, trong khi t OMC vn thy cc BTS hot ng gn nh
bnh thng. y l do an ninh Hoa K i theo tng thng M s dng my gy nhiu ton
di, vi cng sut rt mnh (mt s hng c cc my nh th vi cng sut ln ti 400 W
trn mt di sng rng vi GHz). C thy xe cng an dn ng ci h chy qua th y nh l
in thoi di ng khng lin lc c. H h, c y nh l in thoi di ng d ng vi siren
ca xe cnh st y vy.
(tr li ca nqbinhdi)
Xem thm lung ny http://vntelecom.org/diendan/showthr...p?t=387&page=3)
17) Phng php tnh ton nh hng ca can nhiu n h thng CDMA?
Ti u vo my thu BTS chu nhng nh hng g?
1. Tp m nhit (Pt)

Tp m nhit (Thermal noise) Pt(dBm) = kT = -174 dBm/Hz, vi k = 1.38.10(-23), T= 300K.

Cng sut ca tp m nhit (Power of Receiver Thermal noise) tnh trong on BW ca 1
sng mang CDMA (bng thng 1.2288 MHz):
Pt/1.2288 MHz = -174+10lg1228800=-174+60.9=-113.1 dBm
2. H s tp m my thu ca BTS (Receiver noise figure) NF= 5 dB (H s ny
cng nh cng tt)
Nh vy trong iu kin khng thu c tn hiu mong mun,ti u vo my thu s c mc
cng sut nh sau
P(dBm) = Pt (dBm) + NF (dB) = -113.1 + 5 = -108.1 dBm. (*)
3. Mc tn hiu mong mun thu c Ps
SNR yu cu cho CDMA khong 6 dB, nh vy ti u vo my thu, mc cng sut ti thiu
trong trng hp khng c can nhiu phi l -108.1 dBm + 6 dB = -102.1 dBm th my thu
mi c th gii iu ch thnh cng tn hiu.
4. Can nhiu (nu c) k hiu l Pn xt trn BW = 1.2288 MHz

Pn(dBm/1.2288) = X (dBm) + 10log(RBW/1.2288)

Trong X (dBm) l mc cng sut nhiu thu c xt trn RBW (bng thng phn gii o
ca my o)
Ngoi tr phn cng sut ca tn hiu mong mun thu c Ps, khi ny mc cng sut nhiu
tng hp ti u vo my thu bao gm Pt + NF + Pn. Gi tr ny tm k hiu l Pin
Yu cu ca Pin (dBm) v mc nh hng khi c nhiu nh sau;
1: -117 < Pin < -105 ->Tt -> Nhiu ngun ngoi i vi BTS mc chp nhn c
2: -105 < Pin < -95 ->Km -> BTS vn c th cung cp dch v tuy nhin bn knh ph sng
gim dn (bn knh gim cn khi mc Pin = -97 dBm)
3: -95 < Pin < -84 ->Rt km ->BTS vn c th cung cp dch v tuy nhin bn knh ph
sng gim rt nhiu
4: -84 < Pin ->Khng th hot ng BTS gn nh b v hiu, bn knh ph sng gim bng 0
(km)
Quan h gia mc cng sut nhiu - gi tr bn knh v din tch ph sng c th hin
trong hnh v sau:

Nu mi ngi quan tm, mnh s trnh by mt v d c th v tnh ton nh hng ca can

nhiu n h thng CDMA.
==============================================
17bis) Tip tc vn v can nhiu trong mng TTDD, mnh xin gii thiu cc
phng php xc nh can nhiu i vi mng GMS thng c cc operator p
dng.
1. Thng qua gim st v phn tch cc ch s lu lng ti OMC
Bng vic phn tch cc ch s v lu lng hoc chuyn giao, operator c th xc nh cell
no c kh nng b can nhiu cn c vo nhng vn nh sau:
- Nu thi gian chim gi knh TCH trung bnh ca mt cell no ngn (thng < 10 s) th
knh TCH ny c kh nng b can nhiu v MS s b rt cuc gi hoc HO ngay sau khi knh
TCH ny c chim gi, v vy n c ch s v thi gian chim gi trung bnh l rt thp.
- Bng vic phn tch cc d liu chuyn giao cng c th cho bit v kh nng mt cell no
b can nhiu trn c s cm c vo: S ln quyt nh HO (do RXQUAL ca downlink) ; S
ln quyt nh HO (do RXQUAL ca uplink); cc gi tr RXLEV v RXQUAL ti cc thi im
xy ra HO.

- Thng qua t l rt cuc gi

2. Thng qua kim tra ch s nhiu IOI ( Interference on Idle Mode).
Ch s ny ch xc nh c nhiu uplink, sau mi a khung 480 ms c mt TS ginh o
nhiu IOI xc nh mc cng sut nhiu ng ln khi khng c MS no pht nng lng
n BTS
3. Thng qua tip nhn phn nh t ngi dng
4.Thng qua cc hot ng o kim h thng nh driving-test
Ch pht hin nhiu downlink

(tr li ca khoalv)
1. 18)Ti sao khi m rng thu bao, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng thng
tng s lng BTS ch khng phi l tng cng sut pht ca BTS vy cc
bn?
Nguyn vn bi nvqthinh

V mi BTS c mt cng sut gii hn nht nh. Tng cng sut cng ch lm tng vng ph
sng ln cht t thi. Ngoi ra tng cng sut s tng nhiu....Tip thm l kh nng ca
mt BTS khng ch c yu t cng sut pht m cn nhiu yu t khc (bng thng,...) Nu
mt BTS ch c kh nng p ng n users trong mt thi im, nu by gi lng thu bao
tng hn th tng cng sut cng khng lm g c.
Nguyn vn bi Ngoc Anh

Hai vn khc nhau bn :

o

Tng s lng BTS ti s dng tn s nhm tng "dung lng" (s

ngi s dng ng thi) ca mng. chnh l ngun gc ca "cellular"
network. Bn c th xem li khi nim ny trn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network

Tng cng sut pht ca BTS tng tm ph sng (coverage) ca

mng. Chng hn cc vng nng thn th t ngi s dng dch v
nhng mi ngi li cch xa nhau nn thng ch trin khai mt s t
BTS (v dung lng - s ngi s dng ng thi - ) nhng cng sut
ln ( nhng ngi xa BTS vn bt c sng)

2. 19)Gip mnh phn bit AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) v AMC (Adaptive

Modulation and Coding) vi?
AMR l k thut nn d liu thoi c s dng trong b m ho knh thoi, ph
thuc vo iu kin knh truyn (SINR) s dng mode codec no cho ph hp.
Mc ch l p ng c cho cc iu kin knh truyn khc nhau v tng dung
lng ca cell. V d nh MS gn BTS(c SINR tt, th s dng mode codec c tc
thp v khi ny FER l thp, ch cn dng mode code c tc thp vn m bo

cht lng, ng thi qua tng c dung lng cell (V m ho 1 knh thoi vi
tc cao cng th cn nhiu ti nguyn cell truyn i), ngc li cc MS xa BTS
(SINR thp) th cn m ho vi tc cao hn vn m bo cht lng thoi. Mi
mode codec tng ng vi cc loi tc khc nhau v bao gm hai loi knh l
knh ton tc (full rate) v knh bn tc (half rate).
Mi mode codec tng ng vi 1 tc m ha knh thoi khc nhau, AMR s dng
8 loi m ha knh thoi tng ng vi cc tc 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90,
5.15 and 4.75 kbit/s, tc cng thp th cht lng thoi cng km. AMR s dng
cc k thut nh Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), Voice Activity Detection (VAD),
Comfort Noise Generation(CNG) gim nh bandwidth ca cc khong "im lng"
trong qu trnh hi thoi. AMR c s dng rng ri trong hu ht cc cng ngh
truy cp v tuyn ngy nay nh GSM, EDGE v c HSPA na. Lu l AMR ch p
dng cho loi d liu thoi
AMC l cn c vo SINR (ci ny do UE nh k report v) h thng quyt nh s
dng phng thc iu ch v m ho knh no, nu SINR tt th chn loi iu ch
c order modulation v code rate cao( tng s bit per symbol trong iu ch v gim
s bit redundant trong m ho knh) nhm tng tc truyn dn, ngc li cho
trng hp c SINR thp. AMC thng c s dng trong cc h thng truy cp v
tuyn hin nay nh UMTS/WCDMA,HSPA; CDMA 20001XEVDO (R.x) and WiMAX
(tr li ca khoalv)
1. 20)Mnh mun hi RAB(Radio Access Bearer) dch l 'Vt mang truy nhp v
tuyn' c ng k ? Bn no c th nh ngha gip mnh RAB l g c ko?
Nguyn vn bi khoalv

Ci ny th ty thi, vn l hiu bn cht ca n th mnh ngh l OK, c mt nh ngha

(TA) v RAB bn th tham kho nh (cn TV th mnh ngh chc l khng c).
RAB - Radio Access Bearer
Term used in UMTS to identify the service the AS (Access Stratum) provides to the NAS (Non
Access Stratum) for transfer of user data between the UE (User Equipment) and the CN
(Core Network).
Nguyn vn bi nqbinhdi

Mt s H ca ta khng lm r khi nim dch v mang (bearer service) v end-to-end

service, nn SV thng kh hiu vi ci t bearer ny khi c ti trong mt s ti liu. y l
kinh nghim ca ti qua tip xc vi rt nhiu SV t tt c cc trng H trn min Bc (v
c mt s trong min Nam na) - he he, l trong qu trnh o to sau tuyn dng ti
thng phi m nhim phn cng c nhng kin thc c bn quan trng nht cn thit cho
k s vin thng lm vic trn mng li, t chuyn mch/bo hiu cho ti truyn dn s
(quang, vi ba, di ng, v tinh...), ng-ten/truyn sng cho cc dch v c nh ln di ng
nn tip xc vi loi SV t tt c cc trng tt nghip ra.
Bearer service l dch v m mng cung cp cho ngi s dng, ch bo m truyn a
bn tin c to ra bi ngi s dng (m ch chu trch nhim qui g n ni dung ca
bn tin - ci ny do ngi s dng chu trch nhim) t ngi s dng n ngi s dng.
Chuyn pht th ca cc cng ty bu chnh l mt th d in hnh ch hn. Trong GSM
phn ra rt r dch v mang v dch v u cui ti u cui.

21)c ai bit v tnh ton d tr fading (fading margin) trong GSM ko?
Ci gi l d tr fading (fading margin) trong thng tin di ng ni chung v GSM ni ring
bao gm 2 khon:
1. D tr fading che khut chun-log (d tr fading chm). (Slow/Shadowing
Fading Margin)
Khon ny tnh c da trn xc sut rt cuc gi cho php do fading chm gy nn,
thng n l 1% theo nhiu ti liu. Lng d tr fading chm ny tnh c nu ta c c
ng cong mt xc sut fading che khut (dng chun-log). Ci ny, n lt mnh li
c c nh phng php thng k (nh o bng driving-test c c lch qun
phng (zigma) hay cn gi l lch chun - standard deviation - ca bin ngu nhin mc
fading che khut, v mt phn b chun c k vng bng khng hon ton xc nh c
pdf ca n nu bit zigma).
2. D tr fading nhanh (multipath fading). (Multipath Fading Margin)
Ci ny c rc ri hn i cht. Vi cc h thng bng hp nh GSM (tc d liu trn
knh thp do ch yu ch phc v dch v thoi v d liu tc thp) th multipath fading
xem c l flat-fading. Khi d tr fading nhanh c th xc nh c theo phn b ca
mc fading nhanh. Vi cc mi trng khc nhau, s c cc phn b khc nhau, tri t phn
b chun (knh Gauss) hay Ricean (knh Rice) cho ti Rayleigh (knh Rayleigh), trong
knh Rayleigh l knh ti nht, rt hay gp trong mi trng macro khu vc th. Do vy,
khi tnh ton thit k v tuyn (tnh ton ph sng) ngi ta thng tnh vi trng hp xu
nht l vi knh Rayleigh. Pdf (Probability Density Function - hm mt xc sut) Rayleigh
ca bin ngu nhin l mc fading nhanh cng hon ton xc nh c nu c c lch
qun phng zigma ca n. Ci ny (zigma) cng phi xc nh bng o lng (driving-test).
T ta c th xc nh c d tr fading nhanh bo m xc sut rt cuc gi do
fading nhanh gy ra thp di mt mc no , cng thng l 1%.
Vi cc h thng bng rng th d tr fading chn lc khng my ngha do fading chn lc
tn s khng khc phc c bng AGC hay tng cng sut my pht (tng lng d tr
fading phng), ci ny ti ging rt k trong khi dy k thut truyn dn s ri m, v
ngi ta c gng p dng cc bin php khc nh phn tp (khng gian hay tn s), san
bng (equalization), hay s dng cc bin php mnh nh OFDM... nhm a fading chn
lc v fading phng v p dng tnh d tr fading nh vi knh bng hp (fading phng) nh
ni trn.

Tng hp li, ta c c d tr fading l tng ca d tr fading chm (che khut chun-log)

v d tr fading nhanh (Rayleigh fading do multipath propagation gy nn) v xc sut rt
cuc gi do fading cc loi s c gi mc di 2% (tiu chun thit k thng thng).
Xem li ci hnh v v link budget calculation trong tp bi ging th s r. Hnh v gc ca
n bn c th tm thy trong cun ca T. S. Rappaport m ng link c anh nvqthinh
cung cp trn 4R ny ri.

(theo nqbinhdi)
1. 22) Trong WCDMA,tc d liu ngi s dng l hng s trong 1 frame 10
ms. Tuy nhin th tc ngi s dng s thay i theo dch v. Hot ng
ny l nh th no?
(note: DPDCH c th Tx vi TTI of 10ms, 20ms, 40ms).
Tc ca DPDCH thng c thay i during a call (i.e. dynamic bit rate
adaptation) do cc l do sau (hoc combination ca chng):
- Radio channel quality ca bearer ti/tt qu (di / trn 1 ngng no ) nn cn
phi/c th gim/tng data rate, e.g. gim t 384kbps DCH xung 256kbps, i.e.
switch t SF8 xung SF16
- User ang s dng DCH tc cao, nhng do c th ca dch v, lng data cn
truyn i ti 1 thi im no l nh. V vy c th gim data rate xung tit
kim ti nguyn m vn m bo QoS.
- User ang s dng DCH tc cao, nhng hin nay cell ang overloaded & c 1
user khc c priority cao hn mun truy cp, RNC s de-allocate resource & gim
data rate ca user ny m bo dnh ra resource allocate cho user kia (c
gi l qu trnh pre-emption)
-...1 vi l do khc na.
Trong UMTS, vic thay i data rate ca DPDCH thc hin bi RNC. Qu trinh thc
hin cn nhiu th tc & signallings (cc bn tm c RRC, NBAP... Specification t
3GPP). V vy, k t khi trigger cho n khi complete c th ln n 1-2 seconds.
============
Vic thay i data rate every TTI c th thc hin c vi HSPA !!!
Vi HSDPA, packet scheduler + Link Adaptation s quyt nh data rate ca tng user
every 2ms.
Vi HSUPA (i.e. E-DCH), Node-B Scheduler c nhim v allocate Serving Grant (=
maximum data rate the UE is allowed to transmit in Uplink) cho tng user. NodeB
Scheduler hot ng nhanh hay chm l ty thuc vo capability ca hardware, cng
nhanh cng tt. pha UE, da vo Serving Grant m UE c node-B ch nh,
ty vo lng data ang ch c truyn i trong buffer, vo power cn d (1 ci
handset ch c th pht ti a X Watts, trong khi c th Y (out of X) Watts ang s
dng pht cho cc channel khc ca UE) m quyt nh s truyn pht vi
power/data rate l bao nhiu trn knh E-DPDCH. Qu trnh nay gi l E-TFC
selection. E-TFC selection c UE thc hin every 2ms hay 10ms, ty thuc vo UE
capability.
(theo conqueror)
23)Theo nh em c bit th tc ca WCDMA ln n 2 Mbps l nh s dng h s tri
ph kh bin v cc kt ni a m. Nhng em cha hiu nh th no l h s tri ph
kh bin v kt ni a m. V khi mt kt ni s dng nhiu m th s x l nh th no?

----------------1 user c th s dng n 6 knh DPDCH nn gi l a m, mi knh DPDCH c h s tri

ph t 4 n 256 nn gi l kh bin. Cc m ny l m trc giao di kh bin (OVSFOrthogonal Variable Spreading Factor), nn phn bit c cc knh ca cng mt user. Tc
2 Mbps s c c nh h s tri ph = 4, dng 6 knh DPDCH v m knh truyn l m
chp tc 1/3: 3,84 Mc/s x 1/4 x 6 x 1/3 = 1,92 Mb/s.

y l gin miu t cch chn code OVSF trc giao.

Hai code c gi l trc giao nu inner product (tch trong) ca chng bng 0. Trong trng
hp 2 code c dng 1, -1 v d nh (1, 1, 1, 1) v (1, 1, -1, -1) l trc giao v:
(1 * 1) + (1 * 1) + (1 * -1) + (1 * -1) = 0
Ni chnh xc hn rng 2 codes trc giao vi nhau l 2 codes c hm tng quan gia chng
bng 0. Ngha l ch nhn vi nhau th cha m cn phi ly tch phn trn c chu k ca
tn hiu mang tin (Ts) na.
Cn ni r thm rng cc PN codes do con ngi to ra khng c loi no t c tnh trc
giao y trong mt chu k hu hn c m ch gn nh trc giao vi nhau thi v l
bn cht ca MAI. Nu ta c th to ra cc PN codes hon ton trc giao trong mt chu k
hu hn th dung lng ca cell v l s c th t v cng ln, ch cn b gii hn bi tp
m nhit m thi.
(tng hp t jcisio v nqbinhdi)
1. 25)Trong GSM, ti sao pht ln tn s thp, cn tn s pht xung li cao
hn, trong khi thng tin v tinh th ngc li?
Nguyn vn bi nothing

L do l IN thi bn :
- Tn s cng thp suy hao cng t truyn cng xa.
- Trong GSM: c BTS v MS u trn mt t do vn ngun in khng ng ngi, v
Cng sut pht ca MS nh hn BTS nn u tin dnh tn s thp cho MS pht tn hiu (BTS
thu, v ngc li)
- Trong V tinh: ngun in l im cht ngi ca qu v tinh, do tng t nh GSM tn
s thp li c dnh cho qu v tinh pht xung mt t.
- i vi hn ch do phi pht ti tn s cao ca BTS GSM v trm mt t v tinh d dng
c khc phc bng tng cng sut pht v ng ten gain ln.

Nguyn vn bi khoalv

Mnh hon ton ng vi kin ca bn Nothing, tn s thp c u tin ginh cho

satellite v nhiu l do, trong c l do v ngun in. Cn v tnh nh hng th phi c
hai pha ch khng ch mt. Trong thng tin v tinh s dng k thut tracking iu khin
bm v tinh v hng tnh ca anten. K thut ny da trn vic o c v thu thp cc
tham s t v tinh v trm mt t ra quyt nh vic iu khin
Tham kho thm tr li ca cu hi 11)
1. 26)c im ca cng ngh EDGE tin tin (Evolved EDGE)?
Ti hi ngh di ng th gii MWC08 va c t chc ti Barcelona, Nortel trnh
din cng ngh EDGE tin tin (Evolved EDGE) vi tc truyn ln n 500 Kbps.
mi ngi rng ng tho lun v Evolved EDGE, mnh xin gii thiu mt vi c
im chnh di gc k thut v mc tiu pht trin ca cng ngh ny nh sau:
Evolved EDGE c pht trin ln t cng ngh EDGE thng thng, mc tiu ca
Evolved EDGE c t ra nh sau:
- Tng 100 % tc d liu nh so vi EDGE
- Tng 50 % hiu qu s dng ph tn s v dung lng mng
- Ci thin nhy thu ca chiu downlink thm 3 dB cho c thoi v d liu
- Gim thi gian tr (latency)
- Cho php h tr cc dch v m thoi nh VoIP v PoC
- Tng thch vi quy hoch tn s hin c, v vy cho php trin khai n gin trong
cc mng ny.
- Cng tn ti vi cc MS truyn thng bng vic cho php c hai cng nhau chia s
ti nguyn v tuyn ca mng
- Trnh vic nh hng n haj tng mng bng cch cho php nng cp thng qua
phn mm
Cc k thut m Evolved EDGE Rel.7 thc hin l:
- H tr thm iu ch 16QAM v mt s phng thc iu ch/m ha nhm tng
tc d liu cc i ca mt Timeslot ln 38 % so vi EDGE thng thng.
- Cho php 1 MS thu ng thi 2 knh v tuyn (2 sng mang) tng s lng
timeslot c th c s dng cng lc. Thit b u cui ci tin c th cho php thu
16 timeslot ng thi trn 2 knh v tuyn v pht ng thi c 8 timeslot trn 1
knh v tuyn.
- Gim khong thi gian truyn dn (Transmission Time Interval) nhm gim nh thi
gian tr tng ( overall latency)
- H tr phn tp thu ca cng knh v tuyn tng cht lng tn hiu thu, ng
thi ci thin nhy my thu thm 3 dB
Ti u cch s dng timeslot theo hnh v sau:

Evolved EDGE so vi EDGE thng thng c trnh by trong hnh v sau:

Tc l thuyt ca Evolved EDGE:

- Ti chiu Downlink, thit b u cui di ng loi 2 (Type 2) s dng phng thc
iu ch v m ho nh trong MCS 11 v l mt u cui gm hai my thu ( dual
receiver) c th t c tc nh sau:
- Tc d liu trn mt Timeslot (layer 2) = 81.6 kbps
- S Timeslot trn 1 sng mang = 8
- S sng mang downlink c s dng ng thi trn mobile terminal2 = 2
Nh vy tc tng chiu downlink = 81.6 x 8 x 2 = 1305.6 kbps
(theo khoalv)
1. 27) Compressed mode trong UMTS l g? Khi no th dng n?
Nguyn vn bi nvqthinh

- compressed mode c dng trong UMTS FDD ni chung. Mc ch dng compressed

mode l dnh ra mt khong thi gian ri users c th thay i tn s tin hnh o
c, nghe ngng mt tn s khc (hay ni chnh xc l thc hin inter-frequency/intersystem measurement).
- compressed mode c thc hin bng 3 cch. (xem y i
http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/compressed.htm, li vit ra qu).
- Xem hnh minh ha trn th s thy l thng tin (data,..) s c truyn vi tc ln
hn trc v sau ci khong thi gian ri y (compressed). Do vy, thng tin khng b mt
i. Tuy nhin compressed mode phi c s dng mt cch hn ch, ch dng khi cn thi.
Trong sch ca Holma c ni l nu thc hin 1 ci compressed mode ny trn 3 frames
UMTS (tc 30ms) th performance s b degraded i 19%.
1. 28) Ai c th gip mnh phn bit khi nim v cc trng hp s dng cc
ng k IMSI-MS ISDN,TMSI-MRSN c khng?
TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) , ting Vit gi l s nhn dng trm di
ng tm thi, l s nhn dng m mng cung cp cho thu bao mt khi thu bao
m my.TMSI c chiu di 4 octet, c to ra mt cch ngu nhin v ch mang tnh
cc b trong mt vng nh v. Do , khi thu bao di chuyn sang vng khc,TMSI s
c cp nht. TMSI c th c thay i bt c lc no v mc ch bo mt. Nhn
dng TMSI c dng trao i gia UE v trm gc thay v dng nhn dng IMSI.
MSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity), ting Vit gi l B nhn dng trm
gc quc t, l mt nhn dng duy nht cho mi mt thu bao in thoi di ng
GSM/ UMTS trn ton th gii. IMSI c cha trong th SIM ca in thoi di ng.
IMSI thng l mt chui 15 ch s (14 ch s i vi cc thu bao Nam Phi), bao
gm mt MCC (Mobile Country Code), mt MNC (Mobile Network Code) v mt MSIN
(Mobile Station Identity Number).
IMSI c dng nhn dng thu bao vi my ch HLR. Tuy nhin v l do bo mt
trch b ngi khc theo di, IMSI c dng mt cch hn ch trong cc qu trnh
nhn thc, thay vo l mt b nhn thc tm thi TMSI, c to ra mt cch
ngu nhin, s c s dng.
B xung 1 t v IMSI: MCC (Mobile country code) ca Vit Nam l 452, cn MNC
(Mobile network code) ca Mobifone l 01, ca Vinaphone l 02....

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), ting Vit gi l mng a dch v s, l

mt mng in thoi chuyn mch knh c thit lp cho php truyn ti m
thanh, d liu, video... bng k thut s qua ng cp ng in thoi truyn thng
vi mc ch nng cao cht lng v tc d liu (c th t c 2Mbit/s) so vi
in thoi tng t. Vi s ra i ca ADSL, s thu bao ISDN gim mt cch r
rt v nhng ch cho truyn thng bng rng.
Nguyn vn bi dt3_27

vy cho em hi s in thoi m mnh vn thng gi c phi l IMSI khng?

Cm n nhiu!
Khng.
S m ta vn bm gi my di ng c gi l MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber Integrated
Services Digital Network number), l s ca thu bao in thoi di ng nh s theo quy
nh cho mng ISDN (nhm phc v cho nh tuyn vi bo hiu SS7 - l bo hiu knh
chung c pht trin nh hng dng cho ISDN).
Nguyn vn bi huutaivn

Trong number plan khi nh tuyn cho cc node trong mng di ng, IMSI c nh tuyn
theo E.212 cn MSISDN th nh tuyn theo E.164.