-4-1

.
-1

.
-2

.

.

.

P2
U .
P
800 -500

) .( 1 -4


.

) p1=p1-p0

. (1-4

46

 1-4


p1


.
) (2-4
)
. ( -22



.P0

.

.


.

2-4

47


) p0
.(3-4

3-4
) D
. ( A u1
.
u
. ) B
(
) .( u = 0
B )
p1 ( ) B
(
. c0

).(D > C 0
) ( A
) ( B )
(
p1

.

.


.


p1 D
: u1 C1

T1

48

 ) ( 38 -3 P1
) P1 ( P1 = P0 + P1

). (4-1

0 1 ( K + 1) P0 + ( K 1)( P0 + P1 ) 2 KP0 + ( K 1)P1

=
=
=
1 0 ( K + 1)( P0 + P1 ) + ( K 1) P0 2 KP0 + ( K + 1)P1

:
P1

P0 ) ( P0 = 1aTM K =1.4

2kp0 k + 1
+
p
1 k 1 k 1 1 7 + 6p1
=
=
)(4-2
2kp0
0
7
+

p
1
+ p1
k 1

) (2-4
1 6 .

P1 1

) (32-3
0
) (1-4:
0 p1

=
] [ 2kp0 + (k + 1)p1
1
2
1
0

)(4-3

=D

:
c0 = kp00 = 340 M / C

p0 = 1atm , k = 1.4

- ) (3-4 :

)( 4-4

) (4-4 D
. p1
u1 ) (31-3
) (32-3 :
D = 340 1 + 0.83p1

)(4-5

p10
p1
=
D
0 D

= ) u1 = ( p1 p0 )(0 1

0 = 1.225 K / 2 ) (5-4 p1
, atm ) (1 atm = 9.81 .104 H / M 2 ) (4-4
:
)(4-6

8.104 p1
p1
= 238
D
1 + 0.38p1

= u1

T1 :

49

p11
p + p1 0
T0 = 0
)T0 (4-7
p00
p0
1

) p0 =1 atm , T0 = 288k (15 c

)(4-8

= T1

) (2-4

0
) (1 + P1 )(7 + P1
288 = 288
1
7 + 6P1

) T1 = (1 + P1

c1 :

kRT1

= c1

k=1.4 R = 287 M / c )-4

(8 :
2

) (1 + p1 )(7 + p1
7 + 6p1

)(4-9

c1 = 20 T1 = 340

) (1-4
p1 .
1-4
T1 k
289
296
354
790
2860
19100

C1 M/C
340
344
376
562
1180
2460

1 K/

1.225
1.315
1.965
4.810
8.710
17.690

u1 M/C
2.3
22.8
174
762
2590
8560

D M/C
340
354
460
1040
3020
9210

atm

p1

0.01
0.10
1.00
10.0
100
1000

1-4
) (9-4),(8-4),(6-4),(4-4) ,(2-4 . p1 10 atm
p1 10 atm
) . (1-2 p1 = 1000 atm
) 1 = 17.69 / 3 (1-4 14.3
0 - 1
0 6 .
.
.
) (1 > 100atm k=1.2
. 1-4
1 100atm k=1.2 ) ( 3-4 ) ( 1-4) -4
.(5

.
1
1 U
.
R 0
) 1 = f (0 ,,U , R .

50

 .
.
4 4 .

4 4

1
. R
.
1
) (U = 4,1 .106 2 / c 2
): ( P0 = 1atm
3

1 =
R .

)( 4-10

1
:
3

3
2
+ c

+ b
R
R
R

1 = a

a,b,c .

1 :
)(4-11

+ 2.7 2 + 7.0 3 .
R
R
R

1 = 0.84

. )
( .
) ( 11 4 : 2
1

) ( 12- 4

+ 4.2 2 + 14.0 3 .
R
R
R

51

1 = 1.07

 ) ( 11 4 ) ( 12 4 R
1 .
:

) ( 13 - 4

f 2 3
0 R 0 R 3

) f 2 ( X :
a1
X

= ) f2 (X

a1
) (U = 4.1 10 6 M 2 / C 2 .
:
3 6
=1.3 10
R
)(4-14
:
)(4-15

=1.46 10 3 6 R

)(14-4) (15-4
.

) ( .
)(11-4) (14-4

U
H
pH :

)(4-16

U
U
3

1/ 3

+ 7. 0

pH

p
0

U 2

U 2
2

)R (4-17

2/3

+ 2. 7

U
U

p0
pH

pH

p
0

U
3
U
p1 = 0.83
R

= 1.3 103 6

2 -4 ) (
52


.
P1
.

.
.

) ( P1

) u1

1
1u12
2

(.

.


.

) ( 5 -4 )
( ) ( .
P2- P1
D2 . ) ( 6 -4


) 22 100000
( .
)
(
.
) ( 5 -4 u1
D ) : ( 3 -4
.
2 0
) 2 KP0 + ( K + 1)( p1 p 0

( ( p1 p0 ) 0
) = p1 p 0
D

= u1

) ( 3 -4 ) ( 5 -4

) . ( u0 = 0
u0 ) (
:
)(4-18

2 0

2 Kp 0 + ( K + 1)( p1 p 0 ) u 0

53

) u1 = ( p1 p 0

 6-4
5-4
) ( 18 -4 u2
.
p1

u1 u2

) ( 18 -4 p1,
).(4-19

21
u1
) 2 KP +1 ( K + 1)( P2 P1

: ,u1

) u 2 = ( P2 P1

. u2= 0 ) -4
( 19 u1 ) ( 18 -4
) ( u0=0
: P2
2 0
21
) ( P1 P0
=0
) 2 KP1 + ( K + 1)( P2 P1
) 2 KP0 + ( K + 1)( P1 P0

:
54

) ( P2 P1

 P2 P1
) 0 2 KP1 + ( K + 1)( P2 P1

=
) 1 2 KP0 + ( K + 1)( P1 P0
P1 P0
2

).(4-20

) ( 1 -4 ) ( 20 -4

0
1

:
P2 P1
) 2 KP1 + ( K + 1)( P2 P1
).(4-21

=
) 2 KP0 + ( K 1)( P1 P0
P1 P0
P1 P2 ) ( 21 -4
) ( P2 = P0 + P2 , P1 = P0 + P1

P1

P2

P2 P1
) 2 K ( P0 + P1 ) + ( K + 1)( P2 P1

=
P1
2 KP0 + ( K 1) P1

:
P
( K + 1) P2
= 2 2 + 1
+1
2 KP0 + ( K - 1) P1
P1

)(4-22

K +1
( P1 ) 2
P2 = 2P1 + K 1
2 KP0
+ P1
K 1

)(4-23

) 6( P1
P2 = 2P1 +
7 + P1

P2

P1
P2

P0 = 1 atm K = 1.4
:
2

) ( 23 -4 .
) ( 23 -4
) ( P1 << 1

P1 >> 1
) . ( P2 = 2P1
P2 P1 ) . ( P2 = 2P1 + 6P1 = 8P1
K
) ( 22 -4 P2
K = 1.2 P1 .
1
) . ( 7 -4 )
( u y1 = u1 cos 1

:A
)(4-24

1u12
cos 2 1
2

P2 = P1 +

55

 - .

) (7-4

P1 u 1 1 ) ( 23 -4
P2 . 1 = 0
1 = 0 ) ( 23 -4
P20 ) : ( 23 -4
1u12
) 6( P1
= 2P1 +
2
7 + P1

)(4-25

P20 = P1 +

) ( 25 -4 ) ( 24 -4
:
2
1u12
) 6( P1
= P1 +
2
7 + P1

)(4-26

) ( 26 -4
:
)(4-27

P20

P2
6P1
Cos 21
= 1 + 1 +
P1
7 + P1

) ( 27 -4 * . 1
*
P1 ). (8 -4
*
) ( 27 -4 1 >
1 P1
1 ) . ( 9 -4
1 2
1 1 P1
.

56

 )(8-4

)(9-4

. 1

. u1
P1

) ( 6 -4 1
. P1



.

2
. 1
1

.
2 1 P1

) . ( 10 -4 P1
2 1
. 1 > 0 = 39 014

57

 )(10-4
1 2
* 1 =
) * - (
2 90o .
* 1
P2 ) . ( 27 -4
* 1 <
. * 1
.

1
A
) . ( 11 -4

)(11-4
) A

D1
sin

1 .
A
1 > 0 = 39 014
D2
) . D1 ( 2 > 1
D2

D1
sin 1

1 0

.
58

 1
A
* . 1 =
* 1 >

A A
) ( 12 -4

)(12-4

B .

. D
C > 0
P1
2 2
D

) ( 10 -4 D2 > sin 1
1

P
P1

. 1
*

P
) *

1
).( ( 8 -4

)(13-4

) .(13-4
59


1
1 .
:
1 ) (27-4 2
2
1

. 1

1 ) ) (27-4( .
1 = )
( ) (27-4 . 1 = 0
) ( 1 <
2
1

1 = 900

.
14-2

2
1

)(14-4
)
(

.
60

 .
. 15-4
.
)

.(23-2

) ( 0
.
) (
.

.

.

.

) 5-4(

) ( .

.

) ( .
.

61


.

.
.


.
.


.


. t
) ( 16 -4
.

) ( 16-4

.

.
) p20 (t
t
) . ( 17-4

62

) (17-4

.
,
) 1 (t .


,
) 2 0 (t
.



.


.



.
:
)
(
.

63

64