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HPT Bac 4 Va Chach Giai 9766
HPT Bac 4 Va Chach Giai 9766
= = = x x x x
V d 3. Gii phng trnh
0 5 21 10 48 32
2 3 4
= + + x x x x (1)
Ta vit (1) di dng:
( ) ( ) 0 5 3 4 7 9 24 16 2
2 2 3 4
= + + x x x x x
V t: x x y 3 4
2
= th (1) c bin i thnh
0 5 7 2
2
= + y y
T 1
1
= y v
2
5
2
= y
Gii tip cc phng trnh bc hai i vi x sau y (sau khi thay 1
1
= y v
2
5
2
= y vo x x y 3 4
2
= ):
0 1 3 4
2
= x x
V 0 5 6 8
2
= x x
Ta s uc cc nghim ca (1).
V d 4. Gii phng trnh
0 2 3 16 3 2
2 3 4
= + + + x x x x (1)
y l phng trnh bc bn (v l phng trnh hi quy khi
2
e d
a b
| |
=
|
\ .
)
Vi phng trnh ny ta gii nh sau:
Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho
2
x (khc khng) th (1) tng ung vi
0
2 3
16 3 2
2
2
= + + +
x x
x x
Hay
2
2
1 1
2 3 16 0 x x
x x
| | | |
+ + + =
| |
\ . \ .
t
1
y x
x
= + th
2 2
2
1
2 y x
x
= +
Phng trnh (1) uc bin i thnh:
( )
2
2 2 3 16 0 y y + =
hay
2
2 3 20 0 y y + =
Phng trnh ny c nghim l
1 2
5
4,
2
y y = =
3
V vy
1
4 x
x
+ = v
1 5
2
x
x
+ = tc l
2
4 1 0 x x + + = v
2
2 5 2 0 x x + =
T ta tm uc cc nghim ca (1) l:
1,2 3 4
1
2 3, , 2
2
x x x = = = .
Nh vy, vi cc v d 2,3 v 4 ta gii uc phng trnh bc bn nh bit
bin i sng to v tri ca phng trnh dn ti vic gii cc phng trnh
v phng trnh quen thuc.
2. C th gii phng trnh bc bn ni trn bng cch phn tch v
tri ca phng trnh thnh nhn t bng phng php h s bt nh.
V d 5. Gii phng trnh:
4 3 2
4 10 37 14 0 x x x x + + = (1)
Ta th phn tch v tri thnh hai nhn t bc hai
2
x px q + + v
2
x rx s + + ,
trong , , , p q r s l cc h s nguyn cha xc nh.
Ta c:
( )( )
4 3 2 2 2
4 10 37 14 x x x x x px q x rx s + + = + + + + (2)
ng nht cc h s ca nhng s hng cng bc hai v ca ng nht thc
ta c h phng trnh sau
4
10
37
14
p r
s q pr
ps qr
qs
+ =
+ + =
+ =
Nh phng trnh cui cng ca h ny ta on nhn cc gi tr nguyn
tng ng c th ly uc ca q v s nh sau
q 1 2 7 14 -1 -2 -7 -14
s -14 -7- 2 -1 14 7 2 1
Th ln lt cc gi tr trn ca q th thy vi 2, 7 q s = = phng trnh th
hai v th ba ca h trn cho ta h phng trnh mi
5
7 2 37
pr
p r
=
+ =
M kh p i th uc
2
2 37 35 0 r r + =
Phng trnh ny cho nghim nguyn ca r l 1. Nh th ta suy ra 5 p =
Thay cc gi tr , , , p q r s va tm c vo (2) th c:
( )( )
4 3 2 2 2
4 10 37 14 5 2 7 x x x x x x x x + + = + +
Phng trnh (1) ng vi
( )( )
2 2
5 2 7 0 x x x x + + =
Gii phng trnh tch ny ta uc cc nghim sau ca (1):
5 17 1 29
;
2 2
x x
= =
Lu : Trong mt s trung hp ta khng th dng phng php ny v nhiu
khi vic phn tch trn khng c nh mong mun chng hn khi h trn
khng c nghim nguyn.