Chuyn 1:

PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH I S

Loi 1: Phng trnh bc nht & phng trnh bc hai
1. Phng trnh bc nht
ax + b = 0, a 6= 0

(1)

b
Phng trnh (1) lun c nghim duy nht x = .
a
2. Phng trnh bc hai
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 6= 0

(2)

Phng trnh (2) c bit thc1 = b2 4ac.

Nu < 0 th phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Nu = 0 th phng trnh (2) c nghim kp x =

b
.
2a

Nu > 0 th phng trnh (2) c 2 nghim phn bit x1,2

b
=
.
2a

3. nh l Vi - et2 & ng dng

a) nh l Vi - et:

x 1 + x 2 = b
2
a
Nu phng trnh ax + bx + c = 0 c hai nghim x1 , x2 th
x x = c .
1 2
a

u + v = S
Nu hai s u, v c
th chng l nghim ca "phng trnh tng - tch" x2 Sx+P = 0.
uv = P
b) ng dng:
Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t: Nu f (x) = ax2 + bx + c c hai nghim x1 , x2 th ax2 + bx + c =
a (x x1 ) (x x2 ) .
Xt du cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai: Cho phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 c hai nghim
c
b
x1 , x2 (x1 x2 ) . t S = , P = . Khi :
a
a
Nu P < 0 th x1 < 0 < x2 (hai nghim tri du)

P > 0
Nu
th 0 < x1 x2 (hai nghim dng)
S > 0

P > 0
Nu
th x1 x2 < 0 (hai nghim m)
S < 0
2
V d 1 (H
Dc

 HN 1997): Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh mx + x + m 1 = 0 c nghim

1
1
x1 , x2 tha   > 1.
x1
x2
 2  2
x1
x2
2
V d 2 (B thi): Tm a phng trnh x + ax + 1 = 0 c nghim x1 , x2 tha
+
> 7.
x2
x1
V d 3 (B thi): Tm m phng trnh x2 mx + m2 3 = 0 c nghim x1 , x2 l di cc cnh gc
vung ca mt tam gic vung vi cnh huyn c di bng 2.
V d 4 (B thi): Tm a biu thc sau c ngha vi mi x
p
(a + 1) x2 2 (a 1) x + 3a 3

V d 5 (B thi): Gi x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh 12x2 6mx + m2 4 +

no ca m th biu thc x31 + x32 t gi tr ln nht, t gi tr nh nht?
V d 6 (B thi): Cho f (x) = 2x2 + 2 (m + 1) x + m2 + 4m + 3
1 Ta

c th s dng bit thc thu gn 02 = b02 ac, trong b = 2b0 .

Viete (1540 - 1603) nh ton hc ngi Php.

2 Francois

12
= 0. Vi gi tr
m2

a) Vi gi tr no ca m th f (x) = 0 c nghim?
b) Tm m f (x) = 0 c t nht mt nghim ln hn hay bng 1.
c) Gi x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca f (x). Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A = |x1 x2 2 (x1 + x2 )|.
Loi 2: Phng trnh bc ba
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a 6= 0.

(3)

Cch gii thng dng l tm mt nghim c bit ca phng trnh (3) ri a v phng trnh tch. Ta
nu mt vi cch nhm nghim gii phng trnh (3) nh sau
Nu a + b + c + d = 0 th x = 1 l mt nghim ca phng trnh (3).
Nu a b + c d = 0 th x = 1 l mt nghim ca phng trnh (3).
Nu trong phng trnh (3) c tham s th ta thng chn gi tr lm cho tham s b trit tiu th, t
c th nhm c nghim c bit ca phng trnh (3).
V d 7 (A_2002): Tm k phng trnh x3 + 3x2 + k 3 3k 2 = 0 c 3 nghim phn bit.




V d 8: Cho (Cm ) : y = x3 2mx2 + 2m2 1 x + m 1 m2 . Tm m (Cm ) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit
c honh ln hn 0.


V d 9: Cho hm s y = x3 3 (m + 1) x2 + 2 m2 + 4m + 1 x 4m (m + 1) . Tm m th hm s ct
trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh ln hn 1.


V d 10 (DB1 B_2003): Tm m th hm s y = (x 1) x2 + mx + m ct trc honh ti 3 im
phn bit.
V d 11 (DB2 D_2003): Gi dk l ng thng i qua im M (0; 1) v c h s gc k.Tm k ng
thng dk ct th C ca hm s y = 2x3 3x2 1 ti ba im phn bit.
Loi 3: Phng trnh trng phng
ax4 + bx2 + c = 0, a 6= 0

(4)

Ta gii phng trnh (4) bng cch t t = x2 0. a v phng trnh bc hai theo n t
at2 + bt + c = 0

(5)

Nu (5) v nghim hoc ch c nghim m th (4) v nghim.

Nu (5) c nghim t = 0 th (4) c nghim x = 0.

Nu (5) c mt nghim t = t0 th (4) c 2 nghim tri du x = t0 .

V d 12 (DB2 D_2002): Tm m th (C) y = x4 mx2 + m 1 ct trc honh ti bn im phn
bit.
V d 13: nh m phng trnh (m 2) x4 + 2 (m 3) x2 + m + 3 = 0 v nghim.
Loi 4: Phng trnh nghch o bc bn
ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + bx + a = 0




1
1
Do x 6= 0 nn chia hai v ca (6) cho x2 6= 0 ta c a x2 + 2 + b x +
+ c = 0.
x
x
t t = x +

(6)

1
, |t| 2 a phng trnh ny v phng trnh bc hai theo t.
x

V d 14: Tm m phng trnh x4 + mx3 + 2mx2 + mx + 1 = 0 c nghim.

V d 15 (H Y Dc TPHCM 1996): Tm tt c cc gi tr ca h sao cho phng trnh x4 + hx3 + x2 +
hx + 1 = 0 c khng t hn hai nghim m khc nhau.

Loi 5: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i

A nu A 0
1. nh ngha gi tr tuyt i: |A| =
A nu A < 0
2. Mt s dng phng trnh, bt phng trnh c bn:

B 0
|A| = B
A = B
|A| = |B| A2 = B 2 A = B
|A| B B A B
|A| B A B A B
|A| B A2 B 2
V d 16: Gii cc phng trnh sau


a) (CHQ 1995) x2 x + |2x 4| = 3


b) (HTS 1999) x2 4x = |2x 7| + 1
c) 3 cos x + 2 |sin x| = 2
d) |sin x cos x| + 4 sin 2x = 1
V d 17: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau


a) x2 2x 3 3x 3


b) x2 3x + 2 + x2 > 2x

 2
 x 5x + 4 
1

c) 
x2 4 
 2

x 4x + 3
d) 2
1
x + |x 5|

e) (B thi) x4 2x2 + 1 1 x
Loi 6: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t c bn
1. Mt s dng phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t c bn:

B 0

A = B
A = B 2

A 0 B 0

A = B
A = B

B 0
B 0

A B

A 0
A B 2

A B A B 0

B 0

A B A 0

A B2
2. Mt s dng hay sai lm:

A B 0 B = 0

A 0
B > 0
3


B > 0
A B > 0
A > 0

3. Mt s ch khi bin i phng trnh, bt phng trnh:

Cn t iu kin xc nh cho phng trnh, bt phng trnh cn gii.
Khng c gin c hai v ca mt phng trnh cho mt i lng m i lng ta cha bit
khc 0 hay cha.
Khi bnh phng hai v ca mt phng trnh m cha xc nh c du ca hai v ta c mt
phng trnh h qu, do khi tm c nghim ta cn th li.
Khi nhn (chia) hai v ca mt bt phng trnh vi mt i lng ta cn bit i lng m hay
dng.
V d 18: Gii cc phng trnh sau

a) (HXD 2001) x2 6x + 6 = 2x 1

b) (HQG TPHCM D_1999) x2 + 4x + 2 = 2x

c) (HDL Hng Vng 2000) 17 + x 17 x = 2

d) (H Hu A_2000) 3 cos x cos x + 1 = 2

e) (HKTQD A_2000) 5x 1 3x 2 x 1 = 0

f) (HTCKT 1994) 3 x + 34 3 x 3 = 1

g) x2 + x 5 + x2 + 8x 4 = 5

h) x + 1 3 2x 6 = 2
p

i) 3 x + 3 2x 3 = 3 12 (x 1)
V d 19: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

a) (HBK TPHCM 1994) 3x 1 |x + 1|

b) (HSP TPHCM 1994) 2x2 6x + 1 x + 2 > 0

c) (HGTVT 1994) x + 1 2 x 2

d) 5x 1 x 1 > 2x 4

e) x2 + x 2 + x2 + 2x 3 x2 + 4x 5
Loi 7: Dng n ph gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh v t

1. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh c cha n ax + b, x, x2 , . . . ta t t = n ax + b.

A
A2
A
X v X +
ta t t = X .
X
X
X

m
n
s
3. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh c cha
X, X ta t t = X vi s l bi s chung nh nht ca
m, n.

X Y

4. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh c cha

sao cho X + Y = hng s, ta t t = X Y .
X. Y
2. Phng trnh, bt phng trnh c cha

p
p
a
b
px2 + qx + r vi = ta t t = px2 + qx + r.
p
q
p
6. Phng trnh P (x) + Q(x) + P (x).Q(x) = 0 vi 6= 0.

5. Phng trnh dng ax2 + bx + c =

 Trng hp P (x) = 0 = Q(x) = 0. Ta gii h phng trnh

P (x) = 0

Q(x) = 0.
s
Q(x)
Q(x)
Trng hp P (x) 6= 0, bin i phng trnh v dng +
+
= 0 (chia hai v ca
P (x)
P (x)
s
Q(x)
.
phng trnh cho P (x)), ta t t =
P (x)
p

p
p
7. Phng trnh dng (P (x) + Q(x)) +
P (x) Q(x) 2 P (x)Q(x) + = 0, vi 2 + 2 6= 0.
p
p
p
t t = P (x) P (x) th t2 = P (x) + Q(x) 2 P (x)Q(x).

u = p
n
p
p
F (x) + a
n
n
8. Phng trnh
F (x) + a F (x) = b ta t
t ta c h phng trnh hai n
p
v = n F (x)

u v = b
u, v l
un v n = a.
V d 20: Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) x2 + 3
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

2x2 3x + 2 =

3 (x + 4)
2

p
3 x (x 1) (3 x) = 1

2x 5 + 2 x2 5x + 2 x 5 + 2 x = 48

2p
(HQG HN 2000) 1 +
x x2 = x + 1 x
3

(Ban Qun S BQP 2001) 4 56 x + 4 x + 41 = 5

2 x2 3x + 2 = 3 x3 + 8

2x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2x2 + 5x + 3 16
x1+

V d 21 (H Tng hp TPHCM D_1995): Cho phng trnh

x+

2
4
+a= x +4
x
x

a) Gii phng trnh khi a = 0.

b) Chng minh rng vi mi tham s a phng trnh cho c khng qu hai nghim.

V d 22 (H Y Dc TPHCM 1997): Cho phng trnh x + 9 x = x2 + 9x + m.

a) Gii phng trnh khi m = 9.
b) nh m phng trnh cho c nghim.
V d 23 (HGTVT TPHCM 1999): Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s a phng trnh

2 3 1 x2 = a c nghim duy nht.

Hng dn:

1 x2 +

Phn =) Gi s x0 l nghim ca phng trnh th x0 cng l nghim ca phng trnh. Do tnh duy
nht ca nghim nn x0 = x0 x0 = 0. Suy ra a = 3.

Phn =) Vi a = 3 ta c phng trnh 1 x2 + 2 3 1 x2 = 3. Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c

x = 0.
V d 24: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

a) x2 + 2 x2 3x + 11 3x + 4



b) (HXD 1999) x3 + 1 + x2 + 1 + 3x x + 1 > 0

5
1
c) (B thi) 5 x + < 2x +
+4
2x
2 x
r
x+1
x+1
d) (B thi)
2
>3
x
x
p
V d 25 (B thi): Cho bt phng trnh 4 (4 x) (2 + x) x2 2x + a 18.
a) Gii bt phng trnh khi a = 6.
b) nh a bt phng trnh nghim ng vi mi x [2; 4] .
Loi 8: Mt s phng php c bit gii phng trnh v t

1. S dng lng lin hp ca mt biu thc kh cn, v d A B c lng lin hp l A B, . . .

2. S dng hng ng thc X 2 = |X| . dng ny biu thc trong du cn s c dng x2 2xy + y 2 .
3. S dng tnh n iu ca hm s.3

f (x) h(x)
4. S dng php nh gi hai v. Ta da vo mnh "Nu
vi mi x D th f (x) =
g(x) h(x)

f (x) = h(x)
g(x)
"
g(x) = h(x).
V d 26: Gii cc phng trnh

a) 3x2 2x + 15 + 3x2 2x + 8 = 7

x+3
5
p
p

x+5
c) (H Thy sn 2001) x + 2 + 2 x + 1 + x + 2 2 x + 1 =
2
p
p

x+3
d) (B thi) x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 =
2

e) (B thi) x 2 + 4 x = x2 6x + 11
b)

4x + 1

3x 2 =

Loi 9: Mt s h phng trnh c bn

1. H gm mt phng trnh bc nht & mt phng trnh bc cao. Ta gii bng phng php "rt - th".

f (x, y) = 0
2. H phng trnh i xng loi I: Cho h phng trnh
H phng trnh ny gi l h
g(x, y) = 0.
i xng loi I nu mi phng trnh ca h khng thay i khi ta tro i vai tr ca x, y. Ngha l

f (x, y) = f (y, x) = 0
Ta gii h ny nh sau:
g(x, y) = g(y, x) = 0.

x + y = S
t
v bin i h v h vi n mi l S, P . Gii tm S, P.
xy = P
Tm x, y bng cch gii phng trnh tng - tch X 2 SX + P = 0.
Kt lun v nghim ca h.
Ch :
Nu (x0 , y0 ) l nghim ca h th (y0 , x0 ) cng l nghim ca h. Do h i xng loai I c
nghim duy nht th x0 = y0 .
3 Ta

s tm hiu c th phn ng dng tnh n iu ca hm s gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh.


x + y = S
t
xy = P
i khi ta phi t

th x2 + y 2 = S 2 2SP, x3 + y 3 = S 3 3SP, . . .

u = u(x)
v = v(x)

u + v = S
ri mi t
uv = P.

3. H phng trnh i xng loi II: H phng trnh gi l i xng loi II nu tro
i vai tr ca x v y
f (x, y) = 0
cho nhau th phng trnh ny chuyn thnh phng trnh kia ca h. Ngha l
Ta gii
f (y, x) = 0.
h phng trnh ny nh sau:
Ly phng trnh trn tr phng trnh di v vi v ta c (x y) g(x, y) = 0 (phng trnh tch
s). Ta xet hai trng hp:

x y = 0
Trng hp x y = 0. Gii h
f (x, y) = 0.

g(x, y) = 0
Trng hp g(x, y) = 0. Gii h
f (x, y) = 0.
Kt lun v nghim ca h.
Ch : i khi h cho ch c mt phng trnh ca h dng f (x) = f (y). Ngha l hai v ca
phng trnh c dng ging nhau. Khi ta a phng trnh v dng f (x) f (y) = (x y)

a x2 + b xy + c y 2 = d
1
1
1
1
4. H phng trnh ng cp bc hai: Dng tng qut
Ta gii h phng trnh
2
2
a2 x + b2 xy + c2 y = d2 .
ny nh sau:
Th xem (0; 0), (0, ), (, 0) c l nghim ca h khng.
Nu cc gi tr trn khng l nghim, ta t x = ky, k 6= 0.
Th vo h c mt h hai n y, k. Gii tm k. T tm c x, y.
V d 27: Gii cc h phng trnh sau

x2 (y + 1) (x + y + 1) = 3x2 4x + 1
a)
xy + x + 1 = x2

x + y 1 = 1
b) (H KTQD 1997)
x y + 2 = 2y 2

x + y + xy = 11
c) (HQG HN 2000)
x2 + y 2 + 3 (x + y) = 28

xy + 2x + 2y = 8
d)
x2 + y 2 x y + xy = 4

1
1

x + y + + = 4
x
y
e)
1
1

x2 + y 2 +
+ 2 =4
2
x
y
r
1

x+ + x+y3=3
y
f)

2x + y + 1 = 8
y

x3 = 3x + 8y
g)
y 3 = 3y + 8x
7


x 1 = y 1
x
y
h)
2
2x xy 1 0

x2 + 3xy + 2y 2 = 8
i)
2x2 + xy + y 2 = 4

x + ay a = 0
V d 28 (HTM 2000): Cho h phng trnh
x2 + y 2 x = 0.
a) Gii v bin lun s nghim ca h theo a.
2

b) Khi h c hai nghim phn bit (x1 ; y1 ) , (x2 ; y2 ) tm a A = (x2 x1 ) + (y2 y1 ) t gi tr ln nht.

x + xy + y = m + 2
V d 29: nh m h phng trnh
c nghim duy nht.
x2 y + xy 2 = m + 1
Loi 10: Mt s phng php gii h phng trnh khng mu mc
1. S dng phng trnh ng thng: Ta cn nh phng trnh tng qut & phng trnh tham s ca
ng thng.

ng thng i qua M (x0 ; y0 ) v c vect php tuyn

n = (A; B) 6= 0 c phng trnh tng qut
dng A (x x0 ) + B (y y0 ) = 0 hay Ax + By + C = 0.

ngthng i qua M (x0 ; y0 ) v c vect ch phng

u = (a; b) 6= 0 c phng trnh tham s
x = x + at
0
dng
y = y0 + bt.

x3 + 8 + 3 12 x3 = 10.
p
p
3
Phng trnh c nhn di dng x3 + 8 +3 12 x3 = 10. T ta c phng trnh tng qut
| {z }
| {z }

V d: Gii phng trnh

ca ng thng X + 3Y = 10.

X = 1 + 3t
Chuyn X + 3Y = 10 v phng trnh tham s
Y = 3 t.

3 x3 + 8 = 1 + 3t
T ta c cch gii phng trnh trn bng cch t
12 x3 = 3 t

, trong

1
1
t .
3
3

Gii tm c t = 1 = x = 2.

Bi tng t: Gii phng trnh x + 3 + 3 x + 2 = 1.

2. Phng php t n ph: Trong h phng trnh tm c hai i lng v c gng biu th cc biu thc
cn li qua hai i lng .
3. Phn tch thnh nhn t: Khi gp h phng trnh a thc c hng s v phi (hoc c th a c 2
phng trnh v dng c hng s v phi), ta nhn phng trnh trn vi h s v phi ca phng
trnh di, nhn phng trnh di vi h s v phi ca phng trnh trn. Sau tr v vi v ca
hai phng trnh cho nhau vi mc ch l quy v phng trnh tch.
V d 30: Gii cc h phng trnh sau

x + y xy = 3
a) (A_2006)
x + 1 + +y + 1 = 4

(x, y R) .

Phng trnh th hai c nhn di dng

x + 1 + y + 1 = 4 hay X + Y = 4.
| {z } | {z }
X


x+1=2+t
T ta c th t
y+1=2t

, trong t [2; 2] .

Gii tm c t = 0 = x = y = 3.

Ch : Ta c th t t = xy.

x2 + 1 + y (y + x) = 4y
b) (DB1 A_2006)


x2 + 1 (y + x 2) = y

(x, y R) .

x2 + 1 + y (x + y 4) = 0
Bin i h phng trnh thnh


x2 + 1 (y + x 2) = y.
Ta thy c 2 i lng ging nhau 2 phng trnh ca h l x2 + 1 v x + y 2. Tuy nhin nu t
n ph ngay th h phng trnh cn cha y, ta biu din y qua hai i lng
2 ny bng cch chia hai
x +1

+x+y2=2
y
v ca 2 phng trnh cho y 6= 0 (nh th trng hp y = 0). T ta c
2
x +1

(x + y 2) = 1.

u = x + 1
x = 1
x = 2
y
t
= . . . =

y = 2
y = 5.
v = x + y 2

(x y) x2 + y 2
= 13
c) (DB2 B_2006)


(x + y) x2 y 2 = 25
2

Nhn phng trnh trn vi 25, phng trnh di vi 13 ri tr v vi v ta c 13 (x + y) (x y)

25 (x y) x2 + y 2 = 0 hay (x y) 12x2 + 26xy 12y 2 = 0.
Trng hp x = y khng tha mn h.
Trng hp 12x2 + 26xy 12y 2 = 0. Ta xem y l phng trnh bc hai theo n x, t ta tm
2y
3y
x =
. T 12x2 + 26xy 12y 2 = 0 (3x 2y) (2x 3y) = 0. T suy ra
c x =
2
3

x = 3
x = 2

y = 2
y = 3.

x2 + y + x3 y + xy 2 + xy = 5
4 (x, y R)
d) (A_2008)
5

x4 + y 2 + xy (1 + 2x) =
4

x2 + y + xy + xy x2 + y = 5
4
Bin i h phng trnh v dng


5

x2 + y 2 + xy = .
4

u = x2 + y
u + v + uv = 5
4
T t n ph
c h mi
5
v = xy

u2 + v = .
4

u = 0
u = 1
2
Ly v tr v ta c phng trnh tch & tm c

5
v =
v = 3 .
2
4
r
r ! 

3
5
25
Cui cng tm c 3 ; 3
, 1;
l cc nghim ca h cho.
4
16
2
CC BI TON THI
Bi tp 1: Gii cc phng trnh
p

a) (D_2005) 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4
9

p s: x = 3
b) (D_2006)

2x 1 + x2 3x + 1 = 0


p s: x 1; 2 2

c) (A_2009) 2 3 3x 2 + 3 6 5x 8 = 0
p s: x = 2
d) (B_2010)

3x + 1

6 x + 3x2 14x 8 = 0
p s: x = 5

e) (B_2011) 3 2 + x 6 2 x + 4 4 x2 = 10 3x
p s: x =
f) (C_2012) 4x3 + x (x + 1)

2x + 1 = 0
p s: x =

g) (DB2 D_2002)

x+4+

6
5

1+ 5
4

x 4 = 2x 12 + 2 x2 16
p s: x = 5

h) (DB2 D_2006) x + 2 7 x = 2 x 1 + x2 + 8x 7 + 1
p s: x {4; 5}
i) (DB1 B_2006)

3x 2 +

x 1 = 4x 9 + 2 3x2 5x + 2
p s: x = 2

j) (DB1 B_2006) 10x + 1 + 3x 5 = 9x + 4 + 2x 2

p s: x = 3
k) (DB1 A_2008)

2x + 1 +

3 2x =

(2x 1)
2


p s: x
l) (DB1 2009)

1 3
,
2 2

4x2 + 5x + 1 2 x2 x + 1 = 9x 3
p s: x =

m) (DB1 2010)

97 x +

56
65

x 15 = 4
p s: x {16; 96}

Bi tp 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau

a) (D_2002) x2 3x 2x2 3x 2 0
1
p s: x x = 2 x 3
2
10

p
b) (A_2004)

2 (x2 16)
7x

+ x3>
x3
x3
p s: x > 10

c) (A_2005)

5x 1

x1>

34

2x 4
p s: 2 x < 10

d) (C 2009)

x + 1 + 2 x 2 5x + 1
p s: 2 x 3

e) (A_2010)

x
1

2 (x2 x + 1)

3 5
p s: x =
2

f) (B_2012) x + 1 +

x2 4x + 1 3 x
p s: 0 x

g) (DB2 A_2002)

x + 12

x3+

1
x4
4

2x + 1
p s: 3 x 4

h) (DB2 B_2005)

8x2 6x + 1 4x + 1 0
p s:

i) (DB1 D_2005)

2x + 7

5x

3x 2

p s: x

 

2
14
;1
;5
3
3

2
j) (DB1 D_2008) (x + 1) (x 3) x2 + 2x + 3 < 2 (x 1)
p s: 1
k) (DB2 A_2008)

3<x<1+

1
3x
+1>
1 x2
1 x2
p s: x

l) (DB4 2009)

x+2+

1
1;
2


2
;1
5

x 1 + 2 x2 + x 2 11 2x
p s: 1 x 2

Bi tp 3: Gii cc h phng trnh sau

3
xy = xy
a) (B_2002)
x + y = x + y + 2

p s: (1; 1) ,

x 1 = y 1
x
y
b) (A_2003)

2y = x3 + 1
11

3 1
;
2 2

p s: (1; 1) ,

3y =
c) (B_2003)
3x =

1 +
2

5 1 +
;
2

!
5

1
2

5 1
;
2

!
5

y 2 +2
x2
x2 +2
y2

p s: (1; 1)

x + y xy = 3
d) (A_2006)
x + 1 + y + 1 = 4
p s: (3; 3)

xy + x + y = x2 2y 2
e) (D_2008)
x2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
p s: (5; 2)

x4 + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9
f) (B_2008)
x2 + 2xy = 6x + 6


17
p s: 4;
4

x2 + y + x3 y + xy 2 + xy = 5
4
g) (A_2008)
5

x4 + y 2 + xy (1 + 2x) =
4

p s:

3
1;
2


,

r !
5
25
; 3
4
16

x (x + y + 1) 3 = 0
h) (D_2009)
(x + y)2 5 + 1 = 0
x2


3
p s: (1; 1) , 2;
2

i) (B_2009)

xy + x + 1 = 7y
x2 y 2 + xy + 1 = 13y 2

p s:

1;

1
3


, (3; 1)

22x + y = 3 2x y
j) (C 2010)
x2 2xy y 2 = 2
p s: (1; 1) , (3; 7)

5x2 y 4xy 2 + 3y 3 2 (x + y) = 0
k) (A_2011)


xy x2 + y 2 + 2 = (x + y)2

p s: (1; 1) , (1; 1) ,

12

!
2 10
10
2 10
10
;
,
;
5
5
5
5

l) (D_2012)

xy + x 2 = 0
2x3 x2 y + x2 + y 2 2xy y = 0

p s: (1; 1) ,

x3 3x2 9x + 22 = y 3 + 3y 2 9y
m) (A_2012)
x2 + y 2 x + y = 1
2

1 +
2

!
5
; 5 ,

n) (C 2013)

4x 10y + xy 2 = 0

; 5

(x, y R)

p s:

xy 3y + 1 = 0

1
2

1 3
;
2 2

 

3 1
, ;
2 2

(x, y R)


p s: (2; 1) ,

2x2 + y 2 3xy + 3x 2y + 1 = 0
o) (B_2013)
4x2 y 2 + x + 4 = 2x + y + x + 4y

 

3 2
5
;2 ,
;
2
2 3

(x, y R)

p s: (0; 1) , (1; 2)

p) (A_2013)

p
4
x+1+
x 1 y4 + 2 = y
x2 + 2x (y 1) + y 2 6y + 1 = 0
p s: (1; 0) , (2; 1)

Bi tp 4 (B_2006): Xc nh m cc phng trnh

x2 + mx + 2 = 2x + 1 c hai nghim phn bit.

p s: m

x my = 1
Bi tp 5 (C 2008): Tm m h phng trnh
mx + y = 3

9
2

c nghim x, y tha xy < 0.

1
p s: m < m > 3
3

a x + b y = c
1
1
1
Gii v bin lun h phng trnh
a2 x + b2 y = c2 .










a1 b1 
c1 b1 
a
 , Dx = 
 , Dy =  1
Tnh cc nh thc: D = 




a2 b2 
c2 b2 
a2



c1 
.

c2 

Xt cc trng hp:
Nu D 6= 0 th h c nghim duy nht (x; y), trong x =

Dy
Dx
,y =
.
D
D

Nu D = 0 th:
Dx 6= 0 hoc Dy 6= 0: H v nghim.
Dx = Dy = 0: H c v s nghim, tp nghim ca h l tp nghim ca phng trnh
a1 x + b1 y = c1 .

13