11

-1

1600

1.1

- Geography
Geo (
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,



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17 , 1610 ,

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(Solar System)

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Anthropegeography

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88

59

255

257

365
6871

24

0
1
2
61
31
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58
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227
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141
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285
4
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4.8
12.5
12.6
6.7
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4
120
49.6
44.8

12
29
84
165

24.6
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10.3
15.7
15.7

,
,

(Parental Hypothesis) ,

12,756 .
12,714 .

Hypothesis)- (1749)

23.5

1610 . 23
56 , 4

365
5 , 48 ,46 ( 365 ,
6 ) ,



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-

(Gasseous
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(Meteoric
Hypothesis)- (1919)

(2) -

15 .

Hypothesis)-.. (1905)

2.

(Nova Hypothesis).

(The Fission
Theory)-

(Binary Star
Hypothesis)-..

1749

(Tidal Hypothesis) (1909)

(Planetesimal

(Cepheid Theory)-..

(Interseller Dust Hypothesis)-

17

-12,756.

-12,714 .

1903

-40,008 .

-40,075.

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(12,756 .)

-29%

(12,714 .) 42 ..

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:
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24

11

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8,848 .

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1.4

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24
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24

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(2)
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365 6
48 4.091

1851

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21

23.5
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21
22
23.5

22

21 23 -
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12 23

(Winter Salistice)


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|


-23

111

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2330

1.5

2330

(Northern hemisphere)

(Southern
hemisphere)

(Latitude)

,
,
,
0




0 90
180

(Equator):

(Tropic of
Capricon):

(Tropic of

(90 )

(90 )

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(0 )
,

180

360 , 1

- 15

111.32

1 90

0 ..

6 180 360

360

180

24 1 -

180

(internationainternationalinternational date line)

180
,

23 23

27 28

)
(

27

(Time zone)
(
)

(Indian standard time)

82

(0 )

(
- )

24

(GMTGMT)


15

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:
360 24

15 1 4

1.6 ,

, ,

29.1
800 ..

(standard time)

12

:
1.

-48 ..

3. -

365.2419
365.25
366 ,
28 (Leap year)


, 400
1600 2000

3761 .. ,


29 - 30
19
3

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2.75 2.90 |

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2.2

()

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|
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|

32
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100 . 12
.,
300 . 2
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|

40
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|

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|
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:

|

2.9 4.7

1000 2000 .|

(Nife)- (Nickel)

(iii)

(Ferrium) |

11 6880 (4300 )|

- |

(i)

(ii)

2.

- |
3 1600 |
-
| 4.5

1280 |
- 11.6

(iii)

7040

,

|

87

|
-

3. (Recent View)-

(i)

3.0 |
(ii)

|

(6371
) |

fd fzLFkfr ekuh gSA
(i)

(Sial)- (Silica-si)
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2.9 50-30 .
|

(ii)

(sima)-

/ |

(Mantle)-
(Moho- discontinuity) 2900

| ,

-
2.8

(sediments) ,

(iii)

(Core)- 2900

6371
- a) b)

5150
|

()

(1963), , , (1966),

, - (1960), (1962), (1963),

(1966), (1968), (1970),

(1973) |

1962 :
(1)
, (2)

, (3)

|
|

|
(1)
, (2)

| (3)

1.
2.

46.60

27.72

-
8.13

5.00

3.63

2.83

2.59
2.09

1.41

20 -

, |
()

1970

1)
,

( + )

8 45 .

( + )

45 100 .(

2)

2.75 2.90

( )

1)

2)

( + )

( )

100 1,700

3.10 4.75

.(

4.75- 5.00
1,700 2,900 .

1)
2)

( + )

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.

4980 6,400 .

(
, .-60.9 .)
(

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(103.3 .)

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(47.2 .)

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.)

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100 .
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1985
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!!!
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140 2000

| 500 ..

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1. -

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1. -

|
|

(cinder)

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|

(iii) -

1500

I -

2.5

I
MsdUlcxZ vchlhfu;k ds iBkj] nf{k.kh
vesfjdk eas ijkuk o iSaVkxksfu;k ds
iBkj] U;wthyS.M eas bfXueczkbV iBkj
vkfn ykok ds iBkj gSaA
sVj & Tokykeq[kh ds eq[k dks sVj
dgrs gSaaA budk O;kl dqN fWV ls ysdj
dbZ ehy rd gksrk gSA vykLdk ds
dVekbZ sVj dk O;kl 4-8 fdeh]
bUMksusf;k eas kdkVkvks dk 6-4
fdeh] rFkk vykLdk eas ,fu;kdpd sVj
dk O;kl 9 fdeh- gSA bldh nhokjas 1200
ls 2000 hV ph gSA l;qaDr jkT; ds
vksjsxu jkT; eas fLFkr sVj eas ty
Hkjus ls sVj >hy fufeZr gks x;h gSA
dkYMsjk &LisfuHkk"kk eas dkYMsjk
dk vFkZ ^dgkM+^ gSA ;g sVj dk
foLr`r dgkM+uqek xrZ gksrk gSA bldh
mRifr ds fo"k; eas nks foijhr er izpkfyr
gSaA izFke ladYiuk ds vuqlkj dkYMsjk
dk fuekZ.k iw.kZ:is.k sVj ds /aSlko ls
gksrk gSA tcfd f}rh; ladYiuk ds vuqlkj
dkYMsjk dk fuekZ.k Tokykeq[kh ds
foLVd mn~Hksnu ls gksrk gSA
orZeku i;Zos{k.kkas rFkk izek.kkas ds
vk/kj f}rh; ladYiuk gh vf/d lR; izrhr
gksrh gSA dukjh }hi eas yk dkYMsjk]
vykLdk eas dVekbZ] b.Mksusf'k;k eas
dkdkVkvks] U;weSfDldks eas osfyl
rFkk tkiku eas vlks dkYMsjk izfl

|
|

|

|

|

|

|
|

| :

gSaA
MkV &tc fefJr izdkj ds Tokykeq[kh
'kkUr gks tkrs gSaA rks izk;% mudk
fNnz Bksl ykok ls Hkjk tkrk gSA
T;kas&T;kas 'kadq dk vi{k; gksrk tkrk
gSA R;kas&R;kas izfrjks/h MkV ckgj
izdV gksrk tkrk gSA tc ykok
Tokykeq[kh fNnz vFkok uyh eas Hkjk
jgrk gS rks ,sls MkV dks dHkh&dHkh
Tokykeq[kh xzhok dgk tkrk gSA
Tokykeq[kh eSnku &Tokykeq[kh
mn~xj ls fudyh jk[k fudVorhZ izns'k
eas tek gks tkrh gSa] ftlls ph&uhph
Hkwfe lery gks tkrh gSA ;g jk[k cgqr gh
mitk gksrh gSA bVyh ds fo'o izfl
folwfo;l Tokykeq[kh ls fudyh jk[k ls
usiYl uxj ds fudV miktk eSnku cu x;k
FkkA
/qvkjs &ySfVu Hkk"kk eas
^;wejksy^ dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ xSl rFkk
ok"i fu"dkflr djus okyk fNnz gSA
Tokykeq[kh ds mn~xj ds i'pkr tc mleas
ls ykok] jk[k] f'kyk[k.M vkfn inkFkZ
mPp rkieku ij rhoz /kj ds :i eas ckgj
fudyrs gSaA ;s /q, ds ckny tSls yxrs
gSaA vykLdk eas fo'ofo[;kr ,sls /qvkjs
ftuls vf/d ek=kk eas xU/d fudyrk gS]
mUgas ^xa/dh; /qvkjs^ vFkok
lkSyrkjk dgrs gSaA bVyh ds usiYl ds
ikl ,d lkyrkjk uked xa/dh; /qvkjk fLFkr
gSA nl gtkj /wez fNnzksa dh ?kkVh
fo'o dk fo'kkyre /qvkjkas dk {ks=k gSA
blh ?kkVh eas ^dVekbZ /qvkjs ds
{ks=k] dsfyksfuZ;k eas ^cEikl gSy
{ks=k^ rFkk bVyh o U;wthyS.M eas
/qvkjkas ds vusd {ks=k fLFkr gSaA
buls egRoiw.kZ [kfut izkIr gksrs gSaA
m".k ty L=kksr ;k xslj &;s xeZ p'eas
;k >jus gSa ftudk rkieku 21a lsfYl;l ls
100a lsfYl;l rd ik;k tkrk gSA Hkwfexr ty
eSXek o m".k xSlkas ds dkj.k xeZ gks
tkrk gSA bueas vusd [kfut Hkh ?kqys
jgrs gSaA /jkry ij ;g ty L=kksr ds :i eas
izdV gksrk gSA l;qaDr jkT; vesfjdk esa
;syksLVksu ikdZ eas ^eSeFk^ ,d
dSfyksZfu;k eas ykWlu ikdZ eas]
vkblyS.M] U;wthyS.M ds mRjh }hi rFkk
depVdk eas vusd m".k ty L=kksr Ikk;s
tkrs gSaA
iadokg &tcHkwxkfHkZd xSlas mPp
nkc ds dkj.k ty;qDr ijrkas dks Hksndj
HkwiVy ij vkrh gSa rks o dhpM+ ds :i
eas /jkry ij izokfgr gksrh gSaA ,sls iad
Tokykeq[kh vykLdk eas dkWij unh
csflu] E;kaekj eas feUcw] fllyh eas
isVuksZ ,ao vkblySaM ds kyk {ks=k
eas ik;s tkrs gSaA
HkwdEi
HkwdEi dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS& /jkry ;k
Hkw&iVy dk dkiuk ;k fgyukA ;g ,d
vkdfLed vUrtkZr izf;k gSA HkwdEi dh
ifjHkk"kk bu 'kCnkas es izLrqr dh tk
ldrh gS& tc fdlh Kkr ;k vKkr okk
vFkok vUrtkZr dkj.kksa ls i`Foh ds
HkwiVy eas rhoz xfr ls dEiu iSnk gks

tkrh gS rks mls HkwdEi dgrs gSaA ftl

izdkj tc ge fdlh rkykc eas iRFkj sadrs
gSa] rks ikuh dh ygjsa lHkh fn'kkvka
eass Syus yxrh gSa blh izdkj ds
Hkhrj dh pkusa tc fgyrh gSa] rks dEiu
iSnk gksrs gSa tks pkjkas vksj Syus
yxrk gSA
HkwdEi ds dkj.k

1-

Hkz'ku f;k n~okjk&i`Foh ds Hkhrj

vf/d xgjkbZ ij rkieku vkSj nkc cgqr vf/d gksrk
gSA ;g nkc izR;sd LFkku ij leku ugha gksrk
dHkh&dHkh ;g nkc cgqr vf/d c<+ tkrk gSA ftlds
dkj.k xgkjkbZ ij fLFkr pV~Vkus eqM+us yxrh
gSa vkSj vUrr% VwV tkrh gSa] pV~Vkukas ds
VwVs gq, Hkkx ij vFkok uhps dh vksj ljd tkrs
gSa] bls Hkza'k (ft;ksyksftdy kWYV) dgrs
gSaA ,d fo'kky HkwdEi ds vkus ckn i`Foh dks
fLFkj gksus eas le; yxrk gS vkSj dkh le; rd
gYds&gYds >Vds vkrs jgrs gSa] ftUgsa ckn ds
>Vds (vkVj 'kkWd) dgrs gSaA

2-

IysV VsDVksfud dkj.k &HkwdEi dk

,d nwljk dkj.k foorZfud Hkh gSaA i`Foh ds iVy
dks IysVksa dk cuk gqvk ekuk x;k gS] ;s
IysVsa ljdrh jgrh gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh nwljh
IysVkas ls Vdjk Hkh tkrh gSa] vr% bu IysVkas
ds Vdjkus ls Hkh HkwdEi vkrs gSaA

3-

vfoorZfud dkj.k &HkwdEi dh mRifr ds

vfoorZfud (ukWu VsDVksfud) dkj.k Hkh gksrs
gSa] tc Tokykeq[kh ls mn~xkj fudyrs gSa tc rc
Hkh i`Foh dh lrg ij dEiu gksrs gSaA blds dkj.k
vfrfjDr pV~Vkukas ds f[kldus] ce Vus vFkok
Hkkjh okgukas vkSj jsyxkfM+;kas dh rhoz xfr ls
Hkh dEiu iSnk gksrk gS] fdUrq bl izdkj dk
HkwdEi cgqr gYdk gksrk gS] rst&ls&rst
Tokykeq[kh HkwdEi ,d e;e foorZfud HkwdEi
ls gYdk gksrk gSA

4-

lefLFkfrd lek;kstu &vijnu ds fofo/ lk/u

egk}hikas ds inkFkksZa dks dkV&NkVdj
vf/dka'kr% lkxjkas eas fu{ksfir djrs jgrs gSaA
blls lkxj dh ryh dk Hkkj vf/d gks tkrk gSA mu
LFkkukas dh 'kSyas uhps /lrh gSA HkwlUrqyu
LFkkfir djus ds fy, ioZrh; {ks=kkas eas mRFkku
dh f;k gksrh gSA blls 'kSykas eas fo{kksHk
mRiUUk gksrk gS] ftlls HkwdEi vkrs gSaA
fgUnqdq'k (1948)] dkaxM+k (1905)] phu ds
dkalw izns'k (1920] 1927)] vle (1897) eas blh
izdkj ds HkwdEi mRiUu gq, FksA

5-

izR;kLFk iqu% pyu flkUr

&HkwxkfHkZd'k jcM+ dh Hkkfr yphyh gksrh
gSA ruko gksus ij os VwV tkrh gSaA VwVs gq,
Hkw[k.M iqu% f[kpadj viuk LFkku xzg.k djrs
gSa] blls HkwdEi mRiUUk gksrs gSaA fcgkj
(1944)] vle (1950)] mRrj izns'k (1956)] ds
HkwdEi blh dkj.k mRiUu ekus x;s FksA
HkwdEi dk oxhZdj.k
mRifRr ds dkj.kkas ds vuqlkj
1- foorZfud HkwdEi &bUgas lajpukRed HkwdEi
;k Hkza'k ewyd HkwdEi Hkh dgrs gSaA ;s
vf/drj foorZfud gypyksa ds dkj.k Hkw[k.M eas
Hkza'ku f;k ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA ih: eas
Dohpsl (1946)] tkiku eas fu;ksnkuh {ks=k ,ao

laxkeh [kkM+h {ks=k (1946)] la;qDr jkT; eas

dSfyksfuZ;k (1946) eas blh izdkj ds HkwdEi
vk;s FksA
2- Tokykeq[kh HkwdEi &i`Foh ij Tokykeq[kh ,ao
HkwdEi isfV;kas eas ijLij xgjk lEcU/ ik;k tkrk
gSA vf/dka'k Tokykeqf[k;kas ds mn~xj ls
HkwdEi vkrs gSaA ,.Mht eas xk;frjh (1959)]
bUMksusf'k;k eas kdkrksvk] dSfyksfuZ;k ds
ykluihd (1959) ds HkwdEi Tokykeq[kh mn~xj
ds gh ifj.kke FksA
3- lefLFkfrd HkwdEi &mPPk ioZrh; {ks=kkas ,ao
fuEu MsYVkbZ Hkkxkas eas bls izdkj ds
HkwdEi vkrs gSaA
4- foryh; HkwdEi &;sHkwdEi HkwxHkZ eas 300
fd-eh- ls 720 fd-eh- dh xgjkbZ ij mRiUu gksrs
gSaA buds fo"k; eas cgqr de Kku izkIr gSaA
Lisu ds fl;jk usoknk (1959) {ks=k eas HkwdEi
dk mnxe HkwiVy ls 630 fdeh- xgjkbZ ij FkkA
mRifRr LFkku dh xgjkbZ ds vk/kj ij &
1- lkekU; HkwdEi &tc HkwdEiry dh fLFkfr /jkry ls
0&50 fdyksehVj dh xgjkbZ rd gksrh gSA
2- e;orhZ HkwdEi &blds HkwdEiewy dh xgjkbZ
/jkry ls 50&250 fdyksehVj rd gksrh gSA
3- xgjk HkwdEi &tc HkwdEiewy dh fLFkfr /jkry ls
250&700 fdyksehVj rd gksrh gSA

|
(L-waves) :


,
(L-waves) |
|

| p s

| |

A

| P

| ,
|

| S

| : ,

(..))

- , ,

|
,
|

, |

(s-waves) |

| 6.2

| -

12 | 1935 ..

(p-waves)

| 0-9 -

(p-waves) :
( 8 ) |

(s-waves) :

| ,

(p) |

2.

: 20

, ,

| 3-4

|
3.

|
7.0-7.5

4.

, |

:

|

2.3

|
29% ,

1.

- -
|
| : -

) ,

20 . ,

|

| :
|

| -

| :
|
,

1967
|

-


:
1.

( 8,848
( 11,033 .

3.

71% |

|

|
2.

) |
|

71 29
|
| -
,

|
- (1)

(2) (3)
|

|
, , ,

: (Circum Pacific

, , , ,

Belt ) ,

|
60


| , , ,

:
1.

) 1

100 ( 6

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|
2.

417 , 330
22 |

,
| :

| :

| -

0.5

1 , -
|
|
4.

|
|

3.

- |
|

7% |

(1)

| ,

(2) |

75.9%
,
,
| -

57 |

, , :

, ,
|

,

,

- ,

- - |

, |

: :

| 10 12

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|

|

,
,,,,

2443 :

, :

16.91 19.03

63.(17.2C)

1829

19.1

34

,,

()

200

20

200

200

-
-

-(1);

-(i) ,(ii) ,(iii)

,(iv) ,(v) ,(vi)

,(vii)

,(viii) ,(ix)

(2) ; (3) ;(4)

1000 35

%
( )

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