BI TP CU TO NGUYN T V BNG H THNG TUN HON Cu 1. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. S ht ang !

"#n ca nguyn t $ nh"%u h&n s ht ang !"#n ca nguyn t X l ' ht. (c nguyn t X ) $ l*n l+,t l.. .l ) (l. /. .l ) 0. (. Na 1 (l. 2. 3e ) (l. Cu 2. X l 4" lo" thu5c phn nh ch6nh nh 77. (ho 897 ga h:n h,p 4" lo" X ) ;n tc <=ng )" l+,ng <+ <ung <>ch ?(l9 s"nh ra @9A7B l6t 4h6 ?B C DEF(. GHt 4hc 4h" cho 89I ga X tc <=ng )" l+,ng <+ <ung <>ch ?BSJK loLng9 thM thN t6ch ?B s"nh ra ch+a !On 898B l6t C DEF(. E" lo" X l.. Gg. /. (a. (. Sr. 2. /a. Cu 3. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cPu hMnh electron 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAKs89 nguyn t ca nguyn t $ c cPu hMnh electron l 8sBBsBBpR . S"n 4Ot ho hTc g"Ua X ) $ thu5c lo" l"n 4OtV .. (ho nhWn. /. 7on. (. (5ng ho tr> . 2. E" lo". (u K. 2Ly gX cc "on XY9 $Z ) nguyn t ; !%u c cPu hMnh electron 8sBBsBBpA V .. EY9 (lZ9 .r. /. S"Y93Z9 Ne. (.NaY93Z9 Ne. 2.NaY9 (lZ9 .r. BY Cu 5. .n"on XZ ) cat"on $ !%u c cPu hMnh electron lp ngo" c[ng QsBQpA. 1> tr6 cc nguyn t trong \]ng h# thng tu*n hon l V .. X c s th^ t_ 879 (hu 4M K9 Nh 177.. $ c s th^ t_ B@9 chu 4M K9 Nh 77. /. X c s th^ t_ 879 (hu 4M Q9 Nh 177.. $ c s th^ t_ B@9 chu 4M K9 Nh 77. (. X c s th^ t_ 8'9 (hu 4M Q9 Nh 177.. $ c s th^ t_ B@9 chu 4M Q9 Nh 77. 2.. X c s th^ t_ 8'9 (hu 4M Q9 Nh 17.. $ c s th^ t_ B@9 chu 4M K9 Nh 77. Cu 6. Frong h,p chPt "on X$` X l 4" lo"9 $ l ph" 4" a s electron ca cat"on \bng s electron ca an"on9 ) tng s electron trong X$ l B@. /"Ot rbng trong T" h,p chPt 9 $ chc c 5t ^c od" ho <uy nhPt. (eng th^c X$ lV.. .lN . /. GgJ (. S"3 2.Na3. Cu . (ho 89A7 ga h:n h,p ha" 4" lo" C ha" chu 4M l"n t"Op thu5c nh 77. tc <=ng hOt )" <ung <>ch ?(l <+ thot ra @9A7B l6t 4h6 ?B C DEF(. ?a" 4" lo" ! lV .. /e 1 Gg. /. Gg ) (a. (. Sr ) /a. 2. (a ) Sr Cu !. (eng th^c phn t ca h,p chPt 4h6 to \C" nguyn t f ) h"!re l f?Q. Frong od"t f c ho tr> cao nhPt thM od" ch"O 7K.@7g )% 4h" l+,ng. Nguyn t f l .. S. /. .s (. N. 2. 0 Cu ". (ho 89I ga h:n h,p u" cac\onat ) h"!recac\onat ca 4" lo" 4"% G tc <=ng )" <ung <>ch ?(l <+9 s"nh ra @9KK' l6t Eh6 C DEF(. E" lo" G lV.. Na. /. E. (. f\. 2. S" AQ AR Cu 1#. Frong t_ nh"n9 nguyn t !Xng c ha" !Xng )> l BI (u ) BI (u. Nguyn t 4h" trung \Mnh ca !Xng
AQ l AQ9RK. Fhnh ph*n ph*n trh tng s nguyn t ca !Xng )> BI (u l .. 7Qg. /. R@g. (. RKg. 2. B7g. Cu 11. (Pu hMnh electron no sau !y l ca cat"on 3eBY `/"Ot 3e c s th^ t_ BA trong \]ng tu*n hona. .. 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAQ<AQ<R /. 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAQ<AKsB B B A B A R 8 (. 8s Bs Bp Qs Qp Q< Ks 2. 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAQ<A Cu 12. Nguyn t no sau !y c ha" electron !5c thn C trng th" c& \]nV .. Ne `; i 8@a /. (a `; i B@a (. J `;i'a 2. N `; i 7a Cu 13. ?a" nguyn t X ) $ thu5c c[ng 5t nh . C chu 4M B ) Q c s !&n )> !"#n t6ch ht nhn h&n 4j nhau l-.. ' /. 8' (. B 2. 8@ Cu 1$. (Pu hMnh electron- 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAKs8 l ca nguyn t ca nguyn t ha hTc no sau !yV .. Na `; i 88a /. (a `; i B@a (. E `; i 8Ia 2. f\ `; i Q7a Cu 15. Nguyn t X c tng s ht c& \]n `p Y n Y ea i BK. /"Ot trong nguyn t X s ht proton i s ht n&tron. X l-.. 8Q.l /. 'J (. B@(a 2. 87(l Cu 16. Nguyn t X C chu 4M K 9 nguyn t ca n c phn lp electron ngo" c[ng l KpR. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cPu hMnh electron l .. 8sB BsB BpAQsBQpAQ<8@KsB KpR /. 8sB BsB BpAQsBQpAQ<8@ KpB B B A B A B R (. 8s Bs Bp Qs Qp Ks Kp 2. 8sB BsB BpAQsBQpAKpB Cu 1 . NhUng !"%u 4hkng !>nh no sau !y 4heng ph]" \ao g"l cmng !nngV .. S h"#u nguyn t \bng !"#n t6ch ht nhn /. Frong nguyn t s proton \bng s n&tron (. S proton trong ht nhn \bng s e C lp )o nguyn t 2. (hc c ht nhn nguyn t Na " c 88 proton

Cu 1!. 7on $p c cPu hMnh e- 8sB BsB BpAQsBQpA. 1> tr6 ca $ trong \]ng tu*n hon l.. chu 4M Q9 nh 177. /. chu 4M Q9 nh 1777. (. chu 4M K9 nh 7. 2. chu 4M K9 nh 17. Cu 1". Nguyn t X c tng s ht c& \]n `p9 n9 ea l 'B. S ht ang !"#n nh"%u h&n s ht 4heng l BB. 1> tr6 ca X trong \]ng tu*n hon l.. chu 4M K9 nh 17/ /. chu 4M K9 nh 1777/ (. chu 4M K9 nh 77. 2. chu 4M Q9 nh 77/ Cu 2#. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X !+,c dOp C chu 4M R c s lp electron l .. Q /. K (. R 2. A
QI

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Cu 21. (Pu hMnh e ca nguyn t 8I E l 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAKs8. 1Wy nguyn t E c !Hc !"N .. E thu5c chu 4M K9 nh 7. /. S n&tron trong nhn E l B@ (. S nguyn t C !*u chu 4M K 2. (] .9 /9 ( !%u !nng. Cu 22. 7on no sau !y c cPu hMnh e \%n )Ung g"ng 4h6 h"O V .. BI(uBY /. BA3eBY (. B@(aBY 2. BK(rQY Cu 23. G5t nguyn t f c tng s ht ang !"#n ) 4heng ang !"#n l QK. Frong ! s ht ang !"#n gPp 89'QQ l*n s ht 4heng ang !"#n. Nguyn t f l.. Gg /. Na (. 3 2. Ne BA BA B7 BK X9 8B$9 8Q ;9 8QF Cu 2$. ( K 46 h"#u 8Q . D"%u no sau !y l sa"V .. X ) $ l ha" !Xng )> ca nhau /. X ) ; l ha" !Xng )> ca nhau (. $ ) F l ha" !Xng )> ca nhau 2. X ) F !%u c s proton ) s n&tron \bng nhau Cu 25. (ho 5t s nguyn t sau 'J9 8AS9 A(9 7N9 8?. /"Ot rbng tng s proton trong phn t 4h6 X$B l 8'. Eh6 X$B l-.. SJB /. (JB (. NJB 2. ?BS B B A 8 Cu 26. Nguyn t BQ; c cPu hMnh e l- 8s Bs Bp Qs . ; c.. 88 n&tron9 8B proton /. 88 proton9 8B n&tron (. 8Q proton9 8@ n&tron 2. 88 proton9 8B electron Cu 2 . Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong 5t nh . ca \]ng tu*n hqan c c[ng.. s n&tron /. s lp electron (. s proton 2. s e lp ngo" c[ng Cu 2!. Frong nguyn t ca nguyn t f c 8' electron. S th^ t_ chu 4M ) nh ca f l*n l+,t l.. K ) 1777/ /. Q ) 1777. (. Q ) 1777/ 2. K ) 77. Cu 2". 7on BK (rQp c \ao nh"u electronV.. B8 /. BK (. B7 2. RB Cu 3#. (ho cPu hMnh electron ca nguyn t 5t s nguyn t - 8sB `Xa9 8sBBsBBpB `$a9 8sBBsBBpAQsB `;a9 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAKsBKpB `Fa. (c nguyn t 4" lo" l .. X9 ;. /. X9 $9 ;9 F. (. X9 ;9 F. 2. ;9 F. F Cu 31. (Pu hMnh electron no sau !y l ca 3e9 \"Ot 3e c s th^ t_ BA trong \]ng tu*n hon. .. 8sBBsB BpAQsBQpAKsBQ<A. /. 8sBBsB BpAQsBQpAQ<AKsB. (. 8sBBsB BpAQsBQpAQ<7Ks8. 2. 8sBBsB BpAQsBQpAQ<'. Cu 32. Nguyn t ca nguyn t ha hTc no c cPu hMnh electron sau- 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAKs8 .. Na. /. (a. (. E. 2. /a. Cu 33. .n"on XBZ c cPu hMnh electron ngo" c[ng l QpA. 1> tr6 ca X trong \]ng ?FF? l .. e 8'9 chu 4r Q9 nh 1777.. /. e 8A9 chu 4r Q9 nh 17.. (. e B@9 chu 4r K9 nh 77.. 2. 8'9 chu 4r K9 nh 17.. Cu 3$. Fng s ht proton9 n&tron9 electron trong B nguyn t 4" lo" . ) / l 8KB9 trong ! tng s ht ang !"#n nh"%u h&n tng s ht 4heng ang !"#n l KB. S ht ang !"#n ca nguyn t / nh"%u h&n ca nguyn t . l 8B. . ) / l*n l+,t l .. (a ) 3e. /. Gg ) (a. (. 3e ) (u. 2. Gg ) (u. Cu 35.(at"on GY c cPu hMnh electron phn lp ngo" c[ng l QpA. )> tr6 ca G trong \]ng tu*n hon l .. (hu 4M Q9 nh 7.. /. (hu 4M Q9 nh 177.. (. (hu 4M Q9 nh 1777.. 2. (hu 4M K9 nh 7.. F BY Cu 36. (at"on f c cPu hMnh electron 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpA. 1> tr6 ca nguyn t trong \]ng tu*n hon l .. (hu 4M Q9 nh 17.. /. (hu 4M Q9 nh 1777.. 2
RB

(. (hu 4M K9 nh 77.. 2. (hu 4M K9 nh 77/. Cu 3 . (Pu hMnh e ca nguyn t E l 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAKs8. 1Wy nguyn t E c !Hc !"N .. E thu5c chu 4M K9 nh 7. /. S n&tron trong nhn E l B@ (. S nguyn t C !*u chu 4M K 2. (] .9 /9 ( !%u !nng. Cu 3!. Fng s ht p9 n9 e ca nguyn t X l QK9 trong ! s ht ang !"#n nh"%u h&n s ht 4heng ang !"#n l 8@ ht. E6 h"#u ha hTc ) )> tr6 ca X `chu 4r9 nh a l .. Na9 chu 4M Q9 nh 7.. /. Gg9 chu 4M Q9 nh 77.. (. 39 chu 4M B9 nh 177.. 2. Ne9 chu 4M B9 nh 1777. B B A B Cu 3". (Pu hMnh elelctron 8s Bs Bp Qs QpAQ<R l ca nguyn t hay "on no sau !y V .. BQ1. /. BA3eBY. (. BRGnBY. 2. BK(rBY. Cu $#. 0ht \"Nu no <+" !y 4heng !nng V .. Nguyn t !+,c cPu to ts cc ht c& \]n l proton9 n&tron9 electron. /. ?t nguyn t !+,c cPu to ts cc ht proton9 n&tron. (. 1o nguyn t !+,c cPu to \C" cc ht electron. 2. Nguyn t c cPu trnc !Hc 4h6t9 gX )o nguyn t ) ht nhn nguyn t. Cu $1. X C chu 4M Q9 $ C chu 4M B. Fng s electron lp ngo]" c[ng ca X ) $ l 8B. t trng th" c& \]n s electron p ca X nh"%u h&n ca $ l '. 1Wy X ) $ thu5c nh noV .. X thu5c nh 1.u $ thu5c nh 777. /. X thu5c nh 177.u $ thu5c nh 1. (. X thu5c nh 17.u $ thu5c nh 777. 2. X thu5c nh 71.u $ thu5c nh 1. QY Cu $2. Fng s ht trong "on G l Q7. 1> tr6 ca G trong \]ng tu*n hon l .. chu 4M Q9 nh 777.. /. chu 4M Q9 nh 77.. (. chu 4M Q9 nh 17.. 2. chu 4M K9 nh 7.. Cu $3. 7on $ c cPu hMnh electron- 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpA. 1> tr6 ca $ trong \]ng ?FF? l .. (hu 4r Q9 nh 177.. /. (hu 4r Q9 nh 1777.. (. (hu 4r K9 nh 7.. 2. (hu 4r K9 nh 17.. Cu $$. Nguyn t X c cPu hMnh electron l- 8sBBsBBpR thM "on to ra ts nguyn t X c cPu hMnh electron no sau !y.. 8sBBsBBpK. /. 8sBBsBBpA. (. 8sBBsBBpAQsB. 2. 8sB. Cu $5. Nguyn t X c ; i BA. 1> tr6 ca X trong \]ng ?FF? l .. (hu 4r K9 nh 17/. /. (hu 4r K9 nh 1777/. (. (hu 4r K9 nh 77.. 2. (hu 4r Q9 nh 77/. QI Cu $6.(Pu hMnh electron ca nguyn t 8I E l 8sBBsBBpAQsBQpAKs8. 1Wy ng uyn t E c !Hc !"N .. E thu5c chu 4r K9 nh 7.. (. S nguyn t C !*u chu 4r K. BA B7 BA Cu $ . ( K 46 h"#u 8Q X 9 8B $ 9 8Q ; 9 /. S n&tron trong nhn E l B@. 2. (] .9/9( !%u !nng.
BK 8B

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.. X ) $ l ha" !Xng )> ca nhau. /. X ) ; l ha" !Xng )> ca nhau. (. $ ) F l ha" !Xng )> ca nhau. 2. X ) F !%u c s proton ) s n&tron \bng nhau. Cu $!. Nguyn t BQ; c cPu hMnh electron l 8sBBsBBpAQs8. ; c .. 88 n&tron9 8B proton. /. 88 proton9 8B n&tron. (. 8Q proton9 8@ n&tron. 2. 88 proton9 8B electron. Cu $". 0ht \"Nu no sau !y ch+a ch6nh dc. Frong 8 chu 4r .. !" ts tr" sang ph]" cc nguyn t !+,c svp dOp theo ch"%u !"#n t6ch ht nhn thng <*n. /. !" ts tr" sang ph]" cc nguyn t !+,c svp dOp theo ch"%u 4h" l+,ng nguyn t thng <*n. (. cc nguyn t !%u c c[ng s lp electron. 2. !" ts tr" sang ph]" \n 46nh nguyn t g"] <*n. Cu 5#. /"Ot tng s ht proton9 n&tron ) electron trong 8 nguyn t $ l 8RR. S ht ang !"#n nh"%u h&n s ht 4heng ang !"#n l QQ. S ht proton ) s 4h" ca $ l .. A8 ) 8@'. /. K7 ) 8@'. (. KR ) 8Q7. 2. K7 ) IK.