22.

8 Faradays Law in Integral Form In the precending sections of this chapter the concept of induced emfs has been presented from a purely experimental standpoint. Fist note that the existence of an induced emf implies the existence of an induced electric field. To see this, consider the single loop. We assume that the loop is in a uniform but changing magnetic field B directed into the page.

In the particular situation under discussion, all points on the loop are equivalent because of circular symmetry. It is therefore not correct to picture the induced emf as being localized at

any particular point on the loop. For many purposes, it is as though a single battery with emf were placed in the loop. However, a more realistic picture would be that of a huge number of tiny batteries all in series extending around the loop. The sum of their emfs would be . This crude model may be described as follows : between the ends of a little segment of the loop separated by a length , there is an emf . The sum of these emfs around the entire loop . Expressed as an equation,

is equal to the induced emf in the loop, namely, Where the sum is to extend around the loop. However, length element

is equal to the potential difference . We can therefore replace by

between the two ends of the little

to give

Further, since end of

is by definition the work done in crrying a unit positive charge from one , where

to the other, it is related to the electric field E by the relation . substituting this value for

is the component of E along limit of small ,

, we obtain, after passing to the

 We can replace by E.ds. Moreover . But since the area vector can have

either of two directions (both perpendicular directions to the area), we need yet to specify it.

In fact, if you review the precending steps, you will see that none of the critical arguments made use of in fact that the loop had any particular shape. It is one form of faradays law