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CECollectorF
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Kwww.datasheet4U.com

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KE F

KEF

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KEStray CapacitanceF
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KEFrequency responseF

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W .--

ESmall Signal AmplifiersF J

EPower AmplifiersF J

ESmall Signal TransistorF

EPower TransistorsF
K

E F

E10mVF
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K

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Direct Coupling J

Transformer Coupling J

K
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KEacFEDCF

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KEacF

KEDC currentsF WIE, IC, IB

KEDC voltagesF WVB, VC, VE
KWVBE,VCE, VCB
KEac currentsF Wie, ic, ib
KEac voltagesF Wvb, vc, ve
KWvbe,vce, vcb
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ac

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WECommon-Emitter Amplifier F .--
3-1
DC=150
ac=160

+VCC
R1

RC
C3
C

C1
+

+
Vout

Vin

RL

E
+
R2

RE

C2

W3-1

WDC3-1

K4-1K

+VCC

R1

RC

C
B
E
R2

RE

DC W4-1

R 2 // DC R E
VCC
W
R 1 + R 2 // DC R E
R2
VB
VCC
:DCRE>> R2
R1 + R 2

VB =

VE = VB VBE W

I E =

VE
I C W
RE

VC = VCC R C I C W
VCE = VC VE

W1-1

W 3-1

R1 = 22 k, R2 = 6.8 k, RC = 1 k, RE = 560
VBE = 0.7 V, DC = 150, VCC = +12 V
EIC, VCEF

R2
6.8k
VCC =
12V = 2.83V
28.8k
(R 1 + R 2 )
VE = VB VBE = 2.83V 0.7V = 2.13V
V
2.13V
IE = E =
= 3.80mA IC
R E 560
VC = VCC R C I C = 12V (3.80mA)(1k) = 12V 3.80V = 8.20V
VCE = VC VE = 8.20V 2.13V = 6.07V

VB =

Wac 3-1

K5-1

iin

Vout

Vin
R1

R2

ib
ic

Rin(base)

RC

RL

acW5-1

W
re' =

v be 25mV
=
ie
IE

W\=
R in ( base )

v
= in = ac re'
ib

W \=
v in
= R 1 // R 2 // R in ( base )
i in

R out =

v out
= R C // R L
i out

W\=

W\=

v out R C
= '
i out
re

Ai =

AV =

R in ( tot ) =

W \=

i out i c
=
ac
i in i in

W2-1

W3-1

R1 = 22 k, R2 = 6.8 k, RC = 1 k, RE = 560
VBE = 0.7 V, DC = 150, VCC = +12 V, ac = 160
ERoutFERinFEr`eF

K(Ai) EAvF
W

re' =

v be 25mV
25mV
=
=
= 6.58
ie
IE
3.80mA

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v in
= ac re' = 160(6.58) = 1.05k
ib

v in
= R 1 // R 2 // R in ( base ) =
i in

R in ( tot ) =

1
= 873
1
1
1
+
+
22k 6.8k 1.05k
:

v out
R CR L
1k 5k
= R C // R L =
=
= 833
i out
RC + RL
6 k
v
R
1k
A V = out = 'C =
= 152 W
i out
re
6.58

R out =

A i = i out = i c ac = 160
i in i in
W

WECommon-Collector Amplifier F .--

6-1
+VCC

R1

C1
+

C2

Vin

E
R2

+
Vout
RL

RE

W6-1

WDC6-1

7-1

+VCC

R1

C
B
E
R2

RE

DCW7-1

W
R 2 // DC R E
VB =
VCC
R 1 + R 2 // DC R E
R2
VB
VCC
R1 + R 2

W
VB DC R E >> R 2 W

VE = VB VBE
IE =

VE
RE

VC = VCC
VCE = VC VE

W3-1
W7-1
R1 = 10 k, R2 = 10 k, RE = 4.3 k, VCC = +10 V, DC = 150, VBE = 0.7 V.

KEIC, VCEF

DC R E = 150 4.3k = 645k

WVB

DC R E >> R 2
R2
10k

V
V =
10V = 5V
R1 + R 2
20k
VE = VB VBE = 4.95 V 0.7 V = 4.25 V
B

CC

IE = VE/RE = 4.25 V/4.3 k = 1 mA IC

VC = VCC = 10 V
VCE = VC - VE = 10 V 4.25 V = 5.75V

Wac6-1

K8-1

iin
Vin

Vout

RS
R1

R2

ib

RE

ie

Rin(base)

RL

DCW8-1

W
Re =
re' =

R ER L
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v be 25mV
=
ie
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v in = (R e + r )i e
v out = R e i e

Ai =ac
Rin(tot) = R1|| R2 || ac(Re +r`e)
Rin(base)=ac(Re +r`e)
Rout = (RS/ac)||RE

'
e

v
R ei e
Re
A V = out =
=
1
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W6-1 W4-1

R1 = 10 k, R2 = 10 k, RE = 4.3 k, RL = 10 k, RS = 600
VBE = 0.7 V, DC = 150, VCC = +12 V, ac = 200
ERinF Er'eF

KEAiFEAvFERoutF

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v be 25mV 25mV
=
=
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ie
IE
1mA

Re =

R ER L
4.3k 10k
=
= 3k
R E + R L 4.3k + 10k

v
Re
3k
A V = out =
=
= 0.92
v in (R e + re' ) 3k + 25

:EAvF

A V = ac = 200

WRin(base)

Rin(base) = ac(Re +r`e) = 200(3k+25 ) = 605k

WRin(tot)
Rin(tot) = R1|| R2 || (Re +r`e) = 4.96 k

Rout = (RS/)||RE = 3
W

WECommon-Base AmplifierF .--

W9-1
+VCC
R1

RC

C3

C2
+

Vout

Vin
R2

C1

RL

RE

W9-1

WDC9-1

K10-1K

+VCC

R1

RC
C

DCW10-1

B
E
R2

RE

W

W

R 2 // DC R E
VCC
R 1 + R 2 // DC R E

R2
VB
VCC
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VB =

VE = VB VBE W
V
I E = E I C W
RE

VC = VCC R C I C W

VCE = VC VE

W5-1
W9-1

R1 = 56 k, R2 = 12 k, RC=2.2 k,
RE = 1 k, VCC = +10 V, DC = 250, VBE=0.7 V.

KEIC, VCEF

R 2 // DC R E
VB =
VCC W
R 1 + R 2 // DC R E
R2

VCC DCRE>> R2
VB
R1 + R 2

R2
12k
VB
VCC =
10V = 1.76V

R1 + R 2
56k + 12k

VE = VB VBE = 1.76V 0.7V = 1.06V W

IE =

VE 1.06V

= 1.06mA = I C W
RE
1k

VC = VCC R C I C = 10V (1.06mA)(2.2k) = 7.67V W

VCE = VC VE = 7.67V 1.06V = 6.61

: VCE

Wac9-1

iin

K11-1

Vout

ib

Vin
RE

r`e

ic

RC

RL

ac W11-1

W
W

Av = vout/vin = vc/ve = ic(RC||RL) / ie(r`e||RE)= (RC||RL) / (r`e||RE)
AV=(RC//RL)r`eWRE>>r`e
W

Rin(emitter) = vin/iin = ve/ie = ie(r`e||RE)/ie = r`e||RE

Rin(emitter) r`eWRE>>r`e
W

Rout RC//RL
KRout RC
Ai = iout/iin = ic/ie = 1

Ap =AvAi = Av

W6-1

W9-1
R1 = 56 k, R2 = 12 k, RC=2.2 k, RL = 10 k
RE = 1 k, VCC = +10 V, DC = 250, VBE=0.7 V.

ERoutF ERinF Er`eF
KEAiFEAvF

RC||RL = 2.2 k||10 k = 1.8 k

r`e = 25 mV/IE = 25 mV/1.06 mA = 23.6

WRE>>r e
`

Av = (RC||RL)/ r`e = 1.8 k / 23.6 = 76.3

Rin(emitter) = r'e=23.6

Rout RC//RL= 1.8 k

Ai = iout/iin = ic/ie = 1
Ap =Av = 76.3

W
WRE>>r`e

W

K J

K J

K J

K J

1-1
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AF and RF

180

L
E 20kF

E 2.5kF

E 8000F

E 100F

E 100kF

E 50kF

E 200F

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E 200F

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E 200F

E 200F

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WEPower AmplifierF .-
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K

EAudio Amplifiers )

KEWide BandAmplifiersFERadio JFrequency)

FEFKE

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EClass A Power AmplifierFEF .--

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EF W15-1

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ac=200
R1 = 20 k, R2 = 5 k, RE = 330, RC = 1 k, RL = 1k,VCC=15V,
W

R2
5k

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VCC =
15V = 3V

R
+
R
20
k

+
5
k

V VBE 3V 0.7 V
IE = E
=
= 7 mA
RE
330
25mV 25mV
re` =
=
= 3.57
IE
7 mA

Rout = RC // RL = 1k // 1k = 500

R in ( base ) = ac re` = 200 3.75 = 750

Rin ( tot ) = R1 // R2 // Rin ( base ) = 20 K // 5k // 750 = 631.58

R
A P = A in
R out
2

631.58
= 133.33 2
= 22455
500

EClass B and AB Power AmplifierFE-FEF .--

(Class B) EF
KE16-1F

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Q
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KE180 F

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K

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vin(V)

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t(s)

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KEF18-1
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class AB amplifier 180

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VCC

R1
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Q1

+
D1

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C2
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R2

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4

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88

EClass C Power AmplifierFEF .--

180 class C EF

KE20-1FEFK

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vin(V)

t(s)

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WEFrequency Response CurveF .-

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K

W
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W
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WEdBF
E1-1F

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K""dB
W
AV =

Vout
W
Vin

WEdBF
2

E2-1F

V
V
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Vin

E3-1F

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AV
AV (Max)

W
E4-1F

AVN (dB) = 20 log(AVN )

K
E2-1F
Gain(dB)

f(Hz)

W21-1



W9-1

2.7 V 100 Hz 2.5 V 20 Hz 1 V100 mV

K200 Hz

W

20Hz

=1 V/100mV=10

W
Gain (dB)= 20 log (10) = 20 dB

W100Hz

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Gain (dB)= 20 log (27)= 28.6 dB

:200Hz

WEGain Bandwidth ProductF .-

K(ft)
K

K(High Frequency and Low Frequency Breakpoints)

20 Hz20 KHz -3dB

.20 KHz19.980 Hz

(dB)

W(volt/volt)

E5-1F

Gain (V/V) = log -1 (Gain in dB/20) = 10

20

31.6 (V/V)101.530 dB

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:
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34/20

= 50.1

WE5-1F

ft

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K22-11ft

40

31.6kHz

Bandwidth

27

Gain(dB)

Gain(dB)

10

0.1

0.4

10

Frequency (kHz)

32

102

103

104

W22-1

400 Hz 32kHz

Kft = 998 kHz=1MHz31.6(V/V) 31.6 KHz

W50V/V
BW= ft/gain = 1x106/50 = 20 kHz

1252MHz ftW11-1

K

BW = 2MHz /125= 16kHz :

BW = 2MHz /125= 16kHz

Er`eF 3 mA DC .-
W

K3 kK
K3 K

K3.33 K

K0.33 kK

W .-
KK

KK

KK

KK

W .-

KK
KmVK

KK

KK

KE3078FK E50,625FK E15FK E60FK

KE3078FKE35.6 dBFKE47.0 dBFKE94 dBFK

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KE12.3 kFKE22.2 kFKE8.95 kFKE68 kFK

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W

KE180FKE10FKE1000FKE220FK

W .-
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KK

KK

KK

W .-
KK

KK

KK

KK

W .-
KK

KK

KK
KK

ib .-
KKKKKvceKKKKKic

vceVCE .-

r`eIE=15 mA .-

DC .-

KECEF .-
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.-

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.-
KdB500 .-

DCac .-

EFQ .-
KEF .-

EFQ .-
EFQ .-

ac .-

W .-
Kfc1=130 Hz, fc2=167 Hz, fc3=75 Hz

ac DC .-
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WDC21-1 .-

EFVCEEFVCEFICEFIEEFVEEFVB
DC=90
ac=100

DC=75
ac=70

20-1

W21-1

DC22-1 .-

23-10.9 .-

ApAiAvRin(emitter) .-
K22-1

KVCE(sat) 0 K25-1 VCE(cutoff) IC(sat) .-

26- Q2 Q1EacF .-

KVCEQ1

K501.2 V rms .-
EdBF

27-1 .-

W25 Hz, 42 Hz, 136 Hz .-

K(fcu)(fcl)W8kHz, 20 kHz

DC=90
ac=100

DC=90
ac=100

W22-1

W23-1

W24-1

DC=100

EFW25-1

DC=ac=200
r`e = 1.5

(Class B push-pull Amplifier)-W26-1

E F

EF

29-1W27-1

KEF-EF-EF-EF-EF- EF- EF-EF-EF-EF-

K .-

KEacFvceEDCFVCE .-
r`e=25 mV/15 mA=1.67 .-
KEOpenF .-
K180 .-
K .-

K .-
K .-
K .-

K .-

K .-
K .-
20log(500)=54.0 dB .-
KDCac .-

KEFQ .-
K25%EF .-

KEFQ .-

KEFQ .-

EBypass CapacitorF ECoupling capacitorF .-

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Kfc2=167 Hz .-

22-1DC .-
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ac W23-1

DC W22-1

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EFVCE=7.04 V

Rin(tot)=3.1 k, VOUT=1.06 V .-
270 .-
Rin(emitter) =2.28 , Av=526, Ai=1, Ap=526 .-
2.11 mA, 12 V .-
VB1=10.7 V, VB2=9.3 V, VE1=10 V, VE2=10 V, VCEQ1=10 V, VCEQ2=10 V .-
24 mV rms, 34 dB .-
EF1.59 kHz EF318 Hz .-
fcl=136Hz, fcu=8 kHz .-

W .-
+VCC
+9 V

10F

25 mV pp
1 kHz

R1

IC

I1

15 k

RC
1 k

47 F

V =5 V
B

IB

BC107
VE=1.9 V

VB=2.6 V
R2
6.8 k

RE

IE

I2

2.5 V pp
1 kHz
100 F

480

W
DC=IC/IB

ac

IE

IC

iin

iout

IB

Rout

I2


Rin

I1

AV

W K J
1M

400k 200k 100k

80k

40k

20k

10k

1k

100

EHzF

EVF

0.1

0.2

0.5

88

EVF
EAvF
EAVNF
AVN

AV
AV (Max)

EdBF
AVN (dB) = 20 log( AVN )

AVN(dB)z
0

-10

-20

-30

-40

f(Hz)

W

W

WW
9

9
9
9

KW
KW

W
K 9

9
9

9
W

K 9

K 9

K 9

K 9
K 9

KEF 9

EIntegrated CircuitFEOperational AmplifierF

W .-

EOperational AmplifierF

.--

EIntegrated CircuitFK
K

WE1-2F

+VCC

-VCC

W1-2

E-FW

EPolarityF KEHF

KK
K

E-VCCF
EHVCCF
K1-2

EOP AMP 741F741

K3-22-2

741W2-2

741W3-2

KEOffset NullFEF

K

K4-2

+VCC
V-

741
V+

Vout

-VCC

741W4-2

E5-2FW .--
Acm < 1
CMRR =

AOL
Acm

CMRR = 20 log

AOL

Acm

I BIAS

I1 + I 2
2

I OS = I 1 I 2
VOS

= I OS Rin

VOUT (error ) = AV I OS Rin

SR =

Vout
t

Common-Mode Gain

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (dB)

Input bias current

Input offset current

Offset voltage

Output error voltage

Slew rate

I1

_
741

I2
+

R1

Vout

R2

W5-2

W .--

KE-18V,+18VFE-15V,+15VF

KE0V,30VFE-12V,+18VF

(1-2)
(2-2)

+ Vsat = + Vsupply - 2V
Vsat = Vsupply + 2V

KEVSatFEVSupplyF

E2VF
WK
-Vsat < Vout < +Vsat

K
EV-FEV+F

WVd

(3-2)

Vd = V + - V -

KEOpen Loop GainF

K200, 000741KEAOLF

(4-2)

Vout = A OL Vd

JVsat+VsatVsatKVout < Vsat

KVd

WE1-2F

200,000
15V
K500,000K
W

+Vsat = +VSupply 2V=15V 2V= 13V

-Vsat = -VSupply + 2V=15V 2V= -13V
.13V
Vd = Vout/AOL = 13V/200000 = 65V

Vd = Vout/AOL = 13V/500000 = 26 VWAOL = 500000

K (

WERinF .--

6-2KEFE1 MF
KERinF

WERoutF .--

6-2K

KERoutF

V in

Rin

Rout
AV,Vin

Vout

741W6-2

W .--

KEFeedbackFKAOL
K

K W
K

K 7-2

K65 VVd

WA
-65 V < VA < +65 V

KVA = 0 VKEVirtual EarthF

If
RF
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I1=0

Vout

Vd

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W7-2

Rin RF

RFRin
WK

(5-2)

I =

Vin - VA
R in

(6-2)

I f = (VA - Vout ) / R F
I = I f WA

V
Vin
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R in
RF

VA = 0

V
R
A V = out = F =
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Vout = A V Vin W Vin Vout

8-2 W2-2

20k
Vin

741

1k

Vout

1V

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1V

-20V

2-2 W8-2

AV =

Vout
R
20k
= 10 W
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W .--
W K J J J

E741 F

KEF

WEVdF K J J J

K
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WEPower DissipationF K J J J

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W K J J J

W K J J J

.(741 2 MF

W K J J J

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W K J J J

741K

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W K J J J

741E10kFK

K+13 V-13 VE2kF+14 V -14V

WECMRRF K J J J

v out

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A cm K v + = v
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cm

CMRR (dB) = 20 log

.80dB40dBCMRREdBF10000100CMRR

EDecibelF
K

WESlew RateF K J J J

K0.5 V/s741K

KK80 Hz1 V

SR =

(8-2)

Vout
t

K9-2
V

v
t
SR = v/t = m (slope)

W9-2

KK10-2W4-2
SR =

Vout(V)

Vout + 9V (9V)
=
= 18V / s = 18mV / ns W
t
1s

10
9

V
0

-9
-1 0

t(s)

1s

4-2W10-2

ESlew RateF

0.5 V/sK

1-2
K

W .--
W1-2

LH0003

OP-07

Hybrid BJT

BJT

BiFET

BJT

Technology

40 k

400 k

100 k

200 k

AOL

100 k

8 M

10 T

2 M

Rin

50

60

30

50

Rout

Ideal

70 V/s
90 dB

LF351 LM741C

Device

W1-1

0.3 V/s 13 V/s 0.5 V/s

110 dB 100 dB

90 dB

SR

CMRR

:1-2

11-2W5-2

W11-2
5-2

KV1VinW

Vin = V1 =

R1
Vout
R1 + R 2

WEClosed Loop GainF

A CL

V
R
= out = 2 + 1
Vin
R1

W
B =

V1
R1
=
Vout R 1 + R 2

W
Vout = A OL (Vin V1 ) = A OL (Vin BVOUT )
WACL
A CL

V
A OL
= out =
Vin 1 + A OL B

W .--

WEInverting AmplifierF

K J J J

K12-2

Iin
Iin

Vin
R1

I1=0
A
I2=0

R2

741

Vout

W12-2

WE12-2FK

KI2=0I1 = 0ERin = FK

KE FK

KEVA=0F

R1E-F

K12-2R2
W

KVout = -IinR2 Vin = IinR1EVA= 0F

K12-2ACLVinVout
(9-2)

A CL =

Vout
-R I
R
= 2 in = 2
Vin
R 1 I in
R1

WEBandwidthF

KfcBW

.fC(OL) = 10Hz W741C

W
BW = f C(CL) =

(10-2)

Vin
= R1
Iin

R in =

R out =

Vout
=0
Iout

f unity
A CL

W6-2

KVout 13-2

1 MH 1 kHz .funity=1MHZ

KEF

Vin=10mVpp

75k

741
+

1.5k

Vout

6-2W13-2

ACL = -75k/1.5k = -50 WE9-2F

fC(CL) = 1MHz/50 = 20kHz WE10-2F

Vout = -50(10mVpp)= -500mVppW1 kHz

W1MHz A CL = 1 = 0dB 1MHz

Vout = 10 mVpp
K (Bode) 14-2
100 50WF 34dB50(Decibel)
KE40dB6 dB

ACL(dB)

34

10
0

1k

10k 20k

100k

1M

6-2W14-2

f(Hz)

WENoninverting AmplifierF

K J J J

K15-2

I
R1

Vin

R2

I1=0

Vd=0

741
I2=0

Vin

Vout

W15-2
EHF

K KE-F

R1KR2R1vin
KIKR2
W

W
Vin =

(11-2)

R1
V out
R1 + R 2

KE15-2FEACLF
A CL =

(12-2)

Vout R 2 + R 1 R 2
=
=
+1
Vin
R1
R1

A CL =

R2
+1
R1

Vout = A CL Vin W

W(Bandwidth)

.fC(OL) = 10 Hz W 741C

W
BW = f C(CL) =

(13-2)

R in =

Vin Vin
=
=
I in
0

f unity

A CL

K
R out

Vout
= W
=
=0
I out

K
W7-2

KEfC(CL)FEACLF 16-2
K250 kHz

50 mVpp

Vout
R2
3.9 k

R1
100

7-2W16-2

A CL =

W
W

R2
3.9k
+1 =
+ 1 = 40
R1
100

A CL = 20 log(40) = 32dB
f C ( CL ) =

W
:

1MHz
= 25kHz
40

W
Vout = A CL Vin = 40 (50mVpp ) = 200mVpp

17-2

ACL(dB)

32

10
0

1k

10k

100k

1M

f(Hz)

25k

7-2W17-2

WEComparatorAmplifierF K J J J

19-218-2W

+Vsat

-VCC

vin
0
-Vsat
+VCC

W18-2

W19-2

K20-2

KVREF

W20-2

K21-2K
V

Vout
Vin

+Vsat
Vref

0
t2

t1

-Vsat

t
t1

t2

W21-2

KE22-2F

Vin

Vout

1V

-1 V

T
T/2

t
Vin

+Vsat

Vout

T/2

-Vsat

W22-2

WESumming AmplifierF K J J J

K23-2

V1

V2
V3

R1
Rf
R2

741
+

R3

Vout

W23-2

Kv1ACL1
Kv2ACL2
KvACL3
WETheorem SuperpositionF
(14-2)

Vout = A CL1 V1 + A CL2 V2 + A CL3 V3

.ACL3 = -Rf/R3 ACL2 = -Rf/R2EFACL1 = -Rf/R1

W

(15-2)

Vout = f V1 + f V2 + f V3
R1 R 2 R 3

WE15-2F Rf = R1 = R2 = R3 = R
(16-2)

Vout = (V1 + V2 + V3 )

K
W24-2W8-2

1k

1k

0.1V

1k

0.2V

741
+

1k

Vout

0.4V

E8-2F
W24-2
KW

Vout = -(V1 + V2 + V3) =-(0.1 V + 0.2 V + 0.4 V) = -0.7 V

W9-2

K25-2

1k

1k

5V

500
2V

200

741
+

Vout

0.5V

E9-2FW25-2

W
K
Rf
Rf
Rf
V2 +
V1 +
=
out
R2
R1
R3
= 5V 4V 2.5V = 11.5V

1k
1k
1k
V3 =
5V +
2V +
0.5V
0.2k
1k
0. 5k

WEDifferentiator AmplifierF K J J J

KK
KK

.26-2K

W26-2

v out = f ( v in )

EFR

v out = Ri R

dq = Cdv in

EFC

ic =

dq
dq = i c dt
dt

(17-2)

v out

iR = iC
dv
dv
dq
= Ri R = R
= RC in = in
dt
dt
dt

= RC W

KE-F(17-2)

K 29-2 28-227-2

Vin(t)

E F

Vout(t)

EF

EFEF W27-2

Vin(t)

E F

t2

t1

t3

t4

Vout(t)

EF

t1

t4

t3
t2

EF EF W 28-2

Vin(t)

E F

t1
t2

t3

Vin(t)

EF

EF EF WW 29-2

W10-2

K 0.4 s10 V0 V 30-2

10k

vin(t) [V]

10

2.2F

Vin
0.2

0.4

741
+

t(s)

Vout

W30-2

W
WK

Vout = RC

dVout
10V 0V
= (10k)(2.2F)
= 0.55V
dt
0.4s

WEIntegrator AmplifierF K J J J

K31-2

ic

Vin

iR

Vout

741
+

:31-2

C

WEF

R

WEF


W

dv out = dv c
v in = Ri i =

v in
R

dq = Cdv c dv c =
i=

dq
C

dq
dq = idt
dt

dv out = dv c = (

v dt
dq
idt
dt v
) = ( ) = ( ) in = in
RC
C
C R
C

W


W

W
(18-2)

v out ( t ) =

1
1
v in ( t )dt = v in ( t )dt

RC

E-1/F

(19-2)

v out
v
= in
t

KVC = (-5V)tVin = 5 mV R = 1 k C = 1 F

K32-2

Vin(t)

5mV

E F

t1

t(s)

Vou(t)

EF

t1

t(s)

0
-5V

EFEFW32-2

W11-2

33-2

0.2F

10k
10mV

741
+

11-2 W 33-2

Vout

W
WE19-2F
Vout = VC =

1
1
Vin t =
(10mV) t = 5t V
RC
10k 0.2F

WtVC = -13V

13V
t=

= 2.6s

.
K36-234-2

Vin(t)

E F

t1

t2

Vout(t)

EF

t1
0

t2

EFEFW34-2

Vin(t)

E F

Vout(t)

EF

EFEFW35-2

Vin(t)

E F

Vout(t)

EF

EFEFW36-2

WEFiltersF .--

KEPassiveFEActiveFK
K 1 MHzK

K1 MHz

W
K

EHigh Pass FilterFELow Pass FilterF

KEBand Stop FilterFEBand Pass FilterF

AV =

Vout
Vin

A V (dB) = 20 log( A V )

W
AVN =

AV
AV (Max)

W
AVN(dB) = 20log(AVN)

K40-237-2

K1

:E37-2F .---
ELow-Pass FilterF

AVN(dB)
0

-3dB

f(Hz)
fC

W37-2
KfcW

WE38-2F .---
EHigh-Pass FilterF

AVN(dB)
0

-3dB

f(Hz)

fC

W38-2

WE39-2F .---
EBand Pass FilterF

AVN(dB)

-3dB

f(Hz)

f c1 f 0 f c2

W39-2

Kfc2 fc1W

f0 =

f c1 f c 2 Wf0

BW = f c 2 fc1W

f
W
Q
Q
= 0
BW

KQ

KQ<10Q>10

WE40-2F .---
EBand Stop FilterF

AVN(dB)

-3dB

f c1

f0

f(Hz)

f c2

W40-2

Kfc2 fc1W

f0 =

f c1 f c 2 Wf0

BW = f c 2 f c1 W

Q=

f0
WQ
BW

KQ<10Q>10

E41-2F .---
EActive Low Pass Filter CircuitF
RF
Ri

Vout

Vin

W41-2

1
Wfc
2RC

RF
AV =
+1
Ri W

fc =

K42-2W12-2
fc J

RF
Ri
Vin

22k

2.2nF

12-2W42-2

Vout

1
1
fC =
=
= 3.3kHz
2RC 2 (22k)(2.2nF )

W J

EFrequency responseFE43-2F J

ACL(dB)

0
-3

-20

1k

3.3k

10k

100k

1M

12-2W43-2

f(Hz)

E44-2F .---
EActive High Pass Filter CircuitF

RF
Ri

Vin

Vout

W44-2

1
Wfc
2RC

R
AV = F + 1 W
Ri

fc =

K45-2W13-2
fc J

RF
Ri
Vin

Vout
+

22nF

22k

13-2W45-2

fC =

1
1
=
= 0.33kHz = 330Hz W J
2RC 2(22k)(22nF)

EFrequency responseFE46-2F J

ACL(dB)

-3

100

330

1k

10k

100k

f(Hz)

13-2W46-2

WE47-2F .---
EActive Band Pass Filter CircuitF

Kfc1

Kfc2
f c 2 f c1
K

f c 2 f c1

47-2 13-2 12-2

R3

R4
R1

R2

Vout

Vin

R1

C2

C1

+
+

R2

W47-2

W46-2

f C1 =

1
1
=
= 3.3kHz
2RC 2(22k)(2.2nF)

f C2 =

1
1
=
= 0.33kHz
2RC 2(22k)(22nF)

A V = A V1 A V 2 = (

Q=

R
R2
+ 1)( 3 + 1) = 11x11 = 121
R1
R4

f .f
(3.3kHz)(0.33kHz)
f0
9.9
= c 2 c1 =
=
= 0.35
BW f c1 f c 2
3.3kHz 0.33kHz
0.3

48-2

47-2W48-2

W1VK500000 .-
2VK

5mVK

10mVK
1VK

W741C .-
100000K

2MK

75K

WEACLF .-
K

K
K

W .-

EACLFK

ERinFK

EAOLFK

ERoutFK

W .-

EACLFK

EAOLFK

W .-

ERinFK

W .-

K
K

.-
K

K
K

W .-
K

K
K

W .-
K

K
K

W .-

W .-
K

EFEFK

E41-2F K J

E F

EF

E F

EF
41-2

W42-2 K J

E F

EF

E F

42-2

EF

43-2 K J
KEACLFEFvoutEFifEFiinEF

if

iin

43-2

44-2 K J

E F

44-2

EF

K45-2 K J
KRf

if

45-2

46-2 K J

5V
vin 0

46-2

47-2 K J

5V

vin 0
10s

47-2

ELow-Pass, High-Pass, Band-Pass, Band-StopF K J

48-2

Gain

Gain

Gain

Gain

E F

EF

E F
48-2

EF

K J

EF K9-2 EF K8-2 EF K7-2 EF K6-2 EF K5-2 EF K4-2 EFK3-2 EF K2-2 EF K1-2
KEFK 12-2EFK 12-2EFK2-10

KEF{EFEFEF K J
K JEFEF JEFEF K J

K-10EF-10VEF 455AEF455AEF K J
.E97.5kHzFEF K
vout = -3.57 V, if = 357 A K
-4.46 mV/s K
1 mA K
KBSEFLPEFHPEFBPEF K

J
J
J
J
J

K K J

W .-

K
KK
KK

KK

CMRREAOLFK
EAcmF

KK
K
K

EFK
K

EFKK

K
1V .V

W .-

f ( x, y , z ) = 5 x 4 y + 3 z 2

W .-

f ( x, y ) = 3 x 5 y

10k x 7; 20k x 1; 50k x 1; LM741C x 3W

KW .-

V2

Iout

VL

IL

I4

20k

8V

I3
20k

V1

20k

6V

I1
10k

10k
I2

:
IL

VL

AV(-) AV(+)

I2

I1

V1

I4

I3

V2

5V .-
-4V .-
3V .-
1V .-

W
KW

WW
9

9
KW
KW

W
K 9

9
9

9
W

K 9
K 9
K 9

K 9

K 9
W .-
EICF ETimerF

KEPulse GeneratorF

555
NE555K

W1-3555 KLM555CA555MC1455

555 W1-3

WE1-3F

Ground

Trigger

Output

Reset

Control
Voltage

Threshold

Discharge

Supply
Voltage

K3

18

555 W1-3

W .-
555

W2-3555
KA2A1 K

K(RS) K

KT1 K
K K

KA3 K

PIN 8
TIMER 555

A1
PIN 6
PIN 5

Control

A3
PIN 3

A2

PIN 2

PIN 7
T1

PIN 1

PIN 4

Reset

555 W2-3

K
W .--

KE5kFR

WVCC

2VCC
F
3
V
KA2E CC F
3

KA1E

WA1 .--

2/3VCCEF
K

Vth EF

.EThreshold VoltageF

VthK A1

2VCC
Vth
3
2V
K CC
3

WA2 .--

VCC

3
WEF

VtriETrigger VoltageF
V
K A2 CC Vtri
3
V
K A2 CC Vtri
3

K+VCC A2A1
WT1 .--

ETiming CapacitorF

RST1RS
K

ONQ=+VCC
KEF

OFFQ=0

.+VCCEF

KQ2-3
Q

+VCC

+VCC

2-3

E3-3F .--
ERS FLIP-FLOPFBistable Multivibrator

KELowF EHighF Q' Q RS

Q' Q K Q' Q K

KT1S

KQ'QKECut offF T2

K
Q' Q T1R
KEBistable MultivibratorFRS

RS W3-3

S,R Q3-3
S

+VCC

+VCC

+VCC

Last State

3-3

WEBufferF .--

EBufferF

KRSEBufferF

Q=0 +VCC 3 Q=1 2-3

W3

+VCC

0
4-3

18V5VVCC

K+VCCEResetF

K E

+ 2VCC
F EFilterF 0.01F
3

W .-
EMonostableF 555
KEAstableF

WEMonostableF .--

K4-3555

W4-3

K5-3

EF

E5-3F

KEF
K

E F

EF

6-3
2Vtrigger
6-3

KVC

VTH

E F

Vo6-3
3

W5-3

K6-3

T 6-3
+Vcc

T = 1.1RC W

T
time(s)

W6-3

W1-3

10 M0.68F

555

T = 1.1RC = 1.1(10M)(0.68F) = 1.1(10x10 6 )(0.68x10 6 ) = 7.48s

W

10M1M

W
K0.748

F
KE

WEAstableF .--

K7-3555

W7-3

32

K K
K

EfrequencyF

KR2 R1C

.CVC8-3

C E5FVTHVCC
EA2FVTLVC

K3Vo8-3

E+VCCF
EF

E F

EF

Vo VC W8-3

TL TH 8-3

WK

TH = 0.693(R 1 + R 2 )C

TL = 0.693R 2 C
ER1,R2,CFfTK

T = TH + TL = 0.693(R 1 + 2R 2 )C
f =

1
1.44
=
T (R 1 + 2R 2 )C

WEPercent Duty CycleF

(R 1 + R 2 )
T1
T
100% = H 100% =
100%
(R 1 + 2R 2 )
T
TH + TL

D =

75%

K 75%

W2-3

R210MR10.68 F

W 555K1M

KD TLTHT

TH = 0.693(R 1 + R 2 )C = 0.693(10M + 1M)0.68F = 0.693(11M)0.68F

6
6

= 0.693(11x10 )(0.68x10 F) = 5.18s

TL = 0.693R 2C = 0.693(1M)(0.68F) = 0.693(106 )(0.68x106 F) = 0.47s

T = TH + TL = 5.18s + 0.47s = 5.65s
f =

1
1
=
= 0.176 Hz
T 5.65s
R + R2
T 5.18s
D= 1
= 1 =
= 0.915 = 91.5%
R1 + 2 R 2 T 5.65s

W555 K J

K3EF2EF1EF0EF

W555 K J
K3EF2EF1EF0EF

W555 K J
KEFEFEFEF

555 K J

EFEFEFEFEFEF

K555 K J

KVCC = 10 V555 K J

K KR1 = 10 k, R2 = 2 k, C = 0.0047 F 555 K J

KR1 = 10 k, C = 0.022 F 555 K J

EFK-EF-EFK-EFK-

ERS FLIP-FLOPFK-
K

KR5 = 47 k R4 = 65.8 kK-

21.9 kHzK-

242 sK-

W .-

R1

+15V

Vout
R2

555

5
2

0.1F

0V

K
.T2 T1T K
R1,R2,CT1,T2,T, f, D K

KDf
W K

R2

R1

100 k

10 k

10nF

10 k

100 k

10nF

10 k

10 k

10nF

100 k

100 k

10nF

W .-
C

1s

1ms

1s

KW

WW
9

9
9

KW
KW

W
K 9

9
9

9
W

W
W

K 9

K 9
K 9
K 9

K K

K
K

15 MHz

Kf0, 3f0, 5f0

W .-
W .--

Eac signalF
KE1-4F

EDCF

vout

W1-4

.2-4

vout

t(s)

t(s)

W2-4

t(s)

.--

KE3-4F

AV

vout

W3-4

KAV

EF

KK

F Enoise voltageF

KE

Eelectrical noiseF

Vi 4-4K

KVi VF VF=Vi=AVVi AVVi

Ein phaseF AVVi VF W

WEF

ELoop GainF AV<1 W

KE J4-4FK

AV AV>1 W
E J4-4FK

AV=1 W
EFK J4-4

EFAV<1

EFAV>1

EFAV=1

W4-4

.--

KEF J

J
K

.--

WW

vout
v in

WW
= Re + jI m

EImFErFW

r = Re

=0
I
m

WfrW

Im = 0

Kr r=RefrW
W1-4

vout

vin
R

vout
=1
vin r

r =

W2-4

vin

vout

R
R

1
vout
=
vin r 2

r =

WEPhase shift circuitF .--

K5-4

vout

vin
I1

I2

I3

W5-4

ZK

XCjXC

XC =

1
1
=
C 2fC

(R jX C )I1 RI 2 + 0I 3 = v in

RI1 + (2R jX C )I 2 RI 3 = 0
0I1 RI 2 + (2R jX C )I 3 = 0

WI3

I3 =

(R jX C )

v in

R
0

(2R jX C )
R

0
0

(R jX C )

(2R jX C )

(2R jX C )

I3 =

R 2 v in
(R jX C )(2R jX C ) 2 R 2 (2R jX C ) R 2 (R jX C )

v
RI
1
= out = 3 =
2
v in
v in 5X C 6X C X 3C
3
1 2 j
R R
R

180

K360 180
WK

3
6X C X
6
1
1
3 =0

=0f =
3
3
3
R
R
2f r RC (2f r ) R C
2 6RC
C

W
v

r = out =
vin r 1

1
5
4 2 f r2 R 2 C 2

=
1

5
2

1 2 2
R C

6 RC

1
1
=
1 30
29

K180
WEWien Bridge CircuitF .--
C

v in

K6-4

vout

W6-4

W fr

KXC

v out
v in

R ( jX C )
R ( jX C )
( R jX C )
=
=
R ( jX C ) (R jX C ) 2 jRX C
(R jX C ) +
(R jX C )

Wj
=

v out
RX C
RX C
=
=
v in
j(R jX C ) 2 + RX C RX C + j(R 2 j2RX C X 2 )
C

RX C
RX
=
RX C + jR 2 + 2RX C jX 2 ) 3RX C + j(R 2 X 2 )
C

v
R X = 0 r = out
v in
2

2
C

RX C 1
=
=
3
RX
3
r
C

W
R 2 X C2 = 0 R = X C

XC
XC=1/(2frC)

XC =

1
1
= R fr =
2f r C
2RC

WEPhase-Shift OscillatorF .-

K7-4

RF
R

Vout

741

W7-4
R
Av = F
R

1
vout
=
vin r 29

r =

R 1
Av Br = 1 F = 1 RF = 29 R

R 29
W
fr =

2 6 RC

W3-4
K7-4RFK

R = 10kC = 0.001 F WKK

W

RF
1
R
=

ACL = 29K
= 29 RF/R=29 r =
29 R
R
F

R F = 29R = 29(10k) = 290k

fr =

1
1
=
= 6.5kHz WfrK
2 6RC 2 6 (10k)(0.001F)

W4-4

fr=1kHz; R=1k

KRFCW
1
1
10 6
C=
=
=
= 6.5F
2f r R 6 2(1kHz )(1k) 6 2 6
R F = 29 R = 29 x (1k) = 29 k

WEWien-Bridge OscillatorF .-

RC
K1MHz5Hz

K8-4

W8-4

K
R1=R2=R

C1=C2=C

W
Av =

RF
+1
Ri

W
1
vout
=
vin r 3

r =

R
1
R
Av Br = 1 F + 1 = 1 F = 3 1 = 2 RF = 2 Ri
Ri

Ri
3
W
fr =

1
2RC

W5-4

8-4 EfrF

RF = 20 k, Ri = R1 = R2 =10 k, C1 = C2 = 0.001 FW
W

fr =

1
1
=
= 15.9kHz
2RC 2(10k)(0.001F)

WECrystal OscillatorFW .-
W.--

K
K

J

K

J
KEbufferF

EQF J
K

EF

K K

WEPiezoelectric effectF.--

K K
KEQuartz FK

EF

106 104K Q

KLC

9-4

Cs
Ls

Cp

EF

Rs

EF

EF

EF
EF

W9-4

K RSRS CSLS

KQfr J

EQ=104-106F Q J
K

K J
K J

W.--

K
W .---

.10-4

RF

Ri

vout

741C

C1
Quartz
R1

R2

C2

W10-4

W .---

b c

Pierce

Colpitts

Clapp

Butler

Modified
Butler

Gate

KW6-4

32,768K38,768 Hz

1KK
K

32,768 -
k

2 32,768-

32768
= 16384 W
2
32768 = 215 -
15W -

W7-4
W8-4

Ri = R1 = R2 =10 k, C1 = C2 = 10pF
K-
-

RF
1
W A V =
+ 1 r = r A V = 1 W-
3
Ri

RF
1
R
A v B r = 1
+ 1 = 1 F = 3 1 = 2 R F = 2R i = 2 10k = 20k
Ri
Ri
3

W-

1
1
1
10 7
fr =
=
=
=
Hz = 1.6MHz
2RC 2(10k)(10pF) 2(10 4 )(10 11 F) 2

K J

LCK

K J

K
K

KK

K J

K
LCK

K J

180K

K
W

K J

K
K
K

50K

K J

W
1K

10 K

0.01K
0.02 K

W K J
1K

EF BK

W K J
K

K
K

W K J
K
K
K

K J

DCK

K K J

K J
K J
K J
K K J
K J
K K J
K5 Vrms KR1 = R2, C1 = C2 K J
KK
K180 K J
K

K J

K J

75

K J

vin(rms) = 2.2 VKfr = 3.5 kHz

K J

vout(rms)

K-

K J

KD2D1
fr-Rf

K-W-

K-W-

K J

KK-K-K-K-K--K-K-K-K-


.-
KDC

K .-

K .-

K .-

K .-
K .-

.-
K
(1.67 V) .-
K60RC .-

KDC .-
.EDCF
1/75 = 0.0133
733 mV
50 k
Rf = 136 k, fr = 691 Hz

.-
.-
.-
.-
.-

W (-
RF

fr
100Hz
1kHz

1MHz

W (-
RF

Ri
10k

fr
100Hz

10k

1kHz

10k

1MHz

-W

ADAPTATION

ADDRESS BUS

ADMITTANCE

ALARM
ALL PASS
ALTERNATING CURRENT AC
AMPERE

AMPLIFIER

ANALOG

ANTENNA

ASTABLE
ATTENUATION
AUDIO AMPLIFIER
BAND PASS FILTER
BANDWIDTH

BASE

BATTERY

--

BIAS CURRENT
BINARY
BINARY COUNTER

BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
BUS
BYPASS CAPACITOR
CAPACITANCE
CAPACITOR
CHARGE
CHIP
CIRCUIT
CLOSED LOOP GAIN

CODE

COLLECTOR

COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO

COMPARATOR AMPLIFIER
CONDUCTANCE
CONNECTION
CONTROL

CONTROL BUS

CONTROL VOLTAGE

COUNTER
COUPLING CAPACITOR

CRYSTAL

CURRENT

--

CUTOFF FREQUENCY
CYCLE
DAMPED SINE WAVE
DATA
DATA BUS
DECADE COUNTER
DECIMAL
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER
DIGITAL

DIODE

DIRECT CURRENT DC

DISCHARGE

DISPLAY

--

DISTORTION
DIVIDER
DUAL VOLTAGE
DUTY CYCLE
EFFICIENCY
ELECTROMAGNETIC
EMITTER
EMITTER FOLLOWER

FARAD
FEEDBACK
FILTER
FLAG
FLIP FLOP
FREQUENCY
FUNCTION GENERATOR

FUSE

GAIN

GATE

GROUND
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
HARMONIC DISTORTION
HENRY
HIGH PASS FILTER
HYSTERESIS
IDEAL RESPONSE
IMPEDANCE
INDUCTANCE

INDUCTOR

INFRARED

--

INPUT

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

INTEGRATOR AMPLIFIER

INVERTING AMPLIFIER

INVERTING INPUT

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE LED

LOW PASS FILTER
MEMORY
MICROCONTROLLER

MODULATION

MONOSTABLE

NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

NON INVERTING INPUT

--

NUMBER REPRESENTATION
OFFSET CURRENT
OFFSET NULL
OPEN CIRCUIT
OPEN LOOP GAIN
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
OSCILLATOR
OUTPUT
PARALLEL
PERIOD

PHASE
PHASE ANGLE
PHASE SHIFT
PHOTO TRANSISTOR
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
POLARITY

POLARIZED CAPACITOR

POWER BANDWIDTH

POWER DISSIPATION

POWER SUPPLY
PROCESSOR
PULSE
PULSE GENERATOR
PULSE WAVE
QUARTZ
RADIO SIGNALS
RC FILTER
REACTANCE
RECTANGULAR WAVE
REGISTER

RELAY

RESET

--

RESISTANCE

RESONANCE

SATURATION
SAW TOOTH WAVE
SCHEMATICS
SEMI CONDUCTOR
SERIES
SHORT CIRCUIT
SIGNAL

SIGNAL GENERATOR

SINE WAVE

SLEW RATE

SOLAR CELL

SOLDERING IRON
SPEAKER
SPECTRUM
SQUARE WAVE

STEP WAVE

STOP BAND

SUMMING AMPLIFIER

SUPERPOSITION

SUSCEPTANCE

--

SWITCH

THRESHHOLD

TIME

TIMER

TOLERANCE

--

TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER
TRANSFORMER
TRANSISTOR
TRIANGULAR WAVE
TRIGGER
UNITS
UP-DOWN COUNTER
VIRTUAL EARTH
VOLT
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
VOLTMETER
WAVE
WAVE LENGTH
WAVEFORM
WAVEFORM GENERATION
WIRE

Glencoe/Mc Graw-Hill
1999
Glencoe/Mc Graw-Hill
1999
Prentice Hall
2000
Butterworth-Heinmann
2001
Cambridge University
Press, 1995
Prentice Hall
1999
Prentice Hall
2001
Prentice Hall
2000
Prentice Hall
2002

Malvino Albert P.

Electronic Principles, Sixth Edition

Malvino Albert P.
Thomas L. Floyd

Experiments For Electronic Principles, Sixth

Edition
Electronic Fundamentals

Mike Tooly

Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications

Martin Hartley Jones

A Practical Introduction to Electronic Circuits

Ronald A. Reis,

Becoming An Electronics Technician: Securing

Your High-Tech Future, 3/E
Electronic Devices (Conventional Flow Version),
6/E
Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices, and
Applications, 5/E
Introduction to Electronic Circuit Design

Thomas L. Floyd
Thomas L. Floyd
Richard Spencer

--

K J

K J

K J

K J J

K J J

ECommon-Emitter Amplifier F K J J

ECommon-Collector Amplifier F K J J

ECommon-Base Amplifier F K J J

EPower AmplifiersF

K J

K J J

(Class A Power Amplifier)EF

K J J

(Class A and AB Power Amplifier)E-FEF K J J

(Class C Power Amplifier)EF K J J

EFrequency Response CurveF

K J

EGain Bandwidth ProductF

K J

K J

K J

K J J

K J J

K J J

K J J

K J J

K J J

K J J

K J J J

K J J J

EPower DissipationF K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

ECMRRF K J J J

ESlew RateF K J J J

K J J

K J J

EInverting AmplifierF K J J J

ENoninverting AmplifierF K J J J

EComparatorAmplifierF K J J J

ESumming AmplifierF K J J J

EDifferentiator AmplifierF K J J J

EIntegrator AmplifierF K J J J

EFiltersF K J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J J J

K J

K J

555

K J

K J J

A1 K J J

A2 K J J

T1 K J J

K J J

EBufferF K J J

555

K J

EMonostableF K J J

EAstableF K J J

K J

K J

K J J

K J J

K J J

K J J

EPhase shift circuitF K J J

EWien Bridge CircuitF K J J

EPhase-Shift OscillatorF

K J

EWien-Bridge OscillatorF

K J

ECrystal OscillatorFW

K J

K J J

EPiezoelectric effectF- K J J

K J J

K J J J

K J J J