13100

.
14.1 A numerical example of NUM
:
(a).
:

(b).
,

, [ ]

.


, [ ]
. :
t=1:
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:
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(

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.

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)}

 :
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t=1

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.5

1.5

t=2

1.5

0.5

0.6667

0.5

1.1667

1.6667

t=3

1.6667

1.6667

0.6

0.6

0.6

1.2

1.8667

t=4

1.8667

1.8667

0.5357

0.5357

0.5357

1.0714

1.9381

t=5

1.9381

1.9381

0.5159

0.5159

0.5159

1.0319

1.970

t=6

1.970

1.970

0.5076

0.5076

0.5076

1.0152

1.9852

t=7

1.9852

1.9852

0.5037

0.5037

0.5037

1.0074

1.9927

t=8

1.9927

1.9927

0.5018

0.5018

0.5018

1.0037

1.9964

t=9

1.9964

1.9964

0.5009

0.5009

0.5009

1.0018

1.9982

t=10

1.9982

1.9982

0.5005

0.5005

0.5005

1.0001

1.9991

(c).
1 1. ..

14.2 TCP slow start

(a). slow start
1 acknowledgement
congestion avoidance

acknowledgement .
slow start
acknowledgements (
RTT), congestion avoidance 1 .
RTT congestion avoidance :
, , slow start
:
.

(b).
. - 4 RTTs
slow start :
sender

receiver

cwnd=1
RTT 1
cwnd=2
RTT 2
cwnd=4
RTT 3

cwnd=8
RTT 4
cwnd=16

14.3 TCP Reno congestion window

(a). (
:
[ ]

, ,

.
(b).
, o
[

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0.
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