CNG NGH X L KIM LOI NNG

TRONG T BNG THC VT - HNG TIP CN V TRIN VNG

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS: APPROACHES AND PERSPECTIVES V VN MINH V CHU TUN
Trng i hc S phm, i hc Nng TM TT Hin nay, vn nhim kim loi nng trong t ang din ra ph bin nhiu n i tr!n "h gi#i$ %& rt nhiu ph' ng ph(p kh() nhau '*) +, d-ng . /, l0 kim loi nng trong t$ "uy nhi!n, g1n 2y ph' ng ph(p +, d-ng thc vt . /, l0 kim loi nng trong t '*) )() nh3 khoa h4) 5uan t2m ) bit bi )hi ph6 1u t' thp, an to3n v3 th2n thin v#i mi tr'7ng$ 83i vit n3y t9p trung gi#i thiu )() loi thc vt +i!u hp thkim loi nng trong t ):ng nh' tri.n v4ng );a )ng ngh /, l0 mi tr'7ng m#i n3y$ ABSTRACT "oday, )ontamination o< +oil by h=avy m=tal i+ o))uring all ov=r th= >orld$ "h=r= ar= many m=thod+ to tr=at h=avy m=tal in +oil+$ Ho>=v=r, phytor=m=diation <or h=avy m=tal in +oil+ ha+ r=)=ntly =m=rg=d a+ a )h=ap, +a<= and =nvironm=ntally <ri=ndly t=)hni5u=$ "hi+ pap=r <o)u+=+ on m=tal hyp=ra))umulator plant+ and th=ir pot=ntial u+= in thi+ n=> t=)hnology$

1. Gii thiu Lm sch t nhim m!t "#$ t%&nh 'i h(i cn) n)h* +h,c t+ v v-n .# t/ c012 34 56 7 t nhim n)/8i t0 th/8n) s6 9:n) c$c +h/;n) +h$+ t%#<=n th-n) nh/> %60 t? c- @nh c$c cht nhim ABn) h1$ hCc h1Dc vt 7? 56 7 nhi*t? t%01 Ei i1nF 5i h1$ h1Dc Gh6 c$c cht nhim? 1 t A@ nhim 4 ch#<4n i Hn nhIn) n;i chn + thJch hK+F222 H.# hHt c$c +h/;n) +h$+ L %t t-n GMm v= Ginh +hJF )iNi hn v= GO th#t v hn chH v= 9i*n tJchF222 P.n Q<F nh8 nhIn) hi4# AiHt v= c; chH h+ th:F ch#<4n h1$F ch-n) ch@# v 1i A( Gim 1i nDn) cR0 m!t s- 1i thc vtF n)/8i t0 S ATt .# chU 7 Hn GhV nWn) s6 9:n) thc vt 4 56 7 mi t%/8n) nh/ m!t cn) n)h* mi t%/8n) Dc Ai*t2 XhV nWn) m sch mi t%/8n) cR0 thc vt S /Kc AiHt tY thH GZ [VIII ABn) c$c thJ n)hi*m

cR0 \1s]+h ^%i]st ]<F _nt1in] L0v1issi]%F X0% `ch]] ] v \0n In)]nh1#sa2 T#< nhibnF mSi Hn nhIn) nWm cdde +h/;n) +h$+ n< mNi /Kc nhTc Hn nh/ m!t 1i cn) n)h* mNi 9fn) = 56 7 mi t%/8n) t v n/Nc A@ nhim Agi c$c Gim 1iF c$c hK+ cht hI# c;F th#-c sUn) v c$c cht +hLn) 52 T#< nhibnF t%1n) Gh#n GhE cR0 Ai viHt n< chUn) ti chh t+ t%#n) )iNi thi*# v= GhV nWn) 56 7 c$c Gim 1i nDn) t%1n) t Agi m!t s- 1i thc vt 2 2. Cng ngh x l kim loi nng trong t bng thc vt thc vt cL nhi=# c$ch +hVn ,n) Gh$c nh0# -i vNi s cL mDt cR0 c$c i1n Gim 1i t%1n) mi t%/8n)2 H.# hHtF c$c 1i thc vt %t nh< cVm vNi s cL mDt cR0 c$c i1n Gim 1iF thm chJ g nin) ! %t th+2 T#< nhibnF vjn cL m!t s- 1i thc vt Ghn) chh cL GhV nWn) s-n) /Kc t%1n) mi t%/8n) A@ nhim Agi c$c Gim 1i !c hi m c'n cL GhV nWn) h+ th: v tJch c$c Gim 1i n< t%1n) c$c A! +hn Gh$c nh0# cR0 chUn)kcl2 T%1n) thc tHF cn) n)h* 56 7 nhim ABn) thc vt 'i h(i +hVi $+ ,n) m!t si=# Gi*n c; AVn nh/ 9 t%in)F cL GhV nWn) vn ch#<4n c$c cht nhim tY t bn thQn nh0nhF ch-n) ch@# /Kc vNi nin) ! c$c cht nhim c01 v ch1 sinh Gh-i nh0nh kcFmFnl2 T#< nhibnF h.# hHt c$c 1i thc vt cL GhV nWn) tJch #O XLN c01 nhIn) 1i +h$t t%i4n chm v cL sinh Gh-i th+F t%1n) Ghi c$c thc vt ch1 sinh Gh-i nh0nh th/8n) %t nh< cVm vNi mi t%/8n) cL nin) ! Gim 1i c012 [6 7 XLN t%1n) t ABn) thc vt cL th4 thc hi*n ABn) nhi=# +h/;n) +h$+ Gh$c nh0# +h: th#!c v1 tYn) c; chH 1i A( c$c XLN nh/> o ^h/;n) +h$+ m )iVm nin) ! Gim 1i t%1n) t ABn) c$ch t%in) c$c 1 thc vt cL GhV nWn) tJch #O Gim 1i c01 t%1n) thQn2 C$c 1i thc vt n< +hVi GHt hK+ /Kc p <H# t- cL th4 tJch #O Gim 1i t%1n) thQn v ch1 sinh Gh-i c012 CL %t nhi=# 1i $+ ,n) /Kc i=# Gi*n th, nht qAVn) crF nh/n) Ghn) $+ ,n) /Kc i=# Gi*n th, h0i2 V& v<F c$c 1i cL GhV nWn) tJch #O th+ nh/n) ch1 sinh Gh-i c01 csn) %t c.n thiHt qAVn) pr2 Xhi th# h1ch c$c 1i thc vt n< th& c$c cht nhim csn) /Kc 1i A( %0 Gh(i t v c$c Gim 1i "#7 hiHm nh/ NiF T F _#F222 cL th4 /Kc chiHt t$ch %0 Gh(i cQ<2 o ^h/;n) +h$+ s6 9:n) thc vt 4 c- @nh Gim 1i t%1n) t h1Dc Afn Agi s h+ th: cR0 % h1Dc GHt tR0 t%1n) vfn) %2 t#$ t%&nh n< m )iVm GhV nWn) inh !n) c Gim 1iF n)Wn chDn nhim n/Nc n).m v m )iVm hm /Kn) Gim 1i Gh#Hch t$n v1 t%1n) c$c ch#ui th,c Wn2 Bng 1. Mt s loi th c !"t c# $h n%ng t&ch l'( $im loi n)ng c*o +1, Tbn 1i Nin) ! Gim 1i T$c )iV v nWm cn) AtJch #O t%1n) thQn q)v) t%Cn) /Kn) Ghr cm2nee wn x%nstF cdny

-r*.i/opsis h*ll0ri

12*r/*minopsis h*ll0ri3 Thl*spi c*0r'l0sc0ns Thl*spi c*0r'l0sc0ns Thl*spi rot'n/i4oli'm Min'*rti* !0rn* Thl*spi g0osing0ns0 -l5ss'm .0rtholonii -l5ss'm pinto/*sil!*0 B0r$h05* co/ii 6s5chotri* /o'*rr0i Miconi* l't0sc0ns ce2mee wn cp2eee C9 y2pee ^A cc2eee ^A cp2eee Ni cm2~ee Ni d2eee Ni cc2nee Ni ~}2ee Ni n2yee _ x%nstF cdyp M$9ic1 ]t 0 F cddp z]]v]s { |%11GsF cdym x%nstF cd}~ z]]v]s { |%11GsF cdym |%11Gs { z091%9F cd}y |%11Gs { z091%9F cd}y |%11GsF cddy |0G]% ]t 0 2F cdy |]ch ]t 0 2F cdd} 0t0n0A] ]t 0 2F cddy

M0l*stom* m*l*.*thric'm ce2eee _

T%1n) nhIn) nWm ).n Q<F n)/8i t0 "#0n tQm %t nhi=# v= cn) n)h* s6 9:n) thc vt 4 56 7 mi t%/8n) Agi nhi=# 7 91> 9i*n tJch t A@ nhim n)< cn) tWn)F c$c GiHn th,c Gh10 hCc v= c; chHF ch,c nWn) cR0 sinh vt v h* sinh th$iF $+ c cR0 c!n) in)F s "#0n tQm v= Ginh tH v chJnh t%@F222 H0i m/;i nWm t%/Nc Q<F c$c n)hibn c,# v= nh vc n< c'n %t JtF nh/n) n)< n0<F nhi=# nh Gh10 hCc Dc Ai*t g MO v chQ# # S cL %t nhi=# = ti n)hibn c,# c; AVn v ,n) 9:n) cn) n)h* n< nh/ m!t cn) n)h* m0n) tJnh cht th/;n) mi2 Hn chH cR0 cn) n)h* n< g chu Ghn) th4 5]m nh/ m!t cn) n)h* 56 7 t,c th8i v +hE AiHn g mCi n;i2 T#< nhibnF chiHn /Kc +h$t t%i4n c$c ch/;n) t%&nh n)hibn c,# c; AVn cL th4 c#n) c+ /Kc c$c )iVi +h$+ 56 7 t m!t c$ch thQn thi*n vNi mi t%/8n) v A=n vIn)2 NWm cddyF C:c mi t%/8n) ChQ# # qxx_r $nh )i$ hi*# "#V Ginh tH cR0 c$c +h/;n) +h$+ 56 7 XLN t%1n) t ABn) +h/;n) +h$+ t%#<=n th-n) v +h/;n) +h$+ s6 9:n) thc vt ti c2~ee2eee v@ t%J A@ nhim g TQ< #F GHt "#V ch1 th< chi +hJ t%#n) A&nh cR0 +h/;n) +h$+ t%#<=n th-n) t%bn c h]ct0 t tY eFp} Hn cFn t%i*# U`F t%1n) Ghi +h/;n) +h$+ s6 9:n) thc vt chi +hJ th+ h;n ce Hn ceee .n kcl2 Bng 7. Mt s loi th c !"t cho sinh $hi nh*nh c# th8 s9 /:ng ;8 <9 l= $im loi n)ng trong ;>t +1, Tbn 1i S*li< XhV nWn) 56 7 XLN t%1n) tF n/Nc T$c )iV v nWm cn) AP%])]% v L0n9A]%)F cddd ^#nsh1n v _9%i0n1F peem

6op'l's

Ni t%1n) tF n/Nc v n/Nc n).m

Br*ssic* n*p's, B. ?'nc0*, B. nigr* 2*nn*.is s*ti!*

Cht +hLn) 5F XLNF `] |%1nF cddn v t%1n) t |0n#] 1s ]t 0 F cdd} Cht +hLn) 5F C9 t%1n) st0 9F peee t ^AF C9 t%1n) t x^_F peee v x G0tiA ]t 0 2F peec H1%n]F peee

@0li*nth's

T5ph* sp.

MnF C#F `] t%1n) n/Nc thVi m( Gh1$n) sVn

6hr*gmit0s *'str*lis

XLN t%1n) cht thVi m( M0ss0cci ]t 0 2F peec Gh1$n) sVn XLN t%1n) cht thVi m( M0cC0A] v tt]F peee Gh1$n) sVn XLN t%1n) n/Nc w0<]9 ]t 0 2F cddy

Al5c0ri* 4l'it*ns

B0mn* minor

!. C"c lo#i thc vt c$ kh% n&ng h' th( kim loi CL Jt nht ~ee 1i +hQn A- t%1n) ~ hC thc vt /Kc AiHt cL GhV nWn) h+ th: Gim 1i kpF mF nl2 C$c 1i n< c$c 1i thc vt thQn thV1 h1Dc thQn )uF cL GhV nWn) tJch #O v Ghn) cL Ai4# hi*n v= mDt h&nh th$i Ghi nin) ! Gim 1i t%1n) thQn c01 h;n hn) t%Wm .n s1 vNi c$c 1i A&nh th/8n) Gh$c2 C$c 1i thc vt n< thJch n)hi m!t c$ch Dc Ai*t vNi c$c i=# Gi*n mi t%/8n) v GhV nWn) tJch #O hm /Kn) Gim 1i c01 cL th4 )L+ +h.n n)Wn cVn c$c 1i sQ# AC v s nhim nm kcl2 CL nhi=# )iVi th#<Ht S /Kc /0 %0 4 )iVi thJch c; chH v t%i4n vCn) cR0 1i cn) n)h* n<2 C.1. Ai th'5Dt s hEnh thnh phFc hGpH c; chH 1i A( c$c Gim 1i !c cR0 c$c 1i thc vt ABn) c$ch h&nh thnh m!t +h,c hK+2 ^h,c hK+ n< cL th4 cht h1 t0nF cht Ghn) !c h1Dc +h,c hK+ hI# c; o Gim 1i /Kc ch#<4n Hn c$c A! +hn cR0 tH A1 cL c$c h1t !n) t%01 Ei cht th+ qthnh tH A1F Ghn) A1rF g Q< chUn) /Kc tJch #O g 9n) c$c hK+ cht hI# c; h1Dc v c; A=n vIn) kcF~l2

C.7. Ai th'5Dt !I s lJng ;ngH c$c 1i thc vt t$ch Gim 1i %0 Gh(i tF tJch #O t%1n) c$c A! +hn cR0 cQ<F s0# L /Kc 1i A( "#0 $ GhF %I0 t%i "#0 Ai4# A& h1Dc A@ -t ch$<2 C.C. Ai th'5Dt h>p th: th: ;ngH s tJch #O Gim 1i m!t sVn +hm +h: cR0 c; chH thJch n)hi -i vNi i=# Gi*n At Ki cR0 t qvJ 9: nh/ c; chH h+ th: Ni t%1n) 1i t s]%+]ntinr2 C.K. S t&ch l'( $im loi l cL chD chng li cMc ;iI' $iNn str0ss !O sinh ho)c hP' sinhH hi*# c cR0 Gim 1i ch-n) i c$c 1i vi Gh#nF nm G7 sinh v c$c 1i sinh vt Wn $ S /Kc n)hibn c,# kcFmF~l2 N)< n0<F s thJch n)hi cR0 c$c 1i thc vt cL GhV nWn) h+ th: Gim 1i nDn) ch/0 /Kc m s$n) t( Agi cL %t nhi=# <H# t- +h,c hK+ t$c !n) jn nh0#2 TJch #O Gim 1i m!t m h&nh c: th4 cR0 s h+ th: 9inh 9/n) Gh1$n) g thc vt.2 CL c} n)#<bn t- /Kc AiHt c.n thiHt ch1 tt cV c$c 1i thc vt Ac c01 qCF HF F NF `F ^F XF C0F M)F ]F MnF C#F wnF |F M1F C v Nir2 C$c n)#<bn t- 0 /Kn) c.n thiHt ch1 c$c 1i thc vt g nin) ! c01F t%1n) Ghi c$c n)#<bn t- vi /Kn) chh c.n 'i h(i g nin) ! %t th+2 C$c 1i thc vt /Kc s6 9:n) 4 56 7 mi t%/8n) A01 )im c$c 1i cL GhV nWn) h+ th: /Kc c$c Gim 1i 9n) vHt c.n thiHt nh/ C#F MnF wn v Ni h1Dc Ghn) c.n thiHt nh/ C9F ^AF H)F `]F _ F _s vNi hm /Kn) NnF t%1n) Ghi -i vNi c$c 1i thc vt Gh$c g c$c nin) ! n< cc G !c hi kcFFnl2 ). C"c h*ng ti+' c,n trong -ic . /(ng th0c -,t x l mi tr*1ng Nh/ +h.n t%bn S )iNi thi*#F 4 th/;n) mi h1$ cn) n)h* 56 7 mi t%/8n) ABn) thc vtF c.n +hVi t&m GiHm c$c 1i thc vt. cL GhV nWn) ch1 sinh Gh-i nh0nh v tJch #O nin) ! Gim 1i c01 t%1n) c$c c; "#0n v 9 9n) th# h1ch2 CL h0i h/Nn) tiH+ cn chR <H# t%1n) vi*c s6 9:n) thc vt 4 56 7 mi t%/8n)>

Nh+ n!i v nhQn )i-n) c$c 1i cL GhV nWn) sib# h+ th: Gim 1i qh<+]%0cc#m# 0t1%r2 n) 9:n) GO th#t 9i t%#<=n 4 +h$t t%i4n c$c 1i thc vt ch1 sinh Gh-i nh0nh v cVi tiHn GhV nWn) h+ th:F ch#<4n h1$F ch-n) ch@# t-t -i vNi c$c i=# Gi*n mi t%/8n) kcl2

H/Nn) tiH+ cn th, nhtF +h$t t%i4n chR <H# g MO Agi nhLm n)hibn c,# ,n) .# Ch0n]<F A01 )im c$c A/Nc c; AVn nh/> chCn c$c 1i thc vt,F th# th+ ht h10n) 9i v th6 n)hi*m GhV nWn) 56 7 mi t%/8n)F nhQn )i-n)F cVi tiHn i=# Gi*n t%in) v tiHn hnh $+ 9:n) i t%2 Hi*# "#V cR0 h* th-n) n< S /Kc cn) A- t%1n) vi*c 56 7 C1 v Ni2 T#< nhibnF t$c )iV ch1 %Bn) c$c 1i thc vt t nhibn Ghn) R t1 %0 c$c sVn +hm m0n) tJch cht th/;n) mi2 3i=# n<F csn) nLi bn %Bn)F cn) n)h* sinh hCc s t%i4n vCn) %t Nn t%1n) vi*c 9#n) hK+ p Dc tJnh c; AVn GhV nWn) sib# h+ th: v tWn) sinh Gh-i2

Ch/;n) t%&nh n)hibn c,# cR0 c!n) in) chQ# # A01 )im p 9 $n -i vNi thc vt ch#<4n )]n +h:c v: ch1 h/Nn) n< S /Kc tiHn hnh2 $n th, nht ch#<4n )]n cL GhV nWn) sib# h+ th: Gim 1i g cQ< Thl*spi c*0r'l0sc0ns v1 cQ< Th#-c $ v cQ< Mf tc nhIn) 1i ch1 sinh Gh-i nh0nh2 T%1n) Ghi L 9 $n th, h0i t+ t%#n) cVi tiHn GhV nWn) ch-n) ch@# v h+ th: Gim 1i2 3Hn n0<F GHt "#V n)hibn c,# thnh cn) nht s6 9:n) )]n m]%_d cR0 vi Gh#n ch#<4n v1 cQ< -r*.i/opsi 4 56 7 H) qIIr kcl2 T#< nhibnF cL m!t s- %1 cVn nht @nh cR0 h/Nn) tiH+ cn thc vt ch#<4n )]n g m!t s- n/Nc v= mDt +h$+ 7F 5S h!i v sinh th$i2 T%i4n vCn) cR0 thc vt ch#<4n )]n t%1n) vi*c m sch c$c vfn) nhim cL s m th0< Ei m!t s- "#0n i4m 5S h!i -i n)h@ch2 f s01 th& c$c n)hibn c,# t%1n) t/;n) 0i c.n +hVi Ghn) chh chU tQm Hn +h/;n) +h$+ t1 %0 nhIn) thc vt hI# hi*# ch1 56 7 mi t%/8n) m c'n +hVi sn) Cc nhIn) t$c !n) ti=m n cR0 thc vt ch#<4n )]n -i vNi mi t%/8n)2 2. 3+t lu,n Cn) n)h* 56 7 mi t%/8n) ABn) thc vt m!t cn) n)h* mNi v h+ 9jn /Kc = c+ t%1n) nhIn) nWm ).n Q<2 XO th#t n< /Kc ch1 AiHt cL m!t t%i4n vCn) Dc Ai*t t%1n) vi*c m sch Gim 1i t%1n) tF Jt nht 9/Ni i=# Gi*n c: th4 n1 L v /Kc s6 9:n) t%1n) h* th-n) "#Vn 7 thJch hK+2 ` +h$t t%i4n cR0 GO th#t 9i t%#<=n v sinh hCc +hQn t6 %t c.n thiHt ch1 1i cn) n)h* n<2 T#< nhibnF s +h$t t%i4n cR0 cn) n)h* h+ 9jn n< s Ghn) th4 cL tJnh GhV thi nH# Ghn) cL s Ln) )L+ v )i$ cR0 c$c nhLm n)hibn c,# nh( 2 H;n me nWm "#0F c$c nh Gh10 hCc S cL nhi=# n)hibn c,# Ln) )L+ "#0n t%Cn) v= GhV nWn) Dc Ai*t cR0 thc vt t%1n) 56 7 mi t%/8n)2 T#< nhibnF n)hibn c,# i=# t%0 v= nh vc n< vjn #n c.n thiHt v +hVi /Kc h/gn) ,n) 4 AV1 tin n)#in ti n)#<bn 9i t%#<=n t nhibn t1 NnF "#7 )i$ g c$c mi t%/8n) A@ nhim Gim 1i v nQn) c01 GiHn th,c cR0 chUn) t0 v= c; chH thJch n)hi t nhibn cR0 c$c 1i sib# tJch #O Gim 1i2 456 7689 4:;< 3:=> c2 |0%c] L \2F 0n9 ^1sch]n%i]9]% C2F 6h5tor0m0/i*tionH principl0s *n/ p0rsp0cti!0s, C1nt%iA#ti1ns t1 `ci]nc]F instit#t] 9x9t#9is C0t0 0nsF |0c] 1n0F ++ mmm m~~F peem2 p2 |%11Gs zz q]92rF 6l*nts th*t @5p0r*cc'm'l*t0 h0*!5 m0t*l, C_| Int]%n0ti1n0 F 0 in)1%9F UXF ++myeF cddy2 m2 \]%0 9 L2 `chn11%F 6h5tor0m0/i*tion Q4 Soil -n/ Aro'n/R*t0r, C]nt]% 1% P 1A0 0n9 z])i1n0 xnvi%1nm]nt0 z]s]0%ch 0n9 ]+t2 1 Civi 0n9 xnvi%1nm]nt0 xn)in]]%in)F Th] Univ]%sit< 1 I10F I_ pp~pF peep2 ~2 `05]n0 ^X2 ]t 0 F 6h5tor0m0/i*tion o4 h0*!5 m0t*l cont*min*t0/ *n/ poll't0/ soils, In> MNV +%0s09 { \ H0)]m0<% q]9sr H]0v< m]t0 st%]ss 1n + 0ntsF %1m m1 ]c# ]s t1 ]c1s<st]msF `+%in)]% V]% 0)F |]% inF ++ meompdF cddd2 2 `ch0t H2 ]t 0 F M0t*l sp0ci4ic p*tt0rns o4 tol0nr*nc0, 'pt*$0, *n/ tr*nsport o4 h0*!5 m0t*ls in h5p0r*cc'm'l*ting *n/ nonSh5p0r*cc'm'l*ting m0t*lloph5t0s,

In> N T]%%<F P |0n#] 1s q]9s2rF ^h<t1%]m]9i0ti1n 1 c1nt0min0t]9 s1i s 0n9 0t]%s2 CzC ^%]ss LLC? |1c0 z0t1nF L2F U`_F ++ c}c cyyF cddd2 n2 Tim1th< ++] t x2F Tntro/'ction to 6h5tor0m0/i*tion. N*tion*l Uis$ M*n*g0m0nt U0s0*rch B*.or*tor5, ic] 1 z]s]0%ch 0n9 ]v] 1+m]ntF U2`2 xnvi%1nm]nt0 ^%1t]cti1n _)]nc<F Cincinn0tiF hi1 ~pnyF peee2