Chapter 18.

Feed Milling Processes

1. INTRODUCTION 2. GRINDING 3. MIXING 4. PELLETING W. H. Hasting Mt. Vern n! Was"ingt n D. Higgs En#ir n$ent! Cana%a Van& '#er! (ritis" C )'$*ia

1. INTRODUCTION
+ee% $an',a&t'ring an% t"e ass &iate% -'a)it. & ntr ) /r gra$$e are 0e.s t s'&&ess,') ,is" &')t're. Un)ess t"e ,is"eries *i ) gist 'n%erstan%s an% s/e&i,ies t"e a&ti#ities , t"e ,ee% $i)) an% its )a* rat r.! /r ,ita*)e ,is" ,ar$ing 1i)) *e a $atter , &"an&e. Dr. ,ee%s $a. *e gr 'n%! si,te%! s&reene%! $i2e%! & $/resse%! e2/an%e%! te2t'ri3e%! & ) 're% an% ,)a# 're%. (. ne r $ re , t"ese /r &esses! a 1i%e #ariet. , ingre%ients &an *e /re/are% int a stan%ar%i3e% /r %'&t. 4in&e $ st ,is" "a#e si3e an% te2t're /re,eren&es an% ,ten rea&t t & ) 'r! % 'r! an% ,)a# 'r! /r &essing resear&" is an integra) /art , ,is" &')t're.

2. GRINDING
2.1 Ha$$er$i))s 2.2 5ttriti n Mi))s 2.3 R ))er Mi))s 2.4 C'tters 2.6 4&reening

Grin%ing r /arti&)e7si3e re%'&ti n is a $a8 r ,'n&ti n , ,ee% $an',a&t'ring. Man. ,ee% $i))s /ass a)) in& $ing ingre%ients t"r 'g" a grin%er , r se#era) reas ns9 :a; &)'$/s an% )arge ,rag$ents are re%'&e% in si3e! :*; s $e $ ist're is re$ #e% %'e t aerati n! an% :&; a%%iti#es s'&" as anti 2i%ants $a. *e *)en%e%. 5)) , t"ese i$/r #e t"e ease , "an%)ing ingre%ients an% t"eir st ra*i)it.. T"ere are t"er reas ns , r grin%ing an% t"e ass &iate% sie#ing , ingre%ients in , r$')a ,ee%s *e, re ,'rt"er /r &essing. 4$a)) ,is" an% ,r. re-'ire /)an0t n7si3e ,ee%s a#ai)a*)e in

%r. , r$ as a $ea) r gran')e. E2tre$es in /arti&)e si3es are 1aste,') an% ,ten %anger 's. +r. "a#e *een 0i))e% *e&a'se , t"eir ina*i)it. t /ass t"r 'g" t"e %igesti#e s.ste$ )arge /ie&es , & nne&ti#e tiss'e an% * ne /resent in %r. ani$a) *./r %'&ts! r "')) ,rag$ents , 'n% in & tt nsee% $ea) an% ri&e *ran. On t"e t"er "an%! %'st r <,ines< $a. *e& $e & )) i%a) s's/ensi ns in 1ater! s %i)'te t"at se#era) $ 't",')s &arr. )itt)e n'triti#e #a)'e. T"e grin%ing , ingre%ients genera)). i$/r #es ,ee% %igesti*i)it.! a&&e/ta*i)it.! $i2ing /r /erties! /e))eta*i)it.! an% in&reases t"e *')0 %ensit. , s $e ingre%ients. It is a&& $/)is"e% *. $an. t./es , $an'a) an% $e&"ani&a) /erati ns in# )#ing i$/a&t! attriti n! an% &'tting.

2.1

a!!er!ills

Ha$$er$i))s are $ st). i$/a&t grin%ers 1it" s1inging r stati nar. stee) *ars , r&ing ingre%ients against a &ir&')ar s&reen r s )i% serrate% se&ti n %esignate% as a stri0ing /)ate :+ig're 1;. Materia) is "e)% in t"e grin%ing &"a$*er 'nti) it is re%'&e% t t"e si3e , t"e /enings in t"e s&reen. T"e n'$*er , "a$$ers n a r tating s"a,t! t"eir si3e! arrange$ent! s"ar/ness! t"e s/ee% , r tati n! 1ear /atterns! an% &)earan&e at t"e ti/ re)ati#e t t"e s&reen r stri0ing /)ate are i$/ rtant #aria*)es in grin%ing &a/a&it. an% t"e a//earan&e , t"e /r %'&t. Heat i$/arte% t t"e $ateria)! %'e t t"e 1 r0 , grin%ing! is re)ate% t t"e ti$e it is "e)% 1it"in t"e &"a$*er an% t"e air ,) 1 &"ara&teristi&s. I$/a&t grin%ing is $ st e,,i&ient 1it" %r.! ) 17,at ingre%ients! a)t" 'g" $an. t"er $ateria)s $a. *e re%'&e% in si3e *. /r /er s&reen se)e&ti n an% reg')ate% inta0e. M st "a$$er$i))s "a#e a " ri3 nta) %ri#e s"a,t 1"i&" s's/en%s #erti&a) "a$$ers *'t , r s $e ingre%ients! s'&" as %rie% ani$a) *./r %'&ts! a <#erti&a)< "a$$er$i)) is $ re e,,i&ient. In t"is $i))! t"e %ri#e s"a,t is / siti ne% #erti&a)). an% s&reens an% "a$$ers are / siti ne% " ri3 nta)).. Materia) s'&&ess,')). re%'&e% in si3e t t"e %ia$eter , s&reen " )es r s$a))er! are &arrie% *. gra#it. 'tsi%e t"e $i)) an% t"en&e *. air r & n#e. r t st rage in <$a0e7'/< *ins. O#er7si3e /arti&)es! n t easi). *r 0en! %r / t"r 'g" t"e $i)) an% $a. *e re7&.&)e% r %is&ar%e%. T"'s , reign $ateria)s! s'&" as $eta) an% st nes! are %is&"arge% *e, re t"e. are , r&e% t"r 'g" t"e s&reen &a'sing %a$age. Fig. 1 a!!er Mill

2.2 "ttrition Mills

5ttriti n $i))s 'se t"e "a$$er$i)) /rin&i/)e t a &ertain e2tent= i.e.! s"attering *.>i$/a&t. H 1e#er! t"e. a)s i$/art a s"earing an% &'tting a&ti n. Grin%ing is % ne *et1een t1 %is&s e-'i//e% 1it" re/)a&ea*)e 1earing s'r,a&es. One r * t" , t"ese %is&s is r tate%= i, * t"! t"e. r tate in // site %ire&ti ns. W"en ne %is& is r tate%! an% t"e t"er stati nar.! t"e asse$*). is 'se% , r s"re%%ing an% %e,erring. O,ten $ateria)s 1"i&" "a#e *een & arse). gr 'n% *. t"er $i))s! are /asse% t"r 'g" an attriti n $i)) , r *)en%ing r s$ t"ing 't an ingre%ient r $i2t're & ntaining )i-'i%s 1"i&" $a. "a#e &)'$/s. T"e %is&s , an attriti n $i)) are genera)). in a #erti&a) / siti n s t"at $ateria)s n t &a/a*)e , re%'&ti n &an /ass *. gra#it. 't , t"e grin%ing area.

2.# Roller Mills

5 & $*inati n , &'tting! attriti n! an% &r's"ing &&'rs in r ))er $i))s. T"ese are s$ t" r & rr'gate% r ))s r tating at t"e sa$e s/ee% set at a /re7%eter$ine% %istan&e a/art 1it" $ateria) /assing *et1een t"e t1 . 5 tearing a&ti n $a. *e a%%e% *. /erating t"e r ))s at %i,,erent s/ee%s an% *. & rr'gati ns 1"i&" are %i,,erent , r ea&" r ))= i.e.! t"e t / r )) $a. "a#e ,,7ra%ia) s/ira) & rr'gati ns an% t"e * tt $ r )) )atera) & rr'gati ns. T"is )ast t./e! &a))e% a <Le Page &'t< is 'se% in $a0ing gran')es ,r $ "ar% /e))ets! as it /r #i%es a *rea0ing s'r,a&e 1it" 't $'&" i$/a&t t &a'se %'st. R )) grin%ing is e& n $i&a) *'t )i$ite% t $ateria)s 1"i&" are ,air). %r. an% ) 1 in ,at.

2.$ C%tters
R tar. &'tters are a t./e , grin%er 1"i&" re%'&es %r. /arti&)e s )i%s $ain). *. s"earing 1it" 0ni,e e%ges against a stri0ing /)ate. T"e $i)) a)s in&)'%es t"e /r &esses , attriti n an% i$/a&t! a)t" 'g" t"ese a&ti ns are )i$ite% i, t"e $ateria) is easi). re%'&e% *. &'tting an% t"e s&reen )i$iting %is&"arge "as )arge /er, rati ns. T"e $i)) & nsists , a r tating s"a,t 1it" , 'r atta&"e% /ara))e) 0ni#es an% a s&reen &&'/.ing ne , 'rt" , t"e 3?@ %egree r tati n. T"e $i)) is *est 'se% t &ra&0 1" )e grains 1it" a $ini$'$ , <,ines<. It is n t 'se% as a ,ina) /r &ess , r re%'&ing t"e si3e , ingre%ients 'se% in ,is" ,ee%s.

2.& 'creening
5ss &iate% 1it" grin%ing ,ee%s , r ,is" ,r.! a sie#ing s.ste$ is re-'ire% 1"i&" &)assi,ies $ateria)s t an. %esire% /arti&)e si3e. T"e < #ers< in t"is s.ste$ $a. *e re7gr 'n% r re8e&te%. T"e <t"r 'g"s< $a. *e se)e&te% t & $/). 1it" ,is" /re,eren&es , r si3e an% $i2e% a&& r%ing t , r$')a s/e&i,i&ati ns. +ee%s si,te% t"r 'g" a 1AA7$i&r n /ening :a U.4. N . 1@@ sie#e; "a#e *een s'&&ess,')). 'se% , r in&reasing s'r#i#a) an% gr 1t" , $inn 1s an% &at,is" ,r.. Ha$$er$i)) r i$/a&t grin%ing , %r. ,ee%s! es/e&ia)). &erea) grains! &reates /arti&)es 1it"in t"e range &a))e% <%'st<! an% a %'st7& ))e&ting s.ste$ $a. *e ne&essar. t re$ #e t"is. 5n e2&ess , %'st in t"e ,ee% $a. )ea% t gi)) %isease! a sit'ati n 1"ere rgani& $atter a%"ering t gi))s *e& $es a n'trient , r *a&teria r /arasites. T"e /r *)e$ , e2&ess %'st , r$e% *. grin%ing ,ee%s $a. *e /art). a))e#iate% *. a%%ing a s/ra. , i) r a se$i7$ ist ingre%ient! s'&" as & n%ense% ,is" s )'*)es r ,er$entati n s )'*)es! n ,ee%s entering t"e grin%er. De".%rate% a),a),a is /re/are% as a %'st7,ree $ea)! si$i)ar in te2t're t a si,te% &r'$*)i3e% /e))et! *. s/ra.ing $inera) i) int a "a$$er$i)) &"a$*er %'ring grin%ing.

#. MI(ING

3.1 H ri3 nta) Mi2ers 3.2 Verti&a) Mi2ers 3.3 Ot"er T./es , Mi2ers 3.4 Li-'i% Mi2ers 3.6 Mi2ing O/erati n an% E#a)'ati n

T"e *8e&ti#e , ,ee% $i2ing is t start 1it" a &ertain ass rt$ent , ingre%ients &a))e% a <, r$')a<! t ta))ing s $e %e,inite 1eig"t. T"is is /r &esse% s t"at ea&" s$a)) 'nit , t"e 1" )e! eit"er a $ 't",') r a %a.Bs ,ee%ing! is t"e sa$e /r / rti n as t"e rigina) , r$')a. Mi2ing is re& gni3e% as an e$/iri&a) 'nit /erati n! 1"i&" $eans t"at it is $ re , an art t"an a s&ien&e an% $'st *e )earne% *. e2/erien&e. +ee% $i2ing $a. in&)'%e a)) / ssi*)e & $*inati ns , s )i%s an% )i-'i%s. Wit"in ea&" ingre%ient are %i,,eren&es in /".si&a) /r /erties. + r s )i%s t"ere are %i,,eren&es in /arti&)e si3e! s"a/e! %ensit.! e)e&t stati& &"arge! & e,,i&ient , ,ri&ti n as re/resente% *. t"e ang)e , re/ se! e)asti&it. r resi)ien&e an%! , & 'rse! & ) 'r! % 'r! an% taste. + r )i-'i%s t"ere are %i,,eren&es in #is& sit. an% %ensit.. T"e ter$ <$i2e%< &an $ean eit"er *)en%e%! i$/).ing 'ni, r$it.! r $a%e '/ , %issi$i)ar /arts! i$/).ing s&attering. 5s a//)ie% t , r$')a ,ee%s! t"e *8e&ti#e , $i2ing & $*ines ea&" , t"ese %e,initi ns= i.e.! t"e s&attering , %issi$i)ar /arts int a *)en%. H 1e#er! it is i$/r *a*)e t"at 'ni, r$it. is attaine% 1it" /arti&)es 1it"in a! sa$/)e arrange% in s $e r%er , / siti n r & n&entrati n. T"at is n). a -'a)it. & ntr )= g a). It "as *een s'ggeste% t"at a /r /er tit)e , r a %is&'ssi n , $i2ing s" ')% *e <$i2ing an% 'n$i2ing<! , r %'ring t"e /erati n t"ere is a & nstant ten%en&. , /arti&)es 1"i&" "a#e *een $i2e% t *e& $e se/arate%. T"ree $e&"anis$s are in# )#e% in t"e $i2ing /r &ess9 :a; t"e trans,er , gr '/s , a%8a&ent /arti&)es ,r $ ne ) &ati n in t"e $ass t an t"er! :*; %i,,'si n %istri*'ti n , /arti&)es #er a ,res"). %e#e) /e% s'r,a&e! :&; s"ear s)i//ing , /arti&)es *et1een t"ers in t"e $ass. In t"e r.! t"e / siti n , /arti&)es 1it"in a & ntainer is %eter$ine% *. &"an&e! an% t"e e,,e&ts , &"an&e a&&'$')ate 'nti) t"e. 't1eig" t"e %ire&t e,,e&ts , $i2ing a&ti n. In t"e $i2ing , )i-'i%s! &"an&e $ #e$ent , & $/ nents &reates r%er r 'ni, r$it.. Wit" %r. s )i%s! &"an&e %istri*'ti n &reates %is r%er. W"en %is r%er is at a $ re r )ess sta*)e $a2i$'$! it $a. *e &a))e% <ran% $<. Man. ,a&t rs in %r. s )i%s &a'se /arti&)es t a# i% a &"an&e r ran% $ arrange$ent. In ,a&t! t"e res')t , $i2ing ,ee% ingre%ients $a. *e a %e,inite /attern , /arti&)e segregati n r n n7ran% $ arrange$ent. Parti&)e segregati n is %'e t %i,,eren&es in t"e /".si&a) /r /erties , ingre%ients an% t"e s"a/e an% s'r,a&e &"ara&teristi&s , t"e $i2er. Parti&)e si3e $a. *e t"e $ st i$/ rtant ,a&t r in &a'sing segregati n. 5n i$/r #e$ent in $i2ing 1"i&" a//r a&"es ran% $ %istri*'ti n , s )i%s *. %e&reasing /arti&)e si3e &an *e $eas're% -'antitati#e). *. statisti&a) $et" %s. In genera)! t"e s$a))er an% t"e $ re 'ni, r$a)). si3e% t"e ingre%ients are /re/are%! t"e $ re near). t"e. 1i)) a//r a&" ran% $ %istri*'ti n %'ring $i2ing.

In $an. , r$')ae! a %e&rease in /arti&)e si3e is ne&essar. t attain a s',,i&ient n'$*er , /arti&)es , an essentia) a%%iti#e :#ita$in! $inera)! $e%i&ati n; , r %is/ersi n in ea&" %ai). ,ee% 'nit. T"is $a. re-'ire t"e /arti&)e si3e t *e t"e %ia$eter , %'st! 1@ t 6@ $i&r ns. Certain ingre%ients are 'nsta*)e in ,ine). %i#i%e% , r$ an% )i0e). t a&-'ire an e)e&tr stati& &"arge. C n&entrati n , /arti&)es n a &"arge% s'r,a&e! r 'g"ness , t"e $i2e% an% sti&0iness , i). an% 1et ingre%ients are ,a&t rs in &a'sing segregati n 1"en #er. s$a)) /arti&)es are $i2e% an% 1"en t"ese are $'&" s$a))er t"an t"e *')0 , t"er ingre%ients. Mi2ing $a. *e eit"er a *at&" r a & ntin' 's /r &ess. (at&" $i2ing &an *e % ne n an /en ,)at s'r,a&e 1it" s" #e)s r in & ntainers s"a/e% as &.)in%ers! "a),7&.)in%ers! & nes r t1in7 & nes 1it" ,i2e% *a,,)es r $ #ing a'gers! s/ira)s! r /a%%)es. C ntin' 's $i2ing /r / rti ns *. 1eig"t r # )'$e! is a te&"ni-'e *est s'ite% , r , r$')a ,ee%s 1it" ,e1 ingre%ients an% $ini$a) &"anges.

#.1

ori)ontal Mi*ers

#.1.1 Contin%o%s ri++on !i*ers T"e & ntin' 's r <t1in7s/ira)< $i2er & nsists , a " ri3 nta)! stati nar.! "a),7&.)in%er 1it" re# )#ing "e)i&a) ri** ns /)a&e% n a &entra) s"a,t s as t $ #e $ateria)s ,r $ ne en% t t"e t"er as t"e s"a,t an% ri** n r tate insi%e :+ig're 2;. Ca/a&it. &an *e ,r $ a ,e1 )itres t se#era) &'*i& $etres. T"e s/ee% , s"a,t r tati n 1i)) #ar. in#erse). as t"e &ir&'$,eren&e , t"e 'ter ri** n= 's'a)). /ti$'$ *et1een A671@@ $etres /er $in'te. 4in&e $ateria) tra#e) is ,r $ ne en% t t"e t"er! eit"er en% $a. *e 'se% , r %is&"arge. T"ese $i2ers $a. *e in#erte% , r &)eaning. #.1.2 Non,contin%o%s ri++on !i*ers N n7& ntin' 's r interr'/te% ri** ns are si$i)ar t t"e & ntin' 's ri** n $i2ers e2&e/t t"at s" rt se&ti ns &a))e% </a%%)es< r </) 'g"s< are s/a&e% in a s/ira) r 'n% t"e $i2er s"a,t. 5&ti n is %i,,erent ,r $ t"at , & ntin' 's ri** n $i2ers! an% $a. *e $ re satis,a&t r. , r $i2ing )i-'i%s 1it" %r. s )i%s. T"ese $i2ers are $a%e in a 1i%e #ariet. , si3es 1it" tra#e) , t"e 'ter %ia$eter , /a%%)es ,r $ 1@@ t 12@ $etres /er $in'te. Fig. 2 Contin%o%s ri++on !i*er

#.2 -ertical Mi*ers

Verti&a) $i2ers $a. & nsist , a &.)in%er! & ne! r " //er7s"a/e% & ntainer! 1it" a sing)e r % '*)e s&re1 :a'ger; ) &ate% #erti&a)). t"r 'g" t"e &entre :+ig're 3;. T"e s&re1 /erates at

s/ee%s , 1@@ t 2@@ r/$ an% #erti&a)). & n#e.s in& $ing $ateria)s ,r $ t"e * tt $ :genera)). t"e inta0e; en%! )i0e a s&re1 & n#e. r! t t"e t / 1"ere t"e. are s&attere% an% ,a)) *. gra#it.. T"is se-'en&e is re/eate% se#era) ti$es 'nti) a *)en% is attaine% :'s'a)). ,r $ 1@ t 12 $in'tes;. T"ese $i2ers $a. a)s *e ) a%e% ,r $ t"e t /. Res')ts s" 1 t"at #erti&a) $i2ers are n t e,,i&ient , r 'ni, r$ $i2ing , s )i%s an% )i-'i%s r , r $ateria)s , -'ite %i,,erent /arti&)e si3e r %ensit.. T"is 'nit is %i,,i&')t t &)ean an% t"ere $a. *e inter7*at&" & nta$inati n. Fig. # -ertical Mi*er

#.# Other T.pes o/ Mi*ers

5 t"ir% t./e , $i2er is t"e " ri3 nta) re# )#ing %r'$. T"is &an *e a straig"t7si%e% &.)in%er r a &.)in%er ta/ere% at ea&" en%. T"e si%es $a. *e s$ t" r ,i2e% 1it" *a,,)es r s"e)#es t /i&0 '/ an% %r / ingre%ients. 4$ t"! %r. $ateria)s , 'ni, r$ /".si&a) /r /erties are *)en%e% *est in t"is t./e , $i2er. 5 $ %i,i&ati n , t"is t./e is t"e t'r*ine $i2er 1"i&" is a ,i2e% &.)in%er 1it" re# )#ing s"a,t t 1"i&" are ,i2e% /a%%)es! /) 'g"s! s&ra/ers! r s"e)#es %esigne% t re7/i)e $ateria)s & ntin'a)).. T"is $i2er is ,ten 'se% as a & 0er t %r. ,is" 1astes an% t *)en% #ari 's t./es , ,is" $ea) int a stan%ar%i3e% /r %'&t. T"e. are a)s /arti&')ar). e,,i&ient , r $i2ing "ea#. ingre%ients an% , r a%%ing )i-'i%s t $i2t'res 1"i&" 1 ')% &)'$/ r &a0e in an t"er t./e , $i2er. 4 $e /arti&)e si3e re%'&ti n :grin%ing; $a. &&'r n s ,t $ateria)s! s'&" as ri&e *ran an% a),a),a )ea#es. 5 & $/)ete $i2ing &an 's'a)). *e attaine% in 3 t ? $in'tes 'n)ess ) nger ti$e is ne&essar. t e)i$inate )'$/s &a'se% *. a%%e% )i-'i%s. Mi2er s"a,t r tati n is reg')ate% t /r #i%e s $e &entri,'ga) a&ti n! *'t t"is $'st n t *e e2&essi#e. T"e <Na'ta< $i2er riginate% in H ))an% an% is & nstr'&te% in t"e , r$ , an in#erte% & ne 1it" a $i2ing s&re1 insi%e r tating ar 'n% t"e insi%e 1a)). T"e $i2er is $a%e in a #ariet. , si3es ,r $ )a* rat r. $ %e)s! , r /re$i2ing &"e$i&a) an% #ita$in a%%iti#es! t #er. )arge /r %'&ti n si3es. It is e2&e))ent , r /re$i2ing tra&e e)e$ents an% 1 r0s #er. 1e)) , r a%%ing $ %erate a$ 'nts , )i-'i%s int %r. ingre%ients. 5n t"er t./e , $i2er &a))e% t"e <ent )eter< & nsists , a "ig"7s/ee% r tating %is& 1"i&" t"r 1s t"e ingre%ient &"arge 1it" & nsi%era*)e , r&e against t"e 1a))s , a &"a$*er. T"is $i2er ,'n&ti ns 1e)) t s$ t" 't &)'$/s r *a))s , & $/a&te% ingre%ients an% 1i)) &a'se eggs , grain 1ee#i)s t *e& $e ina&ti#e. H 1e#er! sin&e it $a. s"atter #ita$in 5 *ea%)ets en&a/s')ate% in ge)atine! it is n t re& $$en%e% , r a)) $i2t'res.

#.$ 0i1%id Mi*ers

Oi)s an% 1ater7$is&i*)e i) /re/arati ns are ,ten a%%e% t %r. ingre%ients as a s 'r&e , energ. r as a s/e&i,i& n'trient. 5)t" 'g" t"e i)7s )'*)e #ita$ins. 5! D! E! an% C! are a#ai)a*)e in %r. &arrier & n&entrates! t"e. $a. *e *taine% in /'re , r$ an% /re$i2e% *. t"e ,ee% $an',a&t'rer. Li-'i%s & ntaining n'trients &an *e $i2e% ,aster an% 1it" $ re 'ni, r$it. t"an t"e sa$e n'trient in %r. & n&entrate & n%iti n. T"ere, re! a )i-'i% *)en%er $a. *e nee%e% in t"e ,ee% /)ant. Li-'i% *)en%ers 's'a)). & nsist , a " ri3 nta) t'* r &.)in%er 1it" a n'$*er , 1ires r /a%%)es e-'a)). s/a&e% ar 'n% a s"a,t 1"i&" re# )#es insi%e. 4 $eti$es t"e s"a,t is " )) 1 an% )i-'i%s are , r&e% t"r 'g" " )es in t"e /a%%)es in a s/ra. e,,e&t. 4 $e $ %e)s "a#e a s"a,t s/ee% , 4@@ t ?@@ r/$ 1"i)e t"ers r tate at 1 2@@ r/$. Ingre%ients s'&" as

& n%ense% ,is" r ,er$entati n s )'*)es! $ )asses! r ,is" i)s are ,ten /re$i2e% in a * 1) t./e #aria*)e s/ee% $i2er! *)en%ing t"e )i-'i% 1it" %r. ingre%ients.

#.& Mi*ing Operation and 23al%ation

5&&'rate $i2ing re-'ires t"e a%%iti n , ingre%ients in a teste% se-'en&e ,r $ *at&" t *at&". T"e 's'a) /ra&ti&e is t a%% )arge7# )'$e ingre%ients ,irst! t"en t" se , s$a))er a$ 'nt. Un)ess a)rea%. /re$i2e%! )i-'i%s s" ')% *e a%%e% a,ter a)) %r. ingre%ients "a#e *een $i2e%. T ta) $i2ing ti$e is &riti&a) an% is in,)'en&e% *. t"e & $/ siti n , t"e , r$')a. 5)) $i2ers s" ')% *e &a)i*rate% *. )a* rat r. re& #er. , 0n 1n a%%iti#es :/".si&a)). r &"e$i&a)).; s t"at 'n%er an% #er $i2ing % es n t &&'r. Uni, r$). si3e% sa)t! gra/"ite! r ir n /arti&)es & ate% 1it" 1ater s )'*)e %.es are ,ten 'se% as <tra&ers<. Ea&" $i2er s" ')% *e &a)i*rate% , r its $i2ing ti$e an% &a/a&it. *. # )'$e , r *est res')ts.

$. P2002TING
4.1 5//)i&ati n 4.2 In,)'en&e , +ee% C $/ siti n 4.3 C )ing an% Dr.ing 4.4 Cr'$*)es 4.6 4&reening r Gra%ing 4.? Use , Har% Pe))ets 4.A Ha3ar%s , +ee%ing Har% Pe))ets 4.D Pe))et Har%ness an% 4ta*i)it. 4.E +) ating Pe))ets

T"e trans, r$ati n , a s ,t! ,ten %'st. ,ee% int a "ar% /e))et is a&& $/)is"e% *. & $/ressi n! e2tr'si n! an% a%"esi n. T"e genera) /r &ess in# )#es /assing a ,ee% $i2t're t"r 'g" a & n%iti ning &"a$*er 1"ere 4 t ? /er&ent 1ater :'s'a)). as stea$; $a. *e a%%e%. M ist're /r #i%es )'*ri&ati n , r & $/ressi n an% e2tr'si n an% in t"e /resen&e , "eat &a'ses s $e ge)atini3ati n , ra1 star&" /resent n t"e s'r,a&e , #egetati#e ingre%ients! res')ting in a%"esi n. Wit"in 2@ se& n%s , entering t"e /e))et $i))! ,ee% g es ,r $ an air7%r. :a* 't 1@712 /er&ent $ ist're; & n%iti n at a$*ient te$/erat're! t 1671? /er&ent $ ist're at D@7E@FC. D'ring s'*se-'ent & $/ressi n an% e2tr'si n t"r 'g" " )es in a ringB %ie! ,ri&ti n ,'rt"er in&reases ,ee% te$/erat're t near). E2FC. Pe))ets %is&"arge% nt a s&reen *e)t , a " ri3 nta) t'nne) %rier r int a #erti&a) s&reene% " //er are air7 & )e% 1it"in 1@ $in'tes t s)ig"t). a* #e a$*ient te$/erat'res an% %rie% t *e) 1 13 /er&ent $ ist're. C ntrar. t ear). *e)ie,! ,inis"e% /e))ets & ntain /ra&ti&a)). a)) t"e n'trients , 'n% in ,ee%st',,s an% a%%iti#es as & $/ 'n%e%. T"e ) ss , t"er$ )a*i)e #ita$ins 'se% in a%%iti#es! 1"i&" $a. *e s)ig"t r e2tensi#e in t"e &ase , #ita$in C! $a. *e & $/ensate% , r *. e2tra s'//)e$entati n , t"ese in t"e #ita$in /re$i2 t & $/). 1it" , r$')a re-'ire$ents. Diastati& en3.$es :a)/"a an% *eta a$.)ase; /resent in 1" )e grains an% &erea) *./r %'&ts are sti)) a&ti#e a,ter /r &essing *. grin%ing an% /e))eting! a)t" 'g" / 1%ere% en3.$es a%%e% as an ingre%ient are ina&ti#ate%.

$.1 "pplication
Me&"ani&a)).! t"e /r &ess , /e))eting in# )#es , r&ing s ,t ,ee% t"r 'g" " )es in a $eta) ring7t./e %ie. T"ese " )es $a. *e r 'n% r s-'are! ta/ere% r n n7ta/ere%. 4ing)e r % '*)e

r ))s $ 'nte% insi%e t"e %ie ring n a &a$ r e&&entri&! t'rn n a r tating s"a,t as ,ri&ti n %e#e) /s :%'e t t"e /resen&e , ,ee% *et1een r )) an% %ie;. +ee% is , r&e% t"r 'g" t"e %ie " )es in in&re$ents s t"at %isse&ti n , a ,inis"e% /e))et s" 1s tig"t )a.ers , ,ee% $i2t're. T"e %ie is %ri#en *. a $ t r an% t"e r ))s t'rn n). as ,ee% *et1een r ))s an% %ie %e#e) /s ,ri&ti n. T $a0e %r. ,ee% /arti&)es /)ia*)e , r &) se & $/ressi n an% t %e&rease ,ri&ti n an% a*s r* $e&"ani&a) "eat! 1ater is ,ten a%%e% t t"e ,ee%! eit"er as t"e , r$')a is $i2e% r in t"e & n%iti ning &"a$*er , t"e /e))et $i)). Water $a. *e /r #i%e% as )i-'i% an%> r #a/ 'r. I, 1ater is /r #i%e% in t"e , r$ , stea$! t1 *8e&ti#es are a&& $/)is"e%9 :a; a "ig" # )'$e , 1ater #a/ 'r & n%enses n t"e s'r,a&e , ,ee% /arti&)es! 1etting an% s ,tening t"e$ , r *etter & $/ressi n! an% :*; t"e "ig" te$/erat'res , t"is stea$ &a'se s $e ge)atini3ati n , ra1 star&" /resent in a)) #egetati#e ingre%ients! /r #i%ing t"e ne&essar. a%"esi n , r ,ir$ /e))ets. I, s',,i&ient $ ist're &ann t *e a%%e% as stea$! /retreat$ent 1it" 1ater $a. *e 'se% t gain t"e %esire% )'*ri&ating e,,e&t. It is n t a*s )'te). ne&essar. t a%% stea$ t a s ,t ,ee% in r%er t & $/ress it int a /e))et. Materia)s s'&" as ri&e *ran! gr 'n% & tt nsee%s! an% /a)$ 0erne) &a0e $a. *e /e))ete% 1it" n a%%e% $ ist're. T"e res')ting /e))ets are ,ten s)ig"t). &"arre% ,r $ "ig" te$/erat're an% t"e e)e&tri&a) energ. & ns'$/ti n is $'&" $ re t"an 1 ')% *e nee%e% i, $ ist're 1ere a%%e%. T"e "ig" ,at & ntent , t"ese $ateria)s /r #i%es )'*ri&ati n! *'t t"is % es n t s ,ten t"e ,i*re s',,i&ient). t a# i% e2&essi#e "eating &a'se% *. ,ri&ti n. T"e ring %ie an% r ))s , a /e))et $i)) e2/ se% t "ig" te$/erat'res s" 1 $eta) ,atig'e an% $'st *e re/)a&e% ,ten. T"e /r /er & n%iti ning , %e".%rate% a),a),a $ea) 1i)) /er$it t"e $an',a&t're , #er 2 @@@ t ns , /e))ets %'ring t"e )i,e , a stan%ar% %ie , 4@ $$ t"i&0ness. O#era))! t"e te2t're , a s ,t ,ee% $i2t're is &"ange% ,r $ a $ea)7)i0e $ateria) 1it" *')0 %ensit. a//r 2i$ate). @.4 g>&&! t a /e))et 1it" *')0 %ensit. , @.6 7 @.? g>&&. Wit"in t"e ring %ie! /ress'res , A67?@@ 0g>&$2 are attaine%. +ee% $i2t'res & ntaining )arge a$ 'nts , ,i*r 's ingre%ients ,ten res')t in /e))ets t "ar% , r gastri& *rea0% 1n an% %igesti n in ,is". On t"e t"er "an%! "ig"7,at ,ee%s an% an e2&ess , $ ist're &a'se / r -'a)it. /e))ets. Pe))et -'a)it. $a. *e %e,ine% as a &ertain "ar%ness r 1ater sta*i)it. 1"i&" ass'res e,,i&ient 'se 1it" 't ) ss in "an%)ing n )an% r in 1ater. +ee% , r$')ati n an% /erati n , t"e /e))et $i)) $a. *e *a)an&e% t s'//). ,is" 1it" a ,ee% t"at is a&&e/ta*)e! a#ai)a*)e! an% easi). %igeste%. T"e inter7%e/en%ent #aria*)es /resent in ingre%ient se)e&ti n are s'*8e&ts , r resear&" in ea&" area , ,is" &')t're an% , r ea&" ,is" s/e&ies. Varia*)es res')ting ,r $ $e&"ani&a) /erati n , t"e e-'i/$ent $a. *e )iste% "ere9 :a; Pe))et %ie t"i&0ness as re)ate% t %ia$eter , " )e is a ,a&t r in /e))et -'a)it.. :*; 4/ee% , r tati n s" ')% a)s *e & nsi%ere% , r ea&" %ie t"i&0ness>" )e %ia$eter & $*inati n. :&; T"e s/ee% at 1"i&" ,ee% is intr %'&e% int t"e ,ee%7& n%iti ning &"a$*er a,,e&ts t"e $ ist're>te$/erat're re)ati ns"i/ 1"i&" in t'rn re)ates t /e))et -'a)it.. :%; T"e a$ 'nt , stea$ a%%e% t a gi#en # )'$e , ,ee% s" ')% *e in *a)an&e s'&" t"at t"e %ri#e $ t r n t"e /e))et $i)) is /erating at its $a2i$'$ a$/erage. T"e /ening , t"e

stea$ #a)#e at t"e /e))et $i)) "as a %ire&t re)ati n t t"e a$ 'nt , 1ater entering t"e ,ee% as stea$ at an. gi#en stea$ /ress're. :e; 5t$ s/"eri& & n%iti ns in t"e ,a&t r.! es/e&ia)). re)ati#e "'$i%it.! 1"i&" /re7& n%iti n t"e ingre%ients *e, re /r &essing! 1i)) a,,e&t %ie se)e&ti n an% /erati na) settings. 5)) , t"e a* #e ite$s $'st *e e2a$ine% , r ea&" ,ee% , r$')a! 1"i&" s" 1s t"at /e))eting is $ re , an art t"an a s&ien&e. It s" ')% *e e$/"asi3e% again t"at t"e /e))et $i)) /erates $ st e,,i&ient). 1"en t"e $ t r a$/erage 'se is /ti$'$ , r t"e # )tage a#ai)a*)e. It is i$/ rtant t 1at&" t"e a$$eter ga'ge ,re-'ent). %'ring /e))eting. 5t t"e start , a /e))eting /erati n! a s$a)) a$ 'nt , s ,t %r. ,ee% enters t"e /e))et &"a$*er , r & $/ressi n an% t"e ga'ge 1i)) res/ n% t t"e ) a% 1it" )ess t"an /ti$'$ res')ts. T"e a%%iti n , stea$ res')ts in a ) 1ere% rea%ing! s" 1ing t"e )'*ri&ating e,,e&t. M re %r. ,ee% $a. n 1 enter t"e & n%iti ning &"a$*er an%! as it rea&"es t"e %ie! t"e a$$eter 1i)) $ #e t a "ig"er rea%ing. 5%%iti na) stea$ 1i)) ) 1er t"is. (. a%8'sting t"e %r. ,ee% inta0e an% t"e stea$ #a)#e /ening! a sta*)e & n%iti n 1i)) res')t 1"ere t"e $ t r is /erating at its $a2i$'$ rate% a$/erage an% /e))et /r %'&ti n 1i)) *e at $a2i$'$ &a/a&it.. T"ese /erati na) & n%iti ns n r$a)). & in&i%e 1it" $a2i$'$ /e))et -'a)it. a,, r%e% *. t"e & $/ siti n , t"e ,ee% $i2 :see *e) 1;. +ig're 4a is a &'t7 't %iagra$ , a )arge7&a/a&it. :2@@ "/; /e))et $i)). 5)t" 'g" / 1er trans$issi n *. $eans , a V7*e)t %ri#e is s" 1n :1;! gear %ri#e & '/)ing , $ t r t t"e $ain s"a,t :2; is a)s / ssi*)e. +ee% ,r $ a s'rge *in :3; is $etere% int t"e stea$ & n%iti ning &"a$*er *. a #aria*)e s/ee% s&re1 ,ee%er :4;. Pa%%)es s" 1n in t"e stea$ & n%iti ning &"a$*er :6; agitate t"e ,ee% t ens're e#en *)en%ing , ,ee% an% stea$. T"e & n%iti ne% ,ee% is t"en ,e% *. $eans , a %istri*'t r a'ger :?; int t"e /e))eti3ing &"a$*er :A; 1"ere it is e2tr'%e% t"r 'g" t"e %ie :D;. 5s t"e %ie r tates! ,ee% is /resse% against its inner 1a)) *. a set , 3 r ))ers :E;. D'e t its "ig" r tati na) s/ee% an% "ea#. ) a%! t"e %ie "as t *e se&'re). "arnesse% t t"e s"a,t. T"is is a&"ie#e% *. $eans , a t1 7/ie&e %ie & #er asse$*). :1@; an% 12 str ng * )ts :11;. T"e r ))ers 's'a)). "a#e a "ar%ene% s"e)) 1it" in%entati ns n t"e s'r,a&e t /r #i%e tra&ti n an% t re%'&e s)i//age , ,ee%. +ee% 1it"in t"e /e))eti3ing &"a$*er is & ntin' 's). re%istri*'te% *. a%8'sta*)e ,ee% /) 'g"s :12;. E2tr'%e% /e))ets , a//r /riate )engt"s are &'t ,, *. an asse$*). , 0ni#es :n t s" 1n; $ 'nte% n t"e insi%e , t"e %ie &asing. Fig. $a igh capacit. pellet !ill 4'pro%t5 6aldron 7 Co.8 +ig're 4* s" 1s " 1 /e))ets are e2tr'%e% ,r $ a s$a)) #erti&a) %ie asse$*). 1it" t1 r ))ers. 5 & ntr ) #a)#e intr %'&es %r. stea$ int a "ea%er ,r $ 1"i&"! t"r 'g" se#era) / rt7" )es! stea$ enters t"e & n%iti ning &"a$*er in & nta&t 1it" %r. ,ee%. (et1een t"is #a)#e an% t"e stea$ generat r r * i)er are a strainer an% tra/ t re$ #e & n%ensate! /r #i%ing n). %r. stea$ in t"e $i)). 5t t"e %is&"arge en% , t"e & n%iti ning &"a$*er is a gate t restri&t ,ee% ,r $ i$$e%iate). )ea#ing an% a)) 1s $ re ti$e , r $ ist're t *e a*s r*e% int t"e ,ee%. 5 &"'te r ,'nne) 's'a)). g'i%es $ ist're7& n%iti ne% ,ee% int t"e /e))et &"a$*er 1"ere & $/ressi n an% e2tr'si n &&'r. I, t"e a$$eter g es $'&" a* #e t"e /ti$'$ rea%ing! t"is &"'te $a. *e -'i&0). raise% t /re#ent a &" 0e7'/ , ,ee% in t"e %ie " )es. +r $ t"e /e))et &"a$*er! ,ee% $a. *e %ire&te% *. $eans , a *'tter,). #a)#e t t"e & )er r n t"e ,) r , r ins/e&ti n. 5n t"er #aria*)e t"at $a. *e intr %'&e% int t"e /erati n , a /e))et $i)) is t"e r tati na) s/ee% , t"e %ie. + r t"e /r %'&ti n , s$a)) %ia$eter /e))ets :i.e.! 3 $$ r )ess; "ig" r tati n s/ee%s are 'se%. T"is res')ts in a t"inner )a.er , s ,t ,ee% insi%e t"e %ie ring a"ea% , t"e r ))s! an% , r a gi#en # )'$e , ,ee% t"e e,,i&ien&. , /e))eting an% /e))et "ar%ness are

i$/r #e%. Die s/ee%s $a. *e &"ange% *. re/)a&ing t"e /'))e. n t"e $ain $ t r s"a,t , t"e /e))et $i)). 4/ee%s genera)). range ,r $ 13@74@@ r/$. +ee%s7 , ) 1 *')0 %ensit. are , r$e% *est in %ies r tating at "ig"er s/ee%s.

$.2 In/l%ence o/ Feed Co!position

5%%iti na) ,a&t rs 0n 1n t in,)'en&e /e))et -'a)it. in&)'%e *')0 %ensit. , t"e s ,t ,ee%! its te2t're! &"e$i&a) & $/ siti n :,at! ,i*re! &ar* ".%rate! /r tein! an% $ ist're; an% /re#ai)ing a$*ient & n%iti ns , te$/erat're an% re)ati#e "'$i%it.. Grin%ing i$/r #es /e))et -'a)it. *. re%'&ing air s/a&es *et1een /arti&)es! a)) 1ing &) ser s'r,a&e t s'r,a&e & nta&t , r a gi#en # )'$e , ,ee%= i.e.! it in&reases *')0 %ensit.. Large /ie&es , an. ingre%ient in a ,ee% , r$')a res')t in 1ea0 s/ ts in t"e /e))et! es/e&ia)). i, t"ese are ,i*r 's r * n.. Grin%ing a)s in&reases t"e t ta) s'r,a&e area , a gi#en 1eig"t , ,ee%! t"ere*. a)) 1ing $ re s/a&e , r stea$ & n%ensati n %'ring t"e & n%iti ning /r &ess. T"is res')ts in a "ig"er ,ee% te$/erat're an% $ re 1ater a*s r/ti n 1"i&" t get"er! 1it"in t"e ti$e a#ai)a*)e! in&reases ge)atini3ati n , ra1 star&". 4tar&" ge)atini3ati n "as *een $enti ne% /re#i 's). :4e&ti n 3;! *'t sin&e it is t"e 0e. t 1ater7sta*)e /e))ets! ,'rt"er %is&'ssi n $a. *e *ene,i&ia). 4tar&" ge)atini3ati n is t"e r'/t're , star&" gran')es! t"ere*. a)) 1ing t"e )inear an% &.&)i& $ )e&')es t ".%rate an% *e& $e sti&0. in t"e /resen&e , 1ater. Ge)atini3ati n &&'rs *. $e&"ani&a) $eans s'&" as grin%ing! /ress're! an% *. " t 1ater. 4 ,t ,ee% at an en#ir n$enta) te$/erat're , 26FC &an *e *r 'g"t t a te$/erat're , D6FC *. t"e a%%iti n , 4 t ? /er&ent $ ist're ,r $ stea$. +ri&ti na) "eat %'e t /assage , ,ee% t"r 'g" t"e /e))et $i)) a%%s 2 r 3 %egrees , te$/erat're. T"e $ ist're! te$/erat're! an% ti$e in# )#e% & $*ine t i$/art a sti&0. s'r,a&e t star&"7& ntaining ingre%ients 1"i&"! 1"en s'*se-'ent). %rie%! i$/r #e% /e))et "ar%ness an% 1ater sta*i)it.. 4in&e ,at an% $ ist're )'*ri&ate t"e s ,t ,ee% as it /asses t"r 'g" " )es in t"e ring %ie! re%'&ing ,ri&ti n , & $/ressi n an% e2tr'si n! a &ertain )e#e) , t"ese are ne&essar. , r /e))eting. I, t"e t ta) &r'%e ,at in a ,ee% , r$')a is $'&" $ re t"an D71@ /er&ent r t"e $ ist're is $'&" a* #e 16 /er&ent! t $'&" )'*ri&ati n is /r #i%e% an% a / r -'a)it. /e))et in ter$s , "ar%ness res')ts. Dies $a. *e %esigne% t a&& $$ %ate "ig"7,at ,ee%s *. ta/ering r s)anting t"e H )es r *. in&reasing t"e " )e %e/t" in re)ati n t its %ia$eter. Dietar. ,at in t"e ,ina) ,ee% $a. *e in&rease% *e. n% t"at in t"e , r$')a *. s/ra.ing )i-'i% ,at r i) nt /e))ets r &r'$*)es a,ter t"e. )ea#e t"e /e))et $i)). 5n e2terna) & ating , 67? /er&ent sta*i)i3e% ,at % es n t a//re&ia*). s ,ten t"e /e))et e2&e/t e2terna)).! an% t"is $a. *e a )'re * t" in % 'r an% te2t're , r &ertain ,is"es. In s $e & 'ntries! "ig" "'$i%it. $a. &a'se /r *)e$s in /e))eting. 4'n7%rie% ingre%ients an% t" se 1"i&" a*s r* $ ist're n st rage :i.e. $arine /r %'&ts & ntain s %i'$ &") ri%e 1"i&" is ".gr s& /i&; $a. nee% t *e *a)an&e% 1it" ) 17,at! ,i*r 's ingre%ients r )i$ite% in t"eir 'se. L 17,at &erea)s r &erea) *.7/r %'&t &assa#a &a0e an% /resse% & /ra $a. *e 'se% in "ig"7$ ist're! "ig"7,at ,ee%s t /r #i%e resisten&e t & $/ressi n an% e2tr'si n :ne&essar. t , r$ a "ar% /e))et;. I, t"e , r$')a & ntains s'gar r $ )asses! ) 17,ri&ti na) "eat is an asset! , r &ar$e)i3ati n &&'rs at a* 't ?@FC. Fig. $+ Pellet e*tr%sion 4arro9s indicate direction o/ rotation o/ !o3ing parts8

$.# Cooling and Dr.ing

T"e te$/erat're i$/arte% t /e))ets in t"e /r &ess , t"eir $an',a&t're assists t"e re$ #a) , $ ist're *. t"e air7%r.ing /r &ess. Genera)).! 1it"in ten $in'tes a,ter e2tr'si n! "ar% /e))ets are & )e% t a$*ient te$/erat're an% *r 'g"t t a $ ist're & ntent s)ig"t). a* #e t"at , t"e entering s ,t ,ee%. T"is $a. *e % ne *. s/rea%ing /e))ets in a t"in )a.er n t"e ,) r an% *) 1ing air #er t"e$. C $$er&ia)).! it is % ne *. /assing t"e " t /e))ets t"r 'g" a #erti&a) r a " ri3 nta) &"a$*er %esigne% t *ring air at a$*ient te$/erat're int inti$ate & nta&t 1it" t"e 'ter s'r,a&e , t"e /e))ets. $.#.1 -ertical cooler,dr.er M ist're a%%e% as stea$! /r #i%es a )arge # )'$e , )'*ri&ating $ateria) 1it" a s$a)) 1eig"t. In a%%iti n! t"e te$/erat're i$/arte% t /e))ets *. stea$ is a $a8 r ,a&t r in t"eir s'*se-'ent %r.ing. I, air at a$*ient te$/erat're is %ra1n r *) 1n t"r 'g" t"e ne1). , r$e% /e))ets! its a*i)it. t ta0e '/ 1ater %e/en%s n an in&rease in te$/erat're. 5ir "as an a#i%it. , r $ ist're %ire&t). re)ate% t its te$/erat're. 5ir /assing #er " t /e))ets 1i)) in&rease in te$/erat're an% t"'s in&rease its 1ater7" )%ing a*i)it.. I, & )% r 1ar$ 1ater 1ere 'se% t )'*ri&ate s ,t ,ee% *e, re /e))eting! t"e ,ina) /e))et te$/erat're 1 ')% n t rea&" t"at ne&essar. t ge)atini3e ra1 star&" r signi,i&ant). in&rease t"e a*i)it. , air t re$ #e $ ist're in t"e & )er. Heate% air $a. *e 'se% in t"e & )ing7%r.ing /r &ess! *'t t"is is genera)). 'ne& n $i&a). Heating ne1).7, r$e%! 1et /e))ets n tra.s in an #en t attain %r.ing % es! " 1e#er! res')t in #er. 1ater7sta*)e ,ee%. 5 #erti&a) & )er7%r.er is s" 1n in +ig're 6. Pe))ets are %is&"arge% ,r $ t"e $i)) int t"e t / , a ,)at7si%e% " //er an% %r //e% int an atta&"e% & )ing *in. T"is is %i#i%e% in t"e $i%%)e 1it" a /)en'$ & nne&te% t t"e s'&ti n si%e , a *) 1er ,an. T"e 1eig"t , /e))ets ,i))ing t"e & )er /i# ts /er, rate% ) '#ers n t"e t1 si%es t a)) 1 & ) air t /er$eate t"e " t /e))ets! re$ #ing $ ist're! an% & )ing t"e /e))ets *e, re entering t"e /)en'$ , r %is&"arge t"r 'g" t"e *) 1er. Pe))ets )ea#e t"e *in at t"e * tt $ #ia %is&"arge gates at a rate reg')ate% *. t"e a$ 'nt , " t /e))ets entering t"e & )er. T"is ens'res 'ni, r$ & )ing an% %r.ing , /e))ets.

Pe))ets gra%'a)). ,i)) t"e & )er se&ti n , t"is s.ste$ 'nti) t"e. rea&" a %ia/"rag$ ) &ate% near t"e t / , t"e en&) se% " //er. Press're n t"is a&ti#ates t"e %is&"arge gates an% t"e /e))ets are %is&"arge% 'nti) t"e )e#e) is *e) 1 t"e %ia/"rag$. 5 *'&0et e)e#at r r %rag s&re1 & n#e.s & )e% /e))ets t eit"er a st rage r *agging *in r t a tr'&0 , r *')0 %e)i#er.. T"is t./e , & )er is /re,erre% 1"en s/a&e is )i$ite% an% is genera)). $ re e& n $i&a) t"an t"e " ri3 nta) t./e. $.#.2 ori)ontal cooler,dr.er C )ers , t"e " ri3 nta) t./e & nsist , a $ #ing 1ire *e)t r se&ti na) *e)t , /er, rate% $eta) tra.s 1"i&" & n#e. /e))ets ,r $ t"e %is&"arge s/ 't , t"e /e))et $i)) :+ig're ?;. T"e %e/t" , /e))ets n t"is *e)t an% its s/ee% , tra#e) $a. *e a%8'ste% s t"at /e))ets )ea#e , r st rage at a %esire% $ ist're an% te$/erat're. H ri3 nta) & )ers $a. *e a sing)e %e&0 1it" /e))ets %is&"arge% at t"e en% // site t"e inta0e! r a % '*)e %e&0 1it" t1 *e)ts in t"e sa$e en&) s're= /e))ets ret'rn t t"e sa$e en% as t"e. entere%. 5ir ,r $ a &entri,'ga) ,an is $a%e t ,) 1 ,r $ t"e & )er * tt $ t"r 'g" t"e )a.er , /e))ets. 5s in t"e #erti&a) & )er! air is %is&"arge% int a %'st7& ))e&ting s.ste$ 1"i&" re$ #es t"e <,ines< r /arti&)es 1"i&" se/arate ,r $ t"e /e))ets. T"ese are ret'rne% t t"e $i)) & ntin' 's). , r re7/e))eting.

$.$ Cr%!+les
C )e% /e))ets $a. *e gr 'n% n & rr'gate% r ))s an% t"e res')ting /r %'&t si,te% int #ari 's si3es , gran')es r &r'$*)es. + r s$a)) ,is"! t"e /".si&a) /r /erties , &r'$*)es are ,ten $ re %esire% t"an a $ea) rati n an% easier t $an',a&t're t"an a s$a)) /e))et. Cr'$*)es /r #i%e a $')ti7,a&ete% s'r,a&e t re,)e&t )ig"t! t"is *eing a )'re , r sig"t ,ee%ers. T"e. ens're t"at a)) t"e ingre%ients , a , r$')a 1i)) *e ingeste%! 1"ereas & $/ nents , $ea) ,ee%s se/arate n entering 1ater! a)) 1ing se)e&ti n , &ertain ingre%ients! an% t"e7 s )'ti n r & )) i%a) s's/ensi n , t"ers. Fig. & -ertical cooler,dr.er 4'pro%t5 6aldron 7 Co!pan.8 4a8 Fig. & -ertical cooler,dr.er 4'pro%t5 6aldron 7 Co!pan.8 4+8 Fig. & -ertical cooler,dr.er 4'pro%t5 6aldron 7 Co!pan.8 4c8 Fig. : ori)ontal cooler,dr.er 4'pro%t5 6aldron 7 Co!pan.8 Pr %'&ti n , /e))ets , 4 $$ r $ re in %ia$eter /r &ee%s at a "ig"er rate t"an 1"en ,ee% is & $/resse% int a s$a))er %ia$eter. Pe))et %ies , s$a)) %ia$eter " )es are e2/ensi#e an% t"e ti$e & ns'$e% in &"anging %ies &an $a0e t"e $an',a&t're , s$a)) a$ 'nts , ,inger)ing ,ee% -'ite & st).. Genera)).! &r'$*)i3ing r ))s s" ')% *e & $/)e$entar. e-'i/$ent in an. /e))eting /erati n.

$.& 'creening or Grading

4 $e si,ting is ne&essar. in t"e /r %'&ti n , /e))ets an% &r'$*)es. 4$a)) ,rag$ents :,ines; are /r %'&e% as " t! $ ist /e))ets are &'t ,, ,r $ t"e %ie insi%e t"e /e))et &"a$*er! an% as /e))ets /ass t"r 'g" t"e & )ing an% & n#e.ing e-'i/$ent. +ines $a. *e ret'rne% t t"e /e))et $i)) , r re/r &essing r 'se% as ,ee% , r ,r.. T"ere are $an. t./es , si,ting an% gra%ing s.ste$s * t" $an'a) an% $e&"ani3e%. M st s"a0e r r tate ,r $ si%e t si%e 1it" $ateria) /assing #er s&reens , s/e&i,ie% /enings an% & #ere% t & n,ine %'st t t"e e-'i/$ent. 4i,ting is t"e )ast /r &ess in $an',a&t're ,

/e))ets an% &r'$*)es an% t"is e-'i/$ent s" ')% *e ) &ate% 8'st a* #e t"e *agging r ,ina) %is&"arge *in.

$.: Use o/

ard Pellets

Test ,ee%ing in %irt7* tt $e% / n%s r n ,ee%ing /)at, r$s 1it" $inn 1s! g )%,is"! &at,is"! tr 't! &ar/! an% *',,a) ,is" "as s" 1n t"at , r ,inger)ings an% )arger ,is"! /e))ets /r #i%e a /".si&a) /r /ert. 1"i&" i$/r #es t"e e& n $. , 'sing arti,i&ia) ,ee%s. Ver. s$a)) ,is" "a#e s" 1n *etter gr 1t" an% ,ee% & n#ersi n 1it" /e))ete% ,ee%s! e#en t" se 1"i&" %isintegrate *e, re ingesti n! t"an 1it" t"e sa$e , r$')a in $ea) , r$. T"e & n&entrati n , ,ee% in a )i$ite% s/a&e an% t"e ina*i)it. , ,is" t se)e&t an% re8e&t &ertain ingre%ients! are ,a&t rs in ,a# 'r , 'sing /e))ets. 5s ,is" gr 1 )arger! $an. s/e&ies st / a&&e/ting s$a)) ,ee% /arti&)es an% s's/en%e% s )i%s as s'//)ie% in $ea)7t./e ,ee%s! an% $ st , t"ese <,ines< are ) st r *e& $e ,erti)i3er. T *e e,,e&ti#e , r s $e ,is"! ,ee%s $'st retain a *ite7si3e te2t're. + r ,is" 1it" gi))7ra0ers $anage% *. a ,ee%ing /r gra$$e , /)an0t ni& *) $s an% arti,i&ia) s'//)e$enta) ,ee%s! /e))ets $a. *e 'ne& n $i&a) i, s',,i&ient nat'ra) , % is a#ai)a*)e. H 1e#er! in ne1).7,i))e% / n%s r t" se 1it" ne1 * tt $s an% in tan0s! / )s! an% ra&e1a.s! a & $/)ete ,ee% in /e))et , r$ "as res')te% in *etter ,ee% & n#ersi n t"an $ea) ,ee%s. On&e a nat'ra) , % , rage "as *een esta*)is"e% in a / n% an% #ita$in a%%iti#es &an *e e)i$inate% ,r $ t"e , r$')a! t"e e& n $i&s , /e))eting #ers's $ea) ,ee%ing s" ')% *e st'%ie% in ter$s , $an',a&t'ring & st an% ,ee% & n#ersi n. It "as *een %e$ nstrate% t"at /e))ets &an *e 'se% t se)e&ti#e). ,ee% )arger ,is"! /er$itting t"e$ t gr 1 ra/i%). t $ar0et si3e 1it" 't & $/eting 1it" s$a))er ,is" , r t"e sa$e ,ee%. 5 series , tests n a&&e/ta*i)it. , /e))ets *. &at,is" is , interest "ere 1>. C"anne) &at,is" :I&ta)'r's /'n&tat's;! *)'e &at,is" :I&ta)'r's &at's; 1ere *ser#e% #er t1 gr 1t" seas ns. Pe))ets , a stan%ar% , r$')a :see Ta*)e 1; 1ere /)a&e% n saran s&reen tra.s , t1 t./es. One a* 't ?@ &$ G 12@ &$ 1as ) 1ere% t t"e / n% * tt $ an% raise% , r ) a%ing an% ins/e&ti n *. atta&"$ent t a tri/ % ) &ate% n t"e )e#ee :/ n% *an0;. T"e t"er t./e 1as ,ree t *e /)a&e% %ire&t). n t"e / n% * tt $ at an. ) &ati n an% ) a%e% an% raise% *. "an%. Pe))ets 1ere a)s /)a&e% n t"e / n% * tt $ an% re& #ere% *. E0$an %re%ge. +is" 1ere seine% at inter#a)s , ten $in'tes t an " 'r a,ter ,ee%ing , r ana).ses , st $a&" & ntents. Tests & n%'&te% at t"e +is" +ar$ing E2/eri$enta) 4tati n! U.4. +is" an% Wi)%)i,e 4er#i&e! 4t'ttgart! 5r0ansas
1>

Ta+le 1 6ater 'ta+ilit. o/ Test Pellets !ade /ro! a 'tandard For!%la as Meas%red +. the Percentage o/ 'olids Retained on a 'creen a/ter Ten Min%tes in ;%iet 6ater
Treat!ent 6H ge)atini3e% & rn s )i%s :%r.; 6H *ent nite C ntr ) , r$')a 7 'ngr 'n% 6H g'ar $ea) 6H ge)atini3e% & rn s )i%s 7 1et C ntr ) , r$')a gr 'n% t"r 'g" 2 $$ s&reen 6H ri&e $i)) %'st! A6 $i&r ns %ia$eter 6H s .*ean ,) 'r 6H )ignin s'), nate Percent Retained D6.@ DD.? E@.@ E@.2 E2.@ E3.@ E3.@ E4.@ E4.@

6H ri&e $i)) %'st si,te% t"r 'g" 1D@ $i&r ns 1@H ri&e $i)) %'st si,te% t"r 'g" 1D@ $i&r ns 2@H ri&e $i)) %'st si,te% t"r 'g" 1D@ $i&r ns

E?.2 ED.2 ED.6

Pe))ets , 3 $$ %ia$eter 1ere rea%i). a&&e/te% *. ,is" 1eig"ing ,r $ 6 t 1 6@@ gra$s! a)) ,is" ingesting /e))ets , 3 t E $$ )engt". +is" 1eig"ing $ re t"an 226 gra$s a&&e/te% /e))ets , 6 $$ %ia$eter G 6 $$ )engt"! an% ,is" 464 gra$s an% #er a&&e/te% ? $$ %ia$eter G ? $$ )engt" /e))ets. Har% /e))ets , 13 $$ %ia$eter G 13 $$ )engt" 1ere n t rea%i). a&&e/te% *. an. test ,is". Ten $in'tes a,ter ,ee%ing in 1ater at te$/erat'res , 26 t 36F C! ,r $ ,i#e t nine /er&ent , t ta) ,is" 1eig"t 1as 1et st $a&" & ntents. T"is 1as e-'i#a)ent t ne t t"ree /er&ent ,is" 1eig"t as %r. /e))ets. In t"e /r &ess , ingesting /e))ets! ,is" & ns'$e% 1ater s t"at st $a&" & ntents 1ere , 'n% t *e A@ t D@ /er&ent $ ist're. One " 'r a,ter ,ee%ing! a* 't A6 /er&ent , t"e t ta) gastr 7intestina) & ntents re$aine% in t"e st $a&"! & nsi%era*)e a$ 'nts , /r tein an% ,at 1ere g ne ,r $ t"e , % $ass in t"e intestines! t"e 1ater & ntent in t"e st $a&" "a% in&rease%! an% t"e ,is" a*% $ina) &a#it. 1as sti)) great). %isten%e%.

$.<

a)ards o/ Feeding

ard Pellets

+ r s $e ,is" t"ere is a %anger , #er7,ee%ing 1it" "ar% /e))ets! &a'sing s1e))ing an% r'/t're , t"e st $a&". O#er7,ee%ing a)s $e&"ani&a)). , r&es /e))ets /ast t"e / int , gastri& a&ti#it.! res')ting in ine,,i&ient %igesti n. 5n t"er "a3ar% 1it" 'se , "ar% /e))ets $a. &&'r %'ring 1inter ,ee%ing 1"en ,is" ingest a ,')) st $a&" &a/a&it. n a 1ar$ %a. , )) 1e% *. a /eri % , & )% 1eat"er. T"is $a. res')t in ,er$entati n , 'n%igeste% ,ee% in t"e st $a&" 1it" gas , r$ati n. +is" $a. ,) at '/si%e % 1n! e2/ se% t e2tre$es in air te$/erat'res an% /re%ati n.

$.8 Pellet

ardness and 'ta+ilit.

I%ea) /e))ets )'re ,is" *. t"eir si3e! s"a/e! an% rgan )e/ti& /r /erties an% are a#ai)a*)e in 1ater 1it" 't ) ss , & $/ nents. T"is )ast ,a&t r! &a))e% </e))et -'a)it.< is i$/ rtant , r g % ,ee% & n#ersi n. 5 $eas're , /e))et -'a)it. as a//)ie% t %r. ,ee%ing & n%iti ns is t"e a$ 'nt , s$a)) *r 0en /ie&es , ,ines &reate% %'ring "an%)ing. t"is $a. *e re)ate% t t"e a*rasi#e /ress're re-'ire% t *rea0 t"e$ % 1n. H 1e#er! %r. /e))et -'a)it. e2/resse% as "ar%ness r in t"e /er&entage , ,ines % es n t ne&essari). & rre)ate 1it" 1ater sta*i)it.. T"e a#erage "ig"7-'a)it. ,ee% /e))et $a%e , r / ')tr.! s1ine! an% *ee,! "ig" in &erea) grains! *e& $es $'s". 1it"in $in'tes a,ter i$$ersi n in 1ater. T"ere is e#i%en&e t"at & arse7 te2t're% ,ee%s! 1ater s )'*)e! an% ".gr s& /i& ingre%ients 1ea0en /e))et str'&t're in 1ater! a)) 1ing & $/ nents t se/arate an% $a0ing t"e ,ee% n). /artia)). a&&e/te%. 5 )a* rat r. te&"ni-'e , r $eas'ring /e))et sta*i)it. in 1ater is 'se,') , r esta*)is"ing ,ee% , r$')ati n an% /r &essing s/e&i,i&ati ns. One s'&" test 1"i&" "as gi#en re/r %'&i*)e #a)'es an% s" 1n g % & rre)ati n 1it" /e))et re& #er. ,r $ ,ee%ing /)at, r$s an% * tt $ sa$/)ing= %e#i&es! is as , )) 1s9 :a; 1@ gra$s , /e))ets , e-'a) %ia$eter an% )engt" are %istri*'te% 'ni, r$). n a s&reen tra. a//r 2i$ate). 1@@ &$2 in an area 1it" raise% si%es. Mes" /enings are s)ig"t). )ess t"an /e))et %ia$eter.

:*; D'/)i&ate sa$/)es are ) 1ere% int -'iet 1ater , an a-'ari'$ r tan0. I, &)'$/ing r ,) ating &&'rs! a /ie&e , &'t s&reen is /)a&e% n t / , t"e /e))ets t " )% t"e$ 'n%er 1ater in a s&attere% / siti n. :&; 5,ter 1@ $in'tes t"e tra.s are re$ #e% ,r $ 1ater! s)ante% t %rain! an% /)a&e% in a $ ist're #en at 13@FC , r 2 " 'rs! t"en & )e% in a %essi&at r. :%; T"e resi%'e n t"e s&reen is re& r%e% as %r. s )i%s n t ) st in 1ater. T ta) s )i%s in 1@ gra$s , air7%r. /e))ets are %eter$ine% *. #en7%r. %'/)i&ate sa$/)es. N'trients ) st *. )ea&"ing in 1ater $a. *e $eas're% at t"is / int *. ,ree3e7%r.ing t"e resi%'e n tra.s an% & $/aring t"e &"e$i&a) ana).sis 1it" 'ntreate% /e))ets. :e; T"e rati , %r. s )i%s n t"e s&reen a,ter 1@ $in'tes in 1ater t t ta) %r. s )i%s in air7%r. /e))ets! is 'se% as a & $/arati#e $eas're , /e))et 1ater sta*i)it.. D'ring t"e ear). %a.s , 'sing "ar% /e))ets , r ,is" &')t're! a ran% $ se)e&ti n , & $$er&ia) ,ee% 1as e2a$ine% , r 1ater sta*i)it. *. t"is te&"ni-'e an% n ne 1as , 'n% t "a#e $ re t"an ?@ /er&ent retenti n a,ter 1@ $in'tes in 1ater. T *tain $ re sta*)e ,is" ,ee% /e))ets an% t"ere*. i$/r #e ,ee% & n#ersi n! g'i%e)ines , r t"e in%'str. "a#e *een /r / se% as , )) 1s9 :i; (e, re /e))eting! grin% t"e $i2e% ,ee% t"r 'g" a 2 $$ s&reen t an e,,e&ti#e si3e , 126 $i&r ns. :ii; Re/)a&e at )east 6 /er&ent , a n n7essentia) ingre%ient 1it" an rgani& ,) 'r s'&" as ri&e %'st! %rie% 1 % /')/ )i-' r! 1"eat en% s/er$! r t"er *in%er.1> :iii; O/erate t"e /e))et $i)) at its /ti$'$ rate% a$/erage , r $a2i$'$ & $/ressi n an% e2tr'si n /ress'res. :i#; 5%% s',,i&ient %r. stea$ t & n%iti n t"e s ,t ,ee% t a te$/erat're , D67E@FC! t"'s &a'sing ge)atini3ati n , ra1 star&" n t"e s'r,a&e , a)) star&"7& ntaining ingre%ients. :#; C
1>

) an% %r. /e))ets *e, re & n#e.ing t st rage r *ag7 ,, *ins.

+ r$')ae & ntaining 26 7 3@ /er&ent gr 'n% 1"eat r *./r %'&ts , 1"eat en% s/er$! $a. n t re-'ire t"e 'se , a *in%er. Ta*)e 1 s" 1s t"e , r$')a , a stan%ar% ,ee% 'se% in testing 1ater sta*i)it. , /e))ets. It is t./i&a) , & $$er&ia) &at,is" rati ns 'se% in t"e s 't"ern /art , t"e Unite% 4tates. (asi&a)). it & $/)ies 1it" t"e re-'ire$ents , a 3@ /er&ent /r tein ,ee%! 26 /er&ent , 1"i&" is , ani$a) s 'r&e! 1it" a /r tein t &a) rie rati , E@ :gra$s /r tein in 1@@ gra$s ,ee% G 1@@ %i#i%e% *. 0&a)>1@@ gra$s ,ee%;. Ta+le 2 Ph.sical Meas%re!ents O/ Pellet 'ta+ilit. o/ a 'tandard Cat/ish Feed
Process 3aria+le Ungr 'n%! n stea$! t"in %ie Ungr 'n%! n stea$! t"i&0 %ie Ungr 'n%! a%%e% stea$! t"in %ie Ungr 'n%! a%%e% stea$! t"i&0 %ie 6ater sta+ilit. = retained 1> !in%tes in r%nning 9ater 21.6 24.3 31.3 AD.E ?ro@en +. 'to@es pellet hardness tester 3er /ress're 3er /ress're 1 0g 3 0g

Gr 'n%! n stea$! t"in %ie Gr 'n%! n stea$ t"i&0 %ie Gr 'n%! a%%e% stea$! t"in %ie Gr 'n%! a%%e% stea$! t"i&0 %ie Gr 'n% /)'s 2@H ge)atini3e% / tat star&" an% ?H a%%e% 1ater! n stea$

?6.D A4.6 D4.E DD.@ ED.E

3 0g 4 0g D 0g 13 0g 2@ 0g

N te9 Water $ #e$ent t"r 'g" t"e test & ntainer $a. *e 'se% as an a)ternati#e t 'se , -'iet 1ater. Ta*)e 2 s" 1s t"e 1ater sta*i)it. , gr 'n% an% 'ngr 'n% stan%ar% ,ee% :see Ta*)e 1; an% t"e e,,e&ts , re/)a&ing 6 /er&ent , ri&e *ran 1it" #ari 's rgani& an% $inera) $ateria)s s'ggeste% as *in%ers. + r$')ae , r & $$ n an% $irr r &ar/ are si$i)ar t t" se , r &at,is" 1it" t"e e2&e/ti n t"at gr 'n% 1"eat 1i)) re/)a&e ri&e *ran r 1"eat ,,a). Hig"71"eat ,ee%s are #er. 1ater7sta*)e i, /r /er). stea$ & n%iti ne% *e, re & $/ressi n an% e2tr'si n in a /e))et $i)). +ee%s ) 1 in! star&" re-'ire a t"i&0 ring %ie an% e2tra stea$ , r & n%iti ning. 4/e&ia) *in%ers , star&" rigin /r #i%e s $e %egree , 1ater sta*i)it. , r /e))ets $a%e 1it" ) 17star&" , r$')ae.

$.A Floating Pellets

+is" ,ee%s $a. *e /e))ete% *. 1"at is s $eti$es &a))e% t"e <e2tr'si n< /r &ess! t"ere*. e2/an%ing rat"er t"an & $/ressing t"e #ari 's ingre%ients. Variati ns in , r$')ati n an% /r &essing a)) 1 a 1i%e range in *')0 %ensit.= @.26. t @.3 g>&& *eing & $$ n , r ,is" ,ee%ing. T"is ,eat're $a0es t"e$ attra&ti#e , r &ertain t./es , ,is" &')t're. +is" $a. *e *ser#e% 1"i)e eating an% t"e a$ 'nt , ,ee% )i$ite% t t"at 1"i&" is a&&e/te%. T"e n'$*er , ,is" in a 1ater i$/ 'n%$ent an% t"eir "ea)t" &an *e *ser#e% 1it" 't sa$/)ing. In genera)! t"e /r &essing , e2/ansi n , e2tr'si n & nsists ,9 :a; & n%iti ning s ,t ,ee% 1"i&" is in $ea) , r$ t & ntain 2673@ /er&ent 1ater! :*; & n#e.ing t"is & n%iti ne% ,ee% *. a'ger int a /ress're7sea)e% &.)in%er! :&; in8e&ting stea$! t"'s %e&reasing ,ri&ti n , $ateria) 1it"in t"e &.)in%er an% in&reasing ge)atini3ati n , ra1 star&"! :%; e2tr'%ing t at$ s/"eri& /ress're! a)$ st e2/) %ing t"e $ateria) t"r 'g" " )es in t"e %ie /)ate at t"e en% , t"e &.)in%er! :e; &'tting ,, t"e e2tr'%ing ri** n at t"e 'tsi%e , t"e %ie /)ate *. a r tating 0ni,e! an% :,; %r.ing t"e /e))ets in a "ig"7te$/erat're #en at a* 't 12@ C t a $ ist're & ntent s'ita*)e , r st rage. 4e#era) %etai)s s" ')% *e a%%e% t t"is genera) /r &ess %es&ri/ti n , r a *etter 'n%erstan%ing , ,) ating /e))ets. T"e ,ee% , r$')a is i$/ rtant in *taining a %esire% e2/an%ing te2t're. Cerea) grains &an *e e2/an%e% t a #er. ) 1 *')0 %ensit.! 1"ereas /r tein & n&entrates ) 1 in star&" $a. re$ain 'na)tere% in *')0 %ensit.. Ra1 star&" is a re-'ire$ent , a g % ,) ating /e))et= E@ /er&ent *eing ge)atini3e% %'ring t"e 3@ t ?@ se& n%s t"e ,ee% is in t"e e2/an%er &.)in%er. Press're *'i)%s '/ t se#era) at$ s/"eres %'e

t , r1ar% /assage , t"e $ateria) int a s$a))er # )'$e. 4'/eri$/ se% stea$ &a'ses a "ig" /r %'&t te$/erat're! &"anging t"e & nsisten&. , t"e $ateria) ,r $ a ,ree7,) 1ing $ea) t a % 'g". (. t"e s'%%en re)ease , /ress're at t"e %is&"arge en%! t"e ,ee% ass'$es a </',,e% ri&e< te2t're )i0e s $e *rea0,ast , %s an% sna&0s. + )) 1ing #en %r.ing! a stan%ar% /e))et & )er is ,ten 'se% t ) 1er /r %'&t te$/erat're a,ter interna) $ ist're is )ess t"an 13 /er&ent. E#en 1it" t"is treat$ent! /re#i 's "ig" te$/erat'res /artia)). %estr . "eat7)a*i)e #ita$ins an% %e&rease t"e a#ai)a*i)it. , s $e a$in a&i%s. Rat"er t"an #er7, rti,.ing t"e , r$')a *e, re /e))eting! as is % ne , r /re/arati n , "ar% /e))ets! "eat7sensiti#e a%%iti#es $a. *e s/ra.e% nt e2/an%e% /e))ets a,ter e2tr'si n. (i ) gi&a) tests 'n%er / n% & n%iti ns 1it" nat'ra) , % a#ai)a*)e "a#e s" 1n n %i,,eren&e in gr 1t" , &at,is" an% g )%,is" 'sing a , r$')a ,ee% /r &esse% *. "ar% /e))eting an% *. t"e e2tr'si n /r &ess. 5)s n signi,i&ant %i,,eren&e 1as , 'n% &"e$i&a)). in t ta) &r'%e /r tein r in in%i#i%'a) a$in a&i%s , r se#era) , r$')a ,ee%s ea&" /re/are% as "ar% /e))ets an% as e2tr'%e% /e))ets. H 1e#er! testing ,is" gr 1t" in tan0s an% &ages "as re#ea)e% a /artia) %estr'&ti n , s $e n'trients in e2tr'%e% ,ee%s. T"ere is e#i%en&e t"at ,is" ,e% 1it" ,) ating /e))ets & ntain $ re )i#er an% * %. ,at t"an t" se ,e% t"e sa$e , r$')a ,ee% /r &esse% as a "ar% /e))et. T"is $a. *e %'e t t"e in&rease% %igesti*i)it. , t"e &ar* ".%rate /art , t"e rati n. T"e e2/ansi n /r &ess is e2/ensi#e & $/are% 1it" t"er $et" %s , ,ee% $an',a&t're in ter$s , e-'i/$ent & st! "eat 'se% in generating stea$ an% in #en7%r.ing! an% in ) ss , n'trients. It $a. *e & n&)'%e% t"at t"e #a)'e , e2tr'%e% /e))ets7is *est $eas're% *. /ra&ti&a) ,ee%ing tests 'sing %ata n ,ee% & n#ersi n! & st , $anage$ent! an% a&&e/ta*i)it. *. ,is" as %e&i%ing ,a&t rs.