III.

Kinh nghim tuyn chn v bi dng hc sinh gii

Ha hc
BO O KI!H !"HI#$ %&'(! H)!* B+I ,-.!"
H) /I!H "I0I $1! H23 H)
Trng THPT chuyn L Hng Phong Nam nh
Mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng ca trng THPT chuyn l cng tc !"i #$ng hc
%inh gi&i'(hng th)c t* hin nay vic tuy+n chn v !"i #$ng hc %inh gi&i ,u-c gia g./
/h0i nhng 1h2 1h3n nh4t 56nh' 7au 58y l mt %- chia %9 ca ch:ng ti v; cng tc !"i
#$ng H7<=
>?@n c2 1* hoAch tuy+n chn hc %inh ngay tB lC/ DE'<io vin #Ay chuyn c@n #Ay chFc
cG !0n %au t3ng #@n t-c 5 5+ 5*n lC/ DD hc %inh c2 th+ tham gia 5i tuy+n'
>Ph0i tAo ni;m tin trong hc %inh '<8y hHng th: cho cc Im vCi mn chuyn v c2 quy*t
t8m vo 5i tuy+n
><io #c cho cc Im !i*t n8ng cao J thHc trch nhimK nghLa v 5-i vCi trng v MN
hiK gio #c cc Im c2 1ht vng ca tuOi tr9 5"ng thi J thHc 5Pc quy;n lPi vCi !0n
th8nKvCi gia 5Qnh'
>Rng vin cc Im trong 5i tuy+nK tAo 5i;u 1in t-t nh4t cho cc Im yn t8m tS/ trung
vo mn chuyn nh= 50m !0o chGng trQnh cc mn 1hcK nh4t l cc mn thi 5Ai hcK c2
ch* 5 hT trP %inh hoAtKc2 ch* 5 hc !Ong thUch hP/ thIo ch* 5 chung V ngoi ra tQm ngu"n
ti trP 5+ Min thm cc %u4t hc !OngW
>Ph8n loAi hc %inh = gio vin /h0i c2 /hGng /h/ !"i #$ng thUch hP/ vCi tBng 5-i
tPng'
>HCng #Xn hc %inh t) hcKt) 5c= #)a vo nhng m.t mAnh ca tBng hc %inh c2 th+
giao chuyn 5; cho tBng hc %inh lm %au 52 trao 5Oi vCi cc !An 1hc trong 5i'
YCi hc %inh mCi vo lC/ DE thQ gio vin c@n /h0i giCi thiu ti liu cho hc %inh tham
1h0oKhCng #Xn cch 5c %ch thIo tBng chuyn 5;V gio vin c2 th+ cho #n J 5+ hc %inh
tS/ lm quIn vCi vic 5c %ch v !i*t cch thu hoAch nhng v@n 5; mQnh nghin cHuW'
7au mTi mt n3m hc nhng hc %inh 5i tuy+n %F/ M*/ lAi cc chuyn 5; mQnh 5N hc
r"i n/ vo th vin ca trng cho cc 1h2a %au tham 1h0o'
>ZS/ 1* hoAch !"i #$ng tBng tu@n= /h8n cng gio vin gi0ng #Ay tBng chuyn 5;K
th-ng nh4t ni #ung 1i*n thHcK 1L n3ng c@n r[n'
7au 1hi lS/ 5i tuy+n mt thi gian /h0i c2 1* hoAch !"i #$ng m\i nhnK n8ng m.t !]ng
chung ca 5i tuy+n '
>^a 5; 1i+m tra thng Muyn hng tu@n 5+ hc %inh r[n 1L n3ng lm !iKr[n 1h0 n3ng
ch6u / l)c thi c_'Ph8n cng gio vin ch4mK cha !i r:t 1inh nghim cho hc %inh' Hng
tu@n c2 /h@n th`ng 1huy*n 1hUch nhng hc %inh c2 1*t qu0 lm !i cao nh4t'
205
Trn 58y l mt %- 1inh nghim ca ch:ng ti trong qu trQnh gi0ng #ayK!"i #$ng hc %inh
gi&i' ^4t mong 5Pc %) g2/ J ca cc 5"ng nghi/ 5+ cng tc !"i #$ng hc %inh gi&i c2
hiu qu0 hGna
PHN TCH CC BY THNG GP TRONG QU TRNH
HNG DN GII BI TP HO HC TRNG THPT NH!
PHT TRI"N T DUY CHO H#
Trng THPT chuyn Phan Bi Chu Ngh An
R+ hCng #Xn H7 Pht hin v /h8n tUch nhng b!Xyc trong qu trQnh
hCng #Xn H7 gi0i !i tS/ ho hc ` trng THPT ta c@n hi+u rd mt %- v4n 5; v; cG %` lJ
luSn #Ay hc %au=
$' T%& '()* +',+- ./( 01& 23 45 4'6 7'89 .(+' 484 ./( 01& 9:;+- <=> '?4
1.1. Khi nim v sai lm sai lm trong nghin cu khoa hc.
ThIo Trung t8m TB 5i+n hcK TB 5i+n ti*ng Yit V(h Mu4t !0n ehoa hc MN hiK H
(iK DffgW thQ sai !m l b"r#i $%i yu c!u &h#ch 'uan( ) *h+i( ,-n ./n h0u 'u+ &h1ng hayc'
7ai l@m 1hng chh Mu4t hin trong cuc %-ng m cin Mu4t hin c0 trong hc tS/ v nghin
cHu 1hoa hc' jl!Ir kin%tIin n2i v; tc hAi ca %ai l@m trong nghin cHu 1hoa hc= b N/u "1i
m2c sai !m "h3 ch4 c!n m" !n c5ng .6 ric' Trong gio #cK l'j' eomIn%1y 1hmng 56nh= b
B7" &3 m" sai !m n8o c5ng c9 "h: 8m cho h;c sinh &<m .i n/u nh gi#o $in &h1ng ch= >
ngay "%i sai !m .9( ?@ng c#ch h%ng ,-n h;c sinh nh0n ra $8 sAa chAa( &h2c *hBc sai !mc'
j'j' 7toliar c\ng 5N ln ti*ng nhFc nh` gio vin r]ng= b&h1ng .Cc "i/c "hi gian .: *hn
"Dch "rn gi h;c c#c sai !m c6a h;c sinhc'
1.2. Nguyn nhn ht sinh cc sai lm c!a "# trong gi$i %&i t' ho hc.
,ua tQm hi+u th)c t* ` cc lC/ ti tr)c ti*/ gi0ng #AyK tQm hi+u qu trQnh cc Im H7 gi0i
!i tS/K cc %ai l8@m Vc#c E?-yFW m cc Im thng g./ l=
n Rc 1hng 1o 5; ra #Xn 5*n hi+u nh@m 1i*n thHcK 1hng /ht hin 5Pc cc ni #ung
chUnh Vc#c EchG"FW trong !i tS/'
n ehng Mpt h*t cc trng hP/ #Xn 5*n bthi*u nghimc'
n YSn #ng cc /hGng /h/ gi0i ton mt cch 1hng hP/ lU v trit 5+ trong vic gi0i
cc !i tS/ ho hc'
n ?ha c2 /hGng /h/ /h8n tUch v tOng hP/ 1i*n thHc'
n ehi gi0i ton 1hng c8n !]ng /hGng trQnh ho hc'
n Thi*u 1o n3ng th)c hnh ho hcK cc !i ton th)c nghim cin mang n.ng tUnh lJ
thuy*tK 1hng %t th)c t*'
n 7ai l@m ca hc %inh v; cch hi+u v vSn #ng lU thuy*t h2a hc trong gi0i !i tS/'
@A B +-'C/ 23 984 <D+- 4E/ 2(F4 7'89 '(F+ 23 7'G+ 9H4' +',+- +'1& 0I+ 9:;+- J*8 9:%+'
'KL+- <I+ H# -(M( N3( 9O7 ';8 '?4 P 9:KQ+- THPTA
ThIo tiK n*u gio vin c2 1h0 n3ng #) 5on 5Pc cc %ai l@m V$H c#ch hi:u &i/n "hIc -n
&J nKng "hLc h8nhW m H7 thng mFc /h0iK %q tAo nn 5Pc cc tQnh hu-ng h4/ #Xn trong
!i tS/ m ta c2 th+ gi l b!Xyc' Mt gio vin gi&iK c2 1inh nghim trong #Ay hcK %q c2
1h0 n3ng #) 5on 5Pc nhi;u %ai l@m ca hc %inhK lm cG %` 5+ M8y #)ng cc !i tS/ ho
hc c2 ni #ung %8u %FcK 1i+m tra 5Pc nhng %ai /hAm m hc %inh mFc /h0i trong qu trQnh
hc tS/ mn h2a hcK 5+ tB 52 5i;u chhnh qu trQnh #Ay hc nh]m 1hFc /hc nhng %ai l@m
Mry raK tB 52 gi:/ H7 nFm vng v %8u 1i*n thHc hGn'
206
@A$A NR( <*+- +-'(S+ 4T*
Yic tOng 1*t nhng %ai l@m thng g./ trong #Ay hc h2a hc c@n c2 nhng nghin cHuK
5i;u tra cG !0nK !Cc 5@u ch:ng ti 5; Mu4t mt %- #Ang %ai l@m /hO !i*n %au 58y=
2.1.1. Nh(ng )nhm l*n+ trong ,u tr-nh v'n ./ng ki0n thc v h$n ng
o1i ho 2 kh3
Ph0n Hng oMi ho n 1h_ l mt 1i*n thHc r4t quan trngK n2 Muyn %u-t trong chGng trQnh
ho hc v cGK trong 1i+m tra 1i*n thHc ca cc 1Q thi tB t-t nghi/K 5Ai hc 5*n cc 1s thi
chn H7< ThnhK Thnh /h-K 5*n cc 1Q thi ,u-c gia h@u h*t 5;u c2 1i+m tra 1i*n thHc v;
/h0n Hng oMi ho n 1h_K vic hi+u v vSn #ng 1i*n thHc v; /h0n Hng oMi ho 1h_ 1hng thSt
5Gn gi0n v #tK %au 58y l mt %- bnh@m lXnc v; vic vSn #ng 1i*n thHc ny'
UH <D $V HNy vi*t cc PTHH %au 58y #Ci #Ang ion 5@y 5 v ion r:t gn
a' jl > H(u
v

jlV(u
v
W
v
> (u
w
> H
w
u
!' xI > H
w
7u
g

xI7u
g
> H
w

c' Mg > H
w
7u
g

V5.cK n2ngW

Mg7u
g
> 7 > H
w
u
M Phn "DchN
YCi loAi c8u h&i ny h@u h*t H7 5;u / #ng 1i*n thHc v; 5in li v trQnh !y vCi 1*t qu0 %au=
a' PhGng trQnh ion 5@y 5=
jl > y H
>
> y (u
v
n

jl
v>
> v (u
v
n
> v(u
w
> v H
w
u
PhGng trQnh ion r:t gn=
jl > y H
>
> v (u
v
n

jl
v>
> v (u
w
> v H
w
u
!' PhGng trQnh ion 5@y 5=
xI > w H
>
> 7u
g
wn

xI
w>
> 7u
g
wn
> H
w
u
PhGng trQnh ion r:t gn l=
xI > w H
>

xI
w>
> H
w
c' PhGng trQnh ion 5@y 5 =
w xI > z H
>
> g 7u
g
wn

w xI
v>
> v 7u
g
wn
> 7 > g H
w
u
PhGng trQnh ion r:t gn=
w xI > z H
>
> 7u
g
wn

w xI
v>
> 7 > g H
w
u
M YCi cch gi0i trn H7 5N /hAm mt %ai l@m ` c8u VcW n 52 l nhQn /hGng trQnh ion r:t
gnK ta th4y ion 7u
g
wn
c2 tUnh oMi hoK nhng th)c ch4t ion 7u
g
wn
1hng c2 tUnh oMi h2aK m
tUnh oMi ho l ca c0 /h8n t_ H
w
7u
g

UH <D @V { l mt oMit %Ft trong v oMit= xIuK xI
w
u
vK
xI
v
u
g
' c2 | 1h-i lPng %Ft trong oMit l
}wKgD |' ?ho !i*t ?TPT ca {K tUnh th+ tUch ## H(u
v
EK} M c@n thi*t 5+ ho tan h*t yfKy
gam {K !i*t P~HH gi0i /h2ng 1hU (u #uy nh4t'
W' xI
w
u
vK
g l BA xI
v
u
g
K gl CA xI
w
u
v
K l D' xI
v
u
g
K g}l
M Phn "DchN YCi !i ton ny H7 th4y ngay oMit %Ft /h0i c2 tUnh 1h_K vQ vSy { c2 th+ l
xIu ho.c xI
v
u
g
K 5-i chi*u 5/ n H7 %q chn ngay l 5/ n ho.c ' Yic tUnh th+ tUch
H(u
v
H7 %q / #ng /hGng /h/ !0o ton IlIctron nh %au=
n ,:a trQnh oMi ho=
v xI
>zv
VxIvugW
> vI

v xI
v>
Mol= yfKfwvw OOOOOOOOOOO

EKv
n ,:a trQnh 1h_=
(u
v
n
>
v I > g H
>

(u > w H
w
u
Mol= EKv OOO

EKg
YSy= 7- mol H(u
v
5N tham gia /h0n Hng trn l= EKg VmoW
o 52 th+ tUch ## H(u
v
l EKgEK} g}

C'?+ X87 8+ D
M YCi cch gi0i trn H7 5N /hAm mt %ai l@m l vi*t qu trQnh 1h_ 5+ tUnh %- mol H(u
v
thQ
%- mol H(u
v
trong qu trQnh 52 l lPng H(u
v
tham gia P~ oMihoa 1h_K cin lPng H(u
v
207
trong c0 qu trQnh P~ thQ cin /h0i tUnh thm lPng H(u
v
tham gia P~ aMit !aG vCi xI
v
u
g
'
YQ vSy ta c2 cch gi0i 1hc nh %au=
n PTHH= v xI
v
u
g
> wz H(u
v

f xIV(u
v
W
v
> (u > Dg H
w
u VW
Mol= EKv OOOOOOOOOOOO

wKz
ThIo PTHH VW 7- mol H(u
v
l= wKz

Th+ thUch ## H(u

v
l wKzEK} g VlUtW

C'?+ X87 8+ B
2.1.2. Nh(ng )%*y+ v cch hi4u v& v'n ./ng ki0n thc
ei*n thHc h2a hc /hO thng vBa /hong /h: vBa 5a #AngK vBa lU thuy*t vBa th)c nghimK
vBa trBu tPng v vBa c th+K nn vic mFc %ai l@m trong hc tS/ l 5i;u 1h2 trnh 1h&i' <io
vin nn c2 nhng #) 5on v; %ai l@m 5+ tAo tQnh hu-ng c2 v4n 5; trong !i tS/K /h@n no
gi:/ hc %inh hi+u 5Pc nhng %ai l@m 52 qua hoAt 5ng gi0i !i tS/K trnh mFc /h0i nhng
tQnh hu-ng tGng t) %au 1hi 5N hi+u 1i*n thHc mt cch chUnh Mc'
UH <D YV R-t chy hon ton DgKg gam mt hi5rocac!on j thu 5Pc ggKE gam gam ?u
w'
TQm ?TPT ca hy5rocac!on j
Phn "DchN YCi !i tS/ ny nhi;u hc %inh 5a ra li gi0i nh %au=
TB gi0 thi*t

n?u
w

gg
gg
DKE VmolW

m? Dw'DKE Dw VgamW
TB 52 %uy ra= mH DgKg DwKE wKg VgamW

<i ?TT, ca hy5rocac!on j l ?

M
H
y
ta c2=
M = y
Dw
D
mC
mH
D= wKg = Dw' YSy ?TPT ca hy5rocac!on j l= ?

H
Dw
'
Z YCi cch gi0i trn nhi;u hc %inh 5N /hAm %ai l@m l nh@m lXn gia cng thHc th)c
nghim v ?TPTK th)c ch4t ca vic gi0i trn l mCi chh tQm ra 5Pc cng thHc th)c nghimK
5+ c2 ?TPT ta /h0i gi0i nh %au'
n (h trn ta tQm 5Pc=
n?u
w
DKE VmolWK tB mH wKg gam

nH
w
u
D
w
nH DKw mol
o= nH
w
u n?u
w
nn j l an1anK tB 52 j c2 cng thHc tOng qut l ?
n
H
wn > wK

vCi n
w
nCP
nA

DK E
DK w DK E
'
YSy ?TPT ca hy5rocac!on j l= ?

H
Dw
UH <D [A ?ho !i*t 5i+m %ai ca mt %- c4u hQnh IlIctron %au v %_a lAi cho 5:ng
a' D%
w
w%
D
w/

'
!' D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
v%
w
v/
y
g%
w
v#
w
'
c' D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
g%
w
'
M Phn "Dch= R8y l mt !i tS/ 1i+m tra 1i*n thHc v; vUt c4u hQnh IlIctron' YSy hc %inh
/h0i hi+u 1hi nim v; c4u hQnh IlIctron v /hGng /h/ vi*t c4u hQnh IlIctronK c th+ l=
B%c Q' MHc n3ng lPng= D%w%w/v%v/g%v#g/%g/#
B%c R' Hi+u rd cc quy tFc vi*t c4u hQnh IlIctron= 7F/ M*/ cc /h8n lC/ thIo 5:ng trSt t)
ca tBng lC/K trong mTi lC/ thIo 5:ng thH t) /h8n lC/'
YCi 1i*n thHc ny H7 %q / #ng gi0i quy*t v4n 5; trn
/' D%
w
w%
D
w/

n i:m sai= Yi /hAm v; vic %F/ M*/ IlIctron thIo trSt t) mHc n3ng lPng'
O STa UiN ?h y*u H7 chh %_a lAi thIo 1*t qu0 D%
w
w%
w
w/
g
V?+o "o8n VWK nh vSy hc %inh 5N
lm 5:ng nhng cin thi*u mt 1*t qu0= D%
w
w%
w
w/

'
N' D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
v%
w
v/
y
g%
w
v#
w
=
208
O i:m sai= R8y l mHc n3ng lPng chH 1hng /h0i l c4u hQnh IlIctronK vQ vSy h@u h*t H7 %q
%_a lAi l D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
v%
w
v/
y
v#
w
g%
w
'
n Tuy nhin tB c4u hQnh IlIctron trn hc %inh c2 th+ %_a thIo 1*t qu0 1hng !0o ton
IlIctron D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
v%
w
v/
y
g%
w
c\ng thoN mNn'
4' D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
g%
w
=
n i:m saiN ?4u hQnh I ny thi*u lC/ vKvQ /hAm v; %F/ M*/ I v mHc n3ng lPng
n STa Ui= > H@u h*t H7 %q %_ #ng !0o ton IlIctron nn vi*t lAi c4u hQnh IlIctron l=
D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
v%
w
Z Mt %- H7 c2 th+ 1hng #Bng lAi !0o ton IlIctron m th4y r]ng lC/ thH v cin thi*u
IlIctron nn c2 th+ vi*t lAi c4u hQnh trn vCi 1*t qu0 D%
w
w
w
w/
y
v%
w
v/
y
v#
DE
g%
w
'
Z Mt %- H7 nFm vng v; c4u hQnh IlIctron c2 th+ cin 5a ra f 1*t qu0 1hc na=
D%
w
w%
w
w/
y
v%
w
v/
y
v#
M
g%
w
vCi M l= EK DK wK vK K yK }K zK DE'
UH <D \A {c 56nh %0n /hrm chUnh ca /h0n Hng %au=
?H
w
?H ?uuH > H?l

5 Phn "DchN R8y l mt c8u h&i v; /h0n Hng cng hP/ ca tc nh8n !4t 5-i MHng v lin
1*t 5i ? ?' R+ gi0i quy*t v4n 5; ny H7 /h0i vSn #ng quy tFc Macco/nhico/= Trong
*h+n Ing cng aWi" hoXc n%c Y&D hiu chung 8 HAZ $8o in &/" C[C( H Y*h!n mang .in
"Dch ,\ngZ u "in cng $8o C mang nhiHu H h\n Ycac?on ?0c "h7* h\nZ( c]n A Y*h!n "T
mang .in "Dch mZ u "in cng $8o C mang D" H h\n Ycac?on ?0c cao h\nZ
5 ^* ,Bng=
?H
w
?H ?uuH > H?l

?H
v
?H?l ?uuH Vs+n *h_m chDnhZ
?H
w
?H ?uuH > H?l

?H
w
?l ?H
w
?uuH Vs+n *h_m *hBZ
n YCi cch gi0i quy*t trn H7 %q vCng vo ci b!Xyc l /h0n Hng trn cng tri vCi quy tFc
Macco/nhico/ vQ hai lin 1*t 5i lin hP/ ?
v
?
w
n ?
D
u /h8n c)c v; /hUa uK %uy ra lin
1*t 5i ? ? /h8n c)c v; /hUa ?
w
nn tAi ?
w
mang mt /h@n 5in tUch 8m v H
>
ca tc nh8n
%q u tin t4n cng vo ?
w
%0n /hrm chUnh l
?H
w
?l ?H ?uuH'
UH <D ]V ?ho lPng # !t 1im 1oAi xI tc #ng vCi wE ml #ung #6ch H(u
v
gM 5un n2ng
v 1hu4y 5;u hTn hP/' Ph0n Hng M0y ra hon ton v gi0i /h2ng ra 1hU (u #uy nh4t' 7au 1hi
1*t th:c /h0n HngK 5Im lc !& 1*t ta thu 5Pc #ung #6ch j' Zm !ay hGi crn thSn #ung #6ch
j thu 5Pc mu-i 1hanK nung n2ng lPng mu-i 1han 52 ` nhit 5 cao 5+ /h0n Hng nhit
/h8n M0y ra hon tonK thu 5Pc m gam ch4t rFn v
M VmoZ hTn hP/ g"m w 1hU'
a' Yi*t cc /hGng trQnh /h0n Hng M0y ra'
!' TQm m v M
5 Phn "DchN YCi !i tS/ ny H7 %q tS/ trung vo vic ch: J 5*n tUnh ch4t oMihoa mAnh ca
H(u
v
K vQ vSy cc Im %q gi0i quy*t !i ton !]ng vic vi*t cc /hGng trQnh ho hc=
xI > g H(u
v

xIV(u
v
W
v
> (u > w H
w
u VDW
n ung #6ch j c2 xIV(u
v
W
v
qu trQnh c cAn j 1hng M0y ra %) nhit /h8n mu-iK vSy mu-i
1han l xIV(u
v
W
v
K nhit /h8n mu-i ny %q M0y ra /hGng trQnh ho hc %au=
g xIV(u
v
W
v

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w xI
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o 52 1h-i lPng ch4t rFn v %- mol 1hU thu 5Pc l=
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M Phn "DchN i tS/ trn l mt !i 1i+m tra 1i*n thHc H7 v; ni #ung !0ng HTTHK 5+ lm
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210
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211
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212

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m Kv > vK zKz PhGng n nhitu D'
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w
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H?uuH= M mol
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n EKD n EKDw
gy

+
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{
'
n PhGng trQnh ho hc 5Pc vi*t=
(a
{
> jg(u
v

jg
{ > (a(u
v
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{
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{
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vDKzg gam }Kvg gam

{
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w halogIn l r v l 5/ n B'
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1*t ta vCi #ung #6ch jg(u
v
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?lK rK l cin (ax 1hng tc #ng vCi jg(u
v
vQ 1hng tAo 1*t ta' YQ vSy c@n hCng #Xn
hc %inh Mpt !i ton qua w 1h0 n3ng=
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v
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halogIn l r v l' (h vSy 5/ n l '
213
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t'.
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l mt %- vU # minh hoA'
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ii+iN
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n

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'
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xI?l
w
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w
VDW
mol EKD EKw
w jg(u
v
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xI?l
w

w jg?l > xIV(u

v
W
w
VwW
mol EKD EKw
jg(u
v
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jg?l >

H(u
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214
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v
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UH <D @aV { l ## chHa EKD mol jl?l
v
l ## (auH D M' RO tB tB ## vo ## { 5*n
h*t thQ lPng 1*t ta thu 5Pc l yKwg gam' Th+ tUch ## l=
W' EKwg lUt B' EKvw lUt C' EKwg lit ho.c EKvw lUt D' EKvg lUt
M Sai !mN H@u h*t H7 thng gi0i thIo cch %au=
n PhGng trQnh ho hc= jl?l
v
> v (auH

v (a?l > jlVuHW

v
VDW
an 5@u= Mol EKD D'Y
Ph0n Hng= Mol
yK wg
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n ,ua %- mol ca jlVuHW
v
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v
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ta jlVuHW
v
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n
v'
v
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n
v' EKEz EKwg VmolW
YSy= Y

EKwz VlUtW'
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jlVuHW
v
nn 5N 1hng Mpt thm mt trng hP/ na l ## (auH tc #ng h*t vCi jlVuHW
v
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v
tan raK #o 52 !i ton ny c2 w
1*t qu0 5:ng l= Y #ung #6ch !]ng EKwg lUt v EKvw lUt'
2.1.D. Eh8a c@ h89ng h hn t=ch v& tFng h< ki0n thc.
Ra %- cc Im H7 c2 n3ng l)c hc tS/ trung !Qnh v y*u 5;u mFc cc b!Xyc 1i*n thHc v;
/h@n nyK cc Im c2 th+ c2 1i*n thHc cc /h@n ring !itK nhng %) tOng hP/ cc 1i*n thHc 52
lAi trong mt v4n 5; c@n gi0i quy*t thQ hAn ch*K m.t 1hc nhi;u Im cha c2 1h0 n3ng /h8n
tUch cc #) 1in !i tonK 5+ tB 52 M8u chuTi ch:ng lAi thnh mt 1i*n thHc th-ng nh4tK logUcK
%au 58y l mt %- vU # minh hoA'
UH <D @$ V ?ho cc ch4t= ?uVuHW
w
VDWK jg?lVwWK (auHVvWK jlVuHW
v
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w
VW
'
(hng ch4t no trong %- cc ch4t trn c2 !6 ho tan trong ## amoni3c'
W' ?hh c2 DKw B' ?hh c2 DKwKv' C' ?hh c2 DKv D' DKwKv v
Sai !m= Ra %- H7 thng chn DKwK vQ H7 nghL ngay 5*n 1h0 n3ng tAo /hHc ca ## (H
v
vCi ?uVuHW
w
v jg?lK nn chn 5/ n W'
M Phn "DchN R; ra yu c@u l tQm ch4t !6 hia tan trong #ung #6ch amoni3c nn c2 thn (auH
na V$3 NaPH &h1ng *h+n Ing nhng "an "rong ,, NaPHW'
UH <D @@ V R+ 5i;u ch* ?l
w
trong /hing thU nghim c2 th+ #ng cc cch=
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g
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w' ?ho ## eMnu
g
v ## H
w
7u
g
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v' Rin /h8n n2ng ch0y (a?l'
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Ph8n tUch= ehi cho H
w
7u
g 55
tc #ng vCi (a?l %q gi0i /h2ng H?l
(a?l > H
w
7u
g V5W

E
" C

(aH7u
g
> H?l
(hng #o H?l %inh ra ` #Ang 1hU ho.c c2 ho tan thnh aMit thQ n"ng 5 c\ng 1hng 5 lCn
5+ tc #ng vCi ## eMnu
g
5+ gi0i /hong ?l
w'
215
Trong /hing thU nghimK vCi lPng ch4t 5i;u ch* UtK #ng c 5Gn gi0n nn 1hng #ng
/hGng /h/ 5in /h8n'
YSy= chh c2 /hGng n D l hP/ lU nn chn 5/ n WA
UH <D @YV Ny g"m cc ch4t 5;u c2 1h0 n3ng l m4t mu ## rom l=
W' {iclo!utanK Pro/ilInK jMItilInK uta5iIn
B' Pro/ilInK aMItilInK glucooK triolIin'
C' InInK ItilInK /ro/ilInK aMItilInK tri/anmitin
D' Pro/ilInK aMItilInK !uta#iInK %accaroo'
M Sai !m= H@u h*t H7 1hi gi0i quy*t 1i*n thHc trn K th4y cc ch4t trong c8u j 5;u tho0
mNn nn chn 5/ n W'
M Phn "Dch= {iclo!utan / vCi r
w
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w
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g'
YQ vSy 5/ n 5:ng l BA
@A$A^A N',+- ./( 01& 2e bC +f+- 9'g4 '3+' 'h/ '?4
Trong qu trQnh #Ay hc h2a hcK 1hng chh
ch: trng 5*n 1i*n thHc lU thuy*t m cin /h0i r[n
luyn 1L n3ng th)c hnh h2a hc cho hc %inh'
)a trn nhng %ai l@m v; th)c hnh h2a hcK
gio vin c2 th+ thi*t 1* cc !i tS/ h2a hc th)c
nghimK t3ng tUnh h4/ #Xn v th)c titn ca mn
hc'
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5i;u ch* tB Mnu
w
v aMit H?l'
a' Yi*t /hGng trQnh /h0n Hng v ghi rd 5i;u
1in Vn*u c2W'
!' Ph8n tUch nhng chT %ai 1hi lF/ ! thU
nghim nh hQnh vq %au'
P'G+ 9H4' V
a' PhGng trQnh /h0n Hng =

t
0
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O MnO
2
+ 4HCl
(c)
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/h&ng thU nghimK hc %inh %uy luSn trong thU nghim ny=
Ph0i #ng #ung #6ch H?l 5.c vEnv}| 5+ /h0n Hng oMi hon1h_ Mry ra' o 52 #ng
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w
'
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w
'
ehU ?l
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thuy*t c\ng nh gi0i !i tS/ ho hc=
/' Rc 1o 5; ra trCc 1hi lm !i'
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4' (*u l c8u h&i lU thuy*t c@n /h8n loAi nhanh l c8u h&i thuc #Ang no= <i0i thUch mt
v4n 5;K nhSn !i*t cc ch4tK tch hay tinh ch* cc ch4t'TB 52 / #ng ngay /hGng /h/ gi0i
cc #Ang 52 5+ gi0i quy*t v4n 5; nu ra'
216
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ho nh= /hGng /h/ !0o ton 1h-i lGngK /hGng /h/ !0o ton IlIctronK /hGng /h/
5ng chpoK !i ton ch4t 1hUK /hGng /h/ trung !Qnh ' '
%au 52 hCng #Xn H7 trCc 1hi gi0i ton /h0i tQm %- mol cc ch4t Vn/u c9 "h:WK vi*t /hGng
trQnh ho hc hay %G 5" !i*n ho 5+ 1*t n-i cc m-i quan hK tB 52 lS/ /hGng trQnh ton hcK
gi0i ton tQm nghim'
k' (*u l !i ton th)c nghim c@n cho H7 lm quIn vCi nhi;u cc thao tc thU nghimK cc
!uOi th)c hnh /h0i hCng #Xn H7 tr)c ti*/ lm thUnghimK cc Im /h0i tSn mFt quan %t
5Pc cc hin tPng v gi0i thUch 5Pc cc hin tPng 52 mt cch 1hoa hcK tB 52 cc Im
1hi qut v hQnh thnh nn t #uy th)c nghim ho hc'
lmT nUN
D' {u4t /ht tB nhng yu c@u mCi ca cng tc gi0ng #Ay 52 l l4y H7 lm trung t8mK cho
nn vic hCng #Xn H7 trung hc /hO thng /ht hin cc b!Xyc v trnh nhng nh@m lXn
1hi gi0i !i tS/ 1hng nh]m ngoi mc 5Uch ny' Yic lm ny %q c2 tc #ng n8ng cao hiu
qu0 #Ay ca Th@y v hc ca tri'
w' R; ti ny mCi chh 1hai thc 5Pc mt %- nh@m lXn m qu trQnh hCng #Xn H7 gi0i !i
tS/ cc Im mFc /h0iK chFc chFn r]ng 5ang cin nhi;u ni #ung 1hc nu c@n 5Pc ti*/ tc
/ht tri+n thm'
v' ?c tQnh hu-ng trong !i tS/ m ta c2 th+ gi l b!Xyc c2 th+ gi:/ gio vin 5nh gi
5Pc n3ng l)c nhSn thHc ca H7 tB 52 /h8n loAi H7 5+ r"i tQm /hGng /h/ #Ay hc /h hP/
vCi tBng 5-i tPng H7K gi:/ <Y !"i #$ng nh8n ti c\ng nh /h 5Ao H7 y*u 1pm mt cch
1hoa hc hGn'
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bPh+n chIngc trong gi0ng #Ay 1i*n thHc ` trng THPTK n2 c2 th+ 5Pc nghin cHu %8uK
rng hGnK 1*t hP/ th)c nghim % /hAm 5+ c2 th+ tr` thnh cG %` lU luSn 1hoa hc trong #Ay
hoc'
' YCi 5i;u 1in thi gian ngFnK trQnh 5 !0n th8n c2 hAnK chFc chFn 5; ti cin c2 nhng
hAn ch*' YCi t8m huy*t ngh; nghi/ v t4m ling ca mQnhK ti mu-n 5Pc 52ng g2/ mt
/h@n nh& cng %Hc ca mQnh vo cng vic chuyn mnK nh]m n8ng cao hiu qu0 #Ay
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TI nIoU THW! lHO
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h;cn (M! <io #cK wEEf'
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<io #cK wEEf'
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<io #c
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#cK wEE'
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}' (guytn RHc YSn' Th)c hnh ho hc v cGK (M! <io #c Dfzg

lINH NGHIo! BpI DqNG HC #INH GIrI
Trng THPT chuyn H8 Ni O Ams"Vr,am
217
i vi*t ny ca ch:ng ti nh]m trao 5Oi giao lu hc h&i 1inh nghim lXn nhau' YCi 1*t qu0
1him t-n ca 5i tuy+n h2a trng jm%tIr#am ch:ng ti Min 5a ra mt %- 1inh nghim
nh %au=
IA PHN TCH Rs THUN ntIu lHv lHwN
$A T'*O+ 0x(
n ?2 %) quan t8m ca lNnh 5Ao %`K trng=
> ~u tin gio vin #Ay mn chuynK gi0m %- gi ln lC/
> <io vin c2 gi0i hc %inh gi&i qu-c giaK qu-c t* u tin ln lGng %Cm'
n R@u t cG %` vSt ch4t= Trng jm%tIr#am 5Pc M8y mCi trang thi*t !6 hin 5Ai MHng
vCi t@m qu-c t*
n ?ng tc tuy+n chn !"i #$ng gio vin 5Pc ch: J= Thu h:t cc gio vin gi&i c2
1Unh nghim #Ay 5i tuy+n qu-c giaK c2 n3ng l)c c2 hc %inh 5i thi qu-c t* ` cc thnh 1hc
5Pc thnh /h- H (i ti*/ nhSn chuy+n cng tc tB cc thnhK thnh /h- 1hc thIo ch* 5 u
5Ni ' Hng n3m c_ gio vin 5i tS/ hu4n cc chGng trQnh n8ng caoK ho.c tham gia hc tS/ `
nCc ngoi nh]m n8ng cao nhSn thHcK hi+u !i*t th)c t* ca gio vin'
n Hc %inh 5Pc tuy+n chn t-t= M.t !]ng hc %inh tuy+n vo cc trng chuyn H
(i c2 ch4t lPng cao'
n Hc %inh gi&i 5Pc chn lc !"i #$ng tB 1h-i TH?7 ch4t lPng cao ca
jm%tIr#am v cc 5i tuy+n ca cc quSnK huyn'
n ?c 1s thi 5@u vo c4/ TH?7 v THPT chuyn nghim t:c 5nh gi 5:ng n3ng l)c'
@A l'h b'f+
n TUnh th)c #ng ca hc %inh v /h huynh= Mc tiu ca /h huynh v hc %inh
chuyn l 5T 5Ai hc c2 #anh ti*ng trong nCc ho.c 5@u t vo vic 5i #u hc'
n ?h* 5 5Ni ng vCi gio vin v hc %inh gi&i cha hP/ lJ=
<io vin !"i #$ng hc %inh gi&i qu-c gia tr0 thIo ch* 5 nh nCc th4/ %o vCi %)
5@u t ch4t Mm v thi gian'
Hc %inh 5oAt gi0i 1hng 5Pc tuy+n %inh thmng vo RAi hc'
n Ri ng\ gio vin #Ay chuyn c\ng thi*u v cha 5Pc 5ng vin 1huy*n 1hUch 16/
thi'
IIA UN DyNG nINH HOzT TRONG UIoC BpI DqNG U TUY"N CHN
$A B{( <K|+-V
n {u4t /ht tB mc tiu ca hc %inh chn 5i #u hc ho.c thi 5Ai hc cho 5$ mAo
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%inh cha / l)c vCi vic thi 5Ai hc v 5i #u hc'
n 7au 52 !"i #$ng chuyn !it vCi cc hc %inh %ay m v c2 n3ng l)c' ?h:ng ti /
#ng cc !in /h/ 5+ c2 th+ !"i #$ng nhng hc %inh 52 nh= <iao !i ring tAi lC/K
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Im ` nh'
@A T*>)+ 4'?+V
Trong 1hi !"i #$ng c4/ tS/ 1i*n thHc ` lC/ DE %q /ht hin hc %inh yu thUch v c2
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Hng n3m %` gio #c tO chHc 1s thi chon hc %inh gi&i lC/ Dw v chn 5i tuy+n
,u-c gia %Cm vo gia hc 1s lK hc %inh 5Pc tuy+n chn c2 thi gian tS/ trung vo mn
chuyn hGnK thi gian !"i #$ng nhi;u hGn'
7au 1hi thnh lS/ 5i tuy+nK %` gio #c tO chHc tS/ hu4n thIo l6ch v chGng trQnh c
th+'
218
Ri ng\ gio vin tham gia #Ay 5i tuy+n 5Pc %) l)a chn thIo tBng chuyn 5;
chuyn %8u l th* mAnh ca tBng gio vin 5+ 1hng /h0i m4t nhi;u thi gian %oAn m lAi
tUch l\y 5Pc 1inh nghim %au mTi n3m'
YA Cc+- 984 }~ 'R( 'h/V
> Mi cc gio % cc trng RAi hc 5+ !"i #$ng chuyn %8u thIo tBng /h8n mn
cho gio vin v hc %inh'
> Mi %inh vin chuyn ngnh 5N tBng 5At gi0i cao trong 1s thi ,u-c giaK ,u-c t*
tham gia n2i chuyn trao 5Oi 1inh nghim v !"i #$ng cc lC/ 5n Im' (*u c@n c2 th+ cho
1[m ring cc Im'
> an /h huynh lC/ c2 /h@n th`ng 5ng vin cc hc %inh 5At gi0i cao %au mTi
hc 1Q'
> R-i vCi nhng hc %inh c2 n3ng l)c v ham thUch ! mn thQ t v4n cho gia 5Qnh
5@u t cho con hc nh
Hc trCc cc mn thi 5Ai hc 5+ hc %inh yn t8m vCi vic thi 5T 5Ai hc 1hng !6
/ l)c 1hi tham gia thi hc %inh gi&i qu-c gia'
"i #$ng ring mn chuyn thIo cch !"i #$ng chuyn !it'
[A G(8; 2(S+V
n ?u-i cng v quan trng hGn c0 l ngi th@y lNnh 5i v tr)c ti*/ gi0ng #Ay hc
%inh gi&i /h0i c2 n3ng l)c v %) 5am m t8m huy*tK c2 ni;m tin 5+ l chT #)a tinh th@n vng
chFc cho hc %inh'
n (gi th@y !i*t 1hGi ngu"n %ng tAo cho hc %inhK lm cho hc %inh 5am mK lun
quan t8m 5*n hc %inhK 5ng vin 16/ thi v chh !0o 8n c@n'
n ?@n nFm 5Pc nhng 5i+m mAnhK 5i+m y*u ca tBng hc %inh 5+ 16/ thi u-n nFn
!O %ung' ?2 th+ cho thm !i ring 5+ luyn 1hFc /hc cc 5i+m y*u ca hc %inh'
n <io vin !"i #$ng 5i tuy+n c@n thng Muyn 5c ti liu t n8ng cao trQnh 5 5+
5/ Hng 5Pc vCi yu c@u cng vic 5ii h&i ngy cng cao ny' M.t 1hc hi+u !i*t ca hc
%inh ngy cng rngK ngi gio vin c@n c2 trQnh 5 hi+u !i*t %8u v rng mCi c2 %Hc thuy*t
/hc vCi 5-i tPng hc %inh gi&i'
IIIA !T # UT
n ?2 ch* 5 5Ni ng vCi hc %inh 5At gi0i=
> Hc %inh c2 gi0i qu-c gia 5Pc vo thmng 5Ai hc vQ r4t MHng 5ng'
> Hc %inh c2 gi0i qu-c t* 5Pc c4/ hc !OngK 5Pc hc ` cc trng c2 uy tUn `
nCc ngoi'
n ?2 ch* 5 u 5Ni vCi cc gio vin #Ay chuyn v gio vin lNnh 5i c2 gi0i cao
> "i #$ng th lao cho gio vin MHng 5ng vCi cng %Hc v %) 5@u t ch4t Mm'
> Rng vin 1huy*n 1hUch 16/ thi vCi gio vin c2 hc %inh 5i thi qu-c t* nh mt
Mu4t quan %t vin #o 1inh /hU ca Vmt n_aW v ca thnh thnh /h- Vmt n_aW
n (i #ung thi chn hc %inh gi&i ,u-c gia c@n c2 giCi hAn 5+ gio vin v hc %inh
c2 56nh hCng trong vic !"i #$ng v n luyn'
219
I4. Kinh nghim 5u6n 78 v 9:y d;ng <=i ng> gi?@ viAn* <=i tuyn
hc sinh gii Ha hc
PHT TRI"N CHUYN !N
GIO UIN HvW TRNG PTTH CHUYN
Trng PTTH chuyn Nguypn Trmi H+i q\ng
Yic /ht tri+n chuyn mn ca gio vin h2a n2i ring v gio vin cc mn chuyn n2i
chung ` trng PTTH chuyn l r4t quan trng v c@n thi*tK c2 lm t-t 5i;u 52 mCi c2 th+
5/ Hng 5Pc yu c@u v; ch4t lPng ca cc trng chuyn ngy cng 5Pc n8ng cao hGnK
ti*/ cSn 5Pc vCi chGng trQnh #Ay hc qu-c t* t-t hGn'
Trong vic /ht tri+n chuyn mn 5-i vCi gio vin h2a ` trng chuynK thIo ti c@n
/h0i quan t8m tCi cc y*u t- %au=
IA Y6* 9 4;+ +-KQ(V
Yic tuy+n chn gio vin v; trng chuyn g2/ /h@n r4t quan trng v; ch4t lPng /ht
tri+n chuyn mn !;n vng ca gio vin trng PTTH chuyn' Trong 52 ch:ng ta c@n qua
t8m 5*n hai tiu churn quan trng 52 l=
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n RN tBng l hc %inh chuyn ho.c hc %inh gi&i ` trng PTTH'
n e*t qu0 hc tS/ ` RH 5At loAi 1h tr` ln
n e*t qu0 tt nghi/ loAi 1h tr` ln'
2. E@ M thc ngh nghi tJtK .Ia trn cc tiu ch= sauL
n ?2 J thHc trch nhim caoK nghim t:cK chu 5o trong cng vic'
n ?2 %ay m v; chuyn mn'
n ?2 tham vng v; chuyn mn'
IIA Cc+- 984 N{( <K|+- 4'*>S+ &c+
Yic !"i #$ng chuyn mn g2/ /h@n r4t quan trng trong vic n8ng cao n3ng l)c
chuyn mn ca cc gio vin n2i chung v 5.c !it c@n thi*t 5-i vCi gio vin ca cc mn
chuyn n2i ring' Yic !"i #$ng chuyn mn /h0i 1*t hP/ nhi;u /hGng /h/ 5"ng thi
%au 58y=
1. 7ic tI hcK tI %Ni .8Ong=
Mt trong nhng yu c@u quan trng 5-i vCi gio vin chuyn l /h0i !i*t t) hcK t) !"i
#$ng cho !0n th8n' Yic 52 c2 th+ #itn ra thng Muyn v /h hP/ thIo 5i;u 1in c th+
ca tBng ngi' (gu"n ti liu 5+ t) !"i #Pc l cc ti liu tham 1h0oK cc 5; thi H7< qu-c
giaK qu-c t* cc n3mK cc 5; thi ca c trng !AnK cc chuyn 5; ca 5"ng nghi/K
2. Ph$o lu'n chuyn m;n th8Cng 1uyn thQo sinh hoRt tF chuyn m;n h&ng thngL
an H3nh "hIc n8y c9 "h: .U" .Cc c#c mBc "iu sau=
n ?ng nhau gi0i quy*t 16/ thi cc vCng mFc g./ /h0i trong qu trQnh gi0ng #Ay v;
1i*n thHc c\ng nh /hGng /h/ gi0ng #Ay'
n T) !O Mung cho nhau 5+ cng n8ng cao n3ng l)c v; chuyn mn v nghi/ v'
n ?ng nhau M8y #)ng ra mt chGng trQnh chi ti*tK chung v; mTi /h@nK tBng ni #ung
c@n thi*t 5-i vCi mTi 1h-i lC/K tBng chuyn 5; trong gi0ng #Ay v n tS/'
?n lH ni ,ung nn c9 hai *h!nN
n (i #ung gi0i quy*t cc vCng mFc g./ /h0i trong qu trQnh #Ay hc'
n (i #ung thIo 1* hoAch= 52 l nhng chuyn 5; c@n 5Pc th0o luSn 5N ln 1* hoAch
tB trCcK 5N /h8n cng ngi churn !6 v !o co'
6. SNi .8Ong chuyn m;n >Tnh k-L
220
HQnh thHc ny /h0i #o gio #c tO chHc 56nh 1Q hng n3m
a' Y; thi gian v hQnh thHc tO chHc
n (n tO chHc mTi n3m mt l@n v tO chHc thIo 1hu v)c 5+ thuSn tin trong vic 5i lAiK
hAn ch* t-n 1pm v; thi gian v 1inh /hU'
n Thi gian nn !- trU vo #6/ h[K 1ho0ng cu-i thng }K 5@u thng z hng n3m'
n (n g_i ni #ung !o co chuyn 5; v; cho gio vin cc trng nghin cHu trCc
thi ch4t lPng 5Pt hi th0o %q cao hGn'
!' Y; ni #ung
n ?@n !"i #$ng nhng /h@n 1i*n thHc chuyn %8u c0 v; lU thuy*t v nhng !i tS/ c th+
VvU # !i tS/ v; /h2ng MAK nhit 5ng hcK 5ng hcK mt %- cG ch* mCi 1h2 trong h2a
hu cGK cc %) chuy+n v6 trong /h0n Hng hu cGKW'
n ?@n !"i #$ng nhng 1L n3ng c@n th*t trong cc !i th)c hnh #Ang thi H7< ,u-c gia
v qu-c t* yu c@u'
n Trao 5O th0o luSn v; cc 1inh nghim gi0ng #Ay v !"i #$ng hc %inh gi&i'
Trong cc ni #ung trn thi /h@n !"i #Gng cc 1i*n thHc chuyn %8u nn mCi cc chuyn
gi 5@u ngnh v nhng ngi tham gia ra 5; thi H7< hng n3m 5+ c2 th+ /h8n tUch 5Pc mHc
5 K yu c@u v; 1i*n thHc 5-i vCi 5; thiK v; cch thHc trQnh !y 1hi lm !i'
IIIA Ue 45 .P 2O9 4'9
R+ n8ng cao cng tc /ht tri+n chuyn mn ca gio vin h2a hc ` cc trng PTTH
chuyn thQ /h@n 5@u t cG %` vSt ch4t 5"ng ! vCi n2 r4t c@n thi*t v quan trng'
D' Hng thngK gio #c c2 th+ /ht hnh cc ti liu #Ci #Ang chuyn 5; chuyn
%8u hay nhng v4n 5; mCi 5Pc cS/ nhSt /ht v; cc trng lm cG %` cho gio vin
t) nghin cHu'
w' gio #c c@n /h0i M8y #)ng v cng !- h th-ng cc #Ang !i th)c hnh cho
chGng trQnh chuyn h2a v; cc trng PTTH chuyn'
v' gio #c c@n /h0i trang !6 5"ng ! h th-ng cc thit !6 v h2a ch4t churn v; cc
trng' ?hh 1hi 52 mCi c2 th+ 5/ Hng 5Pc cho vic thi hc %inh gi&i v; /h@n thHc
hnhK 1hi 52 gio vin chuyn h2a mCi c2 cG %` 5+ r[n luyn 1L n3ng th)c hnh v
#Ay th)c hnh cho hc %inh gi&iK ?h4t lPng ca gio vin 5Pc n8ng caoK ch4t lPng
gi0ng #Ay %q t-t hGn'
Trn 58y l mt %- J 1i*n ch quan ca ch:ng ti v; cng tc /ht tri+n chuyn mn gio
vin h2a ` cc trng chuyn'
221
CC GII PHP NNG CWO CHT ntNG DzY HCu lmT QU THI H#G QUC
GIWu QUC Tm CW TRNG THPT CHUYN PHWN BI CHUu NGHo WN
GIWI OzN @aa] @a$$
IA TNH HNH NH TRNG
?n ! gio vin= DEw <io vin= zf ??(Y= Dv
(= yf
R0ng vin= gz
ThAc %o= }E Rang hc ThAc %o= Eg
Ti*n %o= ED VTonW (ghin cHu %inh Ti*n %o= Ev VH2aK Y3n TonW
Trng c2 vv lC/ vCi DD mn chuyn= TonK TinK ZJK H2aK 7inhK Y3nK 7_K R6aK jnhK
Ph/K (ga'
IIA NHNG GII PHP
D' {8y #)ng 5i ng\=
n {8y #)ng 5i ng\ 5 v; %- lPngK 50m !0o ch4t lPng= ti*/ nhSn %inh vin 1h gi&iK
5i;u gio vin gi&iK !"i #$ng gio vin tAi chT= yv ThAc %oK E} gio vin 5ang 5i hc
ThAc %o'
n {8y #)ng m-i quan h lm vicK 50m !0o cc yu c@u= 1* thBaK cng %)K t8m huy*tK 5Oi
mCi /hGng /h/ V(h2m TonK nh2m TinK nh2m TinK nh2m ZJK nh2m 7inhK nh2m Y3nK
nh2m 7_nR6aK (goAi ngW'
n R.c !it !"i #$ng gio vin tr9 5/ Hng yu c@u "i #$ng H7< #) thi ,u-c t*=
(h2m TinK nh2m ZJK nh2m TonK nh2m (goAi ngK nh2m Y3nK nh2m H2a'
w' ehai thc ti;m n3ng hc tri=
n n 56nh 56a !n tuy+n %inh trong ton ThnhK chn 5:ng hc %inh gi&i vo hc tAi
trng= cc hc %inh c2 n3ng 1hi*u th)c %) tAi cc huyn 5;u thi 5Su v v; hc tAi trng=
?on ?ungK jnh 7GnK ,us HP/K (ghLa RnK R ZGngK n ThnhK itn ?h8uK ,usnh
ZuK Thanh ?hGng''''
n ?hn 5:ng hc %inh Mu4t %Fc #) thi H7< ,u-c giaK ,u-c t*'
n ehGi #Sy n3ng l)c t) hcK %) 5am m %ng tAo hc tS/ trong hc %inhK 1huy*n 1hUch
hc %inh nghin cHu 1hoa hcK vi*t !i 53ng tA/ chUK tO chHc cc c8u lAc !K'''
v' Trn n;n gio #c ton #inK /ht hin v !"i #$ng hc %inh c2 n3ng 1hi*u
n R0m !0o th)c hin chGng trQnh 7<e /hO thng=
> TB jD 5*n j= an 1hoa hc t) nhin
> TB ?D 5*n ?y= an cG !0n'
n {8y #)ng ! ti liu !"i #$ng thIo yu c@u ca chGng trQnh chuyn'
n e*t hP/ hi hia l6ch !"i #$ng hc %inh gi&i v !"i #$ng n8ng cao mn thi RH 5+
50m !0o quy;n lPi v On 56nh tinh th@nK t8m lJ hc %inh= e*t qu0 thi 5Ai hc ca hc %inh
gi&i ,u-c gia l r4t cao'
g' {8y #)ng cc 5i;u 1in /hc v #Ay v hc=
n ?` %` vSt ch4t= /hing hcK Th vinK 78n chGiK !Ni tS/'''
n TAo %) lin 1*t gia 5QnhK nh trng v MN hi trong 5ng vinK tO chHcK 1hIn th`ng
gio vin v hc %inh'
n Zm t-t cng tc thng tin tuyn truy;n'
n R0m !0o cc chUnh %ch ch* 5K ngoi quy 56nh th`ng ca K nh trng c2 mHc
th`ng cao= E triu 5"ng cho Huy chGng vng ,u-c t*K D triu 5"ng cho huy chGng
5"ng 1hu v)c'
222
> Hc %inh= zEE %u4t hc !Ong cho hc %inhK nh ni tr: cho hc %inh'
> <io vin= RPc c4/ 1inh /hU 5i v; n*u c2 hc %inh #) thi ,u-c t* RPc th`ng
nh hc %inh'
n RN c2 #) n trng chuyn giai 5oAn wEDE wEwE'
' Zm t-t cng tc tn vinhK 5Ni ng gio vin v hc %inh c2 thnh tUch=
n R-i vCi gio vin= Zm t-t cc 1h8u= !"i #$ngK %) #ngK 5Ni ngTK tn vinh'
n R-i vCi hc %inh= Ph8n mHc hc !Ong 1hIn th`ng 16/ thi'
IIIA lmT QU HC #INH GIrI QUC GIWu lHU UCu QUC Tm CW
TRNG THPT CHUYN PHWN BI CHU GIWI OzN @aa] @a$$A
(3m hc 7- #) thi 7- 5At
gi0i
T l <i0i nh4t <i0i nhQ <i0i !a <i0i
ee
wEEynwEE} yy gf }g'w| Dy wE Dv
wEE}nwEEz yy gf }g'w| w Dv wE Dg
wEEznwEEf yy zv'v| w Dw w} Dg
wEEfnwEDE yy yv f'g| y D w} D
wEDEnwEDD yy f zf'g| v D w} Dg
T+- @^\ $Y ^$ $@$ ^a
(3m wEEy= Im Phan Hu Thnh 5At Huy chGng R"ng mn YSt ZJ ,u-c t*'
(3m wEE}= Im (guytn T4t (ghLa 5At Huy chGng Yng YSt lJ ,u-c t*'
(3m wEEz= Im (guytn T4t (ghLa 5At Huy chGng Yng YSt lJ ,u-c t*K huy chGng
Yng ulym/ic YSt ZJ ?h8u '
(3m wEDE= Im (guytn Trung Hng 5Pc t.ng ]ng 1hIn ulym/ic YSt ZJ ?h8u ' km
H" 7o Yit jnh v Im (guytn ?0nh Ton #) thi ulym/ic Tin hc ,u-c t* tAi ?ana#a'
(3m wEDD= hai Im (guytn Trung Hng v In (guytn Huy Hong 5At Huy chGng R"ng
YSt ZJ ?h8u K hai Im (guytn Huy Hong v (guytn RQnh Hi #) thi ulym/ic YSt ZJ
,u-c t* tAi Thi Zan thng }wEDD'
IUA lImN NGH UT
n ?ung c4/ 5; cGng hCng #Xn cng tc !"i #$ng H7< 1hu v)cK ,u-c t*'
n uy trQ !"i #$ngK tS/ hu4n gio vin #Ay mn chuyn'
n ?h* 5 chUnh %ch= 5a vo h %- lGng t-i thi+u tGng 5Gng Ph2 Hiu tr`ng cho
gio vin #Ay mn chuyn'
n TS/ hu4n <io vin #Ay (goAi ng trong v ngoi nCc Veinh /hU tB #) n v ng8n
%ch 56a /hGngW'
223
4. BCi mDi Eim tFa <?nh gi? mGn Ha hc tF@ng tFHng
%HI% chuyAn
I !I lI"! TRW NH GI !N HO
TRONG TRNG THPT CHUYN
Trng THPT chuyn Hrng l\ng Ph= Th;
IA T1& J*/+ 9:?+- 4E/ 2(F4 X( &L( 7'K5+- 7'87 b()& 9:/ X8+' -(8 &c+ ';8 9:;+-
9:KQ+- 4'*>S+A
ei+m tra 5nh gi 1*t qu0 hc tS/ ca hc %inh l mt v4n 5; 1h2 K /hHc tA/ v; /hGng /h/
#Ay hc' (2 c2 nhim v lm rd tQnh hQnh lLnh hi 1i*n thHcK %) thnh thAo v; 1L n3ngK 1L M0o
ca hc %inhK !O %ungK lm %8u %Fc K cng c- h th-ng ho K 1hi qut ho 1i*n thHc 5N hcK
churn !6 cho vic ti*/ tc nFm vng 1i*n thHc mCi n (2 cin gi:/ cho vic 5nh giK vic
gi0ng #Ay v hc %inh t) 5nh gi vic hc tS/ ca mQnh' ,ua vic 1i+m traK gio vin %q
nhSn th4y nhng thnh cng v nhng v4n 5; c@n 5Pc r:t 1inh nghim trong gi0ng #AyK
hi+u rd mHc 5 1i*n thHc v 1L n3ng ca hc %inh 5+ tB 52 c2 nhng !in /h/ % /hAm
nh]m n8ng cao ch4t lPng #Ay hc' YQ vSyK c@n Mc 56nh 5:ng nhng quan 5i+m v; 1i+m tra
5nh gi 1*t qu0 hc tS/ ca hc %inhn tHc l trong mTi ch:ng ta l nhng ngi gio vin
5Hng trn !c gi0ng c@n Mc 56nh rd=
ThH nh4t= ei+m tra 5nh gi l mt 1h8u 1hng th+ thi*u 5Pc ca qu trQnh #Ay hc l !in
/h/ quan trng 5+ n8ng cao ch4t lPng #Ay hc'
ThH w= ei+m tra v 5nh gi l cng vic 1hng chh ca gio vin m c0 hc %inhK gio vin
1i+m tra v 5nh gi 1*t qu0 hc tS/ ca hc %inh K hc %inh t) 1i+m tra v 5nh gi vic hc
tS/ ca mQnh v 1i+m tra 5nh gi lXn nhau' R-i vCi hc %inh vic t) 1i+m tra v 5nh gi g2/
/h@n tUch c)c vo vic /ht tri+n t #uy v vic t) hc ca hc %inh'
ThH v= ei+m tra v 5nh gi 1*t qu0 hc tS/ ca hc %inh l trch nhim ca gio vin v
hc %inh nn trong qu trQnh nyK m-i quan h gia gio vin v hc %inh 5Pc ti*n hnh mt
cch !Qnh thng K 1hng c3ng thmng nh]m 5At 5Pc nhng yu c@u v; ch4t lPng hc tS/ v;
tUnh t) gic K 5c lS/ %ng tAo ca hc %inh K v; %) trung th)c trong vic 5nh gi 1*t qu0
gi0ng #Ay hc tS/'
ThH g= Yic 1i+m tra 5nh gi hc %inh chuyn cin nh]m mc 5Uch /ht hin nhng hc
%inh c2 n3ng 1hi*u 5+ !"i #$ng thnh hc %inh g&i cc c4/'
(2i t2m lAi = ei+m tra v 5nh gi 1*t qu0 hc tS/ nh]m gi:/ hc %inh nFm vng ni #ung
v 1i+m %ot mHc 5 nFm vng ni #ung V mHc 5 lLnh hi 1i*n thHc v r[n luyn 1o n3ng v
r[n luyn 5Ao 5Hc K t t`ng chUnh tr6W' ,ua 52 gi:/ gio vin th:c 5ry 5Oi mCi /hGng /h/
#Ay hc nh]m n8ng cao ch4t lPng /ht hin 5Pc nhng hc %inh c2 n3ng 1hi*u '
IIA T'g4 9:=+- 2(F4 b()& 9:/ 23 X8+' -(8 4E/ NR H;8 P 9:KQ+- 4'*>S+A
n Trong 1i+m tra ming=
<io vin chh gi mt hc %inh ln !0ng tr0 li c8u h&i nh vSy chh tS/ trung vo hc
%inh trn !0ngK 5nh gi 5Pc r4t Ut hc %inh K hc %inh #Ci lC/ m4t trSt t)K 1hng ch:
J'
n Trong 1i+m tra vi*t=
224
<io vin cha ch: trng vic n tS/ cho hc %inh /h@n trng t8m ca tBng !iKtBng /h@n
hay tBng chGng'
R; ra cha 5/ Hng cc yu c@u ca hc %inh chuynK cha 5At 5Pc 5 1h2 c@n thi*tK
cha 5At 5 /h8n ho hc %inhK cha ch: J 5*n 1h0 n3ng t #uy 5c lS/ tAo hHng th: hc
tS/ cho hc %inh'
?h a c2 c8u h&i 1+m tra lin quan 5*n v4n 5; th)c nhgim
<io vin cha hCng #Xn v tAo 5i;u 1in 5+ hc %inh tham gia vo vic 1i+m tra 5nh
gi mt cch ch 5ng 5+ tAo hHng th: hc tS/'
IIIA N',+- b(6+ 4E/ NM+ 9'G+ 2e X( &L( b()& 9:/ X8+' -(8 X) 9'd4 X> X( &L(
7'K5+- 7'87 <=> '?4V
)a trn nhng 5i;u mQnh 5N lmK 5ang lmK %) hc h&i ` !An ![ 5"ng nghi/K ti Min 5a
ra mt vi J 1i*n nh& 5+ th)c hin vic 5Oi mCi 1i+m tra 5nh gi mn ho& trong trng
chuyn
$A T:;+- b()& 9:/ &(F+- X1* -(QV
n 7au mTi !i hc c@n c2 %) 1hFc %8u gi:/ hc %inh nFm chFc 1i*n thHc trng t8m ca !i 52K
qua 52 hc %inh %q nhSn !i*t 5Pc /h0i hc gQ ` nh' (*u c2 th+ nn nu ra trCc c8u h&iK
1hng nn 1i+m tra !4t 1Q mt /h@n no mQnh thUch m 1hng n]m trong trng t8m ca !i
hc'
n YSn #ng linh hoAt mt %- hQnh thHc 1i+m tra ming th)c %) li cu-n hc %inh trong lC/ v
5nh gi 5Pc nhi;u hc %inh nh4t' (goi mc 5Uch 1i+m tra vic nFm vng 1i*n thHc ca cc
ImK /h0i mt l@n na 1h3c %8u thm 1i*n thHc trng t8m ca !i c\ cho hc %inh'
> ei+m tra mt hc %inh yu c@u c0 lC/ lFng nghIK %au 52 gi mt %- hc %inh nhSn Mpt
/h@n tr0 li ca !An trn !0ng v gio vin nhSn Mpt cho 5i+m MHng 5ng 5-i vCi /h@n nhSn
Mpt ca hc %inh' ?ch lm ny %q li cu-n 5Pc hc %inh c0 lC/ h3ng hi lFng nghIK h3ng hi
/ht !i+u nhSn Mpt 5+ c2 5i+m t-tK m.t 1hc gio vin c2 th+ 1i+m tra nhanh 5Pc nhi;u hc
%inhK 5"ng thi cng c- 1hFc %8u 1i*n thHc c\'
> e*t hP/ vCi v4n 5/ mt hc %inh vCi DKw hc %inh ln lm th)c nghim c0 lC/ quan %t
nhSn Mpt hin tPng'
n Trong qu trQnh #Ay hc gio vin nn 5a ra nhng c8u h&i c2 ch4t lPng yu c@u hc %inh
/h0i #)a trn 1i*n thHc c\ 1*t hP/ vCi 1i*n thHc mCi 5+ tr0 li c8u h&i' (goi ra gio vin
nn 1i+m tra vic churn !6 !i mCi ca hc %inhV nh chia chuyn 5; cho tBng nh2m hc %inh
nghin cHuK gio vin giao cho nh2m tr`ng tr)c ti*/ 1i+m tra gim %t cin gio vin l
ngi chh 5Ao'''W v 16/ thi c2 5i+m tr`ng 5+ 5ng vin cc Im'
@A T:;+- b()& 9:/ 2(69 +'9 03 N3( b()& 9:/ $ 9(69 =
a' Trong 1h8u n tS/= <io vin /h0i giCi hAn /h@n trng t8m n tS/ cho hc %inh !]ng cc
c8u h&i ho.c cc ch 5; lCn 5+ hc %inh c2 th+ n tS/ t-t' <io vin /h0i Mc 56nh r]ng 1hng
nhng n tS/ ` cc ti*t ca /h8n /h-i chGng trQnh m vic n tS/ /h0i 5Pc ti*n hnh ngay
trong tBng ti*t hc ca !i mCiK trong vic t) nghin cHu 1hoa hc ` nh'
YT:;+- b'G* :/ XeV
n Yic ra 5; 1i+m tra 52ng mt vai tri h*t %Hc quan trngK tc 5ng tr)c ti*/ v tHc thi 5*n
ni #ungK /hGng /h/ #Ay hc ca c0 th@y v trin ch4t lPng ca vic 1i+m tran 5nh gi
/h thuc r4t lCn vo vic thi*t 1* 5; thiK 5/ n v !i+u 5i+m' o 52 vic ra 5; thi /h0i 5/
Hng 5Pc cc yu c@u cG !0n %au 58y=
> R; 1i+m tra /h0i 5At 5 1h2 c@n thi*tK /h0i 5At 5Pc 5 /h8n ho hc %inh
> R; 1i+m tra /h0i c2 tUch th)c ti+nK c2 c8u h&i lin quan 5*n th)c hnh'
> R; 1i+m tra /h0i ch: J 5*n 1h0 n3ng t #uy 5c lS/K tAo hHng th: hc tS/ cho hc %inh'
n 7_ #ng nhi;u #Ang 5; 1hc nhauK / #ng cc hQnh thHc 1i+m tra 1hoa hc tin ti*n'
225
o 52K 5+ lm t-t 1h8u ra 5; thQ ngi gio vin c@n /h0i 5a ra mt %- quy*t 56nh trCc
1hi 5.t !:t ra 5; l c@n 1h0o %t gQ ` hc %inh 5.t /h@n quan trng vo nhng /h@n no ca
mn hc v vo mc tiu no c@n /h0i trQnh !y cc c8u h&i #Ci hQnh thHc no mHc 5
1h2 hay #t'
g' Trong 1h8u coi 1i+m tra=
n <io vin /h0i coi ch.t chqK chUnh Mc !0o 50m 5nh gi 1hch quanK cng !]ng'
n Thu !i v 5nh gi nhSn Mpt thSt 1hch quan tinh th@nK thi 5 ca hc %inh trong qu trQnh
lm !i /h0i tuyn #GngK /h !Qnh thmng thFn 5+ tAo cho hc %inh c2 J thHc t-t trong qu
trQnh 1i+m tra 5nh gi'
' Trong 1h8u ch4m cha=
n Trong ch4m !i /h0i M8y #)ng 5/ n chi ti*t 5*n EKw5i+m v /h0i tQm J 5+ th`ng 5i+m'
n Ph0i c2 /h@n nhSn Mpt vo !i lm ca hc %inh'
n 7au mTi l@n 1i+m tra gio vin nn c- gFng tr0 !i trong thi gian %Cm nh4tK nh4t thi*t /h0i
ginh thi gian 5+ nhSn Mpt mt cch chi ti*t !i lm ca hc %inhK /h@n nhSn Mpt ca gio
vin /h0i !ao g"m ni #ung 1i*n thHcK /hGng /h/ lm !iK hQnh thHc ca !i lmK vQ qua
nhng nhSn Mpt 52 hc %inh t) 5nh gi 5Pc !0n th8n tB 52 r:t ra !i hc 5+ c2 cch hcK
cch lm !i t-t hGn v; %au'
n (goi ra gio vin cin c2 th+ %_ #ng /hGng /h/ hCng #Xn v tAo 5i;u 1in 5+ hc %inh
c2 th+ tham gia vo 1i+m tra 5nh gi mt cch ch 5ng !]ng cch gio vin Mc 56nh v
/hO !i*n tiu chU 5nh giK cung c4/ cho hc %inh 5/ nK !i+u 5i+mK hCng #Xn cho cc Im
cch t) 5nh gi 1*t qu0 !i 1i+m traK v c\ng c2 th+ tO chHc cho hc %inh ch4m chpo !i v
c2 %) gim %t ca gio vin'
IUA l(6+ +-' 4E/ NM+ 9'G+V
n ?2 /hing hc ring cho ! mn ho hc'
n ?2 5@y 5 cc loAi ho ch4t v #ng c thU nghim'
n ^a ng8n hng 5;K 5/ n cho cc trng 5+ vic 1i+m traK 5nh gi 5Pc 5"ng !'
n ?2 1* hoAch !"i #$ng thng Muyn hGn na 5-i vCi 5i ng\ gio vin'
n ?2 hQnh thHc 1huy*n 1hUch 1hIn th`ng 5+ 5ng vin 1hUch l cc Im hc %inh chuyn
tham gia nghin cHu 1hoa hc'
Trn 58y l nhng 1inh nghim ca ring !0n th8n tiK chFc chFn cin nhi;u hAn ch*
v thi*u %2t' eUnh mong 5Pc %) 52ng g2/K !O %ungK %_a cha ca quJ th@y c gio 5+ !0n
tham luSn 5Pc hon chhnh hGn' {in ch8n thnh c0m Gna
226
IH-J!" IHI ,K' H) 4L KI($ %M3 B!H "I
$Gn H23 H)
Trng THPT chuyn Nguypn B4nh hhim O su+ng Nam

,ua nhi;u n3m tO chHc v #Ay ! mn chuyn H2a tAi trng THPT chuyn (guytn hnh
ehim thnh ,u0ng (amK ch:ng ti Min 5Pc trQnh !y nhng %uy nghL v cch thHc tO chHc #Ay v
hc mn H2a hc trong trng chuyn'
IN BOi tPng hc sinh v@ hc 7DQ chuyAn Ha
(hng hc %inh ny 5Pc tr:ng tuy+n hng n3m vo lC/ DE chuyn H2a ca trng
chuyn thng l cc hc %inh hc gi&i c2 ham thUch ! mn H2a !ao g"m=
n ?c hc %inh c2 5i;u 1in 1inh t* gia 5Qnh 1hK gia 5Qnh ch3m lo vic hc tS/ ca
cc conK mu-n con vo trng chuyn 5+ On 56nh vic hc v c2 hCng cho con vo cc
trng 5Ai hc c2 ch4t lPng cao
n ?c hc %inh c2 ham thUch ! mn H2a nhng ch y*u hc 5+ lo /hc v cho vic
vo cc trng 5Ai hc m mQnh yu thUch
n ?c hc %inh hc gi&i 5am m ! mn H2a'
II C84' 9 4'T4 <=> 23 b()& 9:/ 484 0L7 4'*>S+ Hh/
n ?c lC/ DEK DDK Dw chuyn H2a 5Pc /h8n hc thIo thi 1h2a !i+u chUnh 1h2a g
ti*t tu@n' <io vin 5Pc /h8n cng #Ay lC/ chuyn #Ay thIo 5:ng chGng trQnh chuyn ca
<io #c v Ro tAo' Trong #Ay chUnh 1h2a gio vin c2 trch nhim trang !6 lU thuy*t
thng qua /hGng /h/ #Ay hc= l4y hc %inh lm trung t8mK nh]m n8ng cao trQnh 5 ! mn
chuyn cho hc %inh v tAo 5i;u 1in hc %inh hc 5am m ! mn H2a'
n (goi vic #Ay chUnh 1h2a ch:ng ti /h8n cng gio vin #Ay !"i #$ng thIo
chuyn 5;= v gio vin #Ay h2a 5Ai cGng v h2a v cG K v gio vin #Ay h2a hu cG
n ?c hc %inh lC/ DE hc 1Q lK t4t c0 hc %inh 5;u hc !"i #$ngK qua hc 1Q ll tuy+n
chn nhng hc %inh c2 n3ng l)c chuyn mn 1h t-t 1ho0ng E| v cH /ht tri+n #@n qua
lC/ DD v Dw vCi %- lPng hc %inh gi0m #@n'
n <io vin #Ay chuyn 5; !"i #$ng lu J l4y hc %inh lm trung t8mK #Ay tAo 5i;u
1in cho hc %inh 5am m ! mn H2aK mTi chuyn 5; #Ay= 5@u tin giCi thiu hCng #Xn
nhng 1i*n thHc yu c@uK %au 52 yu c@u hc %inh trQnh !y v t) gi0i quy*t nhng !i tS/ lJ
thuy*t v 56nh lPng n*u c2K gio vin chh nu hCng gi0i quy*t v chh hO trP cho hc %inh
1hi hc %inh cha hi+u v4n 5;' 7au mTi chuyn 5; yu c@u hc %inh trQnh !y nhng hi+u !i*t
ca mQnh thng qua mt h th-ng c8u h&i m gio vin yu c@u'
227
n PhGng /h/ gi0ng #Ay gio vin c@n lu J %_ #ng h th-ng 1i*n thHc c2 trn
mAng my tUnhK nhng %ch ! mn c2 lin quan v nhng thU nghim lin quan m /hing thU
nghim c2 5@y 5 #ng c v h2a ch4t 5+ /hc v cho hc %inh' <io vin c- gFng giCi thiu
cc ti liu c2 lin quan 5*n chuyn 5; mQnh #Ay 5+ hc %inh t) nghin cHu' (hng hc %inh
5am m ! mn 5Pc gio vin gi:/ 5$ nhi;u hGn 5+ hc %inh c2 hCng /h4n 54u th)c hin
thIo ni;m Cc mG ca c nh8n mQnh ` cc trng 5Ai hc v hc cao hGn na'
n H]ng n3m chn 5i tuy+n hc %inh #) thi hc %inh gi&i c4/ qu-c giaK lAi %_ #ng cc
chuyn 5; 5N #Ay nhng gio vin cung c4/ 1i*n thHc ngang t@m vCi 5; thi c4/ qu-c gia' Hc
%inh trong 5i tuy+n ch y*u l hc %inh lC/ Dw v c2 nhng hc %inh lC/ DD /h4n 54u vGn
t@m ngang hay gi&i hGn hc %inh lC/ Dw' ?hUnh vQ vSyK cc hc %inh 1hi hc lC/ DE Mong n*u
th4y c2 1h0 n3ng /h4t tri+n %Cm thQ gio vin cho cc Im vo hc ti*/ ` lC/ !"i #$ng hc
%inh lC/ Dw'
n 7au mTi chuyn 5; gio vin 1i+m tra v 5nh gi tBng hc %inh !]ng !i 1i+m tra
v 1h0 n3ng #itn 5At !]ng li ca hc %inh'
III l69 J*M 9'g4 '(F+
,ua nhi;u n3m #Ay chuyn H2a ` trng chuynK ch:ng ti th4y r]ng 1hng /h0i mi
hc %inh vo hc lC/ chuyn H2a 5;u 5At 5Pc thIo ! mn ca mQnh m ty mHc 5 quan
t8m ca hc %inh v gia 5Qnh hc %inh 5N 5At 5Pc thIo ni;m mG Cc ring ca mQnh'
n Hc %inh cc lC/ Dw chuyn H2a h]ng n3m vo cc trng 5Ai hc 5At g@n DEE|
58y l ni;m vui ca th@y v tri chuyn H2a v c\ng l ni;m tin ca /h huynh hc %inh 5-i
vCi nh trng'
n H]ng n3m c2 1ho0ng vE| hc %inh vo cc trng 5Ai hc ngnh H2aK 5Ai hc
Pc thuc cc trng 5Ai hc trong nCc v c2 c0 nCc ngoi Vch y*u l 7inga/oW' ?c Im
thng thuc loAi %inh vin trong nh2m #Xn 5@u ca ngnh hc mang lAi ni;m %ay m v
ni;m tin cho cc hc %inh nhng lC/ 5i %au'
228
THI
CHN I TUY"N THI HC #INH GIrI QUC GIW nP $@ THPT
V1[m thIo Ma trSn R; v HCng #Xn gi0iW
Trng THPT chuyn Lam S\n Thanh H9a
!W TRN THI
7UNV 1L 7W EX YZ[ E\XNV
Thi gian lm !i= DzE /h:t V1hng 1+ thi gian giao 5;W
NR( <*+- !T4 XR b(6+ 9'T4 23 9'/+- X()& T+- X()&
T'c+- '()* UO+ <D+-
?4u tAo nguyn t_K
HTTH v lin 1*t ho
hc
wKE 5i+m wKE 5i+m gKE 5i+m
?8n !mng ho hc wKE 5i+m vKE 5i+m KE 5i+m
Rng hc DKE 5i+m wKE 5i+m vKE 5i+m
(hit ho hc DKE 5i+m DKE 5i+m wKE 5i+m
Ho hc /h8n tUch VnhSn
!i*tK /in 5in ho v %)
5in /h8nW
vKE 5i+m vKE 5i+m yKE 5i+m
TNG fKE 5i+m DDKE 5i+m wE 5i+m
!W TRN THI
7UNV 2L "]^ "_E "`a EX
Thi gian lm !i= DzE /h:t V1hng 1+ thi gian giao 5;W
NR( <*+- !T4 XR b(6+ 9'T4 23 9'/+- X()& T+- X()&
T'c+- '()* UO+ <D+-
RAi cGng ho hc ha cG
VtUnh ch4t vSt lUK c4u tr:c
cc ch4tK cG ch* /h0n
Hng'W
wKE 5i+m wKE 5i+m gKE 5i+m
TOng hP/ ch4t hu cG
VancolK hP/ ch4t cac!onylK
aMit cac!oMylicK I%tIW
vKE 5i+m gKE 5i+m }KE 5i+m
jminnjminoaMitnProtIin wKE 5i+m wK 5i+m gK 5i+m
?ac!ohi5rat wKE 5i+m wK 5i+m gK 5i+m
TNG fKE 5i+m DDKE 5i+m wE 5i+m
229
BR %HI H23 H) 41 J 4L BKI -J!"
Thi gian lm !i= DzE /h:t V1hng 1+ thi gian giao 5;W
CG* $ V v 5i+mW
D'?c nguyn t_ ?K (K u c2 th+ %F/ M*/ thIo !a thH t) 1hc nhau 5+ tAo ra !a anion ?(u
n
K
?u(
n
v (?u
n
a' Yi*t cng thHc ZIi% cho cc cch %F/ M*/ nguyn t_ nh trn'
!' YCi cch %F/ M*/ trn hNy=
i' TQm 5in tUch hQnh thHc ca mTi nguyn t_'
ii' 7F/ M*/ 5 !;n ca !a anion trn' <i0i thUch
w' 7o %nh v gi0i thUch !n 1Unh ca cc nguyn t_ v ion %au= ?%
>
K j%K xK jlK l
n
K (
v' )a vo c4u tAo hNy %o %nh 5 #i lin 1*t nx trong /h8n t_ x
v
v trong ion
n
g
x '
CG* @ VwK 5i+mW
(gi ta c2 th+ 5i;u ch* hi5ro r4t tinh 1hi*t tB mItan v hGi nCc V58y l mt qu trQnh c8n
!]ngW'Trong qu trQnh ny cac!on oMit 5Pc %inh ra v c2 th+ /h0n Hng vCi hGi nCc ` !Cc
ti*/ thIo'
D' Yi*t cc /hGng trQnh /h0n Hng M0y ra trong qu trQnh 5i;u ch* hi5ro tB mItan v hGi
nCc'
w' ?ho cc %- liu th)c nghim %au 5+ tUnh e
/
' i*t ` DEE
E
? nCc ` trAng thi hGi v 5Gn v6
/ %u4t l !ar' <i0 %_ H
E
v 7
E
1hng 5Oi trong 1ho0ng nhit 5 tB wfze 5*n v}ve
H
w
H
w
u ?u ?H
g
H
E
V1molW E nwgw nDDD n}
7
E
V1mol'eW EKDvD EKDzf EKDfz EKDzy
?
/
V1mol'eW EKEwf EKEvg EKEwf EKEvy
Trong !Qnh /h0n Hng c2 chHa yKgE1g ?H
g
K }Kw1g H
w
uK DDKw1g ?uK wKg1g H
w
` DEE
E
?' ung
tUch !Qnh YvKEEm
v
'
v' ?ho !i*t chi;u #6ch chuy+n c8n !]ng ca /h0n Hng tAi thi 5i+m trn'
MItan v hi5ro 5Im trn vCi th l D=D v cho vo mt !Qnh 1UnK 5un n2ng 5*n fEE
E
?' YCi ch4t
M:c tc /h0n Hng 5At nhanh tCi trAng thi c8n !]ng vCi / %u4t chung l wE !ar'
g' TUnh e
/
` fEE
E
? Vgi0 %_ ?
/
1hng /h thuc vo nhit 5W
' TUnh /h@n tr3m ?H
g
5N /h0n Hng ` fEE
E
?'
CG* YVv 5i+mW
?ho gi0n 5" th* 1h_ churn ca Mn trong mi trng aMit=
D' TUnh th* 1h_ churn ca c./=
n wn
g g
Mnu Mnu v
v w
Mn Mn
+ +
w' HNy cho !i*t cc ti+u /h8n no 1hng !;n vCi %) #6 /h8n' HNy tUnh h]ng %- c8n !]ng ca
cc /h0n Hng #6 /h8n 52'
CG* [ VgK 5i+mW
D' a' HNy !i+u #itn %G 5" /inK tUnh %Hc 5in 5ng ca /in v vi*t /hGng trQnh /h0n Hng M0y
ra trong /in V1hi /in hoAt 5ngW 5Pc tAo thnh tB cc c./ 5in c)c
v> w>
xI xI v
w>
?u ?u `
5i;u 1in tiu churn'
230
n wn v> w>
g g w
>wKw}Y >EKfY
Mnu Mnu Mnu Mn Mn
+1,7V +1,23V
!' TUnh n"ng 5 cc ion cin lAi trong #ung #6ch 1hi /in ngBng hoAt 5ng' <i0 %_ n"ng 5 !an
5@u ca ion c2 trong #ung #6ch lm 5in c)c /in 5;u !]ng EKEDEM V& qua qu trQnh thu
/h8n ca cc ionW'
c' 7Hc 5in 5ng ca /in %q thay 5&i th* no n*u=
i' Thm vo #ung #6ch ` c)c 5"ng=
n ung #6ch el'
n ung #6ch (H
v
'
ii' Thm vo #ung #6ch ` c)c chHa xI
v>
=
n eMnu
g
trong mi trng aMit'
n ung #6ch (ax'
n ung #6ch (auH'
?ho v> w>
E
xI xI
EK}}DY k
K w>
E
xI xI
nEKggEY k
K w>
E
?u ?u
EKvv}Y k
K >
E
?u ?u
EKwDY k
K
^T
EKEf
x

tAi w
E
?

v
nv}
%K xIVuHW
e DE
w
nDKD
%K xIVuHW
e DE
w' jMit !utanoic l mt 5Gn aMit c2 e
a
DKD'DE
n
' Mt mXu vKEEml #ung #6ch aMit !utanoic
n"ng 5 EKEEM 5Pc churn 5 !`i #ung #6ch euH n"ng 5 EKwEEM'
a' TUnh n"ng 5 ion H
>
trong #ung #6ch aMit !utanoic !an 5@u'
!' TUnh /H ca #ung #6ch thu 5Pc %au 1hi thm DEKEEml #ung #6ch euH'
c' {c 56nh th+ tUch #ung #6ch euH c@n cho vo 5*n 5i+m tGng 5Gng ca qu trQnh churn
5'
#' TUnh /H tAi 5i+m tGng 5Gng'
?ho e DE
nDg
CG* \Vv 5i+mW
?ho /h0n Hng= w(
w
u
V1W
g(u
wV1W
> u
wV1W

<i tr6 t-c 5 5@u ca (
w
u

tAi w
E
? 5Pc cho trong !0ng #Ci 58y=
(
w
u

K M EKDE EKvE EKyE

T-c 5K mol'l
nD
'/h:t
nD
vKgw'DE
ng
}Kfz'DE
ng
DKgz'DE
nv
D' HNy vi*t !i+u thHc ca 56nh luSt t-c 5 /h0n Hng cho /h0n Hng trn v tUnh h]ng %- t-c 5
/h0n Hng' ?hh #Xn cch tUnh c th+'
w' TUnh thi gian c@n 5+ n"ng 5 (
w
u

gi0m tB EKDEM Mu-ng cin EKEEM'

v' T-c 5 5@u ca /h0n Hng 1hi n"ng 5 (
w
u

!]ng EKDEM l wKv}'DE

nv
K mol'l
nD
'/h:t
nD
tAi
gE
E
?' {c 56nh n3ng lPng hoAt ho ca /h0n Hng'
g' ?ho !i*t cG ch* ca /h0n Hng /h8n hu (
w
u

thIo %G 5" %au=

(
w
u

D
&

(u
w
> (u
v
(u
w
> (u
v

D
&

(
w
u

(u
w
> (u
v

w
&

(u
w
> (u

> u
w
(u > (
w
u

v
&

v(u
w
/ #ng nguyn lU n"ng 5 On 56nh 5-i vCi (u
v
v (uK hNy thi*t lS/ !i+u thHc ca t-c 5
w
#( u
#t
'
CG* ]Vg 5i+mW
n 1Unh nguyn t_ crom 5Pc Cc lPng l Dwy/m' eh-i lPng ring ca crom l
}KDggcm
v
' ?rom tinh th+ c2 c4u tr:c mAng tinh th+ lS/ /hGng'
D' {c 56nh 1i+u mAng tinh th+ ca crom'
231
w' jMit ho #ung #6ch 1ali cromat #Xn 5*n %) tAo thnh ion 5icromat mu camK %au 52 l mu
5& 5Sm ca ion tri v tItracromat' Yi*t /hGng trQnh chuy+n ho v vq c4u tr:c ca nhng
ion 52'
v' Mt ci hNm Mung t cO 5Pc mA crom' ?i hNm Mung ny 5Pc nh:ng vo #ung #6ch
wn
} w
?r u trong mi trng aMit lm catot trong mt t* !o 5in /h8n'
a' ?ho !i*t ` anot M0y ra qu trQnh oMi ho nCc' Yi*t /hGng trQnh /h0n Hng tAi cc 5in c)c
v /hGng trQnh 5in /h8n tOng qut'
!' (*u cng 5 #ing 5in #ng 5+ 5in /h8n l DEKEj 5+ thu 5Pc wKE gam crom thQ /h0i
m4t !ao l8u v thu 5Pc !ao nhiu mol oMi
c' TAi %ao crom thng 5Pc #ng 5+ mA trang trU 1im loAi
?ho ?rwK 7- jvoga5ro (
j
yKEww'DE
wv
K h]ng %- xara5ay xfygz ?
BR %HI H23 H) HS& J
Thi gian lm !i= DzE /h:t V1hng 1+ thi gian giao 5;W
CG* $VgKE 5i+mW
D' 7o %nh nhit 5 %i ca cc ch4t trong #Ny ch4t %au=

(
(
7
(
(
H
(
(
H
VDW
VwW
VvW
VgW
w' {c 56nh c4u hQnh tuyt 5-i ca cc nguyn t_ cac!on !4t 5-i trong cc hP/ ch4t %au=

H
H
v
?
H
?HV?H
v
W
w
u
Hu ?
uH
?H
w
(H?H
v
H
Hu
?
?H
w
uH
Huu?
H
(H
w
v' <i0i thUch=
a' TAi %ao /h0n Hng %au 1hng #ng 5+ tOng hP/ tIrtn!utyl /ro/yl ItI=
?H
v
?H
w
?H
w
u(a > V?H
v
W
v
?nr V?H
v
W
v
?nun?H
w
?H
w
?H
v
!' 70n /hrm chUnh ca /h0n Hng trn l gQ
c' HNy 5; ngh6 /hGng /h/ tOng hP/ tIrtn!utyl /ro/yl ItI t-t hGn'
CG* @ VvK 5i+mW
D' TB !InIn ngi ta tOng hP/ ch4t H thIo %G 5" #Ci' HNy hon thnh %G 5" /h0n Hng'
E
v w w w w
v w g g
H(u >MI ?Hr r xI H(u H u yH t MgItI
jl?l H 7u Hx
IIn j ? k x < H
w' HP/ ch4t j /h0n Hng vCi P?l
v
cho ra K 1h_ ho !]ng H
w
P# nhSn 5Pc !Inan5Ihit'
M.t 1hcK cho tc #ng vCi (H
v
5Pc ?K M_ lU ? vCi r
w
trong mi trng 1i;m 5Pc '
TB c2 th+ nhSn 5Pc k !]ng cch cho /h0n Hng vCi !InIn M:c tc jl?l
v
' k chuy+n thnh
x 1hi M_ lU vCi hy5roMylamin' Trong mi trng aMit x chuy+n thnh <' Yi*t cng thHc c4u
tAo ca nhng hP/ ch4t trn'
CG* Y VvK 5i+mW
R-t chy hon ton EKDw gam ch4t j chh chHa cc nguyn t- ?K HK ( tAo ra EKD}w gam nCc
v EKw}f gam 1hU cac!onic'
232
D' {c 56nh cng thHc /h8n t_K vi*t cc 5"ng /h8n c4u tAo ca j !i*t cng thHc /h8n t_ trng
vCi cng thHc th)c nghim'
w' Trong cc 5"ng /h8n ca jK 5"ng /h8n no c2 nhit 5 %i cao nh4tK 5"ng /h8n no c2
nhit 5 %i th4/ nh4t YQ %ao
v' TB Ityl io5ua v cc ho ch4t c@n thi*t 1hcK vi*t %G 5" 5i;u ch* 5"ng /h8n c2 nhit 5 %i
cao nh4t ca j thIo !-n /hGng /h/ 1hc nhau'
CG* [ VgK 5i+mW
D' ?ho !a amino aMit %au=
N
COOH
prolin
lysin axit glutai!
H
NH
2
H
2
N"#CH
2
$
4
"CH"COOH
NH
2
HOOC"#CH
2
$
2
"CH"COOH
HNy 5; ngh6 gi tr6 /H 5+ /h8n tch hTn hP/ cc amino aMit ny !]ng /hGng /h/ 5in
#i'i*t /H
l
ca Pro yKvK Zy% fK}g v <lu vKEz
w' HNy qui 1*t cc gi tr6 *ha vKD v zKwv cho tBng nh2m chHc trong /h8n t_ 5i/I/tit <lyn
jla' Yi*t cng thHc c4u tAo ca 5i/I/tit ny 1hi ` /H gKE v /H DDKE'
v' Thu /h8n hon ton mt hIMa/I/tit M thu 5Pc jlaK jrgK <lyK llIK PhI v Tyr' ?c /I/tit
k VchHa PhIK jrgW v < VchHa jrgK llIK PhIW 5Pc tAo thnh trong %- cc %0n /hrm thu /h8n
1hng hon ton M' ng wKgn5initrolo!InIn Mc 56nh 5Pc aminoaMit jla' Thu /h8n M
nh tri/%in thu 5Pc tri/I/tit j VchHa jlaK jrgK TyrW v mt ch4t '
a' {c 56nh thH t) lin 1*t ca cc amino aMit trong M'
!' jmino aMit no trong cc amino aMit c4u tAo nn M c2 /H
l
lCn nh4t v amino aMit no c2
/H
l
nh& nh4t <i0i thUchi*t c4u tAo chung ca cc amino aMit l= H
w
(n?H^n?uuH
jmino aMit jla jrg <l
y
llI PhI Tyr
^ ?H
v
V?H
w
W
v
(H?V(HW(H
w
H ?HV?H
v
W?
w
H

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Dv
wzfKw /m g@n 1hC/ vCi gi tr6 th)c 5-i vCi
mAng !cc l a g^ v wfD/m' (h vSy 1i+u mAng tinh th+ ca 4:;& 03 0O7 7'K5+- 9G&
b'(
@A i$u^\ X()&jA MTi /hGng trQnh v mTi c4u tAo 5:ng 5Pc EKw 5i+m'
Yi*t /hGng trQnh chuy+n ho v vq c4u tr:c ca nhng ion 52'
w?ru
g
wn
> wH
>
?r
w
u
}
wn
> H
w
u
v?ru
g
wn
> gH
>
?r
v
u
DE
wn
> wH
w
u
g?ru
g
wn
> yH
>
?r
g
u
Dv
wn
> vH
w
u
?4u tr:c ca cc ion /olycromat nh %au=
YA i$u@\ X()&j
/A iau^\ X()&j
Yi*t /hGng trQnh /h0n Hng tAi cc 5in c)c v /hGng trQnh 5in /h8n tOng qut'
?atot ?r
w
u
}
wn
> DgH
>
> DwI
n
w?r > }H
w
u
jnot wH
w
u u
w
> gH
>
> gI
n
Ton ! ?r
w
u
}
wn
VaqW > wH
>
VaqW H
w
uVlW > w?rV%W > vu
w
VgW
NAiau@\ X()&j
7- mol oMi v thi gian 5in /h8n=
w
w
molu K D
mol?r w
molu v
g w
mol?r D
g?r w
D y fygz D D D
w DyV W
w D DE yE yE
moCr t C giay *hu" gio
gCr h
g moCr t C giay *hu"

4Aiau@\ X()&j
?rom thng 5Pc #ng 5+ mA trang trU 1im loAi vQ trong 1hng 1hU crom nhanh ch2ng hQnh
thnh mt lC/ ?r
w
u
v
m&ngK trong %u-tK lin 1*t !;n ch.t vCi 1im loAi tAo ra mt lC/ !0o v
1im loAi ch-ng 3n min'
240
N
N N
N
H
H
HNG DN GII
BR %HI H23 H) HS& J
:u TUV*W <imX
$ i$ua X()&j 7o %nh nhit 5 %i ca cc ch4t trong #Ny ch4t %au=

(
(
7
(
(
H
(
(
H
VDW
VwW
VvW
VgW
VDW VwW VgW VvW
<i0i thUch= VDW VwW #o ` 58y chh c2 l)c Yan#Icvan nn nhit 5 %i /h thuc vo 1h-i
lPng /h8n t_'
VgW VvW #o VvW c2 lin 1*t hi5ro lin /h8n t_ cin VgW c2 lin 1*t hi5ro ni /h8n t_K nn /h8n
t_ t"n tAi ch y*u #Ci #Ang 5imI'
N N N N N N H
H
H
@ i$u\ X()&jA MTi /h8n t_ 5:ng 5Pc EK 5i+m'
H H
v
?
H ?HV?H
v
W
w
u

V^W
Hu
?
uH
?H
w
(H?H
v
H
Hu

V^W
?
?H
w
uH
Huu?
H
(H
w

V7W
V^W
Y i$u\ X()&j <i0i thUch=
/A iau\ X()&j
ehng #ng 5+ tOng hP/ tIrtn!utyl /ro/yl ItI=
?H
v
?H
w
?H
w
u(a > V?H
v
W
v
?nr V?H
v
W
v
?nun?H
w
?H
w
?H
v
o /h0n Hng M0y ra thIo cG ch* w
N
S
1hng th)c hin vCi an1yl halogInua !Sc v'
NA iau\ X()&j
70n /hrm chUnh ca /h0n Hng
lon ancolat l mt !aG mAnhK l mt tc nh8n nuclI/hin nn /h0n Hng tch chi*m u th*K
1hi 52 %0n /hrm ca /h0n Hng l %0n /hrm tch k
w
'
?H
v
?H
w
?H
w
u(a > V?H
v
W
v
?nr V?H
v
W??H
w
> ?H
v
?H
w
?H
w
uH > (ar
4A iau\ X()&j
PhGng /h/ tOng hP/ hiu qu0 l #ng /h8n t_ /h0n Hng w
N
S
c2 nh2m an1yl Ut c0n tr`
1hng gian hGn v ancolat c0n tr` nhi;u hGn'
?H
v
?H
w
?H
w
r > V?H
v
W
v
?nu(a V?H
v
W
v
?nun?H
w
?H
w
?H
v
> (ar
CG* @iYu\ X()&j
$' i@ua X()&jA MTi giai 5oAn 5:ng 5Pc EKw 5i+m'
7G 5" tOng hP/'
241

CH#CH
3
$
2
CH#CH
3
$
2
(r
CH#CH
3
$
2
(r
NO
2
CH#CH
3
$
2
(r
NH
2
CH#CH
3
$
2
(r
N
2
()
4
CH#CH
3
$
2
(r
)
CH#CH
3
$
2
*g(r
)
CH#CH
3
$
2
)
>MI
w
?Hr
jl?l
v
>r
w
xI H(u
v
yH
H(u
w
Hx
g
t
o
H
w
u MgItI
@A i$u\ X()&jA MTi ch4t 5:ng 5Pc EKw 5i+m
n HP/ ch4t j /h0n Hng vCi P?l
v
cho ra K 1h_ ho !]ng H
w
P# nhSn 5Pc !Inan5Ihit nn
j l aMit !Inoic ?
y
H

?uuH'
n l ?
y
H

?u?l
n tc #ng vCi (H
v
5Pc ? nn ? l ?
y
H

?u(H
w
n {_ lU ? vCi r
w
trong mi trng 1i;m 5Pc nn l jnilin ?
y
H

(H
w'
n TB c2 th+ nhSn 5Pc k !]ng cch cho /h0n Hng vCi !InIn M:c tc jl?l
v
nn k l=
?
y
H

?u?
y
H
'
n k chuy+n thnh x 1hi M_ lU vCi hy5roMylamin nn x l= V?
y
H

W
w
?(nuH
n Trong mi trng aMit x chuy+n thnh <K nn < l= ?
y
H

?u(H?
y
H

CG* Y iYu\ X()&j

$Ai$ua X()&j {c 56nh 5:ng ?TPt 5Pc EK 5i+m' MTi 5"ng /h8n c4u tAo 5:ng 5Pc EKw
5i+m
nVH
w
uW fKy'DE
nv
VmolW nV?u
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m
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M
H
y
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v
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f
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H
3
C
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2
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H
2
C NH
2
H
3
C
H
2
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H
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3
H
3
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3
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3
C
H
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2
CH
3
@Aiau\ X()&jA MTi J 5:ng 5Pc EKw 5i+m'
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R"ng /h8n amin !Sc D c2 nhit 5 %i lCn nh4t #o c2 nhi;u nguyn t_ H tAo lin 1*t hi5ro v
/h8n t_ c2 c4u tr:c gn gng nn vic tAo lin 1*t hi5ro lin /h8n t_ thuSn lPi'
242
YA i@ua X()&jA MTi cch 5:ng 5Pc EK 5i+m'
?ch D=
w
H (i e?(
v w v w v w w w
?H ?H l ?H ?H ?( ?H ?H ?H (H
?ch w=
v w
w
(H D'?H u Mg Hr
v w v w v w w v w w v w w w ItI w'H u
?H ?H l ?H ?H Mgl ?H ?H ?H uH ?H ?H ?H r ?H ?H ?H (H
?ch v=
w w } w v
e ?r u H K(H
v w w v w v w w w (i
?H ?H ?H uH ?H ?H ?Hu ?H ?H ?H (H
VtB wW
?ch g=
w w
(H uH H
v w v w v w w w (i
?H ?H ?Hu ?H ?H ?H(nuH ?H ?H ?H (H
VtB vW
CG* [ i[u\ X()&j
$A iau^\ X()&jA MTi J 5:ng 5Pc EKw 5i+m'
/H y Prolin t"n tAi ` #Ang mu-i l$ng c)cK h@u nh 1hng #i chuy+n'
Zy%in t"n tAi ` #Ang aMit VcationW #i chuy+n v; c)c 8m VcatotW
jMit glutamic t"n tAi ` #Ang !aG VanionW #i chuy+n v; c)c #Gng VanotW
@A i$u@\ X()&j
Z iau@\ X()&j
?ng thHcK gn 5:ng gi tr6 /e v tUnh 5:ng /H
l
ca <lynjla
VzKwvW H
v
(
>
?H
w
?u (H ?HV?H
v
W ?uu

VvKDW
Z iau\ X()&j /H
l
ca n2= VzKwv > vKDW w Kyf'
Z iau\ X()&j
/H g= H
v
(
>
?H
w
?u (H ?HV?H
v
W ?uuH
/H DD= H
w
(

?H
w
?u (H ?HV?H
v
W ?uu

YA i@u\ X()&j
/A i$u\ X()&j
{c 56nh thH t) lin 1*t ca cc amino aMit trong M'
n ng wKgn5initrolo!InIn Mc 56nh 5Pc aminoaMit jla nn hIMa/I/tit M c2 5@u ( l jla'
n Thu /h8n M nh tri/%in thu 5Pc tri/I/tit j VchHa jlaK jrgK TyrW nn tri/I/tit j c2 c4u
tAo jla Tyr jrg'
o 52 5i/I/tit k VchHa PhIK jrgW c2 c4u tAo jrg PhI'
< VchHa jrgK llIK PhIW nn < c2 c4u tAo= jrg PhI llI'
jmino aMit 5@u ? cin lAi l <ly'
YSy hIMa/I/tit M c2 c4u tAo= W0/ T>: W:- P'k I0k G0>
NAi$ua X()&jA MTi J 5:ng 5Pc EK 5i+m'
jmino aMit no trong cc amino aMit c4u tAo nn M c2 /H
l
lCn nh4t v amino aMit no c2 /H
l
nh& nh4t
n jmino aMit c4u tAo nn M c2 /H
l
lCn nh4t l jrg vQ c2 nh2m guani#in Vc2 v nguyn t_ (W
nn tUnh !aG tri hGn'
n jmino aMit no c2 /H
l
nh& nh4t l PhI vQ c2 nh2m PhI h:t IlIctron nn tUnh aMit t3ng'
CG* \ i[u\ X()&j
$Ai@ua X()&jA MTi ch4t 5:ng 5Pc EK 5i+m'
{c 56nh cng thHc chi*u xi%hIr ca jK K ?K '
n HP/ ch4t { 1hng /h0n Hng vCi thu-c th_ InI#ict c\ng nh 1hng 5-i quang nn j l mt
5ng 1hng 1h_ v vQ vSy chh c2 cc lin 1*t aMItal v MItal t"n tAi ` cc cac!on anomI'
n T4t c0 cc hP/ ch4t jK c\ng nh hP/ ch4t l Vl nmanoGW 5;u cho cng mt o%aon nh
vSy trong %- 52 /h0i l ?nw I/imI ca nmanoG Vl nglucoGWv ch4t 1ia /h0i l 5ng
MIton tGng Hng ` ?nw Vl nructoGW'
243
n HP/ ch4t ? /h0n Hng vCi aMit nitric tAo ra hP/ ch4t 1hng quang hoAt nn trong /h8n t_
c2 t8m 5-i MHng hay cc nh2m uH lin 1*t vCi ?

5-i MHng'
n jn5otrIoG trung gian 1hi !6 oMi ho !`i aMit nitric 1hng tAo thnh 5Pc mt hP/ ch4t
mI%o nh vSy /h0i l nthrIoG'

COOH
OH H
OH H
COOH
COOH
H HO
OH H
COOH
CHO
OH H
OH H
CH
2
OH
MI%o
CHO
H HO
OH H
CH
2
OH
oi Mung
CHO
OH H
CH
2
OH
(h vSyK aMit an5aric tAo thnh tB ? nn ? /h0i l ngalactoG'
n j tAo thnh mol aMit mItanoic v D mol mItanal 1hi /h0n Hng vCi Hlu
g
nn a l
an5ohIMoG' j v 5;u lin quan tCi mt al5otrIoGK an5otrIoG ny l mt 5"ng /h8n
1hng 5-i quang ca ch4t m ? c2 tGng quan nn j l nglucoG'
n tAo thnh g mol aMit mItanoicK D mol mItanal v D mol ?u
w
nn l nructoG
CHO
OH H
H HO
H HO
OH H
CH
2
OH
CHO
OH H
H HO
OH H
OH H
CH
2
OH
CHO
H HO
OH H
OH H
CH
2
OH
O
CHO
OH H
OH H
CH
2
OH
nglucoo VjW
n ructoo VW n<alactoo V?W
@A i$u\ X()&j MTi ch4t 5:ng 5Pc EK 5i+m'
?ng thHc chi*u Haorth ca kK xK <'
n k chuy+n ho tB j=

CHO
OCH
3
H
H H
3
CO
OCH
3
H
OH H
CH
2
OH
O
H
OCH3
H
OCH3 H
OCH
3
CH
2
OH
OH
H
n x chuy+n ho tB =
244

CH
2
OCH
3
H H
3
CO
OCH
3
H
OCH
3
H
CH
2
OCH
3
O
H
OCH
3
OCH
3
H
H OCH
3
O
H
CH
2
OCH
3
n < chuy+n ho tB ?=

CHO
OCH
3
H
H H
3
CO
H H
3
CO
OH H
CH
2
OCH
3
O
OCH
3
H
H
OCH
3
H
OCH
3
CH
2
OCH
3
OH
H
YAi$ua X()&jA MTi trSt t) 5:ng 5Pc EK 5i+m' MTi 5"ng /h8n 5:ng 5Pc EKw 5i+m'
?ng thHc chi*u Haorth ca {'
Trong %) mItyl hoK chh cc nh2m mItyl 1hng tham gia vo %) hQnh thnh aMItalK MItal
Vho.c ni /h8n t_K ho.c lin /h8n t_W mCi !6 ItI ho'
k chh c2 w nh2m hy5roMyl t) #o c2 th+ lin 1*t vCi cac!ohy5rat 1hc' (h vSy j /h0i l
cac!ohy5rat trung t8m nn trSt t) lin 1*t c cc mono%accarit trong { l ?njn hay njn?'
YSy ttOng ccng { c2 g 5"ng /h8n' YU # mt trong g 5"ng /h8n ca { l=
O
OH
H
H
HO H
OH
CH
2
OH
O
O
H
HO
H
HO H
OH
CH
2
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
OH H
O
CH
2
OH
H
245
Y. "i6ng dZy mGn Ha hc b[ng ti\ng nDc ng@i
lINH NGHIo! T CHC DzY HC !N HvW HC BNG TImNG
WNH CHO HC #INH TRUNG HC PH THNG CHUYN
PiSnTSn TU Th Th+oO hhoa H9a h;c
Trng Ui h;c hhoa h;c TL nhinO Ui h;c suGc iia H8 Nin
ThIo Mu hCng ton c@u h2aK vic %_ #ng thnh thAo 5Pc ngoAi ng n2i chung v
ti*ng jnh n2i ring l c4/ thi*t vQ n2 l mt trong nhng chQa 1h2a 5+ ti*/ cSn vCi cc n;n
cng nghi/ tin ti*n' 7o vCi cc hc %inh trung hc /hO thng n2i chungK cc hc %inh trung
hc /hO thng VTHPTW chuyn thng c2 cG hi r4t lCn 5+ nhSn cc hc !Ong #u hc nCc
ngoiK ho.c thIo hc cc chGng trQnh 5o tAo tin ti*nK qu-c t* tAi cc trng RAi hc trong
nCc Vm ti*ng jnh l ngn ng chUnh trong cc chGng trQnh nyW' YQ vSyK vic n8ng cao
v-n ti*ng jnh 5.c !it trong chuyn mn cho hc %inh /hO thngK nh]m gi:/ hc %inh c2 th+
t) hc tS/K nghin cHuK tSn #ng t-t cG hi ny l mt yu c@u c4/ thi*t ca gio #c nCc ta
hin nay' Yic #Ay hc cho hc %inh chuyn cc mn !]ng ti*ng jnh l mt trong nhng ni
#ung ca 1* hoAch th)c hin trong bR; n /ht tri+n h th-ng trng THPT chuyn giai 5oAn
wEDE n wEwEc v c\ng 5N 5Pc !Cc 5@u 5Pc tri+n 1hai tAi Trng THPT chuyn
RHeHT(n RH,<H('
Trong qu trQnh tham gia gi0ng #Ay mn H2a hc !]ng ti*ng jnh cho hc %inh THPT
chuyn tAi trngK ch:ng ti 5N r:t ra mt %- nhSn MptK 1inh nghim v; ni #ung chGng
trQnhK cch thHc tO chHc gi0ng #AyK 5-i tPng hc nh %au=
$AH(F+ 9:=+- 9(6+- W+' 4E/ '?4 .(+' THPT 4'*>S+
(hi;u n3m tr` lAi 58yK hc %inh THPT chuyn trCc 1hi 5T vo trng chuyn 5;u
#nh /h@n lCn thi gian cho vic n luyn cc mn chuyn nn 5a %- c2 trQnh 5 ti*ng jnh
th4/K # 5N 5Pc hc nhi;u n3m ` c4/ cG %` v ti+u hc' ?hh mt %- r4t Ut hc %inh c2 th+ %_
#ng 5Pc ti*ng jnh trong 5c hi+uK giao ti*/ thng thng' n cAnh 52K cch hc ti*ng
jnh trong trng /hO thng cin n.ng v; ng /h/K 5c hi+u v #6ch %ang ti*ng Yit m cha
thSt ch: trng 1h0 n3ng %_ #ng' ?c 1o n3ng nghIK n2iK thSm chU c0 vi*t 5;u r4t y*u' YQ vSyK
vic t #uy 1i*n thHc chuyn mn !]ng ti*ng jnh VchH 1hng /h0i l 5c ti liu chuyn
mn !]ng ti*ng jnh r"i #6chW g@n nh 1hng c2' YQ th*K 5+ c2 mt m hQnh hc 5Pc 50m
!0o v; 1i*n thHcK n8ng cao trQnh 5 chuyn mnK hc 5Pc chuyn mn !]ng ti*ng jnh v
hi nhS/ t-t vCi vic hc 5Ai hc ` nCc ngoi ho.c chGng trQnh tin ti*n ` trong nCc thQ
vic #Ay cc mn t) nhin !]ng ti*ng jnh %q gi:/ cho hc %inh lm quIn vCi mi trng
ti*ng jnhK hGn h*t l t #uy !]ng ti*ng jnh trong hc tS/ v chh c2 th+ thnh cng trCc h*t
nh vo %) h`ng Hng ca hc %inhK /h huynh v nT l)c ca nh trng thIo l trQnh tBng
!Cc mt'
YQ vSyK ch:ng ti nhSn th4yK trCc mFt ngoi vic thIo hc mn ti*ng jnh chUnh 1hoK
c@n M:c ti*n #Ay mn ti*ng jnh 1hoa hc cho hc %inh' (*u cc Im c2 trQnh 5 ngoAi ng
y*u c@n 5Pc hc thm ngoAi ng' ?c !uOi hc chuyn mn !]ng ti*ng jnh c\ng c@n 5Pc
chia thnh cc lC/ 1hc nhau thIo trQnh 5 ngoAi ng thay vQ chia thIo 1h-i chuyn thQ vic
#Ay mCi c2 hiu qu0'
wA T'Q( 0Kx+- <=> &c+ 4'*>S+ &c+ N+- 9(6+- W+'=
246
YCi tQnh hQnh hc tS/ hin nayK 1hi hc %inh lun /h0i 50m !0o vic thi 5T 5Ai hc
trong 1hi cch hc c\ng nh cch thi RAi hc cin cha 5Pc c0i ti*n thQ vic thuy*t /hc t4t
c0 /h huynh v hc %inh c\ng nh th)c hin #Aynhc chuyn mn !]ng DEE| ti*ng jnh l
/hi th)c t*' YCi nhi;u /h huynhK n*u con Im 1hng 5i hc nCc ngoi ho.c chh c2 nhu c@u
vo 5Ai hc ho.c cao hGn thIo hc cc chGng trQnh tin ti*n thuc cc trng 5Ai hc thuc
1h-i MN hiK 1inh t* thQ vic hc chuyn mn !]ng ti*ng jnh l 1hng c@n thi*t m thay vo
52 l hc ngoAi ng 5i 5i vCi hc chuyn mn t-t !]ng ti*ng YitK 50m !0o 5T 5Ai hcK
trnh qu t0i cho con Im mQnh' M.t 1hcK chGng trQnh mn H2a hc ` /hO thng cin n.ng
v; tUnh ton trong 1hi nhi;u 1i*n thHc lJ thuy*t cc qu trQnh h2a hc cin cha 5Pc 5; cS/
5*n Vnh 1hi %o %nh vCi yu c@u v; trQnh 5 jnlIvIl ca 7inga/orW nn vic 50m !0o vBa
cS/ nh4t cc 1i*n thHc mCi %o vCi chGng trQnh ca cc nCcK vBa 5/ Hng nhu c@u thi 5Ai
hc vCi %- 5ng hc %inh l 1hng 1h0 thi' HGn naK vCi cc v4n 5; chuyn mn 1h2 thQ n*u
chh %_ #ng ti*ng jnh 5+ gi0ng #Ay hc %inh %q 1hng th+ hi+u 5Pc 1hi ngoAi ng vXn cin
l ro c0n' ehi 52 /h0i gi0ng #Ay !]ng chUnh ti*ng m 59 mCi c2 hiu qu0'
Y; m.t nyK %ong %ong vCi vic #Ay cho hc %inh cc 1i*n thHc cG !0n c@n thi*t 5-i
/h2 vCi 1s thi RAi hc trong nCc V1hi cha 5Pc c0i ti*nWK !0n th8n gio vin trng chuyn
c\ng nh cc 1s thi hc %inh gi&i qu-c gia c@n 5i 5@u trong vic 5Oi mCi cch thHc gi0ng #Ay
5+ h2a hc ` !Sc hc /hO thngK c@n chHng t& 5Pc vic hc H2a l c@n thi*t cho cuc %-ngK
1hng t) lm /hHc tA/ thm cc v4n 5; h2a hc 5Gn gi0n !]ng cc tUnh ton 1h2K !in luSnK
5nh 5- v 1inh nghim 1hng c@n thi*t'
YQ vSyK vCi ! /hSn %- 5ng hc %inh chuynK %ong %ong vCi chGng trQnh ti*ng Yit
5+ nFm chFc 1i*n thHc thQ trCc mFtK mTi mn 1hoa hc t) nhinK hc thm w ti*t !]ng Ti*ng
jnh mt tu@n l /h hP/'
YAC'K5+- 9:%+'+R( <*+- -(M+- <=>
Hin tAi ch:ng ta cha c2 chGng trQnh gi0ng #Ay mn chuyn mn !]ng ti*ng jnh
th-ng nh4t' o vSyK ngi #Ay /h0i t) M8y #)ng chGng trQnh gi0ng #Ay trn cG %` tham 1h0o
chGng trQnh ca nCc ngoi nh]m thIo 16/ 1h-i lPng 1i*n thHcK vBa 5/ Hng 5Pc churn
1i*n thHc v; #Ay hc chuyn %8u mn H2a hc cho hc %inh THPT chuyn ca gio #c
v Ro tAoK vBa /h8n !- hP/ lJ v gFn 1*t 5Pc vCi chGng trQnh 5o tAo !]ng ti*ng Yit ca
hc %inh 5+ !in %oAn v gi0ng #Ay nh]m trnh cho hc %inh qu t0i v; ni #ung 1i*n thHc'
TrCc mFtK ch:ng ti th4y c@n #)a trn 1hung chGng trQnhni #ung chi ti*t m cc
1s thi ulym/ic qu-c t* qui 56nh cho hc %inh 1hi tham gia /h0i 5At 5PcK 1*t hP/ vCi cc ni
#ung c8u h&i v !i tS/ thIo yu c@u 5.t ra ca 1s thi jnlIvIl vo cc trng RAi hc ca
7inga/or 5+ !in %oAn !i gi0ng nh]m l"ng ghp/ c2 hiu qu0 gia vic #Ay 5Pc ti*ng jnh
cho mn H2a hcK vBa n luynK vBa n8ng cao 1i*n thHc cho hc %inh chuyn' ?2 nh vSyK
mCi 5/ Hng 5Pc yu c@u v; chuyn mn H2a hc m cc nCc 5.t ra cho hc %inh trung
hc /hO thng VthIo yu c@u ny lPng 1i*n thHc h2a hc c@n thm mt %- v4n 5; n8ng cao
v gi0m t0i cc ni #ung tUnh ton /hHc tA/ trong H2a hcW' ,ua th)c t* gi0ng #Ay cho cc
hc %inh trong 5i tuy+nK hc %inh 5At gi0i trong cc 1s thi H7< trong nCc v qu-c t* v
mt %- hc %inh chuyn !Qnh thng 1hc trCc 1hi tham #) 1s thi v cc trng RH ca
7inga/orK ch:ng ti nhSn th4y ti*/ thu lPng 1i*n thHc mCi %o vCi %ch gio 1hoa ca Yit
(am VlAi !]ng ti*ng jnhW hon ton 1hng g8y / l)c gQ vCi cc Im c0'
(hng c\ng c@n nh4n mAnh vic gi0ng #Ay 1i*n thHc mn chuyn !]ng ti*ng jnh
1hng th+ thay th* hon ton cho vic hc !]ng ti*ng Yit' YCi hc %inh /hO thng vic lm
ch 1i*n thHc !]ng chUnh ti*ng m 59 l /hGng thHc t-i u nh4t v l cch ti*/ thu nhanh
247
nh4tK c2 hiu qu0 nh4t' YCi 1i*n thHc thu lPm 5Pc tB ti*ng m 59 thQ hc %inh nhanh ch2ng
c2 g-c rt 5+ hc n8ng cao' ?hh nn %_ #ng ti*ng jnh nh l cng c thH hai gi:/ hc %inh
!Cc 5@u t #uy c2 hiu qu0 !]ng ngoAi ngK !i*t cch %_ #ng ngoAi ng cho vic hc ca
mQnh VtQm 1i*mK 5c ti liuK t) nghin cHu v trao 5Oi vCi cc !An !n ngoi 5+ t) n8ng cao
1i*n thHcW v l cG %` 5+ thIo hc vCi 1*t qu0 cao ` !Sc hc 5Ai hc c\ng nh nghin cHu %au
ny'
Tuy nhinK <io #c v Ro tAo 1hi tri+n 1hai m hQnh #Ay ti*ng jnh cho mn
chuyn c@n qui 56nh chGng trQnh 1hung v mc tiu c\ng nh yu c@u c@n 5At 5PcK trn cG
%` 52 gio vin mCi c2 cch th-ng nh4t v; /hGng /h/ v ni #ung gi0ng #Ay'
[AC84' 9 4'T4 -(M+- <=>
TrCc th)c t* v; hAn ch* ca 1i*n thHc ti*ng jnh ca hc %inh chuyn c\ng trQnh 5
gi0ng #Ay ti*ng jnh ca gio vinK ch:ng ti nhSn th4y c@n 5.t rd l trQnh th)c hin vic !"i
#$ng gi0ng #Ay cho gio vin v hc %inh chuyn nh %au=
D' YCi gio vin= vCi nhng gio vin mn chuyn 1hng 5Pc 5o tAo 5Ai hc
v cao hc ` nCc ngoi thQ ti*ng jnh # c2 chHng chh no c\ng 1h2 c2 th+ gi0ng #Ay v
5Hng lC/ DEE | !]ng ti*ng jnh' o vSyK ! <io #c v 5o tAo c@n c2 cc 1h2a 5o tAo c
th+ tAi nCc ngoi v; ngoAi ng VthIo 5:ng yu c@u l #Ay ngoAi ng cho ngi #Ay hc chH
1hng /h0i cho ngi hcW v cc 1h2a nghI gi0ng v hc tS/ n8ng cao cng vCi %inh vin `
nCc ngoi 5+ t3ng cng 1h0 n3ng t #uy !]n ti*ng jnh cho gio vin'
w' YCi hc %inh= %ong %ong vCi vic hc ti*ng jnh thng thng c@n 5Pc hc
ti*ng jnh trong chuyn mn 5+ c2 1h0 n3ng %_ #ng thnh thAo ti*ng jnh trong hc tS/ v
nh4t thi*t /h0i chia lC/ thIo trQnh 5 ti*ng jnh /h hP/ thQ vic hc mCi c2 hiu qu0'
Y; l trQnh gi0ng #AyK c@n ti*n hnh thIo tBng giai 5oAn nh %au
G(/( X;=+ $= R8y l giai 5oAn 1h2 1h3n nh4t 5-i vCi gio vin V1hng /h0i hc %inhW
#Ay trng chuyn' YQ th)c t* hin nay h@u h*t cc gio vin chuyn 5;u c2 chHng chh ti*ng
jnh nhng cha h; gi0ng #Ay !]ng ti*ng jnh nn !Cc mt c@n !in %oAn cc !i #Ay thIo
484 47 XR ./* 23 . <D+- 4M 9(6+- U(F9 9:x -(d7 9:;+- -(M+- <=>V
n Ay v; tB v)ng trong H2a hc= tAo cho hc %inh n;n t0ng v; ngn ng h2a
hc !]ng ti*ng jnh= cch 5c cc tn ch4tK cch 5c /hGng trQnh /h0n HngK cch #itn 5AtK
m t0 cc thU nghim h2a hc v hin tPng' Mc 5Uch l cho hc %inh lm quIn vCi ti*ng
jnh trong H2a hc
n ^[n luyn cho hc %inh 1h0 n3ng t) tQm 1i*m ti liu lin quan !3ng ti*ng
jnh trn intIrnIt= HCng #Xn cho hc %inh cch tQm v hc tS/ qua cc !i gi0ng c2 %n
trn mAng intIrnItK hc %inh c2 th+ 5c nghI tr)c ti*/ !i gi0ng 52 %au 52 th0o luSn' Ph@n
th0o luSn c2 th+ #ng ti*ng Yit thng qua vic 5cnghI hi+u v #6chW'
n ^[n cho hc %inh 1h0 n3ng t) trQnh !y mt v4n 5; h2a hc= hc %inh c2 th+
thng qua vic tQm ti liuK t) nghin cHu v !i*n thnh mt v@n 5; ca mQnh v trQnh !y
!]ng ti*ng jnh' R8y l 1o n3ng c@n thi*t vCi t4t c0 cc %inh vin 1hi hc 5Ai hc' Cc 5@u
hc %inh c2 th+ th)c hin #itn 5At 5Gn gi0n nh4t vCi ch 5+ #t %au 52 ti*/ cSn 5*n cc v4n
5; mCi hGn m /h@n %ch gio 1hoa ti*ng Yit cha 5; cS/'
G(/( X;=+ @V ehi trQnh 5 gio vin t-tK c2 th+ lm ch 5Pc gi #Ay chuyn mn
!]ng ti*ng jnh cng vCi 1i*n thHc ti*ng jnh ca hc %inh 5 5+ ti*/ thu thQ ch:ng ti cho
248
r]ng c@n %_ #ng DEE| ti*ng jnh trong gi hc' ehi 52 1hng nn #Ay 1i*n thHc thIo 1i+u
5c v #6ch vQ vic #ng lXn ln w ngn ng trong gi hc vCi ngi hc %q 0nh h`ng 5*n
1h0 n3ng t #uyK cch /ht 8m V5.c !it r4t 1hc nhau gia ti*ng Yit v ti*ng jnh v; #anh
tB h2a hcW' YCi nhng thuSt ng mCi Vn*u 1hng /h0i l@n 5@uWK 5+ nhFc cho hc %inh !i*t thQ
c2 th+ cung c4/ nghLa ti*ng Yit #Ci #Ang ch: thUch /hUa cu-i !i ho.c cu-i mTi %li#I trong
1hi trQnh chi*u'
249
C84 N3( -(M+- 4h 9') XKx4 b69 4* 9'k; 484 'KL+- ./* XG>=
n n;=( $= Ay 1i*n thHc !]ng ti*ng jnh m /h@n ti*ng Yit hc %inh 5N 5Pc hc 1o Vtuy
nhin 1hng yu c@u cc tUnh ton /hHc tA/K 1hng c@n thi*tW thIo hQnh thHc n tS/K tOng 1*tK
1hi qut h2a nhng v4n 5; chUnh %ao cho hc %inh c2 5Pc v-n tBK thuSt ngK cch #ng tBK
5.t c8uK cch trQnh !y v4n 5; 1hoa hc trong ti*ng jnh v quan trng hGn c0 l tS/ chuy+n
t #uy tB hQnh thHc 5c ho.c nghI r"i #6ch tB ti*ng jnh %ang ti*ng Yit v ngPc lAi thnh
cch t #uy !]ng ti*ng jnh' (hng !i gi0ng loAi ny cin gi:/ cho %inh vin c2 th+ vo
mAng truy cS/ ngu"n ti liu /hong /h: Vc0 !i vi*tK !i gi0ngK %ch tham 1h0o v vi#Io !i
gi0ng c2 %n trn mAngW' HQnh thHc ny cin c2 th+ yu c@u hc %inh t) %oAn cc !i trQnh !y
!]ng ti*ng jnh trn cG %` thu thS/ ti liu v 1i*n thHc V5N hi+u 1o !]ng ti*ng YitW v trQnh
!y trCc c0 lC/ thIo hQnh thHc MImina'
n n;=( @= Ay cc !i hc n8ng cao 1i*n thHc !]ng ti*ng jnh Vm hin chGng trQnh gi0ng
#Ay !]ng ti*ng Yit 1hng cung c4/W trn n;n t0ng nhng v4n 5; m hc %inh 5N 5Pc hc
V!]ng ti*ng YitW nh]m cS/ nhSt 5Pc nhng 1i*n thHc !Sc cao m cc nCc 5ang gi0ng #Ay
cho hc %inh /hO thngK ti*n tCi t4t c0 cc hc %inh chuyn 5;u c2 th+ 5Pc ti*/ cSn v gi0i
quy*t 5Pc cc v4n 5; m cc 1s thi ulym/ic qu-c t* 5.t ra chH 1hng chh cc hc %inh trong
5i tuy+n qu-c gia tham #) thi ulym/ic mCi 5Pc hc'
n n;=( Y= Ay trCc cc v4n 5; mCi 1hng qu 1h2 %o vCi chGng trQnh ti*ng Yit 5ang
hc' (hng !i gi0ng ny tBng !Cc %q gi:/ cho hc %inh ti*/ cSn 5Pc vCi cch ti*/ thu
1i*n thHc 1hoa hc !]ng ti*ng jnhK nghI gi0ng 5Pc mt v4n 5; mCi m mQnh hon ton
cha !i*t'
\A l()& 9:/u X8+' -(8= nn c2 qui 56nh 5i+m 1i+m traK 5nh gi vCi cc mn hc chuyn
mn !]ng ti*ng jnhK %ong %ong vCi chGng trQnh ti*ng Yit v c@n tO chHc cc 1s thi 1i+m
tra cu-i n3m chung cho cc hc %inh VthIo churn 1hu v)cK qu-c t*W 5+ 5nh gi n3ng l)c t
#uy va 1i*n thHc thu nhSn 5Pc'
]A C5 .P 2O9 4'9 41+ ' 9:x= ?@n 5@u t n8ng c4/ cG %` vSt ch4t hin c2 %ao cho t3ng
cng 5Pc /hGng tinK trang thi*t !6 #Ay hc 5"ng !K hin 5Ai' YU #K cc /hing hc c@n
c2 my chi*uK truy cS/ intIrnIt ngay trong qu trQnh #Ayn hcK h th-ng loaK thu 8mK ring
vCi mn H2a hc /h0i c2 /hing thU nghim thQ vic #Ay v hc mCi c2 hiu qu0 v c2 th+
tBng !Cc ti*n tCi n8ng cao ch4t lPng gio #c ngang t@m cc trng trung hc tin ti*n
trong 1hu v)c v qu-c t*'
?u-i cng ch:ng ti cho r]ng c@n 1hmng 56nh tUnh c4/ thi*t v; #Ay ti*ng jnh
mn chuyn cho hc %inh trung hc /hO thng chuynK coi 58y l ti*/ cSn !an 5@u thIo
hCng hi nhS/ h2a v l n;n t0ng 5+ hc %inh c2 th+ 5At 5Pc 1i*n thHcK quan trng hGn l
/hGng thHc t #uy !]ng ti*ng jnh cho %inh vin #t #ng hGn trong vic hc 5Ai hc `
nCc ngoi ho.c thIo hc cc chGng tQnh ti*n ti*n v qu-c t* ` trong nCcK gi:/ cho hc
%inh c2 cG hi 5ry nhanh vic ti*/ thu 1i*n thHc ` trQnh 5 cao' Mu-n vSy thQ 5+ vic #Ay
v hc c2 hiu qu0 c@n ti*n hnh 5"ng ! nhi;u gi0i /h/ c0 vCi gio vinK hc %inhK cG %`
vSt ch4tK chGng trQnh gi0ng #Ay v cch thHc ti*n hnh tBng !Cc mtK ca /h huynh hc
%inhK c@n %Cm thay 5Oi c0 v; chGng trQnh %ch gio 1hoaK cch thHc hc v thi c_ ` !Sc
trung hc /hO thng nhng c@n nh4t vXn l quy*t t8m ca chUnh cc trng thQ mCi c2 th+
5a vic hc hc ti*ng jnh mn chuyn mn thnh hin th)c v c2 hiu qu0 cao'
250