ứng dụng excel trong kinh tế

Chng Trnh Giang Day Kinh Te Fulbright Chng Trnh ao Tao Mot Nam Ve Kinh Te Hoc ng Dung Cho
Chnh Sach Cong
EXCEL NG DUNG TRONG KINH TE

PHAN 2
BIEN SOAN: TRAN THANH PHONG
Phong may tnh, nam 2004
MUC LUC
BAI 1. QUI TRNH LAP BAI TOAN TREN BANG TNH ............................................................... 1 1.1. Gii thieu ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Qui trnh..................................................................................................................... 2 BAI 2. TO CHC D LIEU TRONG BANG TNH ........................................................................ 6 2.1. Tao danh sach (List) .................................................................................................. 6 2.2. S dung mau nhap lieu (Data Form) ......................................................................... 7 2.3. Sap xep d lieu (Sort).............................................................................................. 10 2.4. Loc d lieu t danh sach bang Auto Filter............................................................... 13 2.5. Loc d lieu nang cao bang Advance Filter .............................................................. 17 2.6. Dung Data Validation e kiem soat nhap lieu......................................................... 20 2.7. Bai tap thc hanh..................................................................................................... 21 BAI 3. TONG HP D LIEU VA PIVOTTABLE ........................................................................ 23 3.1. Tao Pivort Table...................................................................................................... 23 3.2. Hieu chnh PivotTable ............................................................................................. 27 3.3. ieu khien viec hien th thong tin ........................................................................... 28 3.4. Tao PivotChart......................................................................................................... 29 3.5. S dung subtotals ..................................................................................................... 31 3.6. Dung cac ham d lieu .............................................................................................. 32 3.7. Bai tap thc hanh..................................................................................................... 34 BAI 4. BAI TOAN IEM HOA VON ........................................................................................ 36 4.1. Gii thieu ................................................................................................................. 36 4.2. Bai toan minh hoa .................................................................................................... 37 BAI 5. GIAI PHNG TRNH VA HE PHNG TRNH ............................................................. 41 5.1. Giai phng trnh ..................................................................................................... 41 5.2. Giai he phng trnh ................................................................................................ 43 5.3. S dung Solver ........................................................................................................ 47 5.4. Ma tran .................................................................................................................... 49 BAI 6. BAI TOAN TOI U VA QUI HOACH TUYEN TNH ........................................................ 52 6.1. Toi u mot muc tieu (Linear Programming)............................................................ 52 6.2. Bai toan au t (Linear Programming).................................................................... 58 6.3. Qui hoach nguyen (Integer Linear Programming) .................................................. 60 BAI 7. PHAN TCH RUI RO .................................................................................................... 63 7.1. Phan tch o nhay .................................................................................................... 63 Phan tch o nhay mot chieu ................................................................................... 64 Phan tch o nhay hai chieu .................................................................................... 65 7.2. Phan tch tnh huong (Scenarios) ............................................................................. 67 Phan tch tnh huong ............................................................................................... 67 Ham Index ............................................................................................................... 72 7.3. Mo phong bang Crystal Ball.................................................................................... 74 a. Mo hnh gia khong oi khong chac chan ............................................................. 75 b. Mo hnh gia oc lap khong chac chan ................................................................. 79 c. Mo hnh bc ngau nhien .................................................................................... 82
d. Mo hnh t hoi qui bac nhat AR(1) ................................................................... 85 BAI 8. XAC SUAT & THONG KE............................................................................................ 89 Bo sung cong cu phan tch d lieu vao Excel: ......................................................... 89 8.1. Thong ke .................................................................................................................. 89 Cac thong so thong ke mo ta (Descriptive statistics) ............................................... 92 Bang tan suat (Histogram) ...................................................................................... 93 Xep hang va phan tram theo nhom (Rank and Percentile) ....................................... 95 8.2. Bien ngau nhien va Phan phoi xac suat ................................................................... 96 Phat so ngau nhien theo cac phan phoi xac suat ..................................................... 97 Mot so ham ve phan phoi trong Excel...................................................................... 99 8.3. Tng quan va hoi qui tuyen tnh .......................................................................... 105 Phu Luc ............................................................................................................................ 111 at ten vung .................................................................................................................. 111 Danh sach AutoFill t tao ............................................................................................. 112 Phm tat thong dung ...................................................................................................... 113
Li gii thieu
Tai lieu c bien soan di dang hng dan tng bc phan mem Microsoft Excel e giai cac bai toan trong kinh te. Tai lieu khong chu trong vao viec anh gia, giai thch cac y ngha kinh te cua bai toan cung nh cac ly thuyet kinh te co lien quan. Cac ban oc can tham khao them cac tai lieu ve ly thuyet e nam ro hn cach dien giai va phan tch y ngha cac ket qua tm c bang cong cu may tnh. Cac tai lieu can tham khao them: Phng phap nh lng trong quan ly, Cao Hao Thi, Nguyen Thong, Nha xuat ban Thong ke, 1998. Toan ng dung trong kinh doanh, Cao Hao Thi, Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright, 1999. Thong ke ng dung trong kinh doanh, Cao Hao Thi, ai Hoc Bach Khoa Tp. HCM, 1998. Ra quyet nh trong quan ly, Cao Hao Thi, ai Hoc Bach Khoa Tp. HCM, 2001.
Tai lieu c kem theo cac tap so lieu cho phan ly thuyet va bai tap. Ngoai ra moi bai con co phan minh hoa sinh ong bang phim hy vong se giup ban oc de tiep can van e hn. Con nhieu van e cha c e cap en trong tai lieu, se dan c bo sung trong thi gian sap ti. Moi gop y xin vui long gi en tac gia theo a ch sau: Tran Thanh Phong Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright 232/6 Vo Th Sau, Quan 3, Tp. HCM. ien thoai: 848-9325103 Fax: 848-9325104 E-mail: ttphong@fetp.vnn.vn Website: www.fetp.edu.vn Tai lieu cho phep moi ngi s dung, sao chep theo qui nh cua Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright. Tp. HCM, ngay 18 thang 08 nam 2004.
Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright
Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh
BAI 1. QUI TRNH LAP BAI TOAN TREN BANG TNH

1.1. Gii thieu Nhieu thap ky qua, hang trieu nha quan ly phat hien ra phng cach hieu qua nhat e phan tch va anh gia cac phng an bang cach xay dng cac mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh. Mo hnh tren bang tnh la mot tap cac quan he toan hoc va luan ly c thiet lap tren may tnh nham giai quyet cac van e trong thc te va ho tr nha quan ly ra cac quyet nh kinh doanh. S dung mo hnh bang tnh a giup cho nha quan ly co the phan tch cac phng an kinh doanh trc khi la chon mot phng an e thc thi. Phan loai va ac trng cua cac ky thuat mo hnh hoa cac bai toan quan ly: Mo hnh Mo hnh gii han (Prescriptive models) Hnh thc cua ham f(*) Biet trc Xac nh ro rang Gia tr cua bien oc lap Biet trc hoac trong s kiem soat cua nha ra quyet nh Ky thuat
Mo hnh d bao (Predictive models)
Khong biet trc Khong ro rang
Mo hnh mo ta Biet trc (Descriptive Xac nh ro models) rang
Qui hoach tuyen tnh (Linear programming), mang (networks), CPM, bai toan toi u (Goal programming), EOQ, qui hoach phi tuyen (non-linear programming) Phan tch hoi qui Biet trc hoac (Regression analysis, phan trong s kiem tch chuoi thi gian (Time soat cua nha ra series analysis), phan tch sai quyet nh biet (discriminant analysis) Khong biet trc Mo phong (Simulation), hoac bat nh Dong ch (Queuing), PERT, Bai toan ton kho (Inventory Models)
Mo hnh gii han: giai quyet cac bai toan ma chung ta biet trc cac gia tr cua cac bien oc lap x1, x2, , xn hoac gia tr cua cac bien nay nam trong s kiem soat va biet c moi quan he gia cac bien oc lap va bien phu thuoc vi nhau. Khi o, ket qua cua bien phu thuoc Y xac nh theo ham f(x1, x2, , xn) se thu c mot cach chnh xac. Mo hnh d bao: giai quyet cac bai toan chung ta biet trc cac gia tr cua cac bien oc lap x1, x2, , xn hoac gia tr cua cac bien nay nam trong s kiem soat va ham f(x1, x2, , xn) cha biet trc. Khi o, ta can phai c lng
1 ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te
Tran Thanh Phong
ham f e t o xac nh gia tr d bao cua bien phu thuoc Y. Mo hnh mo ta: trong bai toan nay ta biet trc moi quan he gia cac bien oc lap x1, x2, , xn va bien phu thuoc Y. Tuy nhien, gia tr cu the cua mot hoac nhieu bien oc lap ta lai khong biet. Do vay e tnh toan ket qua cua bien phu thuoc Y, ta can phai mo phong cac gia tr cua cac bien oc lap.
1.2. Qui trnh Qua trnh giai quyet bai toan thng theo cac bc sau: 1/ Xac nh van e can giai quyet 2/ Lap mo hnh 3/ Thu thap du lieu 4/ Tm l giai 5/ Th nghiem li giai 6/ Phan tch ket qua 7/ Thc hien li giai
Xac nh cac van e can giai quyet Lap mo hnh
Thu thap d lieu
Tm li giai
Th nghiem li giai
Phan tch ket qua
Thc hien li giai
Hnh 1.1. Cac bc trong qua trnh giai bai toan

Tran Thanh Phong 2 ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te
Bc 1: Xac nh van e can giai quyet Hnh thanh mot cau hay mot menh e ngan gon, ro rang ve cai g can phai giai quyet. Cac kho khan khi at van e : Van e at ra tao ra nhng mau thuan trong noi bo c quan va quyen li cac thanh phan trai ngc nhau. Van e giai quyet ung cham en moi mat cua c quan nen phai chon nhng van e nao can giai quyet u tien e no em lai ket qua tong hp cho c quan. Nhieu khi at van e theo nh hng cua li giai cuc bo Khi at van e va tm ra li giai th li giai a lac hau so vi thc te. Bc 2: Lap mo hnh Mo hnh la mot s n gian hoa thc te, c thiet ke bao gom cac ac iem chu yeu ac trng cho s hoat ong cua he thong thc. Mo hnh can phai dien ta c cac ban chat, cac tnh huong va cac trang thai cua he thong. Co the co 3 loai mo hnh : Mo hnh vat ly : mo hnh thu gon cua mot thc the Mo hnh khai niem (mo hnh s o) : mo hnh dien ta cac moi lien he gia cac bo phan trong he thong. Mo hnh toan hoc : thng la mot tap hop cac bieu thc toan hoc dung e dien ta ban chat cua he thong. Trong phng phap nh lng, ngi ta thng dung cac mo hnh toan hoc. Trong loai mo hnh nay co cha cac bien so va cac tham so. Bien so co the chia lam hai loai gom bien so ieu khien c va nhng bien so khong the ieu khien c. Cac ac iem can co cua mo hnh toan hoc : Mo hnh phai giai c Mo hnh phai phu hp vi thc te Mo hnh phai de hieu oi vi nha quan ly Mo hnh phai de thay oi Mo hnh phai de thu thap d lieu Nhng kho khan khi lap mo hnh : Can phai dung hoa gia mc o phc tap cua mo hnh toan va kha nang s dung mo hnh cua nha quan ly. Lam the nao e mo hnh tng thch vi nhng mo hnh co san trong ly thuyet phan tch nh lng.
Bc 3: Thu thap d lieu dung cho mo hnh ac iem cua d lieu : Phai chnh xac Phai ay u Du mo hnh tot nhng d lieu toi cung cho ra ket qua sai (GIGO Garbage In Garbage Out) Nguon d lieu c thu thap t : Cac ban bao cao cua c quan mnh, c quan lien he Cac cuoc phong van trc tiep Cac phieu tham do y kien o ac hay o em e lay mau trc tiep Dung cac phng phap thong ke e suy ra cac thong so can thiet Cac kho khan khi thu thap d lieu Khong biet lay d lieu t au D lieu khong chnh xac khong ay u Bc 4: Tm li giai Tm li giai ngha la van dung mo hnh vi d lieu a thu thap c e tm ra li giai toi u nhat. Tm li giai bang cac phng phap sau : Giai phng trnh, he phng trnh hay bat phng trnh Phng phap th dan hay phng phap do dam (Trial and error method) roi so sanh ket qua Liet ke mot so phng an (hu han) roi so sanh cac phng an e chon ra phng an tot nhat. Dung thuat toan (giai thuat - algorithm) Thuat toan la 1 day theo nhng th t nhat nh cac hanh ong hay cac bc i neu thc hien theo o th se at c ket qua trong mot thi gian hu han. Nhng kho khan ve li giai : Li giai kho hieu oi vi nha quan ly, nhat la nhng li giai ac biet Thng mo hnh toan ch co mot li giai duy nhat trong khi nha quan ly lai thch co nhieu li giai e la chon.
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ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te
Bc 5: Th nghiem li giai Li giai co c la do ap dung mo hnh vi cac d lieu a thu thap c. Th nghiem li giai la xem xet mc o on nh cua li giai oi vi d lieu va mo hnh. oi vi d lieu : thu thap t nguon khac roi a va li giai e th oi vi mo hnh : phan tch o nhay cua mo hnh toan bang cach thay oi mot t ve so lieu roi a vao mo hnh, phan tch s thay oi cua ket qua. Neu ket qua qua nhay oi vi s thay oi cua so lieu th phai ieu chnh mo hnh. Cac kho khan khi th li giai : Thng li giai la cac d kien xay ra trong tng lai cha biet tot xau mc o nao, thng phai hoi y kien anh gia cua cac nha quan ly. Bc 6: Phan tch ket qua Phai can nhac, xem xet nhng anh hng, nhng hau qua gay nen cho c quan hay cho he thong khi thc hien li giai Cac kho khan thng gap : Ket qua gay tac ong anh hng en toan the c quan Khi thay oi ne nep hoat ong sinh hoat cua c quan la mot ieu kho Phai biet ro khi ap dung li giai th ai b anh hng, anh hng nh the nao, nhng ngi b anh hng se sa sut hay thnh vng hn. Bc 7: Thc hien ket qua Thc hien ket qua ngha la a giai phap mi vao hoat ong cua c quan Kho khan Thieu s ung ho cua cac nha quan ly (do lam mat quyen li cua ho) Thieu s cam ket ieu chnh cua nhom nghien cu.
Tran Thanh Phong
Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh
BAI 2. TO CHC D LIEU TRONG BANG TNH

Trong bai nay chung ta se nghien cu ve cach tao danh sach, them, hieu chnh, xoa va tm kiem thong tin trong danh sach. Ngoai ra trong bai cung e cap en cac lenh loc tm d lieu t danh sach theo mot hay nhieu ieu kien. Bai hoc s dung cac tap tin: bai2-1.xls cho phan ly thuyet va bai2-2.xls cho phan thc hanh. 2.1. Tao danh sach (List) Danh sach c cau thanh t cac ban ghi (record) thng la dong trong bang tnh Excel. Moi ban ghi cha thong tin ve mot ieu g o (v du: mot dong trong so a ch). Moi ban ghi co nhieu trng (field), moi trng cha cac thong tin cu the: ten, ngay sinh, a ch, ien thoai,. Trong Excel, cac trng thng c bo tr vao cac cot va cac ban ghi thng bo tr theo dong (xem hnh 2.1 va hnh 2.2).
Hnh 2.1. Ten cac trng (field) c nhap vao dong au tien cua danh sach
Hnh 2.2. Danh sach d lieu
Hnh 2.3. Thanh nh dang Cac bc tao danh sach nh hnh 2.2: B1. Khi ong Excel B2. Nhap Ten ch tieu vao o co a ch A1, nhap phm <Tab> e di chuyen qua o ke tiep B3. Nhap ten cac trng con lai nh: Ten nc, 1990, 1991, B4. Nhap vao thong tin cho cac dong B5. Chon vung A1:J1 chon nen xanh va ch am t thanh nh dang. B6. e thuan tien cho viec nhap lieu ta chia man hnh lam hai phan. Di chuyen
chuot vao hop chia man hnh theo chieu doc va hnh chuot bien thanh mui ten 2 chieu, gi chuot va keo xuong di dong 1 va tha chuot. Man hnh Excel a c chia lam hai phan theo chieu doc. B7. Vao thc n Window Freeze e lam cho dong tieu e luon luon hien th tren man hnh. Cac iem lu y khi tao danh sach: Lu y Ch tao mot danh sach tren mot bang tnh (worksheet) Giai thch Chc nang quan ly d lieu nh: loc d lieu (filter) ch co the ap dung moi lan cho mot danh sach. Nen cha ra t nhat 1 cot hoac dong ieu nay giup Excel de dang xac nh trong gia danh sach va cac d lieu khac danh sach khi ap dung cac chc nang tren worksheet sap xep (sort), loc d lieu (filter) hoac chen (insert) mot bieu thc tnh toan dang tong. Tranh e cac dong hoac cot trong trong e giup Excel de dang chon ung danh danh sach sach. Tao nhan cac trng (field) dong au Excel dung nhan e a vao cac bao cao tien cua danh sach. va dung e tm kiem/ to chc d lieu. Co gang chia nho cac thong tin ieu nay giup de dang sap xep, loc va tao bao cao tong hp theo yeu cau. Moi cot nen cha cung loai thong tin Giup danh sach de theo doi va de hieu Khong dung trung ten trng Ten trng b trung se gay sai sot trong nhap lieu va sap xep. 2.2. S dung mau nhap lieu (Data Form) Co hai cach e nhap d lieu (ban ghi) vao danh sach: nhap trc tiep vao cac dong ben di tieu e va nhap thong qua mau nhap lieu. Tao mau nhap lieu (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
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Hnh 2.4. Hop thoai Data Form B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach. B2. Chon Data Form (xem hnh 2.4). B3. Nhap nut Find Next e di chuyen en ban ghi tiep theo. B4. Nhap nut Find Prev e lui ve ban ghi pha trc. B5. Nhap nut New e them ban ghi mi va nhap thong tin. B6. Dung phm <Tab> hay <Shift+Tab> e di chuyen ti/ lui trong ban ghi va nhap cac thong tin vao cac trng tng ng. B7. Nhap nut Close khi hoan thanh viec nhap lieu. Tm d lieu
Hnh 2.5. Mau at ieu kien tm kiem

B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach. B2. Chon Data Form t thanh thc n. B3. Nhap nut Criteria va mot mau trong se xuat hien. Nhap vao ieu kien tm cac trng can tm va nhap nut Find Next e hien th ket qua tm. V du: hay nhat vao trng Ten nc la Vietnam va nhap nut Find Next e xem ket qua (xem hnh 2.5). B4. Nhap nut Find Next hay Find Prev e di chuyen ti/ lui trong cac ban ghi thoa ieu kien tm. B5. Nhap nut Close khi hoan tat cong viec. Tm va thay the (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong bai2-1.xls)
Hnh 2.6. Hop thoai tm va thay the B1. Chon Edit Replace t thanh thc n B2. Nhap Lao PDR vao hop Find what va hhap Lao vao hop Replace with e tm va thay the Lao PDR bang Lao (xem hnh 2.6). B3. Nhap nut Replace All e thay the tat ca khong can kiem tra hoac nhap nut Find Next e en ban ghi thoa ieu kien tm va neu muon thay the th nhap tiep nut Replace. Ban lam tng t nh vay cho en het danh sach. B4. Nhap nut Close e ong hop thoai. Xoa ban ghi (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
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Hnh 2.7. Hop thoai Data Form
Hnh 2.8. Xac nhan xoa ban ghi B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Form. B2. Dung Find Next hoac Find Prev hoac at ieu kien tm bang Criteria e tm en ban ghi can xoa (xem hnh 2.7). B3. Nhap nut Delete, hop thoai xuat hien yeu cau ban xac nhan lenh xoa bang cach nhap nut OK, nhap nut Cancel e huy lenh xoa (Xem hnh 2.8). B4. Nhap nut Close e ong hop thoai va tr ve worksheet. 2.3. Sap xep d lieu (Sort) Chung ta thng nhap lieu vao cuoi danh sach, do vay d lieu thng khong theo mot trnh t nao. Chung ta can sap xep lai d lieu nham thuan li trong viec quan ly d lieu. Excel ho tr sap xep d lieu theo th t tang dan (A Z) hoac theo th t giam dan (Z A) theo mot hoac nhieu trng can sap xep. (s dung
worksheet ASEAN trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
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Hnh 2.9. Bang d lieu can sap xep theo Ten nc va Ten ch tieu theo th t tang dan.
Hnh 2.10. Bang d lieu a c sap xep theo Ten nc va Ten ch tieu theo th t tang dan.
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Hnh 2.11. Hop thoai Sort, sap xep u tien 1 la Ten nc sau o mi sap xep Ten ch tieu Cac bc sap xep B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon thc n Data Sort B2. Chon Ten nc tai Sort by va chon Ascending e sap xep tang dan. B3. Chon Ten ch tieu tai Then by va chon Ascending e sap xep tang dan. B4. Chon Header row do danh sach co dong tieu e. B5. Nhap nut OK e sap xep. Sap xep theo dong (s dung worksheet Row_sort trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
Hnh 2.12. Toc o tang trng GDP hang nam cua Viet Nam
Hnh 2.13. Toc o tang trng GDP hang nam cua Viet Nam sau khi a sap xep theo th t giam dan
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Hnh 2.14. Hop thoai chon la che o sap xep theo cot hoac dong
Hnh 2.15. Hop thoai Sort, chon sap xep dong th 3 theo th t giam dan B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon thc n Data Sort B2. Nhap nut Option va chon Sort left to right t hop hoi thoai mi xuat hien. Nhap nut OK e tr ve hop thoai Sort. B3. Chon Row 3 tai Sort by va chon Descending e sap xep giam dan. B4. Nhap nut OK e hoan tat viec sap xep. 2.4. Loc d lieu t danh sach bang Auto Filter oi khi chung ta ch can lay ra mot so ban ghi trong mot danh sach, Excel ho tr chc nang loc d lieu t danh sach theo mot hoac nhieu ieu kien loc va ch cac ban ghi thoa cac ieu kien th mi c hien th. (s dung worksheet ASEAN trong tap tin bai2-1.xls)
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Hnh 2.16. Danh sach trc khi loc d lieu ve nc Viet Nam
Hnh 2.17. Danh sach sau khi loc d lieu ve nc Viet Nam B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Filter AutoFilter t thc n B2. Tai cot ten nc, chon Vietnam t mui ten hng xuong tai . Danh sach luc nay se ch hien th cac thong tin ve nc Viet Nam. B3. e hien th lai tat ca d lieu th chon Data Filter Show All hoac chon . (All) t B4. Thoat khoi chc nang AutoFilter vao chon Data Filter AutoFilter t thc n. Cac la chon cua AutoFilter La chon (All) (Top 10) Giai thch Hien th tat ca ban ghi (dong) cua danh sach Ap dung cho cac trng khac kieu Text. Hien th cac ban ghi can tren hay can di theo la chon di hai hnh thc ban ghi hay phan
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(Custom) (Blanks) (NotBlanks)
tram. V du: hien th 10 dong co gia tr ln nhat trong danh sach hoac hien th 10% so dong co gia tr ln nhat. Ap dung trong trng hp can hai ieu kien trong mot cot hoac dung cac phep toan so sanh. Hien th cac dong ma o tai cot ra ieu kien loc la rong Hien th cac dong ma o tai cot ra ieu kien loc khac rong
S dung (Top 10)
Hnh 2.18. Chon 10 dong tai cot 1990 co gia tr ln nhat bang (Top 10)
Hnh 2.19. Ket qua loc dung (Top 10) dang Items tra ve 10 dong co gia tr ln nhat tai cot nam 1990.
Hnh 2.19. oi Items sang Percent th ket qua ch con 4 dong (v tong so dong trong danh sach la 47 dong) B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Filter AutoFilter t thc n (neu cha chon). B2. Chon (Top 10) t mui ten hng xuong tai . B3. Chon Top (can tren), chon 10, va chon Items (dong, neu chon Percent th hien th 10% so dong trong danh sach) nh hnh tren. B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua (xem cac hnh 2.17, 2.18 va 2.19) S dung (Custom)
Hnh 2.20. Dung (Custom) e loc thong tin ve hai nc Vietnam va Singapore B1. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Filter AutoFilter t thc n (neu cha chon). B2. Chon (Custom) t cot . B3. Khai bao cac thong tin nh hnh 2.20 B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua.
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2.5. Loc d lieu nang cao bang Advance Filter Advanced Filter la chc nang manh me va linh hoat trong viec loc d lieu t danh sach trong bang tnh. Advanced Filter giup tao cac ieu kien loc phc tap va xuat ket qua loc en mot ni ch nh trong bang tnh. e s dung Advanced Filter trc tien ta phai tao vung ieu kien tai mot vung trong nao o trong bang tnh. Ta sao chep dong tieu e cua danh sach va dan vao ni lam vung ieu kien, sau o at cac ieu kien ben di cac tieu e nay (Xem hnh 2.21).
Hnh 2.21. Lap vung ieu kien va at cac ieu kien loc cho danh sach
Hnh 2.22. Khai bao trong Advanced Filter
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Hnh 2.23. Ket qua loc d lieu cho hien th ngay trong danh sach B1. Chen danh sach xuong di vai dong, sau o sao chep dong tieu e cua danh sach len tren va at cac ieu kien nh hnh 2.21. B2. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Filter Advanced Filter t thc n. B3. Khai bao danh sach, vung ieu kien va cac tuy chon nh hnh 2.22. B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua loc. Dung ket qua cua mot cong thc vao lam ieu kien loc
Hnh 2.24. Advanced Filter co dung cong thc trong ieu kien.
Hnh 2.25. Khai bao trong Advanced Filter
Hnh 2.26. Ket qua loc B1. at ieu kien loc tai C2 la =C8>Average($C$8:$C$54) e loc cac dong ma cac o tai cot nam 1990 co gia tr ln hn gia tr trung bnh cua tat ca cac gia tr cua cot.
B2. at o hien hanh vao ni nao o trong danh sach va chon Data Filter Advanced Filter t thc n. B3. Khai bao danh sach, vung ieu kien va cac tuy chon nh hnh 2.25. B4. Nhap OK e hien th ket qua loc. Cac toan t so sanh va ky t thay the Ky hieu = <> > < >= <= * ? ~ Giai thch va v du Bang Khac hay khong bang Ln hn Nho hn Ln hn hoac bang Nho hn hoac bang ai dien cho nhieu ky t trc va sau ky t kem theo V du: *east th cac t Northeast, Southeast, thoa ieu kien ai dien cho ky t tai v tr at no V du: sm?th th cac t smith, smyth, thoa ieu kien Neu sau no la cac ky t ? * hoac ~ ma ta can loc. V du: Fulbright~? th t Fulbright? thoa ieu kien
2.6. Dung Data Validation e kiem soat nhap lieu Chc nang Data Validation giup ngi s dung nhap chnh xac d lieu vao bang tnh. Chc nang nay se kiem tra kieu d lieu, gia tr nhap vao mot o nao o trong bang tnh va canh bao ngi dung khi nhap sai. Tao danh sach xo xuong (drop-down list) e ch cho phep ngi dung chon t danh sach nay. Trong phan nay hng dan tao drop-down list cho cot Ten nc.
Hnh 2.27. Tao danh sach Ten nc

Hnh 2.28. Chon cac ieu kien trong hop thoai Data Validation B1. Lap danh sach ten cac nc tai mot vung trong nao o trong bang tnh. B2. Chon ca cot B, chon Data Validation t thc n. B3. Tai Allow chon List, tai Source chon vung a ch cha danh sach Ten nc B4. Nhap OK e hoan tat qua trnh tao kiem tra ieu kien cho cot Ten nc Tng t nh tren, ta co the tao kiem soat nhap lieu cac tat ca cac o trong bang tnh. Moi cot trong danh sach co the cha cac gia tr khac nhau: dang so, ngay thang, do vay can la chon tai Allow trong hop thoai Data Validation cho phu hp vi kieu gia tr can nhap. 2.7. Bai tap thc hanh Cac bai tap s dung tap tin bai2-2.xls Cau 1. Sap xep (Sort) 1. Sap xep cot Ten nc theo th t tang dan (AZ) 2. Sap xep nhieu cot u tien 1: Ten ch tieu theo th t tang dan (AZ) u tien 2: 2000 theo th t tang dan (ZA) 3. Sap xep nhieu cot u tien 1: Ten nc theo th t tang dan (AZ) u tien 2: 1995 theo th t tang dan (ZA)
Cau 2. Loc d lieu bang AutoFilter 1. Loc tat ca d lieu ve nc Viet nam 2. Loc tat ca d lieu cua 2 nc Viet Nam va Lao 3. Loc tat ca cac dong trong danh sach co gia tr cot 1990 nam trong khoang t 20 trieu en 120 trieu va gia tr cot 2000 nam trong khoang t 50 trieu en 150 trieu. 4. Loc tat ca cac dong trong danh sach vi cac ieu kien sau: Cot Ten nc lay cac dong co ky t bat au la v hoac ky t sau cung la a Cot 1995 lay cac dong co gia tr ln hn hoac bang 1 trieu Cot 2000 lay cac dong co gia tr ln hn 10 trieu va nho hn 100 trieu Cau 3. Loc d lieu bang AdvancedFilter 1. Loc tat ca d lieu ve nc Malaysia, Indonesia va Brunei 2. Loc tat ca cac dong trong danh sach cha d lieu ve nc Thailand va co gia tr cot 1990 nam trong khoang t 10 trieu en 50 trieu. 3. Loc tat ca cac dong ma ten cot Ten ch tieu co oan van ban la female va gia tr tai cot 2000 tr cho gia tr cot 1990 la ln hn 500.000.
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Bai 3.Tong hp d lieu va PivotTable
BAI 3. TONG HP D LIEU VA PIVOTTABLE

Cong cu PivotTable rat tien li trong viec tong hp, tom tat va phan tch d lieu t cac danh sach. Bai nay se minh hoa cach tao, hieu chnh, nh dang mot PivotTable. (S dung tap tin bai3-1.xls) 3.1. Tao Pivort Table
Hnh 3.1. Danh sach d lieu
Hnh 3.2. PivotTable tong hp so lieu lay Tong gia tr xuat khau theo qu va nam
Cac bc tao PivotTable B1. Chon t thc n Data PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard e m trnh hng dan tng bc tao bang tong hp. B2. Chon nguon d lieu: co 4 loai (xem hnh 3.3)
Hnh 3.3. Chon nguon d lieu cho PivotTable va chon loai bao cao Microsoft Excel list or database: Nguon d lieu la mot danh sach trong Excel External data source: Nguon d lieu ben ngoai Excel, thong thng la cac c s d lieu cha trong ODBC cua may cuc bo. Multiple consolidation ranges: Nguon d lieu la nhieu danh sach tai mot hoac nhieu worksheet trong Excel. Chon nguon d lieu t mot PivotTable hay mot PivotChart khac B3. Trong bai nay minh hoa chon nguon d lieu la Microsoft Excel list or database. Nhap nut Next B4. Chon vung a ch cha danh sach can tong hp va nhap nut Next
Hnh 3.4. Chon vung a ch cha danh sach

B5. Chon ni cha PivotTable la New worksheet (tao worksheet mi cha ket qua), sau o nhap nut Finish.
Hnh 3.5. Ni lu tr PivotTable B6. Keo tha cac trng t danh sach PivotTable Field List vao v tr phu hp Keo tha Thang vao vung Row Fields Keo tha United States, Canada, Australia, Japan va New Zealand vao vung Data Items.
Hnh 3.6. Giao dien cua mot PivotTable cha co thong tin B7. Nhom Month thanh cac qu va nam: chon o Month (A3), vao thc n Data Group and Outline Group Chon ca ba loai la Months, Quarters va Years. Nhap OK e chap nhan. (xem hnh 3.7)
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Hnh 3.7. Nhom cac thang thanh qu va nam B8. Chon nh dang cho PivotTable: chon PivotTable va chon Format AutoFormat t thanh thc n. Chon kieu Reprot 4 va nhap nut OK. (Goi nh dang t thanh cong cu PivotTable: View Toolbars PivotTable Format Report)
Hnh 3.8. Chon kieu nh dang PivotTable
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3.2. Hieu chnh PivotTable Phan trc a minh hoa cac bc tao mot PivotTable. Phan nay se trnh bay cach hieu chnh bang d lieu tong hp e co c cac thong tin theo yeu cau.
Hnh 3.9. PivotTable: Trung bnh Tong gia tr xuat khau theo qu va nam B1. Nhap phai chuot len trng United States va chon Field Setting
Hnh 3.10. Hieu chnh cach tnh cho cac trng d lieu
B2. Chon Average t danh sach Summarize by. Nhap OK e chap nhan
Hnh 3.11. Chon cach tnh toan cho mot trng B3. Thc hien lai hai bc tren cho cac trng can thay oi cach tnh. Thanh cong cu PivotTable
Hnh 3.12. Thanh cong cu PivotTable 3.3. ieu khien viec hien th thong tin oi khi chung ta khong can hien th tat ca thong tin trong bang bao cao. PivotTable cung co ho tr chc nang che giau cac thong tin khong can hien th. B1. Chon mui ten hng xuong tai trng Years B2. Bo chon cac nam khong can hien th (V du: bo chon nam 2003). Nhap nut OK e chap nhan. (xem hnh 3.13). B3. Lam tng t cho cac trng khac trong PivotTable
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Hnh 3.13. An thong tin cua nam 2003 3.4. Tao PivotChart Cac bc tao PivotChart t mot PivotTable B1. Chon mot o trong PivotTable, sau o chon Chart Wizard t thanh cong cu PivotTable (xem hnh 3.14).
Hnh 3.14. Chon Chart Wizard t thanh cong cu B2. Chon Chart Chart Type. Chon kieu o th nh hnh 3.15 ben di. Sau o nhap nut OK e chap nhan.
Hnh 3.15. Chon kieu o th B3. nh dang o th theo yeu cau nh hnh 3.16.
Hnh 3.16. PivotChart B4. An cac nut lenh cua PivotChart: nhap phai chuot len bat ky nut lenh nao (V du: Years) va chon Hide PivotChart Field Button.
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3.5. S dung subtotals Chung ta a hoc cach tong hp d lieu e rut ra cac thong tin hu ch bang PivotTable, trong phan nay trnh bay mot cach nhanh hn va de hn trong viec tong hp va tom tat d lieu o la chc nang subtotals cua Excel.
Hnh 3.17. Danh sach can tong hp thanh tien theo ngi mua B1. Sap xep danh sach trc khi dung Subtotals. Sap xep cot Ngi mua B2. Chon danh sach, sau o chon Data SubTotals
Hnh 3.18. Hop thoai Subtotal

B3. Chon Ngi mua tai At each change in, chon Sum tai Use function va chon Thanh tien tai Add subtotal to (xem hnh 3.18). B4. Nhap nut OK e chap nhan.
Hnh 3.19. Ket qua sau khi dung Subtotals e bo Subtotals: Data Subtotals Remove All OK 3.6. Dung cac ham d lieu Cac ham d lieu thc hien viec tnh toan cho cac dong thoa ieu kien. Tat ca ham d lieu s dung cung cu phap: = Function(database, field, criteria) Trong o: Database: la vung a ch cua danh sach hoac c s d lieu Field: Xac nh cot dung trong ham. Ta tham chiem cac cot bang nhan va at trong dau ngoac kep . Cung co the tham chieu en cot thong qua so th t cot cua no trong danh sach. Criteria: Tham khao en a ch cac o xac nh ieu kien cua ham. Cac ham d lieu: Ham DAVERAGE DCOUNT
Giai thch Tra ve trung bnh cua cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien. Tra ve so o trong cot cua danh sach cha gia tr thoa ieu kien. Neu bo trong tham so tai field th em tat ca o cua
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DCOUNTA
DGET DMAX DMIN DPRODUCT DSTDEV DSTDEVP DSUM DVAR DVARP GETPIVOTDATA
danh sach. Tra ve so o khac rong trong cot cua danh sach cha gia tr thoa ieu kien. Neu bo trong tham so tai field th em tat ca o cua danh sach. Tra ve gia tr cua o trong cot thuot danh sach thoa ieu kien. Tra ve gia tr ln nhat trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien Tra ve gia tr nho nhat trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien Nhan cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien c lng o lech chuan tong the da vao mau cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien. c lng o lech chuan tong the da vao tap hp chnh cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien. Tong cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien c lng phng sai tong the da vao mau cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien. c lng phng sai tong the da vao tap hp chnh cac gia tr trong cot cua danh sach thoa ieu kien. Tra ve d lieu cha trong PivotTable
Hnh 3.20. Cac v du minh hoa

3.7. Bai tap thc hanh

ham WEEKNUM(serial_num,return_type) e tra ve so th t tuan trong nam cua ngay khai bao trong serial_num. Return_type= 1 : tuan bat au la ngay Chu nhat, Return_type=2 : tuan bat au la ngay Th hai. Cau 1. Tao mot PivotTable nh hnh sau:
Cac bai tap s dung tap tin bai3-2.xls kem theo. Trong tap tin co s dung
Cau 2. Tao mot PivotChart nh hnh sau:
Cau 3. Dung cac ham d lieu: a. Tnh tong so gi lam viec cua cong nhan A t ngay 16/05/1996 en 20/05/1996. b. em cac o cua cot Gi thoa cac ieu kien: gi lam viec cua cong nhan B, trong tuan th 20, ke ca cac o trong. c. Tm so gi lam viec cao nhat cua cong nhan C t ngay 17/05/1996 en ngay 21/05/1996 thuoc tuan th 21.
Cau 4. Tao SubTotal nh hnh sau:
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Bai 5.Giai phng trnh va he phng trnh
BAI 4. BAI TOAN IEM HOA VON

4.1. Gii thieu Trong hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh, cau hoi thng at ra la san xuat hay ban bao nhieu san pham e can bang gia thu nhap va chi ph, ngha la khi o doanh nghiep c hoa von. Di ay la tom tat ly thuyet: So lieu can co F: nh ph v: bien ph n v r: gia ban n v Bien Q: san lng Bien trung gian TC: Tong chi ph DT: Tong thu nhap Ham muc tieu LN: Li nhuan iem hoa von la iem ma tai o li nhuan bang 0 Cac phng trnh quan he LN = DT TC DT = r*Q TC = F + v*Q Cong thc tnh iem hoa von LN = DT TC LN = r*Q (F + v*Q) iem hoa von th LN = 0 r*Q (F + v*Q) = 0 iem hoa von QBE =
F r v
e giai bai toan iem hoa von ta can: xac nh cac d lieu, cac bien, ham muc tieu va cac moi quan he gia cac bien.
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4.2. Bai toan minh hoa Bai toan co cac so lieu tom tat nh sau: nh ph la 5trieu ong, gia ban san pham la 14.000 ong va chi ph e san xuat mot n v san pham la 6.000 ong. Xac nh iem hoa von va ve o th. Bai nay se gii thieu hai cach giai (dung tap tin bai4-1.xls). Tnh iem hoa von Cach 1. Dung cong thc tnh iem hoa von Cong thc tnh iem hoa von la QBE = Ta co: F = 5.000.000 VND r = 14.000 VND v = 6.000 VND
F r v
Thay vao cong thc QBE = Cach 2. Dung Goal Seek
5.000.000 = 625 n v san pham. 14.000 6.000
B1. Lap bai toan tren Excel: nhap cac bien, thiet lap ham muc tieu va cac quan he nh hnh 4.1.
Hnh 4.1. Lap bai toan tren bang tnh B2. Chon o co a ch B12, sau o chon Tools Goal Seek Khai bao cac thong so nh hnh 4.2 ben di.
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Hnh 4.2. Khai bao cac thong so cho Goal Seek B3. Nhap nut OK e chay Goal Seek. Ket qua can tm se hien th tai o B7 (san lng) va gia tr cua ham muc tieu li nhuan tai B12 luc nay bang 0. Ve o th iem hoa von B1. Lap bang so lieu can thiet cho ve o th. T nhap vao cac gia tr trong vung B15:H15 Lap cong thc cho cac o B16:H20 theo cac quan he trnh bay phan tom tat ly thuyet va xem phan ghi chu trong hnh 4.3.
Hnh 4.3. Lap bang so lieu cho o th B2. Chon vung a ch A15:H20, sau o chon Insert Chart . Chon kieu o th Scatter nh hnh 4.4. Nhap nut Next qua bc tiep theo.
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Hnh 4.4. Chon kieu o th B3. Chon vung d lieu cho cac o th, sau o nhap nut Next.
Hnh 4.5. Chon vung d lieu cho cac o th B4. Thiet lap cac tuy chon cho o th: ten o th, ten cac truc, ng ke ngang/ doc, chu thch, Nhap nut Next qua bc tiep theo.
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Hnh 4.6. Thiet lap cac tuy chon cho o th B5. Chon ni at o th.
Hnh 4.7. Chon ni at o th B6. Nhap nut Finish e hoan tat. Sau o hieu chnh o th theo yeu cau.
Hnh 4.8. o th iem hoa von

BAI 5. GIAI PHNG TRNH VA HE PHNG TRNH

Nguyen tac chung e giai phng trnh, he phng trnh tren bang tnh la phai xac nh cac bien, cac ham, roi lap mo hnh va sau o dung Goal Seek hoac Solver e do tm nghiem. (s dung tap tin bai5-1.xls) 5.1. Giai phng trnh Giai phng trnh bac hai x2 + 5x 6 = 0 B1. Xac nh bien, ham muc tieu va lap mo hnh tren bang tnh Tai o A6 va A7 nhap cac gia tr khi ong bat ky cho bien x Tai o B6 va B7 nhap cac cong thc theo phng trnh e cho e tnh f(x)
Hnh 5.1. Lap mo hnh tren bang tnh B2. Chon o B6, sau o chon Tools Goal Seek va khai bao nh hnh 5.2. Nhap nut OK e chay Goal Seek.
Hnh 5.2. Khai bao cho Goal Seek tm nghiem th nhat x1 B3. Sau qua trnh chay Goal Seek th hop thoai thong bao xuat hien. Nhap OK e chap nhan ket qua hoac nhap Cancel e huy ket qua chay Goal Seek.
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Hnh 5.3. Ket qua chay Goal Seek lan th nhat va tm c nghiem x1=1 B4. Phng trnh bac hai co toi a hai nghiem, do vay ta can chay Goal Seek lan na e tm nghiem th hai x2. Ghi chu: e tranh lan chay Goal Seek th hai tra ve cung ket qua vi lan chay th nhat, ta hay cho gia tr khi ong x2 mot con so am rat nho (V du: -10000) roi chay Goal Seek. Neu ket qua trung vi lan chay au tien th hay cho lai gia tr khi ong x2 mot con so dng ln (V du: 10000) roi chay lai Goal Seek. B5. Cho lai gia tr khi ong tai o A7 la -10000, chon o B7 va chon Tools Goal Seek. Khai bao nh hnh 5.4.
Hnh 5.4. Khai bao cho Goal Seek tm nghiem th nhat x2 B6. Sau qua trnh chay Goal Seek th hop thoai thong bao xuat hien. Nhap OK e chap nhan ket qua hoac nhap Cancel e huy ket qua chay Goal Seek.
Hnh 5.5. Ket qua phng trnh bac II

5.2. Giai he phng trnh Giai he phng trnh sau: x + 2y + 3z = 25 (1) 2x + y + z = 14 (2) x + 4y + 2z = 10 (3) Cach 1. Giai he phng trnh dung Solver B1. Xac nh cac bien, cac ham muc tieu va lap mo hnh tren bang tnh Cac o trong mang A26:C28 nhap cac he so cua cac phng trnh (moi phng trnh nhap mot dong). Cac o D26, D27, D28 lan lt cha gia tr khi ong cua cac bien x, y, z Cac o F26, F27, F28 lan lt cha cac gia tr ve phai cua cac phng trnh (1), (2) va (3). Cac o E26, E27, E28 c tnh bang cach nhan cac he so cua phng trnh vi cac gia tr khi ong cua x, y, z (xem cong thc minh hoa trong hnh 5.6).
Hnh 5.6. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh Ghi chu: Cach khac e tnh nhanh Ve trai cua cac phng trnh la dung ket hp ham Sumproduct (array1, array2) va ham Transpose (array). Cach lam nh sau: 1. Chon 3 o E26 va nhap vao cong thc sau: =SUMPRODUCT(A26:C26,TRANSPOSE($D$26:$D$28)) 2. Sao chep cong thc cho 2 o con lai E27 va E28. B2. Vao thc n Tools Solver. Neu cha thay chc nang Solver tren thc n Tools th ta can bosung chc nang nay vao Excel. Cac bc e bo sung chc nang Solver cho Excel: 1. Vao thc n Tools Add-Ins
Hnh 5.7. Hop thoai Add-Ins cha cac chc nang m rong cua Excel 2. Chon Solver Add-in va chon OK e chap nhan. Sau khi thc hien lenh Tools Solver, hop thoai Solver xuat hien. Ta can khai bao cac thong so cho Solver nh sau: a a ch D26:D28 vao By Changing Cells a cac rang buoc vao Subject to the Constraints: 1. Nhap nut Add va khai bao nh hnh sau
Hnh 5.9. Them rang buoc 2. Nhap nut OK e hoan tat. Neu bai toan can nhieu rang buoc hn th thc hien lai hai bc tren e nhap them cac rang buoc khac.
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Hnh 5.10. Khai bao thong so cho Solver B3. Nhap nut Solve chay tm li giai. Hop thong bao sau se xuat hien:
Hnh 5.11. Chon kieu bao cao B4. Chon Keep Solver Solution e lu ket qua tren bang tnh. Chon Restore Original Values e huy ket qua Solver va tm c va tra cac bien ve tnh trang ban au. Chon Save Scenario e lu ket qua va tm c thanh mot tnh huong e co xem lai sau nay. Ngoai ra con co 3 loai bao cao la Answer, Sensitivity va Limits. B5. Chon OK e hoan tat qua trnh chay Solver.
Hnh 5.12. Cac nghiem he phng trnh Cach 2. Giai he phng trnh bang phng phap ma tran He phng trnh tren la tng ng vi phng trnh ma tran sau:
* *
X = B x 25 y = 14 z 10
1 2 3 2 1 1 1 4 2
Nghiem cua he la X = A-1*B
B1. Xac nh cac bien, cac ham muc tieu va lap mo hnh tren bang tnh Cac o B75:D77 nhap vao he so cua cac phng trnh (1), (2) va (3) Cac o F75, F76, F77 la nhan cac nghiem x, y, z Cac o H75, H76, H77 la cac con so ve phai cua cac phng trnh.
Hnh 5.13. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh B2. Tm ma tran nghch ao cua ma tran he so A Tm A-1 Chon vung a ch B80:D82 Nhap vao cong thc =Minverse(B75:D77) e nghch ao ma tran Nhan to hp phm Ctrl + Shift + Enter e thc hien phep tnh
Hnh 5.14. Tnh ma tran nghch ao B3. Tm nghiem he phng trnh Chon vung a ch B85:B87 Nhap vao cong thc =MMULT(B80:D82,H75:H77) Nhan to hp phm Ctrl + Shift + Enter e thc hien phep tnh
Hnh 5.15. Nghiem he phng trnh

Lu y: Viec tnh toan tren day so lieu (array) co mot so tnh chat sau: 1. Khi nhap, xoa, chnh sa cong thc phai thc hien tren toan bo day, do vay can chon ca day trc khi thc hien nhap, xoa hay chnh sa. 2. Nhan phm F2 e vao che o chnh sa 3. Nhan to hp phm Ctrl + Shift + Enter khi hoan tat. 5.3. S dung Solver e s dung tot Solver ta can nam vng cac yeu cau thong so can phai khai bao cho Solver:
Hnh 5.16. Hop thoai Solver Set Target Cell: Ni ay ta can nhap vao a ch cua ham muc tieu. Equal To: Ham muc tieu muon at ti Max, Min hay Value of (bang mot gia tr mong muon nao o th nhap gia tr vao.) By Changing Cell: Nhap vao a ch cha cac bien cua bai toan can giai. Subject to the constraints: Nhap vao cac rang buoc cua bai toan. Cach lam cua Solver la thay oi gia tr cac bien tai By Changing Cell en luc nao o lam cho gia tr ham muc tieu tai Set Target Cell at mot gia tr qui nh tai Equal To (Max, Min hoac Value of) va ong thi phai thoa mam tap cac rang buoc tai Subject to the constraints. Thiet lap cac thuoc tnh cho Solver ta nhap chuot vao nut Options, hop thoai Solver Options xuat hien:
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Hnh 5.17. Thiet lap thong so cho Solver: Che o mac nh Tham so Max Time Giai thch Thi gian toi a e giai bai toan, gia tr mac nh la 100 giay dung cho cac bai toan n gian. Thi gian toi a co the nhap vao la 32.767 giay. So lan lap toi a e giai bai toan, gia tr mac nh la 100 giay dung cho cac bai toan n gian. So lan lap toi a co the nhap vao la 32.767 lan. o chnh xac cua bai toan. Tai ay co the nhap vao cac so trong khoang 0 va 1. So cang gan 0 th o chnh xac cang cao. Gia tr nay ieu chnh o sai so cho tap rang buoc. Gia tr mac nh la 1 phan trieu. Ch ap dung oi vi bai toan co rang buoc nguyen. Nhap vao sai so co the chap nhan c, sai so cang ln th toc o giai cang nhanh. Gia trmac nh la 5% Ch ap dung cho cac bai toan khong tuyen tnh (nonlinear). Tai ay nhap vao cac so trong khoang 0 va 1. Gia tr cang gan 0 th o chnh xac cao hn va can thi gian nhieu hn. Chon e tang toc o giai bai toan khi tat ca quan he trong mo hnh la tuyen tnh. Chon tuy chon nay neu muon Solver gia nh la tat ca cac bien la khong am. Chon khi bai toan ma cac d lieu nhap va xuat co s khac biet ln. V du bai toan toi a % li nhuan tren ham trieu USD von au t. Chon neu muon Solver tam dng lai va hien th ket qua sau moi lan lap.
Iterations
Precision
Tolerance
Convergence
Assume Linear Model Assume Non-Negative Use Automatic Scaling Show Iteration Results
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Derivatives
Search
Save Model
Load Model 5.4. Ma tran
Chon phng phap cho Solver dung e c lng cac bien: Tangent: S dung cach xap x tuyen tnh bac nhat. Quadratic: S dung cach xap x bac bon Chon cach e c lng ham muc tieu va cac rang buoc Forward: c dung rat pho bien hn, khi o cac gia tr cua rang buoc bien oi cham. Central: Dung khi cac gia tr cua rang buoc bien oi nhanh va c dung khi Solver bao khong the cai tien ket qua thu c. Qui nh giai thuat tm kiem ket qua cho bai toan: Newton: la phng phap mac nh, no s dung nhieu bo nh hn va co so lan lap t hn phng phap Conjugate. Conjugate: Can t bo nh hn phng phap Newton nhng so lan lap th nhieu hn. Dung phng phap nay cho cac bai toan phc tap va bo nh th co gii han. Chon ni lu mo hnh bai toan. c dung khi can lu nhieu hn mot mo hnh tren mot worksheet. Mo hnh au tien a c lu t ong. Xac nh vung a ch cua mo hnh bai toan can nap vao
Ma tran c at trong cap moc vuong:
Kch thc ma tran c xac nh theo so dong vao so cot cua ma tran, ma tran n x m oc la n dong va m cot. Hai ma tran ch nhan c vi nhau khi so dong cot cua ma tran ng trc bang vi so dong cua ma tran ng sau. V du ma tran co kch thc n x p th co the nhan vi ma tran co kch thc p x m. Di ay la cong thc nhan hai ma tran ac biet co kch thc 1 x n va n x 1:
b1 b L a a ]. 2 = a1b1 + a2b2 + + anbn M bn
[a1
a2
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Cong thc tong quat xac nh gia tr cua phan t cij trong ma tran ket qua:
cij = aik bkj
k =1 n
(i la so dong; j la so cot)
V du: Nhan hai ma tran sau:

2 3 1 A= 2 1 2
1 [2 3 1]. 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 2 0 = 1 2 1 2 1 2 [ 2 1 2]. 2 1
1 3 B = 2 0 1 2 3 [2 3 1]. 0 4 2 = 9 3 2 2 [ 2 1 2].0 2
2x3
3x2
2x2
V du ve cach cach tm cac phan t trong ma tran nghch ao t ma tran

a c A= b d
Mot so yeu cau ve tnh nh thc va tm nghch ao ma tran trong Excel: o Phai la ma tran vuong, neu khong vuong se bao loi #VALUE!. o Neu co phan t nao trong ma tran la rong hoac la ch th bao loi
#VALUE!.
Ham tnh nh thc Cu phap: MDETERM(array)
Array: la a ch ma tran can tnh nh thc
Ham tm ma tran nghch ao Cu phap: Minverse(array)
Array: la a ch ma tran can nghch ao
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Nhan to hp phm Ctrl+Alt+Enter sau khi nhap xong cong thc. Ham nhan hai ma tran Cu phap: MMULT(array1,array2) Array1, array2 la a ch cac ma tran can nhan.
Nhan to hp phm Ctrl+Alt+Enter sau khi nhap xong cong thc.
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Bai 6.Bai toan toi u va qui hoach tuyen tnh
BAI 6. BAI TOAN TOI U VA QUI HOACH TUYEN TNH

Dang tong quat cua mot bai toan qui hoach tuyen tnh Ham muc tieu: Cac rang buoc: F = c1X1 + c2X2 + + cnXn Max (hoac Min) a11X1 + a12X2 + + a1nXn b1 : ak1X1 + ak2X2 + + aknXn bk : am1X1 + am2X2 + + amnXn = bm Vi i, j, k, m, n Z Cac ky hieu c1, c2, cn la cac he so cua ham muc tieu. Chung co the bieu th cho li nhuan (hoac chi ph). Ky hieu aij la cac he so cua cac phng trnh trong tap rang buoc. Cac phng trnh co dang bat ang thc hoac ang thc. Mot tap hp X = (X1, X2, Xn) goi la li giai chap nhan c khi no thoa tat ca rang buoc. Mot tap hp X* = (X*1, X*2, X*n) goi la li giai toi u neu gia tr ham muc tieu tai o tot hn gia tr ham muc tieu tai cac phng an khac. 6.1. Toi u mot muc tieu (Linear Programming) Tm X1 va X2 sau cho ham li vi cac rang buoc sau ay: X1 + X2 9X1 + 6X2 12X1 + 16X2 X1 X2 nhuan F = 350X1 + 300X2 at gia tr cc ai 200 1566 2880 0 0 (R1) (R2) (R3) (R4) (R5)
B1. To chc d lieu tren bang tnh Bien quyet nh: la so lng san pham moi loai can san xuat nhap tai cac o B3 va C3. Cho cac gia tr khi ong la 0. Ham muc tieu: la ham li nhuan c tnh can c tren cac gia tr khi ong cua X1, X2 va li nhuan n v. Cong thc tai o D4 xem hnh 6.1. Cac rang buoc: nhap cac he so cua cac quan he rang buoc tai cac o B7:C9. Tnh lng tai nguyen a s dung tai cac o D7, D8 va D9 theo cong thc hnh 6.1. Nhap cac gia tr ve phai cac cac quan he rang buoc tai cac o E7, E8 va E9.
Hnh 6.1. Lap mo hnh tren bang tnh B2. Chon o D4 va chon Tools Solver, sau o khai bao cac thong so cho Solver a ch ham muc tieu D4 c a vao Set Target Cell Chon Max tai Equal To e cho Solver tm li giai cc ai choham muc tieu, ngha la toi a hoa li nhuan.
Hnh 6.2. Khai bao ham muc tieu B3. Nhap B3:C3 tai By Changing Cells: la vung a ch cac bien quyet nh (tng trng lng san pham X1 va X2 can phai san xuat).
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Hnh 6.3. Khai bao a ch cac bien can tm B4. Them cac rang buoc vao Subject to the Constraints Nhap nut Add, chon vung a ch D7:D9 tai Cell Reference, chon dau <= va chon E7:E9 tai Constraint. (Cac rang buoc R1, R2, R3 eu la bat phng trnh dang <= nen ta chon ca vung a ch).
Hnh 6.4. Nhap cac rang buoc Nhap nut Add va khai bao tiep cac rang buoc ve can di cho X1 va X2 nh hnh 6.5. Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat.
Hnh 6.5. Rang buoc can di cho cac bien X1 va X2 Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat. e hieu chnh rang buoc ta chon rang buoc va nhap nut Change e xoa rang buoc, ta chon rang buoc t danh sach Subject to the Contraints va nhap nut Delete.
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Hnh 6.6. Danh sach cac rang buoc B5. Nhap nut Solve e chay Solver, sau o hop thoai ket qua xuat hien
Hnh 6.7. Ket qua chay Solver va tao bao cao. B6. Nhap chon Keep Solver Solution va chon OK.
Hnh 6.8. Ket qua bai toan toi u mot muc tieu. Li nhuan at $66.100 khi o can san xuat 122 san pham X2 va 78 san pham X2.
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Phan tch bai toan toi u khi cac yeu to au vao thay oi
Lu y: Ch ap dung cho cac bai toan c giai bang Solver. Bo sung th vien ham cho Excel 1. Chep tap tin Sensitivity.xla va th muc Library tai ni cai at bo Microsoft Office, thong thng tai: c:\Program files\ Microsoft Office\ Office\ Library\. Lu y ten Office se thay oi tuy theo phien ban cua bo Office. 2. Vao thc n Tools 3. Chon Add-Ins 4. Chon Sensitivity Assistant 5. Nhap nut OK. T ket qua cua tren ta thc hien phan tch tiep theo: B1. Lap bang phan tch: O B17 tham chieu en o D4 cha gia tr ham muc tieu va tm c. Cac o C17, D17 va E17 lan lt tham chieu en a ch cac o E7, E8 va E9 (cha gia tr cua cac nguon lc). Nhap cac gia tr t 90% en 110% cho cac o B18:B28 vi bc nhay 2%. Ngha la moi lan mot yeu to trong nguon lc se thay oi 2% so vi gia tr hien tai cua no (xem gia tr hien tai la 100%) va chng trnh se tnh lai gia tr toi u mi cua ham muc tieu.
Hnh 6.9. Lap bang phan tch

B2. Chon ca vung a ch B17:E28 B3. Chon thc n Tools Sensitivity Assistant B4. Khai bao vung a ch cua bang phan tch B17:E28 va chon Spider Table va Plot e ve bieu o mang nhen.
Hnh 6.10. Khai bao thong so B5. Nhap OK e chay chng trnh
Hnh 6.11. Phan tch ham muc tieu trong trng hp cac yeu to au vao thay oi
Spider Plot
70,000 69,000 68,000 67,000 66,000 65,000 64,000 63,000 62,000 61,000
88% 92% 96% 100% 104% 108% 112%
R1 R2 R3
Cell D4
% of Original
Hnh 6.12. Bieu o mang nhen

6.2. Bai toan au t (Linear Programming) Nha au t chng khoan Ch Pheo ang phan tch ke hoach au t toan bo so tien $750.000 vao cac loai trai phieu cua cac Cong ty c anh gia theo bang sau: Trai phieu cua cong ty ACME Chemical DynaStar Eagle Vision MicroModeling OptiPro Sabre Systems Suat thu li hang nam 8.65% 9.50% 10.00% 8.75% 9.25% 9.00% So nam ao han 11 10 6 10 7 13 anh gia Trai phieu 1-Cc ky tot 3-Tot 4-Kha tot 1- Cc ky tot 3-Tot 2-Rat tot
Nham bao ve khoan au t, nha au t quyet nh au t khong qua 25% tien vao bat ky trai phieu nao va phai au t t nhat la 50% cua tong so tien vao trai phieu dai han (co nam ao han ln hn hay bang 10 nam). Cac trai phieu DynaStar, Eagle Vision va OptiPro co suat thu li cao nhat tuy nhien khong c au t vao 3 loai trai phieu nay qua 35% cua tong so tien v chung co rui ro cao (rui ro cao khi c anh gia t 2-Tot tr xuong). Ch Pheo can xac nh phai au t nh the nao e cc ai hoa li tc trong khi am bao thoa man cac qui nh neu ra nh phan tren. Xac nh cac bien: so tien au t vao moi loai trai phieu at X1: la tong so tien au t vao Acme Chemical X2: la tong so tien au t vao DynaStar X3: la tong so tien au t vao Eagle Vision X4: la tong so tien au t vao MicroModeling X5: la tong so tien au t vao OptiPro X6: la tong so tien au t vao Sabre Systems Xac nh ham muc tieu: cc ai hoa li tc au t 0.0865X1 + 0.095X2 + 0.10X3 + 0.0875X4 + 0.0925X5 + 0.09X6 Max Xac nh cac rang buoc: - Tong au t phai bang $750.000 X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 = 750.000 am bao khong au t qua 25% cua tong so tien vao mot loai trai phieu nao o. (25%*750.000 = 187.500). Ta co 6 rang buoc sau:
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X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 , X5 , X6 187.500 Phai au t t nhat 50% tien vao cac trai phieu dai han (50%*750.000=375.000). Cac trai phieu co so nam ao han ln hn hay bang 10 nam la X1, X2, X4 va X6. X1 + X2 + X4 + X6 375.000 au t khong qua 35% tien (35%*750.000=262.500) vao cac trai phieu DynaStar (X2), Eagle Vision (X3) va OptiPro (X5). X2 + X3 + X5 262.500 V cac bien la tien au t nen phai ln hn hay bang 0. X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 , X5 , X6 0
B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh Nhap cac so tien au t khi ong cho cac o B4:B9 la 0. Tnh tong tien au t va at tai o B10 theo cong thc =Sum(B4:B9). Nhap so tien can au t 750.000 vao o B11. Tnh so tien au t toi a cho moi trai phieu va at tai cac o C4:C9. Tat ca tnh bang cong thc =$C$3*$B$11 Tnh tong li tc hang nam tai o D10 theo cong thc sau: =SUMPRODUCT(D4:D9,$B$4:$B$9). Nhap so 1 vao cac o F4:F9 neu no la trai phieu dai han, neu khong la trai phieu dai han th nhap so 0. Sau o tnh tong so tien au t vao cac trai phieu dai han nh cong thc sau: =SUMPRODUCT(F4:F9,$B$4:$B$9). Nhap so 1 vao cac o H4:H9 neu anh gia trai phieu la rui ro cao (li nhieu), ngc lai th nhap so 0. Tnh tong so tien au t cac trai phieu co suat thu li cao theo cong thc: =SUMPRODUCT(H4:H9,$B$4:$B$9) Tnh o F11 theo cong thc =50%*B11 va tnh o H11 theo cong thc =35%*B11.
Hnh 6.13. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh

B2. Chon o ham muc tieu D10, sau o chon Tools Solver. Khai bao cac tham so nh hop thoai ben di:
Hnh 6.14. Khai bao tham so cho Solver B3. Nhap nut Solve e chay Solver. Chon loai bao cao va nhap OK e hoan thanh giai bai toan.
Hnh 6.15. Ket qua bai toan au t Phng an tren hnh 6.11 trnh bay li giai toi t cho bai toan au t cua Ch Pheo. Cac so tien au t vao cac loai trai phieu nh minh hoa trong hnh ben tren. 6.3. Qui hoach nguyen (Integer Linear Programming) Trong Excel cach giai bai toan qui hoach nguyen tuyen tnh cung giong nh cac giai bai toan qui hoach tuyen tnh. Ban ch can them ieu kien nguyen cho cac bien bat buoc la so nguyen va hieu chnh mot so tuy chon trong Options.. Tm X1 va X2 sau cho ham li nhuan F = 350X1 + 300X2 at gia tr cc ai
vi cac rang buoc sau ay: X1 + X2 200 9X1 + 6X2 1520 + 16X2 2650 12X1 X1 0 X2 0 X1 va X2 phai la so nguyen.
(R1) (R2) (R3) (R4) (R5)
Hnh 6.16. Thiet lap mo hnh bay toan Cach giai bai toan giong nh phan 6.1, tuy nhien them rang buoc sau vao bc 4 e qui nh X1 va X2 la so nguyen:
Hnh 6.17. Cac rang buoc cua bai toan

Hieu chnh Tolerance trong tuy chon Options cua Solver va nhap Tolerance la 0 (khong sai so).
Hnh 6.18. Thiet lap tham so cho Tolerance Sau khi nhan nut Solve, chon loai bao cao va nhap nut OK Ket qua bai toan qui hoach nguyen nh sau:
Hnh 6.19. Ket qua bai toan qui hoach nguyen
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Bai 7.Phan tch rui ro
BAI 7. PHAN TCH RUI RO

Sau khi li giai bai toan tm c qua cac phng phap trnh bai tren th chung ta cung can xet en yeu to rui ro cua cac phng an toi u tm c. Trong thc te chung ta rat kho xac nh c cac yeu to au vao cua bai toan mot cach chnh xac va ay u, do vay cac li giai tm c trong cac bai toan la a ngam gia nh cac yeu to a c biet mot cach ro rang. Cac phng phap phan tch rui ro se lam sang to hn van e va giup nha quan ly t tin hn trong viec a ra cac quyet nh: o Phan tch o nhay o Phan tch tnh huong o Phan tch mo phong Xem cach thiet lap cac thong so, cong thc va cac ham bai toan trong tap tin Bai7-1.xls kem theo. 7.1. Phan tch o nhay Phan tch o nhay: La dang phan tch nham tra li cau hoi ieu g se xay ra neu nh (what if). Phan tch nay xem xet yeu to au vao nao la quan trong nhat (yeu to mang tnh chat rui ro) anh hng en ket qua bai toan (li nhuan hoac chi ph). Trong Excel ho tr phan tch o nhay 1 chieu va hai chieu, ngha la ch anh gia c toi a 2 yeu to rui ro. Tuy nhien bo sung th vien Sensitivity.xla them vao Excel se giup chung ta phan tch c o nhay nhieu chieu cho cac bai toan co dung Solver. Phan tch o nhay khong xet en moi quan he tng quan gia cac bien.
B1. Nhap cac thong so bai toan va cac o C2:C8 vi cac nhan tng ng. B2. Lap bang bao cao ngan lu cho d an trong 5 nam. Vi: - Thu nhap = gia n v * so lng D13=$C$4*$C$5sau o chep cong thc cho cac o E13:H13. - Gia tr thanh ly at tai o I15 chnh la tham chieu o C2 - Gia tr thanh ly Nha xng tai o I16 chnh la tham chieu o C7 - Ngan lu vao t nam 1 en nam 6 - thanh ly chnh la tong cua Thu nhap, gia tr thanh ly at, gia tr thanh ly Nha xng hang nam tng ng. C17=SUM(C11:C16) sau o chep cong thc cho cac o D17:I17 - Chi ph au t at tai o C21 chnh la tham chieu o C2 - Chi ph au t Nha xng tai o C22 chnh la tham chieu o C6. - Chi ph van hanh = Chi ph n v * So lng D23=$C$3*$C$5 sau o chep cong thc cho cac o E23:H23. - Ngan lu ra t nam 1 en nam 6 thanh ly chnh la tong cua Chi ph au t at, Nha xng va Chi ph van hang hang nam tng ng. C24=SUM(C20:C23) sau
o chep cong thc cho cac o D24:I24 Ngan lu rong = Ngan lu vao Ngan lu ra C25=C17-C24 sau o chep cong thc cho cac o D25:I25 Gia tr NPV tai o C26=C25+NPV(C8,D25:I25)
Hnh 7.1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh Gia tr NPV tren la $3275 mc chiet khau 10%. Gia tr nay c phan tch da tren gia thuyet gia tr cua cac yeu to au vao khong oi suot thi ky hoat ong cua d an. Do vay, gia tr n le cua NPV thu c t phan tch xac nh la gia tr khong thc bi v gia tr rieng biet nay se khong bao gi co c. Cai tien phan tch xac nh tren bang viec kiem tra o nhay cua NPV oi vi s thay oi cua mot bien au vao Gia n v va phan tch NPV oi vi s thay oi cua hai bien au vao Gia n v va Chi ph n v bang cong cu phan tch o nhay mot chieu va hai chieu cua Excel. Phan tch o nhay mot chieu Tai ay xet s thay oi cua mot yeu to Gia n v au vao tac ong en ket qua NPV. Gia n v dao ong t $48 en $53 va moi lan dao ong 1 n v.
B1. Tao vung cha cac gia tr co the co cua Gia n v tai cac o D34:I34, lan lt nhap cac con so t 48 en 53. B2. Tai o C35 tham chieu en a ch o can phan tch o NPV: C26 B3. at them cac nhan cho yeu to au vao va nhan cho gia tr can phan tch giup bai toan c ro rang hn. B4. anh dau chon ca vung C34:I35 B5. Chon thc n Data Table B6. Khai bao tai Row input cell a ch cua o cha Gia n v o C4 (nhap vao Row input cell do cac gia tr cua yeu to au vao Gia n v c bo tr theo dong).
Hnh 7.2. Chon a ch cua o la yeu to rui ro B7. Nhap nut OK.
Hnh 7.3. Ket qua phan tch o nhay mot chieu mot yeu to rui ro. Phan tch o nhay hai chieu Tai ay xet s thay oi cua hai yeu to Gia n v, Chi ph n v au vao tac ong en ket qua NPV. Gia n v dao ong t $48 en $53 va moi lan dao ong 1 n v. Chi ph n v dao ong t $45 en $55 va moi lan dao ong 1 n v. B1. Tao vung cha cac gia tr co the co cua Gia n v tai cac o D43:I43, lan lt nhap cac con so t 48 en 53. B2. Tao vung cha cac gia tr co the co cua Chi ph n v tai cac o C44:C54, lan lt nhap cac con so t 45 en 55.
B3. Tai o C43 tham chieu en a ch o can phan tch o NPV: C26 B4. at them cac nhan cho cac yeu to au vao va nhan cho gia tr can phan tch giup bai toan c ro rang hn. B5. anh dau chon ca vung C43:I54 B6. Chon thc n Data Table B7. Khai bao tai Row input cell a ch cua o cha Gia n v o C4 (nhap vao Row input cell do cac gia tr cua yeu to au vao Gia n v c bo tr theo dong). Khai bao tai Column input cell a ch cua o cha Chi ph n v o C3 (nhap vao Column input cell do cac gia tr cua yeu to au vao chi ph n v c bo tr theo cot)
Hnh 7.4. Khai bao a ch cha cac yeu to rui ro B8. Nhap nut OK.
Hnh 7.5. Ket qua phan tch o nhay hai chieu hai yeu to rui ro. Qua phan tch o nhay, ta thay rang bien dang cua NPV la co bien oi theo Gia n v va Chi ph n v.
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7.2. Phan tch tnh huong (Scenarios) Phan tch tnh huong: Cung la dang phan tch what-if, phan tch tnh huong tha nhan rang cac bien nhat nh co quan he tng ho vi nhau. Do vay, mot so t bien so co the thay oi theo mot kieu nhat nh tai cung mot thi iem. Tap hp cac hoan canh co kha nang ket hp lai e tao ra cac trng hp hay cac tnh huong khac nhau la: A. Trng hp xau nhat / Trng hp bi quan B. Trng hp ky vong/ Trng hp c tnh tot nhat C. Trng hp tot nhat/ Trng hp lac quan Ghi chu: Phan tch tnh huong khong tnh ti xac suat cua cac trng hp xay ra Giai thch la de dang khi cac ket qua vng chac : A. Chap thuan d an neu NPV > 0 ngay ca trong trng hp xau nhat B. Bac bo d an neu NPV < 0 ngay ca trong trng hp tot nhat C. Neu NPV oi luc dng, oi luc am, th cac ket qua la khong dt khoat. Khong may, ay se la trng hp hay gap nhat. Phan tch tnh huong Cac ket qua khao sat ve tnh hnh chi ph nguyen vat lieu va gia san pham cua d an tren nh sau: Trng hp tot nhat Chi ph n v ($) Gia n v ($) 45 53 Trng hp ky vong 47 50 Trng hp xau nhat 55 48
Chung ta se lan lt tao cac Tnh huong theo cac bc sau: B1. Lap bai toan tren bang tnh nh phan 7.1. B2. Chon thc n Tools Scenarios (xem hnh 7.6)
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Hnh 7.6. Bang quan ly cac tnh huong. B3. Nhap nut Add at ten cho Tnh huong la Tot nhat tai khung Scenario name Tai khung Changing cells chon a ch hai o cha Chi ph n v va Gia n v la C3:C4.
Hnh 7.7. Khai bao cac thong so cho tnh huong Tot nhat B4. Nhap nut OK Tai o C3 (Chi ph n v) nhap vao gia tr 45. Tai o C4 (Gia n v) nhap vao gia tr 53.
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Hnh 7.8. Nhap cac gia tr cho tnh huong Tot nhat B5. Nhap nut Add e them Tnh huong khac, (nhap nut OK e tr ve bang quan ly cac tnh huong). Trong bai nay hay nhap nut Add at ten cho Tnh huong la Trung bnh tai khung Scenario name Tai khung Changing cells chon a ch hai o cha Chi ph n v va Gia n v la C3:C4.
Hnh 7.9. Tao tnh huong Trung bnh B6. Nhap nut OK. Tai o C3 (Chi ph n v) nhap vao gia tr 47. Tai o C4 (Gia n v) nhap vao gia tr 50.
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Hnh 7.10. Nhap gia tr cho tnh huong Trung bnh B7. Tiep tuc nhap nut Add e tao Trng hp xau nhat. at nhan va chon a ch cac o can thay oi.
Hnh 7.11. Tao tnh huong Xau nhat B8. Nhap OK va nhap gia tr cho cac o Tai o C3 (Chi ph n v) nhap vao gia tr 55. Tai o C4 (Gia n v) nhap vao gia tr 48.
Hnh 7.12. Nhap gia tr cho tnh huong Xau nhat

B9. Nhap nut OK e tr ve bang quan ly cac tnh huong.
Hnh 7.13. Bang quan ly cac tnh huong B10. e xem ket qua cua tnh huong nao th chon ten tnh huong trong danh sach va nhap nut Show. Tng t cho viec tao them, hieu chnh va xoa tnh huong th nhap tng ng cac nut Add, Edit va Delete. B11. Tao bao cao tong hp ve cac tnh huong nhap nut Summary Nhap a ch o ket qua (NPV cua d an) C26 tai khung Result cells Chon kieu bao cao la Scenario summary hoac Scenario PivotTable Report.
Hnh 7.14. Tao bang bao cao tong hp ve cac tnh huong B12. Nhap nut OK sau khi khai bao cac thong so
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Hnh 7.15. Ket qua tong hp Ham Index Chung ta co the van dung cac ham tham chieu trong viec phan tch tnh huong. Cac ham tren tham chieu en mot o hay mot day cac o, hay la gia tr cua mot o trong mot mang, hay la mot mang cac gia tr t mot mang ln hn. Cu phap co hai dang: Dang 1: Ham au tien tra ve tham chieu en mot o hay mot day cac o. INDEX(reference, row_num, column_num, area_num) Trong o: Reference: tham chieu en mot hay nhieu mang so lieu. Neu cac mang nam khong lien ke nhau th at cac mang trong cap ngoac tron. Neu mang ch co mot dong hoac mot cot th cac oi so row_num hoac column_num cho ham la tuy chon (nhap hay bo trong eu c). Row_num: la so hang trong vung Reference tren can xac nh a ch tra ve. Column_num: la so cot trong vung Reference tren can xac nh a ch tra ve. Area_num: xac nh so mang trong vung Reference tren s dung cho tham chieu. Neu bo trong xem nh la ap dung tham chieu cho mang th 1 trong vung Reference.
V du: Cac mang so lieu va cac cong thc minh hoa ham Index
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Hnh 7.16. V du ham Index dang 1 Dang 2: Ham th hai tra ve gia tr cua mot o hay la day cac o trong mot mang. INDEX(array, row_num, column_num) Trong o: Array: mang a ch cac o. Neu mang ch co mot dong hoac mot cot th cac oi so row_num hoac column_num cho ham la tuy chon (nhap hay bo trong eu c). Neu mang co nhieu cot hoac nhieu dong ma ch khai bao mot trong hai oi so row_num hoac column_num th ham Index se tra ve ca day cua dong hoac cot. Row_num: chon so hang can lay gia tr tra ve. Column_num: chon so cot can lay gia tr tra ve. Mot trong hai oi so Row_num, Column_num phai co trong ham
V du: Mang so lieu va cac minh hoa ham Index
Hnh 7.17. V du ham Index dang 2
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7.3. Mo phong bang Crystal Ball Mot s m rong t nhien cua phan tch o nhay va phan tch tnh huong ong thi co tnh ti cac phan phoi xac suat khac nhau va cac mien gia tr tiem nang khac nhau oi vi cac bien chnh cua d an. Cho phep co tng quan (cung bien thien) gia cac bien Tao ra mot phan phoi xac suat cho cac ket qua cua d an (cac ngan lu, NPV) thay v ch c tnh mot gia tr n le. Phan phoi xac suat cua cac ket qua d an co the ho tr cac nha ra quyet nh trong viec lap ra cac la chon, nhng co the co cac van e ve giai thch va s dung. Qui trnh lap bai toan mo phong: 1. Mo hnh toan hoc : bang tnh tham nh d an 2. Xac nh cac bien nhay cam va khong chac chan 3. Xac nh tnh khong chac chan - Xac nh mien cac la chon (toi thieu va toi a) - nh phan phoi xac suat, cac phan phoi xac suat thong thng nhat la: Phan phoi xac xuat chuan, phan phoi xac suat tam giac, phan phoi xac suat eu, phan phoi xac suat bac thang 4. Xac nh va nh ngha cac bien co tng quan - Tng quan ong bien hoac nghch bien - o manh cua tng quan 5. Mo hnh mo phong: lam mot chuoi phan tch cho nhieu to hp gia tr tham so khac nhau 6. Phan tch cac ket qua - Cac tr thong ke - Cac phan phoi xac suat Trong suot phan nay trnh bay phng phap phan tch rui ro bang mo phong tren mot yeu to rui ro la gia san pham theo 4 mo hnh: Bo sung th vien ham cho Excel 6. Cai at phan mem Crystal Ball vao may 7. Vao thc n Tools 8. Chon Add-Ins 9. Chon Crystal Ball 10. Nhap nut OK.
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a. Mo hnh gia khong oi khong chac chan

Gia trong suot thi ky hoat ong cua d an khong thay oi vi phan phoi chuan:
P (t ) = P (t 1) = P (t 2) = ... = P (t n) = M + e Pt = Ptb + e
V du: Gia thiet ta biet trong qua kh gia san pham tuan theo phan phoi chuan co trung bnh la 50 va gia thap nhat la 44 va cao nhat la 56. B1. Lap mo hnh tren bang tnh
Hnh 7.18. Lap bai toan tren bang theo mo hnh 1 a tnh ra Thu nhap B2. Bien gia san pham la bien rui ro can phan tch, vi cac thong tin sau: Gia tr ln nhat la: 56 Gia tr thap nhat la : 44 Gia tr trung bnh la: 50
o lech chuan cua gia san pham la (Gmax - Gmin)/3 = 2 Gia san pham tuan theo phan phoi chuan (50, 2) e(0, 2) B3. Khai bao cac bien gia thuyet (gia san pham thc chat la gia tr cua e thay oi) va bien ket qua (ket qua can phan tch rui ro - NPV) cho phan mem mo phong Crystal Ball. Chon o D10, sau o chon thc n Cell Define Assumption
Hnh 7.19. Chon phan phoi cho e Chon phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK
Hnh 7.20. Khai bao phan phoi cho e(0, 2) Tai Mean (gia tr trung bnh) nhap vao 0 va tai Std Dev (o lech chuan) nhap vao 2. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. Chon o C27 va chon thc n Cell Define Forecast
Hnh 7.21. at ten va n v tnh cho bien ket qua Nhap vao NPV tai Forecast Name va nhap ky hieu n v tnh cho NPV la $ tai Units. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. B4. Khai bao thong so mo phong Vao thc n Run Run Reference
Hnh 7.22. Thiet lap thong so mo phong Chon mo phong la 1000 lan th tai Maximun Number of Trials. Va cac tuy chon khac nh hnh tren. Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat. B5. Chay mo phong, vao thc n Run Run va ch ket qua chay. Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat chay mo phong.
Hnh 7.23. a chay xong mo phong

B6. Ket qua mo phong
Hnh 7.24a. Cac thong so thong ke

Forecast: NPV 1,000 Trials
.026
Frequency Chart
996 Displayed
26
.020
19.5
.013
13
.007 Mean = 3,337 -16,938 -7,193 2,552 12,297 Certaintyis 68.40%from0 to +Infin ity$ 22,042
6.5
.000
Hnh 7.24b. Bieu o tan suat cua NPV co the hien % NPV dng am
1.000
Cumulative Chart
996 Displayed
1000
.750
750
.500
500
.250 Mean = 3,337 -16,938 -7,193 2,552 12,297 Certaintyis 31.60%from-Infinityto0 $ 22,042
250
.000
Hnh 7.24c. Bieu o tan suat tch luy cua NPV
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b. Mo hnh gia oc lap khong chac chan Gia oc lap oi vi thi ky hoat ong cua d an vi gia hang nam co phan phoi chuan. Pt = Ptb + et V du: Gia thiet gia san pham cua moi nam cua d an se co cung phan phoi chuan (50, 2), nhng gia cua nam nay se oc lap vi gia cua nam khac. B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh
Hnh 7.25. Lap bai toan tren bang theo mo hnh 2 a tnh ra Thu nhap B2. Gia san pham cua cac nam thay oi oc lap theo phan phoi chuan (50, 2) B3. Khai bao cac bien gia thuyet (gia san pham thc chat la gia tr cua e thay oi) va bien ket qua (ket qua can phan tch rui ro - NPV).
Chon o D10, sau o chon thc n Cell Define Assumption
Hnh 7.26. Chon phan phoi cho e1 Chon phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK
Hnh 7.27. Khai bao phan phoi cho nam 1 e1(0, 2) Tai Mean (gia tr trung bnh) nhap vao 0 va tai Std Dev (o lech chuan) nhap vao 2. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. Lam tng t cho cac o E10, F10, G10, H10 vi cac phan phoi va ten tng ng la e2(0, 2), e3(0,2), e4(0,2) va e5(0,2). Cach nh ngha nhanh cac bien gia thuyet giong nhau la nh ngha bien au tien D10, sau o chon D10 roi vao thc n Cell Copy Data, sau o chon vung a ch cac o E10:H10 va vao thc n Cell Paste Date.
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Chon o C27 va chon thc n Cell Define Forecast
Hnh 7.28. at ten va n v tnh cho bien ket qua Nhap vao NPV tai Forecast Name va nhap ky hieu n v tnh cho NPV la $ tai Units. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. B4. Khai bao so lan th la 1000 lan trong Run Run Reference B5. Chay mo phong Run Run. Nhap OK sau khi chay xong. B6. Ket qua mo phong

.027
Frequency Chart
987 Displayed
27
.020
20.25
.014
13.5
6.75
.000
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1.000
Cumulative Chart
987 Displayed
1000
.750
750
.500
500
250
.000
Hnh 7.29c. Bieu o tan suat tch luy cua NPV c. Mo hnh bc ngau nhien Gia thay oi hang nam tuan theo phan phoi chuan va gia cua nam sau se bang gia cua nam trc o cong them dao ong ngau nhien. Pt = P(t-1) + et V du: Gia thiet gia san pham thay oi hang nam, gia nam sau bang gia nam trc cong dao ong ngau nhien. Dao ong ngau nhien tuan theo phan phoi chuan co trung bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 2 e(0, 2). B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh (xem hnh 7.30 ben di) B2. Gia nam t bang gia nam (t-1) cong dao ong ngau nhien cua nam t Gia nam 1: P1 = 50 + e1(0,2) Gia nam 2: P2 = P1 + e2(0,2) Gia nam 3: P3 = P2 + e3(0,2) Gia nam 2: P4 = P3 + e4(0,2) Gia nam 2: P5 = P4 + e5(0,2) Lu y: Mo hnh bai toan hnh 7.30, s thay oi cua gia a c tnh trc tiep ra thu nhap khong qua bc trung gian.
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Hnh 7.30. Lap bai toan tren bang theo mo hnh 3 a tnh ra Thu nhap B3. Khai bao cac bien gia thuyet (gia san pham thc chat la gia tr cua e thay oi) va bien ket qua (ket qua can phan tch rui ro - NPV). Chon o D10, sau o chon thc n Cell Define Assumption phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK Tai Mean (gia tr trung bnh) nhap vao 0 va tai Std Dev (o lech chuan) nhap vao 2. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. Lam tng t cho cac o E10, F10, G10, H10 vi cac phan phoi va ten tng ng la e2(0, 2), e3(0,2), e4(0,2) va e5(0,2). Cach nh ngha nhanh cac bien gia thuyet giong nhau la nh ngha bien au tien D10, sau o chon D10 roi vao thc n Cell Copy Data, sau o chon vung a ch cac o E10:H10
va vao thc n Cell Paste Date. Chon o C27 va chon thc n Cell Define Forecast Nhap vao NPV tai Forecast Name va nhap ky hieu n v tnh cho NPV la $ tai Units. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. B4. Khai bao so lan th la 1000 lan trong Run Run Reference B5. Chay mo phong Run Run. Nhap OK sau khi chay xong. B6. Ket qua mo phong

.031
Frequency Chart
995 Displayed
31
.023
23.25
.016
15.5
7.75
.000
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1.000
Cumulative Chart
995 Displayed
1000
.750
750
.500
500
250
.000
d. Mo hnh t hoi qui bac nhat AR(1) Gia cua nam nay cao th gia nam tiep theo se cao, va ngc lai. Ngha la gia cua nam nay c quan he vi gia nam ke tiep. Trong mo hnh nay gia thiet la gia cua san lng ch tuy thuoc vao gia cua nam trc. Pt = 1Pt-1 + (1 - 1)Ptb + et Phi () la he so t tng quan, la ai lng e ch o manh cua quan he gia gia nam t va gia nam trc (t-1) Phi cang cao th chng to co s tng quan manh cua gia gia cac nam (V du: 0.9) Tng quan yeu cua gia gia cac nam th co the cho Phi la 0.4 Neu = 1 Tr lai mo hnh 3 Neu = 0 Tr lai mo hnh 2 V du: Gia nam 0 co gia tr trung bnh la 50, gia gia cac nam dao ong va tng quan vi nhau theo he so = 0.8. Dao ong ngau nhien cua gia tuan theo phan phoi chuan co trung bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 2 e(0, 2). B1. Lap mo hnh bai toan tren bang tnh (xem hnh 7.32 ben di) B2. Tnh gia cua cac nam tai cac o D11 : H11 (xem hnh 7.32 ben di)
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Hnh 7.32. Lap bai toan tren bang theo mo hnh 4 B3. Khai bao cac bien gia thuyet (gia san pham thc chat la gia tr cua e thay oi) va bien ket qua (ket qua can phan tch rui ro - NPV). Chon o D10, sau o chon thc n Cell Define Assumption phan phoi chuan Normal va nhap nut OK Tai Mean (gia tr trung bnh) nhap vao 0 va tai Std Dev (o lech chuan) nhap vao 2. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. Lam tng t cho cac o E10, F10, G10, H10 vi cac phan phoi va ten tng ng la e2(0, 2), e3(0,2), e4(0,2) va e5(0,2). Cach nh ngha nhanh cac bien gia thuyet giong nhau la nh ngha bien au tien D10, sau o chon D10 roi
vao thc n Cell Copy Data, sau o chon vung a ch cac o E10:H10 va vao thc n Cell Paste Date. Chon o C28 va chon thc n Cell Define Forecast Nhap vao NPV tai Forecast Name va nhap ky hieu n v tnh cho NPV la $ tai Units. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat. B4. Khai bao so lan th la 1000 lan trong Run Run Reference B5. Chay mo phong Run Run. Nhap OK sau khi chay xong. B6. Ket qua mo phong

.028
Frequency Chart
989 Displayed
28
.021
21
.014
14
.000
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1.000
Cumulative Chart
989 Displayed
1000
.750
750
.500
500
250
.000
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Bai 8. Xac suat & Thong ke
BAI 8. XAC SUAT & THONG KE

Bo sung cong cu phan tch d lieu vao Excel: Bo sung th vien ham cho Excel 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Khi ong Microsoft Excel Vao thc n Tools Chon Add-Ins Chon Analysis ToolPak Nhap nut OK.
8.1. Thong ke Tap hp chnh (Populations): Tap hp chnh la tap hp tat ca cac oi tng ma ta quan tam nghien cu trong mot van e nao o. So phan t cua tap hp chnh c ky hieu la N. Mau (Sample): Mau la tap hp con cua tap hp chnh. Mau gom mot so hu han n phan t. So n c goi la c mau. Tan so (Frequency): Goi xi la cac gia tr quan sat c cua bien ngau nhien X (i = 1, 2, l). So lan xuat hien cua gia tr xi trong khoi d lieu c goi la tan so cua xi va c ky hieu la fi. Ta co
fi = n
i =1
vi n la c mau
Tan so tch luy (Cumulative Frequency): Tan so tch luy cua mot gia tr xi la tong so tan so cua gia tr nay vi tan so cua cac gia tr nho hn xi. Cac so nh tam (Measure of Central Tendency): So nh tam cua nhom d lieu la so ai dien cho tat ca cac d lieu o, no the hien vai tro trung tam cua nhom d lieu. Co cac loai so nh tam sau: so trung bnh (Mean), trung bnh trong so (Weighted mean) so trung v (Median) va so yeu v (Mode). Cac so phan tan (Measure of Dispersion): So phan tan dung e the hien s khac biet gia cac so trong khoi D lieu oi vi so nh tam: Khoang (Range), o lech chuan (Standard deviation) va phng sai (variance).
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Cac thong so thong ke thong dung va ham trong Excel: Thong so

So trung bnh
(Average)
n
Ham Excel
AVERAGE(number1, number2,...)
Giai tch
Tnh trung bnh cua cac tham so cua no.
x =
x
i =1
n
MEDIAN(number1, number2,...) So trung v cua khoi D lieu la so ma phan na gia tr quan sat c cua khoi D lieu nho hn no va phan na gia tr quan sat a ln hn no. So yeu v cua khoi D lieu la so co tan so ln nhat. Phng sai la so trung bnh so hoc cua bnh phng cac o lech gia cac lng bien va so trung bnh so hoc cua cac lng bien o. Phng sai la so trung bnh so hoc cua bnh phng cac o lech gia cac lng bien va so trung bnh so hoc cua cac lng bien o.
So trung v (Median)
So yeu v (Mode) Phng sai mau

(Sample variance)
MODE(number1, number2,...) VAR(number1, number2,...)
S=
(x i x ) 2
i =1
n 1
Phng sai tap hp chnh (Population

variance)
VARP(number1, number2,...)
(x
i =1
)2
N
AVEDEV(number1, number2,...) La so trung bnh so hoc cua cac sai lech tuyet oi gia cac lng bien va so trung bnh so hoc cua cac lng bien o Tra le tong bnh phng cac sai lech gia cac lng bien va so trung bnh so hoc cua cac lng bien o o lech chuan la can bac 2 cua phng sai.
o lech tuyet oi trung bnh

d=
(x
i =1
x)
Tong bnh phng cac sai lech 2 DEVSQ= ( xi x ) o lech chuan mau
(Sample Standard Deviation)
DEVSQ(number1, number2,...) STDEV(number1, number2,...)
S=
1 ( x i x) 2 n 1
o lech chuan tap STDEVP(number1, hp chnh (Population number2,...)

Standard Deviation)
1 N
i
o lech chuan la can bac 2 cua phng sai.
= 2 =
(x )
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Hang so (Range) Gia tr nho nhat

(Min)
Range = XMax XMin MIN(number1, number2,...) MAX(number1, number2,...) QUARTILE(array, quart)

Quart = 0..4 Quart = 0 So Min Quart = 1 Phan v th nhat Quart = 2 So trung v Quart = 3 phan v th ba Quart = 4 So Max
La sai biet gia lng bien ln nhat va lng bien nho nhat cua day so. Gia tr nho nhat cua lng bien Gia tr ln nhat cua lng bien Trong 1 khoi d lieu xep th t ln dan, cac so t phan la cac so Q1, Q2, Q3 chia khoi d lieu lan lt thanh 4 phan co tan so bang nhau.
Gia tr ln nhat
(Max)
So t phan (Quartile) Q2 la so trung v Hang so t phan

R = Q 3 - Q1 o lech t phan Q = (Q3-Q1)/2
o bat oi xng
(x
i =3
)3
SKEW(number1, number2,...)
o bat oi xng c tnh bang cach lay moment th ba cua tr trung bnh chia cho o lech chuan luy tha ba.
(Coefficient of Skewness)
3
o nhon
(x
i =3
)3
KURT(number1, number2,...)
3
em so phan t
(Count)
em phan t co ieu kien (CountIf) Th hang (Rank)
COUNT(value1, value2,...) COUNTIF(range, criteria) RANK(number, ref, order)

Order=0 danh sach giam dan Order0 danh sach tang dan
o nhon c tnh bang cach lay moment th t cua tr trung bnh chia cho o lech chuan luy tha bon. (Coefficient of Kurtosis) em so phan t trong tap hp em so phan t trong tap hp thoa ieu kien. Tra ve th hang cua mot so trong danh sach Ham tra ve lng bien nho th k trong tap co n lng bien. Ham tra ve lng bien ln th k trong tap co n lng bien. Tra ve tan so xuat hien cac bien co trong cac khoang cho trc. Nhan Ctrl + Shift + Enter khi nhap xong cong thc Tra ve nhom tnh theo phan tram cua gia tr trong tap so lieu.
Tm gia tr nho th k trong tap d lieu
SMALL(array,1) So Min SMALL(array,n) So Max
SMALL(array,k)
Tm gia tr ln th k LARGE(array,k) LARGE(array,1) So Max trong tap d lieu

LARGE(array,n) So Min
Tan so xuat hien cua cac gia tr trong tap so lieu
FREQUENCY (data_array, bins_array)
Data_array: tap so lieu Bins_array: cac khoang (nhom) trong tap so lieu
Nhom theo phan tram (Percentile)
PERCENTILE(array, k)
Array: tap so lieu k: nhom phan tram (0..1)
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Xep hang theo phan PERCENTRANK tram (Percentrank) (array, x,significance)

Array: tap so lieu X: gia tr can biet hang Significance: so le can thiet
Tra ve hang cua mot gia tr trong tap d lieu theo phan tram trong tap d lieu.
Cac thong so thong ke mo ta (Descriptive statistics) V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, lap bang cac thong so thong ke mo ta cho bien Age cua cac quan sat thu thap c. B1. Chon vung a ch B1:B203 trong bang tnh Dataset B2. Chon thc n Tools Data Analysis
Hnh 8.1. Cac cong cu phan tch d lieu cua Excel B3. Chon Descriptive Statistic va nhap nut OK. Tai Input Range nhap vung a ch d lieu can thong ke la B1:B203 Chon Column tai Group By v d lieu nguon bo tr theo cot. Chon Labels infirst row v vung a ch khai bao tai Input Range bao gom ca nhan. Co 3 la chon cho ni cha ket qua tong hp: o Output Range (xac nh mot o tai trai-tren ma bang bao cao se at tai o, co the at bang bao cao trong cung worksheet vi tap d lieu); o New Worksheet Ply (bao cao se cha trong mot worksheet mi vi ten do ban qui nh); o New Workbook (bao cao se cha trong mot workbook tap tin Excel mi). Chon cac thong so can bao cao: hay chon o Summary statistics (cac thong so thong ke tong hp), o Confidence Level of Mean (o tin cay cua gia tr trung bnh), o Kth Largest (Tm gia tr ln th k trong tap d lieu) va o Kth Smallest (Tm gia tr nho th k trong tap d lieu).
Hnh 8.2. Thiet lap thong so can thong ke. B4. Nhap nut OK sau khi hoan tat khai bao cac thong so.
AGE Mean Standard Error Median Mode Standard Deviation Sample Variance Kurtosis Skewness Range Minimum Maximum Sum Count Confidence Level(95.0%) 27.61881188 0.643512917 24 19 9.146036989 83.64999261 -0.546178807 0.847086069 33 18 51 5579 202 1.268900994
Hnh 8.3. Cac thong so thong ke mo ta cua bien Age Bang tan suat (Histogram) V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, tao bang tan suat va ve bieu o tan suat cho bien Age cua cac quan sat thu thap c theo cac khoang tuoi: tuoi 20, 20< tuoi 30, 30 < tuoi 40, 40 < tuoi. B1. Lap bang cac khoang tuoi tai ni trong tren bang tnh G1:G4
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Hnh 8.4. Lap cac khoang thong ke B2. Chon vung a ch B1:B203 B3. Chon thc n Tools Data Analysis B4. Chon Histogram Tai Input Range nhap vung a ch cua bien can ve bang tan suat B1:B203 Tai Bin Range chon vung a ch cua cac khoang G1:G4 (ch can nhap can tren cua cac khoang) Chon Labels v cac vung a ch khai bao tren co bao gom nhan Chon New Worksheet Ply e cha bao cao trong mot worksheet mi vi ten do ban nhap vao. Chon Pareto (sorted histogram): bang tan suat c them vao phan sap xep tan suat theo th t giam dan. Chon Cumulative Percentage: bang tan suat c them vao phan tnh phan tram tch luy. Chon Chart Output: kem theo o th tan suat cho bang tan suat
Hnh 8.5. Khai bao thong so B5. Nhap OK sau khi hoan tat.
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Hnh 8.6. Bang tan suat va bieu o tan suat Nen chnh lai nhan cho truc Bin cua bieu o. Xep hang va phan tram theo nhom (Rank and Percentile) V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, xep th t va tnh phan tram theo nhom cua bien Age trong tap quan sat thu c. B1. Chon vung a ch B1:B203 B2. Chon Tools Data Analysis B3. Chon Rank and Percentile Tai Input Range nhap vao B1:B203 Chon Group By Column Chon Lables in First Row Chon New Worksheet Ply va at ten Rank&Percentile
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Hnh 8.7. Khai bao thong so B4. Nhap OK sau khi khai bao xong.
Hnh 8.8. Mot phan cua bao cao Rank and Percentile 8.2. Bien ngau nhien va Phan phoi xac suat Bien ngau nhien: Bien ngau nhien la nhng bien ma gia tr cua no c xac nh mot cach ngau nhien. Bien ngau nhien c chia lam hai loai bien ngau nhien ri rac (Discrete Random Variable) va bien ngau nhien lien tuc (Continuous Random Variable). Phan phoi xac suat: phan phoi xac suat ri rac va phan phoi xac suat lien tuc Phan phoi xac suat nh thc (Binomial Probability Distubutions) Phan phoi Poisson (Poisson Distributions) Phan phoi hnh hoc (Geometric Distributions) Phan phoi sieu boi (Hypergeometric Distributions) Phan phoi chuan (Normal Distributions) Phan phoi chuan chuan hoa (Standard Normal Distribution)

Phan phoi chuan Log (Lognomal Distributions) Phan phoi tam giac (Trianglar Distributions) Phan phoi eu (Uniform Distributions) Phan phoi mu (Exponential Distributions): Phan phoi Weibull (Weibull Distributions) Phan phoi Beta (Beta Distributions) Phan phoi Gama (Gama Distributions) Phan phoi Logistic (Logistic Distributions) Phan phoi Pareto (Pareto Distributions) Phan phoi ga tr cc bien (Extreme Value Distributions)
Phat so ngau nhien theo cac phan phoi xac suat Giai thch cac tuy chon trong hop thoai Random Number Generation: Tuy chon Number of Variables Giai thch Nhap so cot cua bang cha ket qua phat so ngau nhien. Neu bo trong Excel se lap ay cac so trong cac cot cua vung la chon. Nhap so phan t muon phat ra. Neu bo trong Excel se lap ay cac so trong cac dong cua vung la chon. Chon loai phan phoi muon tao so ngau nhien Gii han bi can di va can tren. Cac gia tr co xac suat bang nhau trong khoang. ac trng bi gia tr trung bnh va o lech chuan. Neu la phan phoi chuan chuan hoa th gia tr trung bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 1. ac trng bi xac suat thanh cong (p value) cua mot lan th. Bien ngau nhien Bernoulli co gia tr 0 hoac 1. ac trng bi xac suat thanh cong (p value) cua mot so lan th. ac trng bi gia tr =1/. Phan phoi Poisson mo ta so lan mot bien co xuat hien trong mot khoang a cho. ac trng bi can di ca can tren, bc nhay, ty le lap cua gia tr, so lan phat so ngau nhien. ac trng bi mot gia tr va xac suat xuat hien cua no. Tong xac suat xuat hien cua cac gia tr la 1.
Number of Random Numbers Distribution Uniform Normal
Bernoulli
Binomial Poisson
Patterned Discrete
Tran Thanh Phong
Parameters Random Seed
Output Range New Worksheet Ply New Workbook
Nhap gia tr cho phan phoi xac suat a chon Nhap gia tr hat giong trong phat so ngau nhien. Nhap hat giong giong nh lan phat so ngau nhien trc se tao ra tap so giong nh lan trc. Nhap a ch o goc tren trai cua bang so ngau nhien phat ra. Nhap ten worksheet cha bang ket qua phat so. Chon e tao workbook mi cha bang ket qua phat so ngau nhien.
V du: Phat 100 so ngau nhien cho mot bien X tuan theo phan phoi chuan vi trung bnh la 50 va o lech chuan la 4. B1. Chon Tools Data Analysis B2. Chon Random Number Generation va nhap OK Tai Number of Variables nhap vao so 1 ch can tao mot bien X Tai Number of Random Numbers nhap vao 100 phat 100 so ngau nhien. Tai Distribution chon Normal (phan phoi chuan) Tai Parameters, nhap so 50 vao hop Mean (gia tr trung bnh) va nhap so 4 vao hop Standard deviation (o lech chuan). Random seed co the nhap so hat giong nao o hay bo trong. Chon New worksheet Ply va at ten la RNGen.
Hnh 8.8. Khai bao thong so
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B3. Nhap OK sau khi khai bao cac thong so. Excel se tao ra worksheet mi la RNGen e cha bang ket qua.
Hnh 8.9. Mot phan bang so ngau nhien theo phan phoi chuan (50, 4)
Mot so ham ve phan phoi trong Excel Ham phan phoi xac suat
BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B) x: gia tr bien co thuoc (A, B) can tnh alpha, beta: tham so cua phan phoi A, B : bien di va bien tren BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B) Probability: xac suat cua bien co x alpha, beta: tham so cua phan phoi A, B : bien di va bien tren BINOMDIST(number_s, trials, probability_s, cumulative) Number_s: so lan th thanh cong Trials: so lan th Probability_s: xac suat thanh cong trong mot lan th Cumulative: la True e tnh xac suat tch luy, la False e tnh xac suat iem.
Giai thch & v du

Tra ve gia tr cua ham mat o xac suat tch luy cua phan phoi Beta. Neu bo trong A va B th ong ngha vi viec s dung phan phoi xac suat Beta chuan hoa A=0 va B=1. V du: Px = BetaDist(2,8,10,1,3) = 0. 685470581 Tra ve gia tr bien co x khi biet xac suat xuat hien cua no trong phan phoi Beta. No la nghch ao cua ham
BetaDist(x,) tren. V du: x = BetaInv(0. 685470581, 8,10,1,3) = 2

Tra ve xac suat cua nhng lan th thanh cong cua phan phoi nh phan.
CHIDIST(x, degrees_freedom)
X: la gia tr dung e anh gia phan phoi degrees_freedom: la so o t do CHIDIST tnh P(X>x) vi X la bien ngau nhien.
Tra ve xac suat mot pha cua phan phoi chi-squared. Phan phoi chi-quared gan vi kiem nh chi-quared dung e so sanh gia tr quan sat vi gia tr ky vong.
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CHIINV(probability, degrees_freedom)
Probability: xac suat mot pha cua phan phoi chi-quared degrees_freedom: o t do
Tra ve nghch ao cua xac suat mot pha cua phan phoi chi-quared. Dung e so sanh ket qua quan sat vi ket qua ky vong e quyet nh chap nhan hay bac bo gia thuyet H0.
CRITBINOM(trials, probability_s, alpha)

Trials: So lan th Bernoulli Probability_s: xac suat thanh cong cua mot lan th Alpha: gia tr ieu kien
Tra ve gia tr nho nhat ma tai o phan phoi nh phan tch luy la ln hn hay bang gia tr ieu kien. Thng dung trong am bao chat lng. Dung ham CritBiNom e xac nh lng san pham co khuyet tat ln nhat cho phep trong mot lo hang.
EXPONDIST(x, lambda, cumulative) x: gia tr cua ham mu lamda: thong so lamda

cumulative: la True tra ve ham phan phoi tch luy, la False tra ve ham mat o xac suat.
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi xac suat mu.
FDIST(x, degrees_freedom1, degrees_freedom2)

X: la gia tr e c lng ham degrees_freedom1: bac t do cua t so degrees_freedom2: bac t do cua mau so
Tra ve xac suat phan phoi xac suat F. Dung e xac nh xem co s bien ong khac biet gia 2 tap so lieu hay khong. V du: anh gia s bien ong khac nhau gia iem thi cua nam va n vao mot trng hoc.
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FINV(probability, degrees_freedom1, degrees_freedom2)
Nghch ao phan phoi xac suat F.
GAMMADIST(x, alpha, beta, cumulative)

X: la gia tr e anh gia phan phoi Alpha: thong so cua phan phoi Beta: thong so cua phan phoi, Beta=1 th ham GammaDist tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi Gamma chuan.
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi Gamma.
GAMMAINV(probability, alpha, beta)

Probability: xac suat xuat hien Alpha: he so cua phan phoi Beta: he so cua phan phoi
Tm gia tr x khi biet xac suat xuat hien.
FISHER(x)
X: la gia tr muon chuyen oi
FISHERINV(y)
Y la gia tr muon chuyen oi
Chuyen oi Fisher cho mot gia tr. Dung ham nay e kiem nh gia thuyet oi vi he so tng quan V du: =FISHER(0.75) la 0.972955075 Nghch ao cua chuyen oi Fisher. V du: =FISHERINV(0.972955) 0.75 Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi sieu boi.
HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s, number_sample, population_s, number_population)

Sample_s: so lan thanh cong trong mau Number_sample: kch thc mau Population_s: so lan thanh cong trong tap hp chnh Number_population: kch thc tap hp chnh
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LOGNORMDIST(x, mean, standard_dev)

X: la gia tr can tnh xac suat Mean: la trung bnh cua ln(x) Standard_dev: o lech chuan cua ln(x)
Tra ve xac suat cua tch luy cua phan phoi chuan log
LOGINV(probability, mean, standard_dev)

Probability: xac suat xuat hien cua x Mean: Trung bnh cua ln(x) Standard_dev: o lech chuan ln(x)
Tnh x khi biet xac suat oi vi phan phoi chuan log
NORMDIST(x, mean, standard_dev, cumulative)

X: gia tr can tnh xac suat Mean: trung bnh Standard_dev: o lech chuan Cumulative: True tnh xac suat tch luy cua x; va False tnh mat o xac xuat tai iem x
Tra ve xac suat xuat hien cua x trong phan phoi chuan
NORMINV(probability, mean, standard_dev)

Probability: xac suat xuat hien cua x Mean: trung bnh Standard_dev: o lech chuan
Tnh x khi biet xac suat xuat hien trong phan phoi chuan
NORMSDIST(z)
Z: la gia tr can tnh xac suat
NORMSINV(probability) Probability: xac suat cua gia tr POISSON(x, mean, cumulative)

X: gia tr can tnh xac suat Mean: gia tr ky vong Cumulative: True tnh xac suat tch luy;
Tran Thanh Phong
Tm xac suat tch luy cua z trong phan phoi chuan chuan hoa co trung bnh la 0 va o lech chuan la 1. V du: =NORMSDIST(1.333333) la 0.908789 Tm xac suat e z 1.333333 Tm gia tr z khi biet xac suat xuat hien V du: =NORMSINV(0.908789) la 1.333333 Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi Poisson
102
False tnh xac suat iem.
PROB(x_range, prob_range, lower_limit, upper_limit)

X_range: la nhom cac gia tr Prob_range: la xac suat xuat hien tng ng vi cac gia tr thuoc x-range. Lower_limit: can di Upper_limit: can tren
Tra ve xac suat xuat hien cua nhom cac bien co (x_range) nam gia hai gii han. Neu gii han tren bo trong th xem nh nhom cac bien co la bang vi can di.
STANDARDIZE(x, mean, standard_dev)

X: gia tr can chuan hoa Mean: trung bnh Standard_dev: o lech chuan
Tra ve gia tr chuan hoa cua x
TDIST(x, degrees_freedom, tails)

X: la gia tr can tnh Degrees_freedom: bac t do Tails: so au. Tails=1 th tra ve phan phoi mot au, Tails=2 th tra ve phan phoi hai au.
Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi Student.
TINV(probability, degrees_freedom)
Probability: xac suat hai pha Degrees_freedom: bac t do
Tra ve gia tr t cua phan phoi Student V du: Tinv(0.054645,60) la 1.95999
WEIBULL(x, alpha, beta, cumulative)

X: la gia tr can tnh
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Tra ve xac suat cua phan phoi WeiBull
103
Alpha: he so alpha Beta: he so beta Cumulative: True th tra ve ham phan phoi tch luy; False th tra ve ham mat o xac suat. Khi alpha=1 th WeiBull tr thanh phan phoi xac suat mu
Chon mau t tap hp chnh V du: Chon ngau nhien 100 mau t bien Age. B1. Chon Tools Data Analysis B2. Chon Sampling va nhap OK Tai Input Range nhap vao B1:B203 Chon Labels Chon Random va nhap 100 vao hop Number of Samples at ten cho worksheet cha ket qua tai New Worksheet Ply
Hnh 8.10. Khai bao thong so B3. Nhap OK hoan tat.
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8.3. Tng quan va hoi qui tuyen tnh Ham

CORREL(array1, array2) Array1: vung a ch cha gia tr Array2: vung a ch cha gia tr
> 0.8 tng quan manh =0.4-0.8 tng quan TB < 0.4 tng quan yeu.
Giai thch & v du

He so tng quan (Correlation coefficient) Cov( X, Y) = Corr ( X, Y) = x y He so nay ch ra moi quan he tuyen tnh gia hai bien. He so tng quan dng co ngha la hai bien se ong bien. He so tng quan am co ngha la 2 bien se nghch bien.
COVAR(array1, array2) Array1: vung a ch cha gia tr Array2: vung a ch cha gia tr
ong phng sai (covariance): La trung bnh cua tch cac cap sai lech. Dung e xac nh moi quan he gia hai tap so lieu.
Cov ( x, y ) = 1 n ( x j x )( yi y ) n j =1
PEARSON(array1, array2)
Array1: tap gia tr oc lap Array2: tap gia tr phu thuoc
Tra ve he so tng quan Pearson r, no la mot ai lng vo hng nam trong oan [-1, 1] va phan anh o manh cua moi quan he tuyen tnh gia hai tap so lieu.
RSQ(known_y's, known_x's) Known_ys: tap so lieu Known_xs: tap so lieu
Tra ve bnh phng he so tng quan Pearson cua hai tap so lieu x va y.
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FORECAST(x, known_y's, known_x's)

x: la gia tr dung e d bao Known_ys: tap so lieu phu thuoc Known_xs: tap so lieu oc lap
Tnh, c lng gia tr tng lai can c vao gia tr hien tai.
INTERCEPT(known_y's, known_x's)
known_y's bien phu thuoc known_x's bien oc lap
Tra ve tung o goc cua mot ng hoi qui tuyen tnh. Tra ve he so goc cua mot ng hoi qui tuyen tnh.
Tra ve sai so chuan trung bnh cua gia tr d bao y so vi gia tr x trong hoi qui. Tra ve cac gia tr doc theo ng hoi qui (theo phng phap bnh phng be nhat).
SLOPE(known_y's, known_x's)
STEYX(known_y's, known_x's)
TREND(known_y's, known_x's, new_x's, const)
He so tng quan V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, lap bang he so tng quan (Correlation) cho cac bien AGE, SEX, WEIGHT va HEIGHT. B1. Chon vung c ch B1:E203 trong bang tnh Dataset B2. Chon thc n Tools Data Analysis
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Hnh 8.11. Chon Correlation B3. Chon Correlation Nhap B1:E203 tai Input Range Chon Columns tai Grouped By Chon Labels in First Row Nhap ten la Correlation vao hop New Worksheet Ply
Hnh 8.12. Khai bao thong so B4. Nhap OK va xem ket qua
AGE 1 0.011362294 0.217651032 -0.115958279 SEX 1 -0.226892759 -0.291280301 WEIGHT HEIGHT
AGE SEX WEIGHT HEIGHT
1 0.196308656 1
Hnh 8.13. Bang he so tng quan gia cac bien ong phng sai (Covariance) Giong nh trng hp Correlation nhng no khong gii han trong [-1, 1]. V du: Xet tap so lieu Bai8-1.xls, lap bang ong phng sai (Covariance) cho cac
bien AGE, SEX, WEIGHT va HEIGHT. B1. Chon vung c ch B1:E203 trong bang tnh Dataset B2. Chon thc n Tools Data Analysis
Hnh 8.14. Chon Covariance B3. Chon Covariance Nhap B1:E203 tai Input Range Chon Columns tai Grouped By Chon Labels in First Row Nhap ten la Covariance vao hop New Worksheet Ply
Hnh 8.15. Khai bao thong so B4. Nhap OK va xem ket qua
AGE AGE SEX WEIGHT HEIGHT 83.23588374 0.07374277 34.15086756 -15.89954416 0.506053328 -2.775904323 -3.114130968 295.7817861 50.74027056 225.8682727 SEX WEIGHT HEIGHT
Hnh 8.16. Bang hiep tng quan gia cac bien.
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Hoi qui bac nhat n gian V du: Tm phng trnh hoi qui bac nhat n gian ve moi quan he gia chieu cao (Height) va trong lng (Weight). B1. Chon thc n Tools Data Analysis B2. Chon Regression t danh sach va nhap nut OK Nhap bien phu thuoc vao Input Y Range, a ch D1:D203 Nhap bien oc lap vao Input X Range, a ch E1:E203 Chon Labels Chon o tin cay la 95% at ten cho worksheet cha ket qua tai New Worksheet Ply Chon them cac tuy chon bao cao ben di.
Hnh 8.16. Khai bao thong so B3. Nhap OK hoan tat
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SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.19631 R Square 0.03854 Adjusted R Square 0.03373 Standard Error 16.94777 Observations ANOVA df Regression Residual Total 1 200 201 SS 2302.5109 57445.4099 59747.9208 Standard Error 13.3144 0.0793 Pvalue 0.1090 0.0051 Upper 95% 47.6890 0.3811 Lower 95.0% -4.8202 0.0682 Upper 95.0% 47.6890 0.3811 MS 2302.5109 287.2270 F 8.0163 Significance F 0.0051 202
Intercept HEIGHT
Coefficients 21.43439 0.22465
t Stat 1.6099 2.8313
Lower 95% -4.8202 0.0682
Hnh 8.17. Bang ket qua

Weight - Height 120 100 80 Weight 60 40 20 0 -50 -20 Height 0 50 100 150 200 250 y = 0.2246x + 21.434 R2 = 0.0385
Hnh 8.18. o th phan tan
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Phu luc
Phu Luc
at ten vung
B1. Chon vung cac o can at ten A2:A22 B2. Vao Insert Name Define B3. at ten cho vung tai Names in workbook sau o nhap nut Add
B4. Nhap OK e hoan tat. Ke t luc nay khi tnh toan ta co the goi ten vung ch khong can phai chon lai vung nay.
Phu luc
Danh sach AutoFill t tao

B1. Vao Tools Options Chon ngan Custom lists B2. Nhap ten danh sach theo qui luat do ban qui nh, cac phan t trong danh sach cach nhau bang dau phay. B3. Nhap nut Add e them vao danh sach Custom lists B4. Nhap OK e hoan tat.
Danh sach cac AutoFill co san: Cac gia tr khi au 1, 2, 3 9:00 Mon Monday Jan Jan, Apr Jan-99, Apr-99 15-Jan, 15-Apr 1999, 2000 1-Jan, 1-Mar Qtr3 (or Q3 or Quarter3) Product 1, On backorder Text1, textA 1st Period Product 1
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Chuoi sau khi m rong 4, 5, 6 10:00, 11:00, 12:00 Tue, Wed, Thu Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday Feb, Mar, Apr Jul, Oct, Jan Jul-99, Oct-99, Jan-00 15-Jul, 15-Oct 2001, 2002, 2003 1-May, 1-Jul, 1-Sep,... Qtr4, Qtr1, Qtr2,... Product 2, On backorder, Product 3, On backorder,... text2, textA, text3, textA,... 2nd Period, 3rd Period,... Product 2, Product 3,...
Phu luc
Phm tat thong dung

Nhap lieu Phm ENTER ALT+ENTER CTRL+ENTER SHIFT+ENTER TAB SHIFT+TAB ESC HOME F4 hoac Ctrl + Y CTRL+D CTRL+R CTRL+F3 CTRL+K CTRL+; CTRL+SHIFT+: ALT+DOWN ARROW CTRL+Z Giai thch Hoan thanh viec nhap lieu cho o Xuong dong trong o Lap ay vung o chon vi gia tr hien tai Tr ve o ke trc en o ke tiep ben phai Tr ve o ke trc ben trai Huy bo viec nhap lieu cho o Di chuyen trai, len, phai, xuong Di chuyen ve au dong Lap lai thao tac Lap ay hng xuong Lap ay hng qua phai nh ngha ten cho vung Chen sieu lien ket Nhap ngay Nhap thi gian Hien th danh sach xo xuong cua cac gia tr trong cot hien hanh cua danh sach Huy lenh cuoi
Nhap ky t ac biet: nhan phm F2 e vao che o chnh sa, nhap Num Lock tren ban phm e bat cac phm so. Phm ALT+0162 ALT+0163 ALT+0165 ALT+0128 Nhap cong thc tnh toan: Phm = F2 BACKSPACE ENTER CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER ESC SHIFT+F3 F3
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Giai thch Nhap ky t Nhap ky t Nhap ky t Nhap ky t
Giai thch Bat au cong thc Vao che o hieu chnh Xoa mot ky t ben trai trong thanh nhap lieu Hoan thanh nhap lieu cho mot o Ket thuc mot ham dang day so Huy bo noi dung ang nhap trong o Trong cong thc ang nhap e hien th th vien ham a ten vung t nh ngha vao cong thc
Phu luc
ALT+= CTRL+SHIFT+" CTRL+' CTRL+` F9 SHIFT+F9 CTRL+ALT+F9 CTRL+ALT+SHIFT+F9
Chen ham Sum Chep gia tr t o tren o hien hanh vao o hien hanh Chep cong thc t o tren o hien hanh vao o hien hanh Chuyen qua lai che o hien th gia tr va cong thc trong o Tnh toan lai cac o trong tat ca bang tnh trong tap tin Tnh toan lai cac o trong bang tnh hien hanh Tnh toan lai tat ca bang tnh trong tat ca tap tin ang m Kiem tra lai moi quan he trong cac cong thc va tnh toan lai cac o trong tat ca cac bang tnh cua tat ca cac tap tin ang m
Hieu chnh: Phm F2 ALT+ENTER BACKSPACE DELETE CTRL+DELETE F7 SHIFT+F2 ENTER CTRL+Z ESC CTRL+SHIFT+Z Chen, xoa, sao chep: Phm CTRL+C CTRL+X CTRL+V DELETE CTRL+SHIFT+ + nh dang d lieu: Phm ALT+' CTRL+1 CTRL+SHIFT+~ CTRL+SHIFT+$ CTRL+SHIFT+%
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Giai thch Vao che o hieu chnh Xuong dong trong o Xoa o hoac xoa ky t ng trc khi ang che o hieu chnh Xoa ky t ben phai sau v tr dau nhac hoac xoa vung ang chon. Xoa dong van ban Hien th hop kiem tra loi chnh ta Hieu chnh ghi chu cho o Hoan thanh nhap lieu cho o va nhay en o ben di Huy lenh va thc hien Huy noi dung anh nhap Huy/ phuc hoi lenh cua AutoCorrect va thc hien
Giai thch Chep vung la chon vao bo nh Cat vung la chon vao bo nh Dan noi dung t bo nh vao Xoa noi dung vung chon Chen o trong
Giai thch Goi hop Style Goi hop Format Cells Dung nh dang so tong quat Dung nh dang tien vi 2 so thap phan, so am trong ngoac Dung nh dang % khong so le
Phu luc
CTRL+SHIFT+^ CTRL+SHIFT+# CTRL+SHIFT+@ CTRL+SHIFT+! CTRL+B CTRL+I CTRL+U CTRL+5 CTRL+9 CTRL+SHIFT+( CTRL+0 (zero) CTRL+SHIFT+) CTRL+SHIFT+& CTRL+SHIFT+_
Dung nh dang so khoa hoc vi 2 so le Dung nh dang ngay, thang va nam (Tieng Anh) Dung nh dang thi gian (AM, PM) Dung nh dang so vi 2 so thap phan, co phan cach hang nghn va dau tr (-) e bieu dien so am. Bat/ tat in am Bat/ tat in nghien Bat/ tat gach chan Bat/ tat gach ngang ky t An cac dong ang chon Hien/ an cac dong ang chon An cac cot ang chon Hien/ an cac cot ang chon Dung ke ng vien khung cho cac o ang chon Xoa ng vien khung cho cac o ang chon
Chon o, dong, cot va cac oi tng: Phm

CTRL+SPACEBAR SHIFT+SPACEBAR CTRL+A SHIFT+BACKSPACE CTRL + SHIFT + SPACEBAR CTRL+6 SHIFT + phm mui ten CTRL+SHIFT+ phm mui ten SHIFT+HOME CTRL+SHIFT+HOME CTRL+SHIFT+END SHIFT+PAGE DOWN SHIFT+PAGE UP END+SHIFT+ phm mui ten END+SHIFT+HOME END+SHIFT+ENTER SCROLL LOCK + SHIFT + HOME SCROLL LOCK + SHIFT + END
Giai thch Chon ca cot Chon ca dong Chon ca worksheet Trong so cac o ang chon, ch chon o hien hanh Chon tat ca oi tng tren worksheet Chuyen qua lai cac che o an/ hien/ ky hieu gi cho cho cac oi tng. M rong vung chon 1 o M rong vung chon en o co d lieu cuoi cung trong cung cot/ dong ke t o hien hanh M rong vung chon ve dong au tien M rong vung chon ve au worksheet M rong vung chon en o co s dung cuoi cung M rong vung chon xuong mot man hnh M rong vung chon len mot man hnh M rong vung chon en o co d lieu cuoi cung trong cung cot/ dong ke t o hien hanh M rong vung chon en o co s dung cuoi cung tren worksheet M rong vung chon en o cuoi cung cua dong hien hanh M rong vung chon en o goc tren trai cua ca so M rong vung chon en o goc di phai cua ca so
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ứng dụng excel trong kinh tế

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ứng dụng excel trong kinh tế

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Chng Trnh Giang Day Kinh Te Fulbright Chng Trnh ao Tao Mot Nam Ve Kinh Te Hoc ng Dung Cho

Chnh Sach Cong

EXCEL NG DUNG TRONG KINH TE

Phong may tnh, nam 2004

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

BAI 1. QUI TRNH LAP BAI TOAN TREN BANG TNH

Mo hnh d bao (Predictive models)

Khong biet trc Khong ro rang

Mo hnh mo ta Biet trc (Descriptive Xac nh ro models) rang

Tran Thanh Phong

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

Thu thap d lieu

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Thc hien li giai

Hnh 1.1. Cac bc trong qua trnh giai bai toan

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Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

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Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

Tran Thanh Phong

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Bai 1. Qui trnh lap bai toan tren bang tnh

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Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

BAI 2. TO CHC D LIEU TRONG BANG TNH

Hnh 2.2. Danh sach d lieu

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Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

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ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

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Hnh 2.5. Mau at ieu kien tm kiem

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Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

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Hnh 2.7. Hop thoai Data Form

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ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

Tran Thanh Phong

ng dung Microsoft Excel trong kinh te

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh

Tran Thanh Phong

Chng trnh Giang day Kinh te Fulbright

Bai 2. To chc d lieu trong bang tnh