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Change History
Issue1.0 DescriptionThis is the first release. Date2012-07-17 Prepared BySmartphone ecosystem R&D support team Approved ByZhao Qiyong (employee ID: 00119431)
Contents
Change History .................................................................................ii 1 Executive Summary ......................................................................1 2 Challenges on Networks by Mobile Internet Applications ........ 2
2.1 Application Categories and Characteristics ....................................................... 2
2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services (SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on Networks ................................................................................................ 4 2.3 Characteristics of Video Service and Their Impact on Networks ............................ 5 2.4 Cloud Service Characteristics and Impact on Network ........................................ 6 2.5 Web Applications Characteristics and Impact on Network .................................. 7 2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 7
4 Solutions ...................................................................... 12
4.1 E2E Solutions ........................................................................................... 12
4.1.1 Problem Description.................................................................... . 12 4.1.2 Solutions.....................................................................13
5 Summary ...................................................................... 29
5.1 Challenge Overview ................................................................................ 29 5.2 Solutions and Suggestions ............................................................................30
Figures
Figure 3-1 Traffic volumes for each mobile operating system ................................................... 10 Figure 4-1 Signaling load on wireless networks by different applications over iOS and Android .......... 12 Figure 4-2 Signaling load differences from a network with Huawei equipment ............................. 13 Figure 4-3 Repeated activation request impacts on network activations and KPI ........................... 14 Figure 4-4 Unexpected signaling impact due to firewall faults ................................................. 15 Figure 4-5 PDP update Procedure Triggered by IU/RAB Release Signaling .................................... 15 Figure 4-6 PDP update due to Service Request messages ....................................................... 16 Figure 4-7 Comparison of paging volumes between CS domains and PS domains in operator M network ............................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 4-8 Small packets for smartphones ......................................................................... 19 Figure 4-9 Access signaling increases due to frequent services of smartphones ............................. 19 Figure 4-10 Decreased efficiency in air interface under MBB model ........................................... 20 Figure 4-11 Signaling flow during a data transmission process before the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ................................................................................ 21 Figure 4-12 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a big data packet after the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21 Figure 4-13 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a small data packet after the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled ......................................................... 21 Figure 4-14 UE always-online solution in LTE ..................................................................... 25 Figure 4-15 Signaling-control solution for users with high mobility during handovers in LTE networks .. 26 Figure 4-16 Dynamic DRX solution in LTE networks ............................................................. 27 Figure 4-17 Service-based differentiated control solution in LTE Networks .................................. 28
Tables
Table 2-1 Mainstream mobile Internet categories and characteristics .................................................. 2 Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions ........................................................................................... 7 Table 3-1 3GPP capabilities for typical smartphones ...................................................................... 8 Table 3-2 Screen resolution and video capability for typical smartphones ........................................ 9 Table 3-3 Background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices ............................ 11 Table 3-4 Terminal chips supporting 3GPP Release 8 fast dormancy .................................................. 11 Table 5-1 Impact of mainstream mobile internet services................................................................ 29 Table 5-2 Impact of Smartphone on the network.......................................................................... 30 Table 5-3 Solution overview (based on 3GPP Release 8 protocol and earlier versions) ................. 30
1 Executive Summary
The quickly development of Smartphone energizes the weary mobile Internet. The same as the innovative traditional Internet, Smartphone is blossoming freely and have been widely used in our daily life, learning, and working. Based on function attributes and data packet features, mobile Internet applications are categorized into instant messaging (IM), voice over IP (VoIP), streaming, social networking services (SNS), web browsing, cloud, email, file transfer, gaming, and machine-to-machine (M2M) dialog. The mobile Internet applications can also be classified in other ways. The 3GPP protocol was defined to meet the requirements of persistent connection and peak throughput at initial stage. However, various Internet applications generate traffic models which are extremely different from traditional voice services. These traffic models bring severe challenges for the 3GPP protocol. Major changes in traffic characteristics are the increases in small packets, short connections, signaling and data traffic, and abnormal traffic. For Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UTMS) networks in idle status, all these changes lead to sharp increases on signaling and other system resource load. They also bring severe threat on network performance, and affect application data throughput capability and network profitability in the long run. For the healthy development of mobile broadband (MBB) in the long term, developers are all seeking methods to achieve improvements for technique standards, existing networks, and smartphones. Developers are considering improvements in the following aspects: For standard design, the factors, such as small packets, bearer efficiency, network architecture, and protocol layer optimization are considered. For existing networks, original traffic models for reference are changed, software, hardware and parameters are reconfigured, and new features are enabled. For Smartphone and applications, a win-win situation is expected between network resource consumption and user experience. This paper proposed solutions and suggestions targeting at identified problems caused by smartphones and applications in deployed UMTS and LTE networks based on 3GPP Release 8 and earlier versions. These solutions cannot replace network reconstructions or capacity expansion to meet the requirements of increasingly growing subscribers, signaling and data traffic.
1
Description
Sending or receiving instant messaging Audio and video calls Streaming media such as HTTP audios, HTTP videos, and P2P videos Social networking sites Web browsing including wireless access protocol (WAP) page browsing Cloud computing and online cloud applications Mails including webmail, Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) File transfer including P2P file sharing, file storage, and application download and update Mobile gaming such as social gaming and card gaming Machine Type Communication
Typical Application
Whatsapp, Wechat, iMessage Viber, Skype, Tango, Face Time YouTube, Youku, Spotify, Pandora, PPStream Facebook, Twitter, Sina Weibo Typical web browsers are Safari and UC Browser Siri, Evernote, iCloud
Characteristic
Small packets, less frequently Small packets, continuously Big packets, continuously Small packets, less frequently Big packets, less frequently Big packets Big packets, less frequently
Gmail
File Transfer
Mobile Thunder, App Store Angry Birds, Draw Something, Words with Friends Auto meter reading, mobile payment
Gaming M2M
The preceding features are defined as follows: If packet per second (PPS) is greater than 20, the data is transmitted continuously. If PPS is less than 10, the data is transmitted less frequently. A data packet larger than 1000 bytes is defined as a big packet. A data packet less than 600 bytes is defined as a small packet. Main traffic volume for mobile Internet is used for web browsing, and the rest is used for streaming media and file transfer. Mobile Internet is widely deployed and the traffic rate increases. Smartphones are equipped with more functions. Mobile streaming media services will be widely used and the main traffic volume will be occupied by video service. Instant communications with text, voice, and video are more preferable, and network access becomes more frequently. Meanwhile, the technique Hypertext Markup Language (HTML5) becomes increasingly mature. Cloud service will replace traditional web browsing and file transfer as the dominant player. The smartphones for mobile Internet become small and diverse. More and more smart machine terminals and M2M services, such as smart electrical household appliances, auto meter reading, and mobile payment come into being.
2.2 Characteristics of Small-Packet Services (SNS, IM, and VoIP) and their Impact on Networks
Small packet services on mobile Internet consist of SNS, IM, and VoIP. Depending on the traffic conditions, small packets are divided into intermittent small packets and continuous small packets. Intermittent small packets, continuous small packets and their impact on networks are analyzed in the following. Factors leading to intermittent small packets include the following items: Short messages with little information, such as friends presence update, text chatting, and IM Periodic keep alive messages, for example, keep alive messages for connections between servers and subscribers For these messages with less than 2000 bytes total traffic and less than 20 packets, the transmission duration is less than 3s, and the interval is 30s to 40 minutes periodically. On one hand, these messages lead to frequent RRC status switches. The RRC status switches from IDLE/PCH to FACH/CELL_DCH frequently. Service requests and IU releases become more frequent, which bring great signaling impact on RAN and PS network terminals. On the other hand, the data transmission duration is short. Radio channels remain in the CELL_DCH status for a long period of time due to an inactive timer, which is a waste of radio channel resources. Servers maintain network connections with clients. When the clients send requests, servers send notifications to receive ends. Paging messages are generated over the network and air interface. If emergencies occur or timed messages are required, servers send messages to large numbers of smartphones in the network at the same time. This inflicts severe impact on paging. Continuous small packets are mostly generated in audio calls and video calls in VoIP applications. During a call, the packet interval is 40 ms to 60 ms and the length of a packet is smaller than 300 bytes (100 bytes for an audio packet and 300 bytes for a video packet). The forwarding performance of a network terminal is calculated using the packet length of 500 bytes. Too many small packets lead to unqualified forwarding. Packet aggregation can eliminate the impact of small packets on networks. The following mechanisms are used to eliminate the impact of small packets on networks. NSRM: Requests from multiple applications are delayed for a certain period of time and then sent together. APNS, C2DM: One application manages notifications of all applications.
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2.6 Conclusion
Table 2-2 describes mobile Internet impact on networks and relative solutions. Table 2-2 Impacts and solutions
Impact
Signaling
Cause
Uplink small packets, including keeping alive and status query messages Checks the updates with periodic polling
Solutions
Qualcomm Network Socket Request Manager (NSRM) Push mechanisms in the operating system, including Apple Push Notification Service (APNS) and Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) Compressions such as UCWEB Adaptive content protocols, including HTTP and Live Streaming Local cache
iPhone 4S (iOS5)
Lumia 800 (Windows Galaxy S II HD New iPad Phone 7.5 LTE(Android4.0) (iOS5.1) Mango) Qualcomm MSM8255 Qualcomm MSM8660 Qualcomm MDM9600
Chip
Qualcomm MDM6610
QSD8250
Qualcomm MDM6610
3GPP HSDPA
R6
R6
R6
R7
R8 Cat. 24 42 Mbps
Cat.8 - 7.2 Cat.8 - 7.2 Mbps Mbps Cat.6 Cat.6 5.76 Mbps 5.76 Mbps No No
Cat.10 Cat.10 Cat.14 14.4 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 21.1 Mbps Cat.6 5.76 Mbps No
HSUPA
Cat.6 Cat.6 Cat.6 5.76 Mbps 5.76 Mbps 5.76 Mbps No Yes Yes
LTE
More and more smartphones support HSPA+ features like 64QAM, multi input and multi output (MIMO), continuous packet connectivity (CPC), and enhanced Cell_FACH. The new iPad compliant with 3GPP Release 7 has a downlink capability of Cat. 14 Mbit/s to 21.1 Mbit/s. The new iPad supports DC-HSDPA feature in Release 8, with a downlink capability of Cat. 24 Mbit/s to 42 Mbit/s. What's more, new iPad also supports HSPA+ and LTE Cat.3. Smartphone screen size and resolution have been improved rapidly. Lumia 800 screen resolution is 480 x 800 pixels, and the screen resolution for the latest Samsung terminal is 720 x 1280 pixels. New iPad screen resolution reaches 1536 x 2048 pixels. All mainstream devices support 1080P@30fps video
display.
The computing capability and multi-radio capability for smartphones develop quickly, and their screen becomes larger and larger. Mobile Internet applications shift from email to abundant services, such as web browsing, instant messaging, SNS, VoIP, cloud service, video on demand, and live cast. Table 3-2 describes the screen resolution and video capability for several new smartphones.
Table 3-2 Screen resolution and video capability for typical smartphones
Lumia 800 (Windows Phone 7.5 Mango) 480 x 800 pixels, 3.7 inches (~252 ppi pixel density) 720P@30fps Galaxy SII HD LTE Android4.0 720 x 1280 pixels, 4.65 inches (~316 ppi pixel density) 1080P@30fps New iPad (iOS5.1) 1536 x 2048 pixels, 9.7 inches (~264 ppi pixel density) 1080P@30fps
Screen resolution
Video capability
For web browsing and video playing services, higher screen resolution leads to increases in traffic volume. Power consumption has been a bottleneck for smartphones all along.
iOS Android
40.00%
Java ME
30.00%
BlackBerry
20.00%
Symbian
10.00% 00.00% July, 2011 August, 2011 September, 2011 October, 2011 November, 2011 December, 2011 January, 2012 February, 2012 March, 2012 April, 2012 May, 2012
Other
Source: netmarketshare Based on mature iOS and software on protocol stack, Apple devices provide services of fast dormancy, being online permanently, and push notifications. The network resource utilization and user experience of push services due to permanent online requirement are different for iOS and Android devices. For iOS, background applications do not generate cellular data flows. The heartbeats of background services are regarded as those for Apple push server. These services are in the deactivated status. For Android, most background services have a single heartbeat. The unified heartbeat mechanism in iOS reduces the frequent network connection requests and disconnection signaling during screen off. Table 3-3 describes the comparison of background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices.
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Table 3-3 Background behaviors for screen off between iOS and Android devices
Background Behavior
QQ
Android OS
Heartbeat cycle: 540s Double heartbeats: one with cycle of 285s, and the other with a cycle of 900s Heartbeat cycle: 3600s Heartbeat cycle: 900s No heartbeat Gtalk cycle: 28 minutes No heartbeat
iOS
No interaction if heartbeat stops in 15 minutes of screen off No heartbeat No heartbeat No heartbeat Heartbeat cycle adaptive to firewall aging time: 30 minutes 2
30
Network connection requests for iOS and Android are 2 and 30 respectively in one hour according to Table 3-3. When the terminal is in the connected status but without push messages, the number of connections for devices Android operating system is 15 times of that for devices using iOS operating system. Frequent connection requests from devices with the Android operating system bring congestion for network.
3.3 Conclusion
Due to short connection duration and large power consumption, chip suppliers, including QCT, STE, Renesas, and Intel provide chips with fast feature for smartphones. Huawei launched Ascend P1 mobile phone in January, 2012. The U9201L and U9501L customized by operators are launched in 2012. All these mobile phones support the 3GPP Release 8 fast dormancy feature. Table 3-4 Terminal chips supporting 3GPP Release 8 fast dormancy
Chip Vendors
Fast dormancy
QCT Support
Renesas Support
STE Support
Icera Support
Intel (Infineon)
MediaTek
Support
Support
For frequent access requests generated by background behaviors, the C2DM and push services are added to Android 2.2. However, these mechanisms have not been widely applied in current applications.
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4 Solutions
To embrace the development of mobile Internet and Smartphone capabilities, Huawei provides innovative solutions for end to end (E2E), PS core network, UMTS RAN, and LTE based on network characteristics and protocol standards.
120.00
20.00
12.00
Source: Huawei mLAB In actual network applications, some applications generate large amount of signaling. A certain VoIP causes more than 300 signaling messages over an Android terminal per hour. Figure 4-2 shows Service Requests per user at busy hour.
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Figure 4-2 Signaling load differences from a network with Huawei equipment
1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1 2001 4001 6001 8001 10001 12001
493 504 505 532 541 547 549 607 616 641 742 858 899
Too frequent signaling brings too much load to wireless and core network equipment.
4.1.2 Solutions
Some optimizations can be adopted for networks and devices to reduce Service Request messages and network overload. URA/CELL_PCH Fast dormancy saves batteries for smartphones if no data is transmitted. Terminals in URA/CELL_PCH status can stay connected to radio networks, and power consumption reduces. In this status, even frequent interactions of heartbeat and service data do not cause too many radio connections and releases. Enhanced fast dormancy enables the network to keep smartphones in URA/CELL_PCH status more effectively. Enhanced fast dormancy requires mutual supports and cooperation from chip suppliers, terminal providers, and wireless networks. Optimized Heartbeat Mechanism Smartphone application providers and developers must consider wireless network characteristics to reduce the too frequent heartbeats. Therefore, the impact on networks is decreased and terminal power consumption is lower. Network Control on Signaling from Terminals For terminals incapable of URA/PCH_CELL, wireless network controls their behaviors to reduce impacts on signaling. The core network and radio access network can be united together to control signaling. The core network identifies the terminals with signaling impact, and the radio access network controls the terminal signaling.
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S e r v i c e r e q ue s t p e r us e r @B H
User ID
14001 16001 18001 20001 22001
Proposals: In the short term, the URA/CELL_PCH can be applied to reduce overall network signaling. Subsequently, the network control on signaling from terminals can be applied to ensure network security and reliability. In the middle- to long-term, the optimized heartbeat mechanism can be applied to control signaling from the service source.
4.2 PS Solutions
4.2.1 Problem Description
PS-PB1: Repeated Activation Request Signaling
Smartphones must be online permanently, and they keep attempting activations if any failure occurs. For activation failures due to network faults, smartphones continuously attempt to be activated, so that services can be activated once the network equipment recovers. On live networks, network equipment faults seldom occur. Activation failures are mostly caused by incorrect terminal configurations, absence of subscription, and lack of call cost. If such failures occur, services cannot be activated in a short period. Repeated activation request signaling leads to extensive unnecessary signaling load. Repeated activation request signaling is generated when activation fails. Many repeated activation requests are accompanied with activation failures, and therefore activation success rate decreases. On networks of operator T, repeated activation request signaling caused by activation failures accounts for 98.76% of total signaling. Total activation success rate is lower than 3% as shown in Figure 4-3. Figure 4-3 Repeated activation request impacts on network activations and KPI
PDP Activation Success Rate (%) (Blackberry.net)
2,500,000 25.00%
2,000,000
20.00%
1,500,000
15.00%
1,000,000
10.00%
500,000
5.00%
0
20 10 -1 220 5 00 10 -1 220 5 01 10 -1 220 5 02 10 -1 220 5 03 10 -1 220 5 04 10 -1 220 5 05 10 -1 220 5 06 10 -1 220 5 07 10 -1 220 5 08 10 -1 220 5 09 10 -1 220 5 10 10 -1 220 5 11 10 -1 220 5 12 10 -1 220 5 13 10 -1 220 5 14 10 -1 220 5 15 10 -1 220 5 16 10 -1 220 5 17 10 -1 220 5 18 10 -1 220 5 19 10 -1 220 5 20 10 -1 220 5 21 10 -1 220 5 22 10 -1 25 23
0.00%
14
If unexpected network faults occur, repeated activation requests cause severe network overload. The AAA server cannot be reached due to operator B firewall faults, and many activations fail. A large number of terminals send repeated activation requests and generate signaling about five times more than that in normal conditions. The wireless network is overloaded as shown in Figure 4-4. Figure 4-4 Unexpected signaling impact due to firewall faults
Firewall breakdown
15
Frequent data services and fast dormancy for smartphones cause many IU releases and service requests. On a common network, the signaling impacts the RNC and SGSN. In direct tunnel networking mode, the signaling has more impact on the SGSN, and the impact even spreads to the GGSN.
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4.2.2 Solutions
For the problems described in section 4.2.1 "Problem Description", PS core network provides solutions to reduce signaling impacts on networks from the following aspects. Configure the network to control terminal behaviors to prevent repeated activation requests and unexpected signaling. Do not apply the direct tunnel networking mode for terminals using huge signaling volume, so as to reduce the impact on networks. Use intelligent paging in LTE networks.
Proposals: Appropriately evaluate and plan the GGSN based on the direct tunnel solution and traffic models. Operators determine whether to apply the direct tunnel solution based on network traffic volume and signaling.
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Smartphone Legacy UE
Time
Figure 4-9 Access signaling increases due to frequent services of smartphones
35000000 30000000 25000000 20000000 15000000 10000000 5000000 0 2010-6-22 2010-7-21 2010-8-3 2011-4-11 2011-4-12 2011-4-18 2011-4-19
4.3.2 Solutions
In the UMTS RAN, the following measures are taken to solve the typical network problems mentioned in section 4.3.1: Reduce activation request signaling, enable the control of smartphones state transition on the network side, and enhance common channels to avoid impact on the network caused by repeated activation request signaling. Implement hierarchical paging, narrow the paging area, and reduce the paging signaling in air interfaces. Improve the air interface utilization efficiency by control channel overhead reduction and smart state transition.
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Figure 4-11 Signaling flow during a data transmission process before the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled
Old PS procedure
Figure 4-12 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a big data packet after the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled
Figure 4-13 Signaling flow during the transmission process of a small data packet after the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function are enabled
Proposals: In the short term, the PCH function and the Enhanced Fast Dormancy function is used to reduce the impact of signaling storm. In the long term, enhanced common channel can be used to reduce the number of network access-related signaling and reduce the impact of signaling storm.
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4.4.2 Solutions
LTE-SLT1: Signaling-Control in LTE Networks
According to the analysis of the live network, LTE signaling impact mainly occurs in the following two situations: A large number of smartphones access the network simultaneously, resulting in an overloaded network. A large number of smartphones are performing services that require frequent exchanges, such as heart beats, message push, and state information notice. This leads to frequent state transition of smartphones between the idle state and connected state. The following solutions are provided to deal with the previous problems:
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eNB
UE1:Access the service which is frequent small packet,such as IM/Facebook 1.Keep UEs in RRC-Connect to reduce signaling overload; 2.Control UE out of UL sync based on traffic statistic result to configure longer DRX cycle to save more power. 1. Control UE to idle mode ASAP after finishing service access 2.Apply normal DRX
Dynamic DRX DRX
hugedata lowtraffic only hearbeat
UE2:Access the service which is not frequent small packet,such as Video streaming
LTE-SLT13 Signaling Control for High Mobility Users During Handovers in LTE Networks
When the online time of smartphones becomes longer, especially the phones frequently using frequent small-packet services, frequent mobility causes more handovers of smartphones and an increase in signaling. The handovers caused by the frequent use of services cannot be avoided. However, during the use of frequent small-packet services, many smartphones are always online even when the users are not using the smartphones. When small packet services are used, smartphones communicate with the network by exchanging the heart beats, real-time message push, and state notification between terminal application and servers. The interval between interactions is generally more than 60s. During the interval, the small amount of data is often transmitted in a short time. If a smart phone with high mobility transmits the small packet service, the signaling impact caused by the high mobility may exceed the signaling saved in always online state.
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To solve this problem, transit the phone to the idle state as soon as possible to avoid the signaling impact caused by high mobility, as shown in Figure 4-15. Figure 4-15 Signaling-control solution for users with high mobility during handovers in LTE networks
Keep the RRC connection of UE2 online when using frequent small-packet services
Proposals: At the early stage of the LTE network deployment, when there is a small number of users and a small amount of signaling, admission control in LTE networks is recommended to improve the stability of eNodeBs. When the number of users and the signaling impact are increasing, always-online solution and signaling-control solution during handovers for high mobility users are recommended to prevent the signaling impact caused by frequent access procedures and
Proposals: At the early stage of the LTE network deployment, there is a small number of users and a small amount of signaling. The DRX solution is recommended to help UEs save power and reduce the amount of signaling generated due to frequent transition to the idle state.
Figure 4-16 shows the solution. Proposals: As the number of users and the amount of signaling impact becomes greater, the eNodeB transits UEs to the always-online state, which leads to a long online time. Therefore, the dynamic DRX solution is recommended to save power for UEs.
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eRAN
eNodeB
Subscriber awareness
User information and service information
MME
UE1
Service awareness
Congestion awareness
SGW
PGW
Scheduler UE2
Proposals: This solution is recommended when operators require differentiated control on services on the same bearer, such as P2P throttling and HTTP guarantee.
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5 Summary
5.1 Challenge Overview
Mobile Internet services, terminal capabilities, and network capabilities promote and affect each other, together facilitating the development of MBB. Table 5-1 describes the impact of mainstream mobile internet services on terminal capabilities and channel capabilities. Table 5-1 Impact of mainstream mobile internet services
Category
IM
Description
Instant messaging Internet telephone service, including voice and video calls Streaming media such as HTTP audios and videos, P2P videos Social networking websites Web page browsing, including WAP Applications, including cloud computing and online cloud applications Emails, including Web mail, POP3, and SMTP
Characteristics
Small packets are sent occasionally Small packets are sent continuously
Impact
Increasing signaling for calling and called parties and reduced resource efficiency Reduced resource efficiency
VoIP
Streaming
Large amount of downlink data downlink data Increasing signaling for calling and called parties and increasing uplink and downlink data Increasing signaling and downlink data
SNS
Small packets are sent less frequently Big packets are sent less frequently
Web Browsing
Cloud
Big packets
File Transfer
File transfer, including P2P, file Big packets are storage, application sent continuously download and update Mobile gaming, such as social gaming and bridges Machine type, communication Big packets are sent less frequently Small packets
Increasing signaling and uplink and downlink data Increasing signaling and uplink and downlink traffic data Increasing signaling for calling and called parties and reduced resource efficiency
Gaming
M2M
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Table 5-2 describes the impact of Smartphone on the network. Table 5-2 Impact of Smartphone on the network
Category
Radio Protocol Capability Fast Dormancy Feature Screen Resolution/Video Play Capability Background Heart Beat
Description
More Smartphone support HSPA+ and LTE. More Smartphone support Release 8 fast dormancy. Screen resolution and video play capability is improved. The background heart beats by the operating system of Smartphone are unified.
Impact
Reduce the amount of data by new technology. Transit Smartphone to the dormant state quickly. Improved content quality leads to an increasing uplink and downlink data. Improve user experience and reduce signaling.
Solution
E2E-SLT11: Qualcomm NSRM E2E-SLT12: push service provided by operators or third parties, such as terminal OS vendors, service providers
E2E-PB2: increasing data caused by big data packet E2E E2E-SLT21: compressions including UCWEB E2E-SLT22: content adaptive protocols including HTTP live streaming and DASH. E2E-SLT23: local cache E2E-SLT24: small cell and WLAN in HetNet
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PS-PB1: repeated activation request signaling PS PS-PB2: Smartphone signaling impacts on GGSN with direct tunnels PS-PB3: increasing paging signaling in LTE UTRAN-PB1: increasing access signaling
PS-SLT1: repeated activation request control PS-SLT2: PS smart direct tunnel control PS-SLT3: smart paging in LTE UTRAN-SLT1: signaling storm solution in UTRAN UTRAN-SLT11: PCH function UTRAN-SLT12: enhanced fast dormancy UTRAN-SLT13: enhanced common channel in Release 7 or Release 8
UTRAN-PB2: increasing paging signaling UMTS RAN UTRAN-PB3: air interface utilization efficiency decreases
UTRAN-SLT2: UTRAN hierarchical paging UTRAN-SLT3: UTRAN air interface utilization efficiency improvement UTRAN-SLT31: the HSPA parameter optimization (such as CQI feedback period and DPCCH power offset dynamic adjustment) UTRAN-SLT32: smart state transition in UTRAN UTRAN-SLT33:CCPIC UTRAN-SLT34: continuous packet connectivity (CPC) UTRAN-SLT35: enhanced common channel in Release 7 or Release 8
LTE-SLT1: signaling control in LTE networks LTE-SLT11: smooth admission control solution in LTE LTE-SLT12: Smartphone always-online solution in LTE LTE-SLT13: signaling-control during handovers for high mobility users in LTE
LTE
LTE-SLT2: Smartphone power- saving in LTE LTE-SLT21: DRX solution in LTE LTE-SLT22: dynamic DRX solution in LTE
LTE-SLT3: service control differentiated based on users, services, and congestion state in LTE
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A
Term 3G 3GPP A AAA APP AS
English Description Third Generation Cellular network service as defined by the International Telecommunicat (www.itu.int) 3rd Generation Partnership Project (www.3gpp.org)
C CBC CPC CPE CQI Cell Broadcast Center Continuous Packet Connectivity Customer Premises Equipment Channel Quality Indicator
D DASH DC-HSDPA DHCP DNS DPI DRA DRX DSAC DTX Dynamic and Adaptive Streaming over HTTP Dual Carrier HSDPA Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Domain Name Service Deep Packet Inspection Dynamic Routing Agent Discontinuous Reception Domain Specific Access Control Discontinuous Transmission
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E EAB EAP E-DPCCH eNB eMBMS ePDG ETSI E-UTRAN Extended Access Barring Extensible Authentication Protocol E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel Evolved NodeB Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Evolved Packet Data Gateway European Telecommunications Standards Institute Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
G GGSN GU GTP Gateway GPRS Support Node GSM and UMTS GPRS Tunneling Protocol
H HeNB HLR HLS HS-DPCCH HSPA+ HSS HS-DPCCH HTCP HTML HTTP Home evolved NodeB Home Location Register HTTP Live Streaming High Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel High Speed Packet Access Plus Home Subscriber Server HS-DSCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel Hypertext Cashing Protocol HyperText Markup Language Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Infrastructure as a Service Internet Engineering Task Force IP Flow Mobility and Seamless Offload
Instant Messaging International Mobile Equipment Identity Internet Protocol Interrogating CSCF IMS Session Border Controller International Telecommunications Union
M M2M MAPCON MBMS MME MCC MNC M-TMSI Machine to Machine Multi Access Packet Data Network Connectivity Multicast Service Multimedia Broadcast Mobility Management Entity Mobile Country Code Mobile Network Code Mobile Subscriber Identity MME- Temporary
N NAI NAS NMS NNI-SBC Network Access Identifier Non-access Stratum Network Management System Network to Network Interface Session Border Controller
O OA&M OCS OS OTT Operations and Maintenance Online Charging Server Operation System Over-the-Top
PCC P-CSCF PLMN PCRF PDN PDN GW/PGW PLMN PPI POP3 PS PSI
Policy and Charging Control Proxy CSCF Public Land Mobile Network Policy and Charging Rules Function Packet Data Network Packet Data Network Gateway (H=Home or V=Visited) Public Land Mobile Network Pixels per inch Post Office Protocol version 3 Packet Switched Public Service Identifiers
R RA RAN RAT RNC RRC RTP Routing Area Radio Access Network Radio Access Technology Radio Network Controller Radio Resource Control(3GPP) Real-time Transport Protocol
S SaaS SCRI S-CSCF SLP SNMP SMTP SAE SBC SCG SGW SMS
35
Software as a Service SIGNALLING CONNECTION RELEASE INDICATION Serving CSCF SUPL Location Platform Simple Network Management Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol System Architecture Evolution Session Border Controller Service Continuity Gateway Serving Gateway Short Message Service
Social Networking Services S-Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (consists of MMEC and M-TMSI) Session Initiation Protocol
T TA TA-List TAI-List TAU-List TCP TWAP TWAG Tracking Area Tracking Area-List Tracking Area Identity-List Tracking Area Update-List Transmission Control Protocol Trusted Wireless Access Proxy Trusted Wireless Access Gateway
U UDP UE UMTS URA User Datagram Protocol User Equipment (a.k.a. mobile handset or access terminal) Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UTRAN Registration Area
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Reference
111 [APNS]: Apple Push Notification Service, http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/NetworkingInternet/ Conceptual/RemoteNotificationsPG/ApplePushService/ApplePushService.html 222 [C2DM]: Android Cloud to Device Messaging, https://developers.google.com/android/c2dm/ 333 [NSRM]: Network Scoket Request Manager, http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/managing-background-data-trafficmobile-devices 444 [HLS]: HTTP Live Streaming, ietf draft, http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming 555 [HSS]: Smooth Streaming, http://www.microsoft.com/silverlight/smoothstreaming/ 666 [DASH]: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, 3gpp specification 26.247 777 [HTML5]:W3C Working Draft, http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/ 888 3GPP TS 23.060 999 3GPP TS 36.413 1111 3GPP TS 23.401 1111 3GPP TS 24.008 1111 3GPP TS 25.413 a.5.0 a.3.0 a.5.0 9.4.0 10.3.0 2011-09-27 2011-09-27 2011-09-27 2010-09-28 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Mobile radio interface Layer 3 UTRAN Iu interface Radio Access (GPRS);Service description; Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access specification; Core network protocols; Stage 3 Network Application Part (RANAP) signaling 1111 3GPP TS 36.413, S1 Application Protocol (S1AP) 1111 3GPP TS 36.331, Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification 1111 3GPP TS 23.401, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access 1111 3GPP TS 25.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC); protocol specification. 1111 3GPPTS 25.308: UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). 1111 3GPPTS 25.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification. 1111 3GPPTS 25.903: Continuous connectivity for packet data users . 2222 3GPPTS 25.319: Enhanced uplink; Overall description; 2222 3GPPTS 25.317: High Speed Packet Access (HSPA);
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C
Contributors Frank zhao jiaweijie wangbin xiguobao mijunwen shuaiyanglai
Contributors
Department mLAB (Huawei MBB lab) mLAB (Huawei MBB lab) mLAB (Huawei MBB lab) PS solution design team UMTS solution design team LTE solution design team
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