AP Biology, Chapter 23 The Evolution of Populations Summary Introduction 1. Explain why it is incorrect to say that in ivi ual organis!

s evolve. a. Evolution is the efine as a irectional change in gene fre"uency #. An organis! contri#utes over the course of its lifeti!e POPULATION GENETICS Introduction The modern evolutionary synthesis integrated Dar inian selection and !endelian inheritance 2. Explain what is !eant #y $the !o ern synthesis.$ a. Co!#ines %en elian genetics, #iogeography an population genetics #. Explains natural selection in ter!s of restricte gene flow an selection within populations The genetic structure o" a #o#ulation is de"ined $y its allele and genoty#e "re%uencies 3. &efine a population' efine a species. a. Population ( local #ree ing group #. )pecies ( group of populations whose in ivi uals have the potential to inter#ree an pro uce fertile offspring *. Explain how !icroevolutionary change can affect a gene pool. a. +ene pool ( all alleles at all loci in the population #. ,ncrease or ecrease in allele fre"uency ( !icroevolution The &ardy'(ein$erg theorem descri$es a nonevolving #o#ulation -. )tate the .ar y/0ein#erg theore!. a. Allele an genotypic fre"uencies re!ain constant unless acte upon 1. 0rite the general .ar y/0ein#erg e"uation an use it to calculate allele an genotype fre"uencies. a. E"uations for one locus with two alleles with fre"uencies p an q i. p 2 q ( 1 ii. p2 2 2pq 2 q2 ( 1 #. .ints for solving pro#le!s i. ,f given p or ", su#tract fro! 1 an plug an chug ii. ,f given the fre"uency of the ho!o3ygous recessives, ta4e the s"uare root, su#tract fro! 1, an plug an chug 5. Explain why the .ar y/0ein#erg theore! is i!portant conceptually an historically. a. %athe!atically efines the population #. )tarting point for !o eling factors affecting change 6. 7ist the con itions a population !ust !eet to !aintain .ar y/0ein#erg e"uili#riu!. a. 7arge population #. 8o gene flow c. 8o net !utation . 9an o! !ating e. 8o natural selection

CAUSES O) !IC*OE+OLUTION !icroevolution is a generation'to'generation change in a #o#ulation,s allele or genoty#ic "re%uencies :. &efine !icroevolution. a. +eneration/to/generation change in a population;s genetic structure 1<. &efine evolution at the population level. a. Change in allele an genotypic fre"uencies in a population The "ive causes o" microevolution are genetic dri"t- gene "lo - mutationnonrandom mating- and natural selection 11. Explain how genetic rift, gene flow, !utation, nonran o! !ating, an natural selection can cause !icroevolution. a. &rift is the ran o! change in gene fre"uencies' less with !ore sa!ples #. +ene flow allows certain in ivi uals to enter an leave with their genes c. %utation ten s to egra e the gene pool . 8onran o! !ating enies so!e their repro uctive rights e. 8atural selection increases or ecreases the contri#utions of so!e in ivi uals 12. Explain the role of population si3e in genetic rift. a. $The s!aller the sa!ple, the greater the chance of eviations fro! the expecte result.$ #. )!all populations are !ore affecte #y sa!pling 13. &istinguish #etween the #ottlenec4 effect an the foun er effect. a. Bottlenec4 i. &own to a s!all population #y ran o! 4illing ii. 9an o!ly eli!inates, re uces, or enhances fre"uencies iii. )!all population suffers rift #. =oun er effect> a s!all population selecte #y coloni3ation 1*. Explain why !utation has little "uantitative effect on a large population. a. %utation rates are a#out 1<- / 1<1 per locus per generation #. ,n ivi ual loci accu!ulate !utations slowly GENETIC +A*IATION- T&E SU.ST*ATE )O* NATU*AL SELECTION Introduction Genetic +ariation occurs ithin and $et een #o#ulations 1-. Explain how "uantitative an iscrete characters contri#ute to variation within a population. a. ?uantitative vary on a continuu! fro! polygenic inheritance #. &iscrete characters pro uce istinct phenotypes 11. &efine poly!orphis! an !orphs. &escri#e an exa!ple of poly!orphis! within the hu!an population. a. &efinitions i. Poly!orphis!> two or !ore istinct for!s in significant proportion ii. %orphs> the istinct for!s #. Exa!ple> AB@ #loo groups

15. &istinguish #etween gene iversity an nucleoti e iversity. &escri#e exa!ples of each in hu!ans. a. +ene iversity ( average percentage of loci that are hetero3ygous #. 8ucleoti e iversity ( average percentage of #ases that are c. .u!an gene iversity ( 1*A, nucleoti e iversity ( <.1A 16. 7ist so!e factors that can pro uce geographic variation a!ong closely

hetero3ygous relate

populations. &efine a cline. a. =actors inclu e> interacting species, rift, !icroenviron!ents #. Cline> variation gra e along a geographic axis !utation and se/ual recom$ination generate genetic variation 1:. Explain why even though !utation can #e a source of genetic varia#ility, it contri#utes a negligi#le a!ount to genetic variation in a population. a. %ost !utations have little or har!ful effect 2<. &escri#e the cause of nearly all genetic variation in a population. a. %utation an rapi selection provi e significant variation in !icroorganis!s #. %ost variation in sexual populations is ue to genetic reco!#ination Di#loidy and $alanced #olymor#hism #reserve variation 21. Explain how genetic variation !ay #e preserve in a natural population. a. 9ecessive alleles re!ain hi en in iploi s #. Balance poly!orphis! i. .etero3ygote a vantage li4e in sic4le cell ii. .y#ri vigor iii. Patchy environ!ent favoring !any !orphs iv. =re"uency/ epen ent selection 22. Briefly escri#e the neutral theory of !olecular evolution an explain how changes in gene fre"uency !ay #e nona aptive. a. )o!e !olecular variation has little or no effect on survival an repro uctive success #. )uch variation !ay rift into significance c. 8eutral variation is in reserve for changing circu!stances NATU*AL SELECTION AS A !EC&ANIS! O) ADAPTI+E E+OLUTION Introduction Evolutionary "itness is the relative contri$ution an individual ma0es to the gene #ool o" the ne/t generation 23. &escri#e what selection acts on an what factors contri#ute to the overall fitness of a genotype. a. )election acts on entire phenotype, very rarely on one trait #. =itness is affecte #y survival, fertility, longevity, environ!ent 2*. &istinguish #etween &arwinian fitness an relative fitness. a. &arwinian fitness> total contri#ution to the gene pool of the next generation #. 9elative fitness> contri#ution of a genotype co!pare to the co!peting alleles 2-. &escri#e exa!ples of how an organis!;s phenotype !ay #e influence #y the environ!ent.

a. %alnutrition re uces fertility #. The sun ar4ens c. Catastrophes eli!inate co!petition The e""ect o" selection on a varying characteristic can $e sta$ili1ingdirectional- or diversi"ying 21. &istinguish a!ong sta#ili3ing selection, irectional selection, an iversifying selection. a. )ta#ili3ing> selects against the extre!es, !a4es the population !ore average #. &irectional> one extre!e is selecte against, average shifts c. &iversifying> #oth extre!es have an a vantage, istri#ution splits Se/ual selection may lead to #ronounced secondary di""erences $et een the se/es 25. &escri#e the a vantages an isa vantages of sexual repro uction. a. A vantages i. +enerates genetic iversity ii. Eli!inates har!ful recessives iii. Allows hetero3ygote a vantage iv. Ena#les chro!oso!al repair v. &uplicates for #ac4up #. &isa vantages i. 9e"uires co!plex #ehavioral an physiological a aptations ii. &isrupts a vantageous co!#inations in constant environ!ents iii. )lower 26. &efine sexual i!orphis! an explain how it can influence evolutionary change. a. )exual i!orphis!> ifferent for!s of the !ale an fe!ale of a species #. ,nfluence i. )exes can assu!e co!ple!entary #ehavioral roles ii. )exes can !ore efficiently use resources iii. %ay pro!ote selection of $i!prove!ents$ 2:. &istinguish #etween intrasexual selection an intersexual selection. a. ,ntrasexual> within a sex' !ales fighting to eter!ine !ating #. ,ntersexual> #etween sexes' fe!ales exa!ine !ales an select a !ate Natural selection cannot "ashion #er"ect organisms 3<. &escri#e at least four reasons why natural selection cannot #ree perfect organis!s. a. .istorical constraints> genetic #aggage ta4es a while to wash away #. A aptations are often co!pro!ises c. Chance . )election #egins with alleles on han