Digital Communication

Lecture Two

1/26/2011

Today
Frequency Domain & Time Domain Analysis Spectrum of pulse train Pulse Modulation Sampling Quantization Pulse code Modulation (PCM)
1/26/2011 2

Frequency Domain & Time Domain Analysis:

Frequency domain is a term used to describe the analysis of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency. A time domain graph shows how a signal changes over time

1/26/2011

1/26/2011

Fourier Series
aO 2 h (t ) !  T T
g

(a
n !1

cos [ O nt  bn sin [ O nt )

h(t ) !
2 n


2 n

2
1 2

C
n !1

cos(

nt  Jn )
1

C n ! (a  b )
1/26/2011

 bn J n ! tan an
5

1. Spectrum of a periodic pulse train

1/26/2011

1/26/2011

Composite Signals
a signal made of many simple sine waves combination of simple sine waves with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases A digital signal is a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth. Bandwidth = Highest Frequency Lowest Frequency
1/26/2011 8

1/26/2011

Transmission of Digital Signals

Baseband Transmission: means sending a digital signal over a channel without changing the digital signal to analog signal. Baseband Transmission requires a low-pass channel, a channel with a bandwidth that starts from zero. Broadband Transmission (Using Modulation): It requires a Bandpass channel.
1/26/2011 10

1/26/2011

11

1/26/2011

12

yBaseband transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital signal is possible only if we have a lowpass channel with an infinite or very wide bandwidth. yIn baseband transmission, the required bandwidth is proportional to the bit rate; if we need to send bits faster, we need more bandwidth.
1/26/2011 13

2. Pulse Modulation
describes the process in which the amplitude, width or position of individual pulses in a periodic pulse train are varied with the amplitude of a baseband information g(t).

1/26/2011

14

3. Sampling:
It is the process of selecting values of a continuous function at specific (and equally spaced) times. There are 2 types of sampling: Natural sampling Flat-topped sampling

1/26/2011

15

Examples of Sampling:

1/26/2011

16

Nyquist sampling theorem

If a band-limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate equal to or higher than twice the highest significant signal frequency, then the sample contains all the information of the original signal. The original signal may then be reconstructed by use of a low-pass filter.
1/26/2011 17

Continued
or, a continuous signal can be properly sampled, only if it does not contain frequency components above one-half of the sampling rate.

1/26/2011

18

Continued Fs u 2 fmax
Where Fs is the sampling frequency or rate.

1/26/2011

19

Examples:
4-kHz voice channel: sampling rate is 8000 times per second . A sample is taken every 125 Qsec, A 15-kHz program channel: sampling rate is 30,000 times per second An analog radar product channel 56-kHz wide: sampling rate is 112,000 times per second

1/26/2011

20

1/26/2011

21

4. Quantization:
Quantization is the process of approximating the continuous values in a signal with a finite set of values. To quantize the amplitude, the range of values is divided into parts (segments). Every quantization segment is represented by a unique digital word.
1/26/2011 22

Types of quantizers
1. Uniform Quantizer: A quantizer is uniform if the levels are equally spaced (step size (() is constant) 2. Non-uniform Quantizer: In this type the levels are not of equal size. Implementing non-uniform quantizers is difficult. Thus, they are rarely used.

1/26/2011

23

Uniform Quantizer

VM (!2 L

X N ! (

VmaxVmin (! L

( is the quantization step VM is the maximum input voltage L is the number of quantization levels n is the number of bits in the codeword N is the result of amplitude quantization X is the analog amplitude value
1/26/2011 24

Example
The following table shows an analog signal values taken at discrete time intervals Use a 4 bit quantizer to find the output codewords Time 0 1 2 3 4 5
1/26/2011

signal value 2.20 1.84 -0.08 -1.07 -0.02 0.42

Time 6 7 8 9 10

signal value 1.8 1.3 1.0 -0.5 -1.12

25

Quantization Error

SNRdB = 6.02n + 1.76 dB

1/26/2011

26

5. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

There are three steps in the development of a PCM signal from that analog model: 1. Sampling; 2. Quantization; and 3. Coding.

1/26/2011

27

PCM standards
1. The North American standard, (called T1) we prefer the term DS1 PCM hierarchy. 2. E1 hierarchy, sometimes refer to as the European system. E1 was called CEPT30+2, where CEPT stood for Conference European Post and Telegraph (from the French).
1/26/2011 28

PCM Encoder

1/26/2011

29

PCM Decoder

1/26/2011

30

1/26/2011

31

1/26/2011

32

DS1 Frame
Sampling frequency 8000 Hz Output bit rate 1.544 Mbps + 50 Mbps Bits/Frame 193 Time slots/Frame 24 Signaling Eight bit of every 6th frame

1/26/2011

33

Continued

1/26/2011

34

Continued
This makes up a full sequence or frame. By definition, 8000 frames are transmitted per second, so the bit rate of DS1 is: 193 v 8000 1,544,000 bps or 1.544 Mbps

1/26/2011

35

The E1 European PCM system

32 channels 30 transmit speech (or data) derived from incoming telephone trunks and the remaining 2 channels transmit synchronization-alignment and signaling information

1/26/2011

36

Continued
TS 0 1-15 16 1717 -31
1/26/2011

Type of Information Synchronizing (framing) Speech signaling speech

37

Continued
E1 in its primary rate format transmits 32 channels of 8-bit time slots. An E1 frame therefore has 8v32 = 256 bits. There is no framing bit. Framing alignment is carried out in TS 0. The E1 bit rate to the line is: 256v8000 = 2,048,000 bps or 2.048 Mbps.

1/26/2011

38