Tóm Tắt Lý Thuyết Và PP Giải Bài Tập Vật Lí 12

Tm Tt L Thuyt V PP Gii Bi Tp Vt L 12 - Nm Hc 201 ! 201" !
Tp 1
L#$ %&' ()* B+( H,
Ngay nay chung ta phi xy dng li c
ma t tin li cho chung ta, lam sao
cho chung ta theo kip cac nuoc khac trn
toan cu. Trong cng cuc kin thit o, nha
nuoc trng mong cho oi o cac em rt
nhiu. Non sng Vit Nam co tro nn tui
ep hay khng, dn tc Vit Nam co buoc
toi ai vinh quang sanh vai cung cac
cuong quc nm chu uoc hay khng
chinh la nho mt phn lon o cng hoc tp
cua cac em.
(Th gi cc em hc sinh nhn ngy khai
trng u tin ca nc Vit Nam n
ch c!ng h"a# thng $%&$'()*
----- -----
Khng co vic gi kho
Chi so long khng bn
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
1
Tm Tt L Thuyt V PP Gii Bi Tp Vt L 12 - Nm Hc 201 ! 201" ! Tp 1
Dao nui va lp bin
Quyt chi t lam nn.
+,u th- .c t/ng 0-n 12 thanh nin 3ung
4h5ng 6&7 8m ng t9i 3: ,;m <ing#
.9ch Th=ng# .>c ?9n# ngy 7@%6%&$(&)
----- -----
>?15 @Au hB Chi ChD15 EitF chG @Au hB
Chi ChD15 hc4
----------

HN TIP
14 Ji1 thKc t/L1 cM E12
N4 >0/ hm cON mPt .Q hm cM E1 .R
ST15 tU/15 Vt L2
Hm .Q >0/ hm
y sinx y` cosx
y cosx y` - sinx
E4 (Lc cD15 thKc :VW15 5iLc cM E12
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
2
2sin
2
a 1 cos2a - c/. X c/.Y Z [-
sina cos(a
2
)
2cos
2
a 1 cos2a sina cos(a -
2
)
sina cosa
)
4
sin( 2

+ a
- cosa cos(a

)
sina - cosa
)
4
sin( 2

a
cosa -
sina
)
4
sin( 2

a
3
sin3 3sin 4sin a a a
3
cos3 4cos 3cos a a a
c4 Gii phVM15 tU81h :VW15 5iLc cM E12
sin

+
+

2
2
sin
k a
k a
a
cos
2 cos k a a + t

S4 BAt \]15 thKc (D-.i2
A a A a . 2 +
; (a, b
0, du khi a b)
94 >^1h : Vi9t2
y 3
a
c
B y 3
a
A
C y 3
,
.

+
la nghim cua X
2

SX P 0
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
3
(h_ 2 y ax
2
bx c; y
min
thi x
a
A
2
;
Di x
0
ra rad:
180
0
3
`4 (Lc 5iL tU^ 5a1 \_152
2

10; 314
100
; 0,318
1
;
0,636
2
; 0,159
2
1
; 1,41
3 73 , 1 ; 2
----------
bi cD15 -icc th1h \0t \du 1he .f Cig1
tU8 - :h15 .Ny mg4
BiNG (H) (+$ H$L*P
J hicu i1
h/N
J hicu i1
thVe15
>c J
.Q
A

alpha 1
B

bta 2

gamma 3

denta 4
E

epxilon 5
Z

zta 7
H

ta 8
tta 9
I

ita 10
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
4
K

kapa 20

lamda 30
M

muy 40
N

nuy 50

kxi 60
O

mikron 70

pi 80
P

r 100

xichma 200
T

t 300

upxilon 400

phi 500
X

khi 600

Pxi 700

Omga 800
----------
Thnh cng khng c bc chn ca k
li bing
----------
j ch : .Kc m01h \k Et \au cD15 -icc
mPt cLch \_15 :_c4
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
5
Chi ChD15 hc4
----------
24 Ji1 thKc Vt L2
>l$ bmT 3n >oN Vp (o BiN
JhQi :VW15 N15 :VW15 h0t
1hq1
1g 10
-3
kg 1u 931,5MeV
1kg 10
3
g 1eV 1,6.10
-19
J
1 tn 10
3
kg 1MeV 1,6.10
-13
J
1ounce 28,35g 1u 1,66055.10
-
27
kg
1pound 453,6g (h_ 2 1N/cm
100N/m
(hidu Si 1vtv 150.10
6
km
1nm as
1cm 10
-2
m V1 tQc
1mm 10
-3
m 18km/h 5m/s
1
m 10
-6
m 36km/h 10m/s
1nm 10
-9
m 54km/h 15m/s
1pm 10
-12
m 72km/h 20m/s
1A
0
10
-10
m N15 :VW15 \ic1
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
6
1inch 2,540cm 1mW 10
-3
W
1Ioot 30,48cm 1KW 10
3
W
1mile 1609m 1MW 10
6
W
1 hi li 1852m 1GW 10
9
W
>P ph15 @0 1mH 10
-3
H
1Ci 3,7.10
10
Bq 1
H 10
-6
H
bKc cVe15 \P
qm
1
F 10
-6
F
1B 10dB 1mA 10
-3
A
N15 :VW15 1BTU 1055,05J
1KJ 10
3
J 1BTU/h 0,2930W
1J 24calo 1HP 746W
1Calo 0,48J 1CV 736W
r >oN Vp (HstN TuvNG Hw 3$
Y3y.t9m9 $1t9U1Nti/1N:[
Dn vi chiu dai: mxt Ym[
Dn vi thoi gian: 5iqy Y.[
Dn vi khi luong: Ci:D5Nm YC5[
Dn vi nhit : C91-i1 YJ[
Dn vi cuong dong in: Nmp9 Y*[
Dn vi cuong sang: cN1\g:N Y(S[
Dn vi luong cht: m/: Ym/:[
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
7
(h_ 2 cac bi va uoc v n vi chun va
su dung may tinh Casio.
4 >P15 hc chAt \ikm2
N4 (huyk1 \P15 th]15 \du2 - X
c/1.ty N X 0
E4 (huyk1 \P15 th]15 Ei1 \Bi \du2
c5nst a 5 1 ;
at 1 1 +
0

0
0
t t
1 1
t
1
a

2
0
2
1
at t 1 s +

as 1 1 2 0
2 2

c4 uMi tf S/2
2
2
1
gt h
gh 1 2 gt 1

gh 1 2
2
S4 (huyk1 \P15 tUh1 \du2

D
T
1 2

E 1
2
2
E
E
1
a
ht

. t
"4 (Lc :fc cM hc2
z >^1h :ut $$ N9{T/12
a m F
h8

N4 TU15 :fc2
g m B

>P :|12
mg B
E4 Lfc mN .Lt2
mg N F
c4 Lfc hV|15 tqm2
E
1
m ma F
ht ht
2

S4 Lfc \1 \1 h}i2
) ( 8 k k3 F
Gh

~4 (Lc \^1h :ut E/ t/12
N4 >P15 1152
2
1
2
G
H m1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
m1 m1 I
E4 Th 1152
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
8
z Th 115 tU15 tUVe152
mgh mgJ H
t

2 1
mgJ mgJ I
z Th 115 \1 h}i2
2 2
) (
2
1
2
1
8 k k3 H
t

c4 >^1h :ut E/ t/1 \P15 :VW152
c5nst 4 4 +
2 1

z Hc hNi -t -N ch0m2
'
2 2
'
1 1 2 2 1 1
1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m

+ +
z Nu -N ch0m mdm2
V m m 1 m 1 m

) (
2 1 2 2 1 1
+ +
S4 >^1h :ut E/ t/1 cM 1152
2 1
H H
HNy
2 2 1 1 t G t G
H H H H + +
----------
=4 >ic1 tch2
N4 >^1h :ut (u-:D152
]
2
2 1
r
K K
k F
V|i C
X ;410
;
E4 (Ve15 \P \ic1 tUVe152
]
2
r
L
k M
c4 Lfc L/-U91-@M c2
sin 1. K D
N
o q: in tich cua ht (C)

o v: vn tc cua ht (m/s)
o
) , ( . 1

o B: cm ung tu (T)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
9
o N
D
: lc lo-ren-x (N)
Nu chG c :fc L/U91t tLc ST15 :g1
h0t -
0
90 ) , ( . 1

thi ht chuyn ng tron

u. Khi vt chuyn ng tron u thi lc
Lorenzt ong vai tro la lc huong tm.
Ban kinh qu o: . K
m1
E
r4 %h15 \ic1 1 chidu Y%([2
N4 >^1h :ut Hm ch/ \/01 m0ch2
E
O
P
I
t
K
R
U

(q la in luong dich chuyn
qua on mch)
N
e
K
(
e
1,6. 10
-19
C)
Tinh sut in ng hoc in nng
tich luy cua ngun in.
q
A

(
la sut in ng cua ngun

in, n vi la Vn (V))
Cng va cng sut cua dong in o
on mch:
A UIt
P X
U.I
t
I
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
10
Dinh lut Jun-LenX: Q RI
2
t
U.I.t .
2
t
E
O

Cng sut cua dung cu tiu thu in:
P UI RI
2

E
O
2
E4 >^1h :ut Hm ch/ t/1 m0ch2
r E
M
P
+
c4 B81h \ic1 phq1 Y>^1h :ut

NUNSNy[2
1 I
m Pt
F n
F 965000 C/mol
m uoc tinh bng gam
<4 >^1h :ut Ch_c @0 - ph1 @0 t/1
pha12
N4 >^1h :ut Ch_c @02
2
1
1
2
21
sin
sin
1
1
n
n
n
r
i

E4 >^1h :ut ph1 @0 t/1 pha12
'

>
1
2
2 1
n
n
i i
n n
gh
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
11
Hc ChD15 chG \M1 thua1 : hcF m hc
phi tV SuyF -1 ST15 - .L15 t0/
----------
Ngy mai ang bt u t ngy hm nay!
----------
>Ve15 \i Ch ChD15 phi -8 151 .D15
cLch 1_i
(hG Ch -8 :h15 15Vei 150i 1_iF 9 .D15
----------
Th \B m} hDi tUg1 tUN15 -F ch1 hM1 UMi
:c phh15 thi
----------
!ng tuy gn" khng i khng ba# gi
n$%i&c tuy nh'" khng lm ch(ng ba#
gi n)n*
----------
(HoNG $4 %*v >mNG (o
(H) > 12 >&$ (oNG %*v >mNG
>$s H*
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
12
14 (hu C8F ta1 .QF ta1 .Q 5c2
T
D

2
2
voi
D
T
T
D
1 1

* T
n
t
(t la thoi gian vt thc hin
n d)
24 %N/ \P152
N4 Th 1/ : SN/ \P15 cM2 Chuyn
ng qua li quanh mt vi tri c bit, goi la
vi tri cn bng.
E4 %N/ \P15 tua1 h/12 Sau nhung
khong thoi gian bng nhau goi la chu k,
vt tro li vi tri cu theo hV|15 c74
c4 %N/ \P15 \idu hhN2 la dao ng
trong o li cua vt la mt ham cosin (hay
sin) cua thoi gian.
4 PhVM15 tU81h SN/ \P15 \idu hhN Y:i
\P[2 @ X *c/.Yt Z [
x: Li , o bng n vi dai cm
hoc m -A O
A
A x
max
: Bin (lun co gia tri
dung)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
13
2A: Chiu dai qu o.

: tn s goc (lun co gia tri dung)

+ t
: pha d (o bng rad) (
2 2
)

: pha ban u (ti t 0, o bng

rad) (

)
Gc thoi gian (t 0) ti vi tri bin dung:
0
Gc thoi gian (t 0) ti vi tri bin m:

Gc thoi gian (t 0) ti vi tri cn bng
theo chiu m:
2

Gc thoi gian (t 0) ti vi tri cn bng
theo chiu dung:
2

(h_ 2
Qu o la mt \/01 th]15 dai L
2A
Mi chu ki vt qua vi tri bin 1 ln,
qua cac vi tri khac 2 ln (1 ln theo chiu
dung va 1 ln theo chiu m)
- sina cos(a
2
) va sina cos(a -
2
)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
14
"4 PhVM15 tU81h -1 tQc2
' sin( ) cos( )
2
dx
v x v A t A t
dt

+ + +
( )
cm
s
hoc
( )
m
s

1
r
lun cung chiu voi chiu c
Z - :uD1 .|m phN
2
./ -|i @
Vt c theo chiu dung thi v 0,
theo chiu m thi v 0.
Vt o VTCB: x 0; v
max
A;
Vt o bin: x A; v
min
0;
~4 PhVM15 tU81h 5iN tQc2
2 2
' ''; cos( ) =
dv
a v x a A t x
dt
+
hay
( )
2
2
cos( )
cm
a A t
s
+ t
hoc
( ) 2
m
s

a
r
lun huong v vi tri cn bng;
N :uD1 .|m phN
2
./ -|i -
Z N - @ :uD1 15VWc phN
Vt o VTCB: x 0; v
max
A; a
min

0
Vt o bin: x A; v
min
0; a
max

2
A
=4 HWp :fc tLc ST15 :g1 -t Y:fc h}i
phTc[2 X mN X - m
3
2
X-C@
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
15
F
hpmax
kA m
I
2
: ti vi tri bin
F
hpmin
0: ti vi tri cn bng
ao ng c i chiu khi lc t
gia tri cc i.
Lc hi phuc lun huong v vi tri
cn bng.
-A O
A

I 3
max
x 0
x
max
A
v 0
I 1
max

v 0
a
max

2
A a 0
a
max

2
A
F
hpmax
F
hpmin
0
F
hpmax
kA m
I
2
r4 (D15 thKc \Pc :p2 2

2
2 2
1
3 I +
va 4
2
2
2
2

a 1
I +
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
16
Ko vt lch khi VTCB 1 on ri
bung (th)
I
Ko vt lch khi VTCB 1 on ri
truyn v
3
<4 PhVM15 tU81h \c Eict2
x a Acos(t ) voi a const
'
x a Acos
2
(t) voi a const Bin
:
A
2
; `2; ` 2
;4 >} th^ cON S\\h2 thi li la uong
hinh sin.
- Gi su vt dao ng
iu hoa co phung trinh
la:
) cos( + t I 3
.
- D n gin, ta chon
0, ta uoc:
t I 3 cos
.
2 2
' sin cos( )
2
cos
v x A t A t
a x A t

+

Mt s gia tri c bit cua x, v, a nhu sau:
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
17
Bin : A
Toa VTCB: x A
Toa vt bin: x a A
D thi cua dao ng iu hoa la mt
uong hinh sin.
D thi cung cho thy sau mi chu ki
dao ng thi toa x, vn tc v va gia
tc a lp li gia tri cu.
104 Thei 5iN1 - \Ve15 \i tU/15 SN/ \P15
\idu hhN2
N4 Thei 5iN1 151 1hAt2
Big1 qm VT(B
Big1 SVM15

- * -
2
3 I
-
2
2 I
-
2
I
v
2
I

2
2 I
2
3 I
*
Tu x A n x - A hoc nguoc
li:
T
t
2

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
T 0 T/4 T/2 3T/4 T
X A 0 -A 0 A
V 0 -A 0 A 0
A
I
2

0
I
2
0
I
2

18
Tu x 0 n x
I t
hoc nguoc li:
T
t
4

Tu x 0 n x
t

2
I
hoc nguoc
li:
T
t
12

Tu x 0 n x
t
2
2 I
hoc nguoc li:
T
t
8

Tu x 0 n x
t
2
3 I
hoc nguoc
li:
T
t
6

Z Tu x
t

2
I
n x
t
* hoc nguoc
li:
T
t
6

E4 >Ve15 \i2
Duong i trong 1 chu k la 4A; trong
1
2
chu k la 2A
Duong i trong
1
4
chu k la A khi vt
i tu VTCB n vi tri bin hoc nguoc li
(con cac vi tri khac phi tinh)
z Bi t/L1 t1h u15 \Ve15 :|1 1hAt -
1h 1hAt -t \i \VWc tU/15 Ch/15 thei
5iN1 0 t
2
T
4
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
19
H.1 H.2
- Goc qut t.
- Qung uong lon nht: (H.1)
max
2Asin 2 sin
2 2
t
C I

- Qung uong nh nht: (H.2)
2 (1 os ) 2 (1 os )
2 2
min
t
C I c I c

LVu 2 TU/15 tUVe15 hWp t
2
T

Tach
'
2
T
t n t +
trong o
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t < <
Trong thoi gian
2
T
n
qung uong
lun la 2nA
Trong thoi gian t` thi qung uong
lon nht, nh nht tinh nhu trn.
' '
max
2 2Asin 2 2 sin
2 2
t
C n I n I I

+ +
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
20
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A
P
2
1
P
P
2

2

' '
2 2 (1 os ) 2 2 (1 os )
2 2
min
t
C n I I c n I I c

+ +
Nu bai toan noi thoi gian nh nht i
uoc qung uong S thi ta vn dung cac
cng thuc trn lam voi S S
max
; Nu bai
toan noi thoi gian lon nht i uoc qung
uong S thi ta vn dung cac cng thuc trn
lam voi S S
min
; nu mun tim n thi
dung
, ( 0, )
2
C
n 4 n 4
I
+
c4 V1 tQc tUu15 E81h2
t
s
1
tA

Tc trung binh lon nht va nh nht
cua trong khong thoi gian t:
max
ax

tAm
C
1
t
va
min
tAmin
C
1
t
voi S
max
; S
min
tinh
nhu trn.
S4 u15 \Ve15 - thei 5iN1 tU/15
S\\h.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
21
114 T1h Ch/15 thei 5iN12
1 2 1 2
.( )
2
T
t

- Thoi gian ngn nht vt i tu vi tri 3
&
n 3
7
Q
1 2
1 2
cos ; cos
3 3
I I

- Thoi gian vt tng tc tu 1
&
+m%s) n
1
7
+m%s) thi:
1 2
1 2
cos ; cos
. .
1 1
I I

- Thoi gian vt thay i gia tc tu
a
&
+m%s
7
) n a
7
+m%s
7
) thi:
1 2
1 2 2 2
cos ; cos
. .
a a
I I

124 V1 tQc tU/15 mPt Ch/15 thei 5iN1
t
2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
22
z Vn tc khng vuot qua gia tri v
cos( ) 3 I t +
. Xt trong
4 4
T t
t 3

+
Vn tc khng nh hn gia tri v
sin( ) 3 I t +
. Xt trong
4 4
T t
t 3

+
----- -----
Th1h cD15 ChD15 c EV|c chq1 cON C
:Vei Ei15
----------
(Hs'N > 12 (Hs'N >mNG
TuN >s V %>>H
h uoc xem la hinh chiu cua mt
cht im chuyn
ng tron u ln
mt truc nm trong
mt phng qu o.
Voi:
E
1
E I ;
B12 V uong tron
(O, R A);
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
23
O
3+c5s)
R
S
I
M``
M
`
(C
)
M
A -A
O

B22 t 0: xem vt ang o u va bt u
chuyn ng theo chiu m hay dung
Nu
0 >
: vt chuyn ng theo chiu
m (v bin m)
Nu
0 <
: vt chuyn ng theo chiu
dung (v bin dung)
B2 Xac inh im toi xac inh goc qut
:
T
t T
t
0
0
360 .
360
.

(h_ 2 Phung phap tng quat nht tinh

vn tc, uong i, thoi gian, hay vt qua vi
tri nao o trong qua trinh dao ng. Ta cho t
0 xem vt bt u chuyn ng tu u
va ang i theo chiu nao, sau o da vao
cac vi tri c bit trn tinh.
----------
Thig1 ti2 ;; m} hDi - 1V|c mtF 1
: Em .i1h
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
24
(H) > 22 (vN L( L v
%015 12 >0i cVM15 -d c/1 :c :h @/
14 PhVM15 tU81h S\2 @ X *c/.Yt Z [
24 (hu C8F ta1 .QF ta1 .Q 5c - \P Ei1
S0152
Tn s goc, chu k, tn s2
k
m

;
m
T 2
k

;
1 k
f
2 m
k m
2
(h_ 2 1N/cm 100N/m

Z Nu lo xo treo thng ung:
g
8
k
m
T
0
2 2

Voi
k
mg
8
0
Nh1 @xt2 Chu ki cua con lc lo xo
ti l thun c1 Ec 2 cON my ti l nghich
c1 Ec 2 cua C
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
25
k
m
chi phu thuc vao m va k; ChD15 phu
thuc vao A (s kich thich ban u)
4 TG .Q chu C8F ChQi :VW15 - .Q SN/
\P152
2 2 1 1
1 1 2 2
T m n k
T m n k

"4 (hu C8 - .f thNy \Bi ChQi :VW152 Gn
lo xo k vao vt m
1
uoc chu k T
1
, vao vt
m
2
uoc T
2
, vao vt khi luong m
1
m
2
uoc chu k T
3
, vao vt khi luong m
1
m
2
(m
1
m
2
) uoc chu k T
4
.
Thi ta co:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T +
va
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
~4 (hu C8 - .f thNy \Bi \P cK152 Mt lo
xo co cung k, chiu dai 8 uoc ct thanh
cac lo xo co cung k
1
, k
2
, va chiu dai
tung ung la 8
&
# 8
7
thi co: k8 T k
&
8
&
T k
7
8
7
T
z Ghxp :h @/2
NQi tip2
1 2
1 1 1
...
k k k
+ +
hay
2 1
2 1
k k
k k
k
+
cung treo mt vt khi luong nhu nhau

thi: T
2
T
1
2
T
2
2
3/15 ./152 k k
1
k
2

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
26
8
0

l
max
O
x
A
-
A
l
0
l
cb
l
min
cung treo mt vt khi luong nhu nhau
thi:
1 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
...
TT
T
T T T
T T
+ +
+
----------
%015 22 Lfc \1 h}i - :fc h}i phTc
14 Lfc h}i phTc2 la nguyn nhn lam cho
vt d, lun huong v vi tri cn bng va
bin thin iu hoa cung tn s voi li .
F
hp
- kx
3 m
2

(F
hpmin
0; F
hpmax

kA)
24 Lfc \1 h}i2 xut hin khi lo xo bi bin
dng va ua vt v vi tri lo xo khng bi bin
dng.
N4 Lh @/ 1m 15N152 VTCB: vi tri lo xo
khng bi bin dng
F
h
kx k
8
(x
8
: bin dng;
n vi mt)
F
hmin
0; F
hmax
kA
E4 Lh @/ tU9/ th]15 \K152
F
h
k
8
Voi
3 8 8 t
0
u nu chiu dung cung chiu dn
cua lo xo
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
27
F
hmax
k(
0
8
A) : Bin duoi: o vi tri
thp nht
F
hmax
k(A -
0
8
): Bin trn: o vi tri
cao nht.

I 8 khi I 8 k
I 8 khi
F
h
>

0 0
0
min
); (
; 0
(h_ 2
Z Big1 tUg12
I 3 F I 8
h
0
min 0
F
h
0: ti vi tri lo xo khng bi bin
dng.
4 (hidu Si :h @/2
Chiu dai lo xo ti vi tri cn bng:
2
min max
0 0
8 8
8 8 8
cA
+
+

2
0
g
k
mg
8
Chiu dai cc i (o vi tri thp nht): l
max
l
cb
A
Chiu dai cc tiu (o vi tri cao nht): l
min

l
cb
A
"4 T1h thei 5iN1 :h @/ 5i1 hNy 1x1 tU/15
mPt chu C82 Trong mt chu ki lo xo nn 2 ln
va dn 2 ln.
N4 Jhi * l
0
YV|i v@ hV|15 @uQ15[2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
28
z Thei 5iN1 :h @/ 1x12
2
t
-|i
I
8
0
cos

z Thei 5iN1 :h @/ 5i12 t
gin
T
t
nn
E4 Jhi * l
+
YV|i v@ hV|15 @uQ15[2
Thoi gian lo xo gin trong mt chu ki la t
T; Thoi gian lo xo nn bng khng.
Co th dung phung phap phn tich:
xem vt bt u chuyn ng tu u ri da
vao cac vi tri t bit tinh.
----- -----
%015 2 N15 :VW15 tU/15 S\\h2
14 Lh @/ 1m 15N152
N4 Th 1152
) ( cos
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ t I m 3 m k3 H
t

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
29
E4 >P15 1152
) ( sin
2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
+ t I m m1 H
c4 (M 1152
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
t
H H H kI m I c5nst +

-A O
A

I 3
max
x 0
x
max
A
v 0
I 1
max

v 0
a
max

2
A a 0
a
max

2
A
W W
tmax
W W
max
W W
tmax
Nh1 @xt2
C nng uoc bo toan va ti l voi binh
phung bin .
Vi tri th nng cc i thi ng nng cc
tiu va nguoc li.
Thoi gian ng nng bng th nng la:
4
T
t
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
30
Thoi gian 2 ln lin tip ng nng hoc
th nng bng khng la:
2
T
h co tn s goc la , tn s I, chu k
T. Thi ng nng va th nng bin thin voi
tn s goc 2, tn s 2I, chu k
2
T
.
24 Lh @/ tU9/ th]15 \K152
N4 (M 1152
2
0
) (
2
1
8 I k H +

E4 Th 1152
mgh 8 3 k H
t
+ +
2
0
) (
2
1

c4 >P15 1152
2
2
1
m1 H

4 (D15 thKc @Lc \^1h @ - - :ig1 uN1
\1 mQi :ig1 hc 5iN \P15 115 - th
1152
N4 Jhi
1
1
t
I n
H nH 3 1 I
n
n
t t
+
+
E4 Jhi
1
1
t
I n
H nH 1 3 I
n
n
t t
+
+
c4 Jhi
1 ) ( 1
2 2
t
3
I
n
H
H
n
I
3
t
----------
,- nghi ng l cha ca .h/t minh*
0alil1# 0alil12
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
31
%015 "2 Vit phVM15 tU81h S\\h2 Cac
buoc lp phung trinh dd:
B12 Chon: Gc toa : Chiu dung:
Gc thoi gian:
(Thuong bai toan chon)
B22 Phung trinh co dng:
'
+
+
) sin(
) cos(

I 1
t I 3
B2 Xac inh , A va
14 (Lch @Lc \^1h 2
'

n
t
T
8
g
m
k
T
D ;
2
2
0
0
8
k
mg
2
g
: dn cua lo xo o
VTCB (n vi la mt)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
32
D cho x, v, a, A:
2 2
v
A x

a
x

max
a
A

max
v
A
24 (Lch @Lc \^1h *2
A x
max
: vt o VT bin (ko vt khi
VTCB 1 on ri bung x A).
2
2
2 2
1
3 I +
: Ko vt khi VTCB 1 on x
ri truyn cho no v.
4
2
2
2
2

a 1
I +
: ti vi tri vt co vn tc v va gia
tc a
A
2
N
(L: qu o thng)
A uong i trong 1 chu ki chia 4.
A
k
H 2
(W: c nng; k: cung)
A
max
1
(: tn s goc)
A
k
F
h4 max

A
4
.T 1
tA

A
2
max
a
A l
cb
- l
min
voi l
cb
l
0

0
8
A l
max
- l
cb
A
2
min max
8 8
voi
2
min max
8 8
8
cA
+
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

33
4 (Lch @Lc \^1h 2 a vao iu kin
u: luc t t
0

(thuong t
0
0)
0
0
Acos( )
sin( )
3 t
1 I t

'
+
T8m
1hN1h2 3hi`t c/.
I
3
0
LVu 2
Vt c theo chiu dung thi v 0
0 sin <
Vt c theo chiu m thi v 0
0 sin >
Ti vi tri bin v 0
Gc thoi gian ti vi tri bin dung:
0
Gc thoi gian ti vi tri bin m:

Gc thoi gian ti vi tri cn bng theo
chiu m:
2

Gc thoi gian ti vi tri cn bng theo
chiu dung:
2

(Lch 22 Lp E15 mLy2 Xac inh du kin:
tim , va ti thoi im ban u (t 0) tim
x
0,
2 2
0 0
0
( )
1 1
I 3

t
(h_ 2 vt chuyn ng theo chiu dung
thi v
0
ly du va nguoc li
ung may tinh FX570 ES tro ln
Mode 2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
34
Nhp:
0
0
.
1
3 i
Ych_ 2 ch i la NG
trong may tinh)
Z n: SHIFT 2 3 May tinh hin
A
"4 >c Eict2 Lh @/ tU9/ th]15 \K15
N4 >VN -t -d -^ tU :h @/ ChD15 Ei1
S015 U}i
. bung (th) thi A
0
8

. truyn vn tc thi x
0
8
E4 Jx/ -t @uQ15 \1 -^ tU :h @/ S1
mPt \/01 S U}i
. bung (th) thi A d -
0
8

. truyn vn tc thi x d -
0
8
c4 >y -t :g1 mPt \/01 S
z4 Nu S
0
8
bung (th) thi A
0
8
- d;
truyn vn tc thi x
0
8
- d
z4 Nu S
0
8
bung (th) thi A
0
8
d;
truyn vn tc thi x
0
8
d
----------
%015 ~2 TB15 hWp SN/ \P15
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
35
14 (D15 thKc t1h Eig1 \P - phN EN1 \au
cON S\ tB15 hWp
) cos( A A 2 A A A
1 2 2 1
2
2
2
1
2
+ +
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos A cos A
sin A sin A
tan
+
+

24 i1h hV15 cON \P :cch phN2

1 2 1 2
>
N4 Nu 2 S\ th1h pha1 c15 phN2
2k
... 2 ; 1 ; 0 t t k
Bin d tng hop cc i: A A

1

A
2
2 1

E4 Nu 2 S\ th1h pha1 15VWc phN2
(2k 1)
... 2 ; 1 ; 0 t t k
Bin d tng hop cc tiu:

2 1
A A A
1

nu A
1
A
2
va nguoc li
c4 Jhi 1 2
x x
-uD15 phN
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
... 2 ; 1 ; 0 t t k
Bin d tng hop

2 2
1 2
A A A +
S4 BAt C82
1 2 1 2
A A A A A +

4 %15 mLy t1h t8m phVM15 tU81h YS15
ch/ ~r03 tU :g1[
B12 mode 2 (Chinh man hinh hin thi
CMPLX R Math)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
36
B22 nhp may: A
1
1
A
2

2
nhn
B2 n SHIFT 2 3 May s hin A
"4 Jh/15 cLch 5iN hNi SN/ \P15
x x
1
x
2
A
`
cos(t
`
) Voi x
max
A
`
~4 >idu Cic1 *
1
\k *
2mN@
2 A
2max

2 1
sin( )
I

va A
1

2 1
tan( )
I

(h_ 2 Nu cho A
2
thi tu 2 cng thuc trn
ta tim uoc A A
min

A
min
A
2
sin(
2
-
1
) A
1
tan(
2
-
1
)
* Hy nho b 3 s: (3, 4, 5); (6, 8, 10)
=4 (h_ 2 Dua v dng ham c/. truoc khi
tng hop.
----------
Thig1 ti : .f Cig1 1h1 :qu Si cON tU
tuc $4 N9{t/1
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
37
bmT 3n %&NG B$ TIP NNG (*v
%015 12 >C \k -t m
1
- m
2
ch}15 :g1
1hNu - c\ c15 5iN tQc4
14 T8m Eig1 \P \k m
2
ChD15 tUVWt tUg1 -t
m
1
Y:h @/ 1m 15N15[2
F
max

g m I m F
ms 2
2
2

voi
2 1
2
m m
k
+

2
g
I
(
: h s ma sat truot)
24 >idu Cic1 \k m
2
ChD15 Uei m
1
Chi hc S\
th9/ phVM15 th]15 \K152
g I g a
2
max

2
g
I
----------
!ng i kh khng kh3 45 ng6n 2ng
c/ch n7i
8h9 kh 45 l:ng ngi ng;i n7i" 1 2ng *
----------
%015 22 %\ cON -t .Nu Chi Uei Chi 5iL
\ c\4
14 Nu 5iL \ Et \au c\ t? -^ tU :h @/
ChD15 E^ Ei1 S015 th8 u15 \Ve15 t?
:_c Et \au c\ \1 :_c 5iL \ Uei Chi -t2
3 X
8
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
38
24 Nu 5iL \ Et \au c\ t? -^ tU :h @/ \
S1 mPt \/01 E th82
3 X
8
- E Voi
k
a g m
8
) (

: bin dng khi
gia roi khi vt.
4 Li \P t0i -^ tU 5iL \ Uei Chi -t2 x S -
0
8
Voi
k
mg
8
0
(h_ 2 v
2
v
0
2
2as; v v
0
at; s v
o
t
2
2
1
at
----- -----
%015 2 %\ cON c/1 :c :h @/ Chi c mPt
pha1 cON -t 115 E^ 1h_15 ch8m tU/15
chAt :15
14 >P Ei1 S0152
k
g Ch m
8
) (
0
0

S: tit din cua vt nng.
h
0
: phn bi chim trong cht lng.
: khi luong ring cua cht lng.
24 Ta1 .Q 5c2
m
k'

voi k` Sg k
----------
,- nghi ng l cha ca .h/t minh*
0alil1# 0alil12
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
39
%015 "2 %\ cON c/1 :c :h @/ tU/15 hc ui
chiu ChD15 uL1 t1h4
14 TU/15 thN15 mLy \i :g12
k
a g m
8
) (
0
+

24 TU/15 thN15 mLy \i @uQ152
k
a g m
8
) (
0

4 TU/15 @9 c\ 15N15 :m c/1 :c :cch 5c
./ -|i phVM15 th]15 \K152 a gtan
;
cos
) (
0
mg
8 8 k
----------
%015 ~2 (/1 :c :h @/ 1m tUg1 mt
ph]15 15hig15 1 5c
./ -|i mt ph]15
15N152
sin
2
sin
0
0
g
8
T
k
mg
8

----------
(H) > 2 (vN L( >oN
%015 12 >0i cVM15 -d c/1 :c \M1
bD t2 Con lc n gm mt vt nng treo
vao soi dy khng gin, vt nng kich thuoc
khng ang k so voi chiu dai soi dy, soi
dy khi luong khng ang k so voi khi
luong cua vt nng.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
40
14 (hu C8F ta1 .Q - ta1 .Q 5c2
T 2
g

l
;
g

l
;
1 g
f
2
l
Nh1 @xt2 Chu ki cua con lc n
ti l thun c1 Ec 2 cua ly ti l nghich
cn bc 2 cua 5
chi phu thuc vao l va g; ChD15 phu
thuc bin A va m.
ung dung o gia tc ri t do (gia tc
trong truong g)
24 PhVM15 tU81h S\2 Diu kin dao ng
iu hoa: B qua ma sat, lc cn va
0
1
rad hay S
0
8
s S
0
cos(
) hoc
0
cos(t )
Voi s 8, S
0

0
8
v s` -S
0
sin(t )
-8
0
sin(t )
a v` -
2
S
0
cos(t )
-
2
8
0
cos(t ) -
2
s -
2
8
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
41
LVu 2 S
0
ong vai tro nhu A con s
ong vai tro nhu x
S
0
ong vai tro nhu A con s ong vai
tro nhu x
4 Hc thKc \Pc :p2 * a -
2
s -
2
8
*
2 2 2
0
( )
1
C s
+
*
2 2
2 2 2
0 2 2
1 1
8 g8

+ +
"4 Lfc h}i phTc2
2
sin
s
F mg mg mg m s
8

Dkin d iu hoa: B qua ma sat, lc cn
va
0
1 rad hay S
0
8
Voi con lc n lc hi phuc ti l thun voi
khi luong.
Voi con lc lo xo lc hi phuc khng phu
thuc vao khi luong.
~4 (hu C8 - .f thNy \Bi chidu Si2 Ti
cung mt ni con lc n chiu dai 8
&
co chu
k T
1
, con lc n chiu dai 8
7
co chu k T
2
,
con lc n chiu dai 8
&
R 8
7
co chu k T
3
,
con lc n chiu dai 8
&
U 8
7
(8
&
V8
7
) co chu k
T
4
. Ta co:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T +
va
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
42
=4 TG .Q .Q SN/ \P15F chu C8 ta1 .Q -
chidu Si2 Trong cung thoi gian con lc co
chiu dai l
1
thc hin uoc n
1
dao ng, con
lc l
2
thc hin uoc n
2
dao ng. Ta co:
n
1
T
1
n
2
T
2
hay
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
D
D
8
8
T
T
n
n

%015 22 PhVM15 tU81h S\F -1 tQcF 5iN
tQcF :fc c15 Sqy - 115 :VW15
14 PhVM15 tU81h S\2 YVit phVM15 tU81h
S\ 5iQ15 c/1 :c :h @/[
s S
0
cos(
) v -
S
0
sin(
) a-
2
S
0
cos(
)

0
cos(t ) v -
0
sin(
) a-
0
cos(
)
Voi s 8, S
0

0
8;
(h_ 2 Gia tc phap tuyn:
0
T cos
2 (cos cos )
4t
B
a g
m

Z Gia tc tip tuyn: a
tt
gsin
Ta co gia tc:
2 2
4t tt
a a a +

24 V1 tQcF :fc c15F 115 :VW152
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
43
*
: 10
0
0

) (
2 2
0
g8 1
; T mg(1
) 5 , 1
2 2
0

2
0
2
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

mg8 C m H H H
m1 H
mg8 H
t
t
+
*
: 10
0
0
>
) cos (cos 2
0
g8 1
T
) cos 2 cos 3 (
0
mg
t
t
H H H
m1 H
mg8 mgh H
+

2
2
1
) cos 1 (
(h_ 2 v
max
va T
max
khi
0 v
min
va T
min
khi
0
Z D cao cc i cua vt t uoc so
voi VTCB:
2
ax
ax
2
m
m
1
h
g
4 Ti .D 5iVN \D15 115 -N thg 1152

2 2
0 0
2 2
t
W S
1 1 n
W S

Cng thuc xac inh vi tri cu a vt khi bit

truc ti s giua Dng nng va Th nng la:
0
S
S
n 1
t
+
Hoc
0
n 1
t
+
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
44
"4 (D15 thVc @Nc \i1h -q1 tDc cuN -qt tNi
-i tUi mN \D15 115 E15
1
n
thg 1152
Nu ta co:
t
W 1
W n
hay
t
1
W W
n

Thi:
( )
0
0
S g
v S
n 1 n 1
t t
+ + l
Hoc
( )
0
0
g
v
n 1
n 1
t t
+
+
l l
----------
%015 2 (hu C8 cON c/1 :c thNy \Bi Chi
c thgm :fc tLc ST15
Ta co:
'
'
'
'
2
2
g
g
T
T
g
8
T
g
8
T

14 Lfc \ic1 tUVe152 X

K
-|i X
G
O

E:cuong in truong (V/m)
U: in ap giua 2 bn tu in (V); d: khong
cach giua 2 bn tu in (m)
N4 TH12 Din tich K V W cuong in
truong M
r
huong thng ung xung duoi
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
45
tung ung voi in tich K X W cuong
in truong M
r
huong thng ung ln trn
m
M K
g g +
'
E4 TH22 in tich K V W cuong in
truong M
r
huong thng ung ln trn tung
ung voi in tich K X W cuong in
truong M
r
huong thng ung xung duoi.
m
M K
g g
'
c4 TH2 in tich
K
(co th m hoc dung)
t trong in truong song song voi mt t
hay
B F

2
2
2 '
) (
m
KM
g g +
va
cos
'
g
g
voi
mg
M K
B
F
tan
Lc cng:

cA
mg
cos

Vn tc ti VTCB:
cA
g8
1
cos
) cos 1 ( 2
0 2
max

S4 TH"2
( , ) F B
r r

2 2
' ( ) 2( ) os
F F
g g gc
m m
+ +
z (h_ 2 Mt con lc n mang in tich
dung khi khng co in truong no dao
ng iu hoa voi chu k T. Khi co in
truong huong thng ung xung thi chu ki
dao ng iu hoa cua con lc la T
1
. Khi co
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
46
in truong huong thng ung ln thi chu ki
dao ng iu hoa cua con lc la T
2
. Chu
k T dao ng iu hoa cua con lc khi
khng co in truong lin h voi T
1
va T
2
la:
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 T T
T
T T
+
hNy
2 2 2
1 2
2 1 1
T T T
+
24 Lfc \y *c.im9t2
*
X V%
0
5 X
m
%
0
5
Voi
) 1 (
0 '
g g

: Kl ring cua vt nng;
0
: Kl ring cua
mi truong.
T T
0

1 2
t t t
(
: 1 < t
gim nhit ;
: 1 > t
tng nhit )
----------
Bik1 hc : -D EeF :Ay chuyg1 ca1 :m E1
bqy @N1h ChD15 :QiF :Ay ch c Sf15 :g1
----------
%015 "2 (hu C8 thNy \Bi th9/ 1hict \PF \P
cN/F \P .qu - 5iN tQc tU15 tUVe152
14 ThNy \Bi 1hict \P Ychidu Si l thNy \BiF
5 ChD15 \Bi[2
g
8
T
1
1
2
;
g
8
T
2
2
2
voi
) ( 1
1 2 1 2
t t 8 8 +

: h s no dai; t: nhit
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
47
1
2
1
2
8
8
T
T

Ta co:
) (
) (
2
1
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 1 2
t t 8 8 8
T t t T T T

(1)
24 ThNy \Bi th9/ \P cN/ tUg1 TULi >At Chi
1hict \P ChD15 \Bi Y5 thNy \BiF : ChD15
\Bi[2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
g
g
T
T
g
8
T
g
8
T

Ta co:
1 1 2
T
E
h
T T T t
(2)
u ``` ua ln cao, du `-` ua
xung so mc nuoc bin
u `-`` ua ln cao, du `` ua
xung so mt t
(h_ 2
Bit g
1
va g
2
thi
1
1
2
2
8
g
g
8
Nu ua ln cao
thi
h E
E
g
g
2
1
2
+
(3)
Dua con lc tu thin th nay ln thin th
khac thi: 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
E
E
Y
Y
g
g
T
T

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
48
Trong cung khong thoi gian, ng h co
chu ki T
1
co s chi t
1
thi ng h co con lc
T
2
co chi s t
2
. Ta co:
2
1
1
2
T
T
t
t
4 Thei 5iN1 ch0y .Ni mi 15y2

1
60 . 60 . 24
T
T
t

Nu T 0: con lc chy chm; Nu T
0: con lc chy nhanh
Con lc d \_15 tU :0i
X T
thNy
\Bi t
/
h/c h
0 .
2
1
0 +
E
h
t t
va h
Thay i h va t:
1 1 2
) (
2
1
T
E
h
t t T t
"4 Pha1 tUm t15 5im cON chu C th9/ :
- 5
t15 5im T th9/ tng gim
cua :2
()
2
1
()
8
8
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

49
t15 5im T theo tng gim
cua g:
()
2
1
()
g
g
t15 5im T theo tng gim

cua : - 5
()
2
1
()
2
1
()
g
g
8
8
%015 ~2 (/1 :c \t tU/15 thN15 mLy2 Ta

co:
'
'
'
'
2
2
g
g
T
T
g
8
T
g
8
T

N4 ThN15 mLy \i :g1 N%> h/c \i

@uQ15 (%>2 g` g a
g
T T
g a

+
Va
'
0 0
.
g
g a

+
E4 ThN15 mLy \i :g1 (%> h/c \i
@uQ15 N%>2 g` g a
g
T T
g a

Va
'
0 0
.
g
g a

c4 (huyk1 \P15 \du2 g` g

S4 Nu
B F

th82
2 2
' a g g +
2
0
2
2
a g
8
T
+

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
50
hG
B
Kt
F
B
0
a
* Vi tri cn bng uoc xac inh boi
:
tan
g
a
mg
ma
B
F
5
Kt

0
%015 =2 (/1 :c \t tU/15 @9 chuyk1
\P15
14 9 chuyk1 \P15 th9/ phVM15 15N15
'
'
g
g
T T
-|i
'

+
as 1 1
g
a
mg
ma
B
F
g a g
2
tan
'
2
0
2
2 2
z Lfc c152
sin
ma
24 9 chuyk1 \P15 tUg1 mt ph]15

15hig15 5c
ChD15 mN .Lt
'
'
g
g
T T
-|i
'
VT,.
g a
g g
:
sin
cos '

hNy
cos ' T T
z Lfc c152
sin
ma
4 9 @uQ15 SQc 15hig15 5c
c mN .Lt2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
51
0

2
1
2 '
g
8
T
-|i
2 la h s ma sat
VTCB:

sin cos
cos sin
tan
+
"4 9 :g1 SQc 15hig15 5c
-|i 5iN tQc N2
sin 2
2 '
2 2
ag g a
8
T
+ +
VTCB:
)
sin
cos
arctan(
a g
a
+
xung dc:
) cos (sin g a
ln dc:
) cos (sin + g a
----------
>Ve15 \i Ch ChD15 phi -8 151 .D15
cLch 1_i
(hG Ch -8 :h15 15Vei 150i 1_iF 9 .D15
----------
%015 r2 %\ cON c/1 :c \M1 c mN .Lt
14 >k Suy tU8 S\ ca1 \P15 cM 1h c cD15
.uAt2
nT
M M
t
M
B

0
n: s d;
2 2
0 0
2
1
;
2
1
mg8 M mg8 M
24 (D15 cON :fc c12
4 4
4
0
0 0
mg
8
I
F mg8 8F I
,
, , ,

Trong o:

0
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
52
a. D gim bin sau mi chu k la:
at
2
4
mas
F
I I
k

D gim bin trong N chu ki la: S
0

S
N
N
4
can
F 8
mg

b. S dao ng thc hin uoc: N
0
4
mgC
F8
%015 <2 (/1 :c E^ -V|15 \i1h h/c -N
ch0m -|i -t c1
T
) (
2
1
2 1
T T +
2
1
0 0
2
2
1
1
2
2
8
8
g
8
T
g
8
T

----------
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
53
0

bi EV|c chq1 :m c/1 \Ve15 151 :0iF
mi cQ 515 . 5i_p tN -VWt :g1 ch1h
m81h
----------
%015 ;2 >/ chu C E15 phVM15 phLp
tU15 ph15
D xac inh chu k T cua mt con lc lo
xo (con lc n) nguoi ta so sanh voi chu k
T
0
( bit) cua mt con lc khac (T T
0
).
Hai con lc goi la trung phung khi chung
ng thoi i qua mt vi tri xac inh theo
cung mt chiu.
Thoi gian giua hai ln trung phung
0
0
TT
T T

Nu T T
0
(n1)T nT
0
.
Nu T T
0
nT (n1)T
0
. voi n
N*
----------
(Hs'N > 22 VIN %NG (+(
>pNH LsIT Biv TvN G$i$ (+(
B$ Tv+N L$N s*N >N (vN
L( L v V (vN L( >oN
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
54
$4 (vN L( L v2
14 Nu -N ch0m \1 h}i th8 Lp ST15 \^1h
:ut E/ t/1 \P15 :VW15 - \^1h :ut
E/ t/1 cM 115 \k t8m -1 tQc .Nu -N
ch0m2
DLBTDL:
'
2 2
'
1 1 2 2 1 1
1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m

+ +
DLBTCN: W
1
W
2
Vt m chuyn ng voi vn tc v
0
n va
chm vao vt M ung yn.
Va chm an hi:
'
'
+
+
0
0
2 2 2
0
0
1
1
1
2
1
m
Y
m
Y
1
1
m
Y
V
YV m1 m1
YV m1 m1

24 Nu .Nu -N ch0m hNi -t S1h -/ 1hNu
- c15 c\ -|i c15 -1 tQc th8 Lp ST15
\^1h :ut E/ t/1 \P15 :VW154
Va chm mm:
( )
0 0
1
1
1
m
Y
V V Y m m1
+
+
4 Nu -t m
2
UMi tf S/ t? \P cN/ h ./ -|i
-t m
1
\1 ch0m -/ m
1
U}i c15 S\\h
th8 Lp ST15 cD15 thKc2
gh 1 2
(h_ 2 v
2
v
0
2
2as; v v
0
at; s
v
o
t
2
2
1
at

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
55
W
2
W
1
A F.s
$$4 (vN L( >oN2
14 PhVM15 tU81h S\2 YVit phVM15 tU81h
S\ 5iQ15 c/1 :c :h @/[
s S
0
cos(
) v -
S
0
sin(
) a-
2
S
0
cos(
)

0
cos(t ) v -
0
sin(
) a-
0
cos(
)
Voi s 8, S
0

0
8;
(h_ 2 Gia tc phap tuyn:
0
cos
2 (cos cos )
4t
T B
a g
m

Z Gia tc tip tuyn: a
tt
gsin
Ta co gia tc:
2 2
4t tt
a a a +

24 V1 tQcF :fc c15F 115 :VW152
*
: 10
0
0

) (
2 2
0
g8 1
; T mg(1
) 5 , 1
2 2
0

2
0
2
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

mg8 C m H H H
m1 H
mg8 H
t
t
+
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

56
*
: 10
0
0
>
) cos (cos 2
0
g8 1
T
) cos 2 cos 3 (
0
mg
t
t
H H H
m1 H
mg8 mgh H
+

2
2
1
) cos 1 (
(h_ 2 v
max
va T
max
khi
0 v
min
va T
min
khi
0
Z D cao cc i cua vt t uoc so
voi VTCB:
2
ax
ax
2
m
m
1
h
g
4 Ti .D 5iVN \D15 115 -N thg 1152

2 2
0 0
2 2
t
W S
1 1 n
W S

Cng thuc xac inh vi tri cu a vt khi bit

truc ti s giua Dng nng va Th nng la:
0
S
S
n 1
t
+
Hoc
0
n 1
t
+
"4 (D15 thVc @Nc \i1h -q1 tDc cuN -qt tNi
-i tUi mN \D15 115 E15
1
n
thg 1152
Nu ta co:
t
W 1
W n
hay
t
1
W W
n

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
57
Thi:
( )
0
0
S g
v S
n 1 n 1
t t
+ + l
Hoc
( )
0
0
g
v
n 1
n 1
t t
+
+
l l
----- -----
8h<a i b=ng th-c .h>m" ch<a ?@t n/t
b=ng hAc h'i *
----------
,- tBng tCng c:n Duan tEAng hFn
kin thGc * Hlb1Et Iin2t1in
----------
Ngi n# khng ?/m lm g5 ht" ng
hy 4Ang g5 ht *$ ,chill1
----------
J n# ch9 hi 4Ang 4# 4Kn may 2L bM
thNt 4Ang$
Om 4i&c l cPi EQ ca mAi chin thng *

H$ Ru221t
----------
J bi Duan nh5n thNy kh kh6n tE#ng
tng cF hPi
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
58
Ngi l;c Duan l;i thNy tng cF
hPi tE#ng mSi kh kh6n * N$ Rail1E
----------
Ngay cT tEU tu& thng minh nhNt 4Vn c:n
c iWu .hTi hAc*
----------
,- thnh cng l tUch 2@ ca 2- lm 4i&c"
may mn 4 ti n6ng*
----------
(H) > 2 (+( Lv&$ %*v >mNG
JH+(
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
59
14 %N/ \P15 tt Sa12 La dao ng co bin
gim dn theo thoi gian do lc cn mi
truong.
tdn cang nhanh nu mi truong
cang nhot (lc cn cang lon)
ng dung: gim xoc trn xe c, cua t
ong
24 %N/ \P15 Suy tU82 D d cua mt h
khng bi tt dn, cn b sung nng luong
cho no mt cach u n trong tung chu ki
bu vao phn nng luong mt i do ma
sat. cua h khi o uoc goi la d duy tri
- Dc im:
Bin khng i
Tn s dao ng bng tn s
ring (I
o
) cua h.
4 %N/ \P15 cV15 EKc2 La dao ng cua
h duoi tac dung cua ngoi lc cung buc
tun hoan.
- Dc im:
Bin khng i, ti l thun
voi bin cua ngoi lc va phu thuc vao
tn s ngoi lc.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
60
Tn s dao ng bng tn s
cua lc cung buc (I)
"4 Hic1 tVW15 cP15 hV152 Khi I I
o
thi
bin dao ng cung buc t gia tri cc
i
Hin tuong cng huong.

Diu kin cng huong: I I
0
hay
0
hay T T
0
Z )
0
T t
t
s
1
Hay

'
0
0 max
0
lam A A lc can cua moi trng
f f
T T
Z Tam uN1 tU15 cON hic1
tVW15 cP15 hV152 Cng huong khng chi
co hi ma con co loi
-Toa nha, cu, may, khung xe,...la nhung
h dao ng co tn s ring. Khng cho
chung chiu tac dung cua cac lc cuong buc,
co tn s bng tn s ring tranh cng
huong, dao ng mnh lam gy, .
- Hp an cua an ghi ta,...la nhung hp
cng huong lam cho ting an nghe to, r.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
61
(h_ 2
tt dn la d co bin gim dn theo
thoi gian.
cung buc chiu tac dung cua ngoi lc
lc bin thin tun hoan.
duy tri giu bin khng i ma
khng lam chu ki thay i.
%N/ \P15
tf S/F SN/
\P15 Suy
tU8
%\ tt
Sa1
%N/ \P15
cV15 EKc
(P15 hV15
Lc
tac
dung
o tac
dung cua
ni lc
tun hoan
o tac
dung
cua lc
cn
(do ma
sat)
o tac dung
cua ngoi lc
tun hoan
Bin
A
Phu thuc
iu kin
ban u
Gim
dn theo
thoi gian
Phu thuc
bin cua
ngoi lc va
hiu s 0
( )
cb
f f
Chu
ki T
Chi phu
thuc c
Khng
co chu ki
Bng voi chu
ki ( hoc tn
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
62
(hoc
tn
s I)
tinh ring
cua h,
khng phu
thuc cac
yu t bn
ngoai.
hoc tn
s do
khng
tun
hoan
s) cua ngoi
lc tac dung
ln h
Hin
tuong
c
bit
trong
D
Khng co
S khng
dao ng
khi ma
sat qua
lon
S xy ra HT
cng huong
(bin A t
max) khi tn
s 0 cb
f f
ng
dung
Ch to
ng h
qu lc.
Do gia tc
trong
truong cua
trai t.
Ch to
lo xo
gim xoc
trong
t, xe
may
Ch to khung
xe, b may
phi co tn s
khac xa tn s
cua may gn
vao no.
Ch to cac
loi nhc cu
~4 (Lc \0i :VW15 tU/15 SN/ \P15 tt Sa12
u15 \Ve15 -t \i \VWc \1 :_c S?15
:0i :2
2 2 2
2 2
kI I
C
mg g

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
63
T
x
t
O
>P 5im Eig1 \P .Nu mi chu C :2
2
4 4 mg g
I
k

3Q S\ thfc hic1 \VWc2
2
4 4
I Ik I
N
I mg g

at
2
4
mas
F
I I
k

Thei 5iN1 -t S\ \1 :_c S?15 :0i2
.
4 2
IkT I
t N T
mg g

(Nu coi d tt dn co tinh tun
hoan voi chu k
2
T

)
D gim bin sau N chu k dao ng:
at
4
mas
n n
F
I I I N
k

* Vn tc cc i cua vt t uoc khi th
nhe cho vt dao ng tu vi tri bin ban u:
1
ma3
T
gI
k
g m
m
kI
2
2 2 2
+
.
(HoNG $$4 3NG (o V 3NG b
(H) > 12 >&$ (oNG 3NG (o4
14 JhLi 1icm -d .15 cMF .15 15N15F
.15 Sc
N4 315 cM2 la dao ng dao ng c lan
truyn trong mt mi truong
khng
tEuyWn Cc tE#ng chn khng
>c \ikm2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
64
- Song c khng truyZn [c tr5ng chn
kh=ng.
- Khi song c lan truyn, cac phn tu vt
cht chi dao ng ti ch, 4ha Ga5 !ng 1
n\ng 8[ng s]ng chuyn doi theo song.
- Trong mi truong ng tinh va ng
huong, t^c ! kh=ng _i*
E4 315 Sc2 la song c co phung dao
ng tU15 voi phung truyn song. Song
doc truyn uoc trong ch`t kha# 8bng# r>n*
Vi du: Song m trong khng khi.
c4 315 15N152 la song c co phung d
-uD15 goc voi phung truyn song. Song
ngang truyn uoc trong ch`t r>n 1 trn
m/t ch`t 8bng.
Vi du: Song trn mt nuoc.
24 (Lc \c tUV15 cON .15 cM2
N4 (hu C8 Yta1 .Q .15[2 la i luong
ChD15 thNy \Bi khi song truyn tu mi
truong nay sang mi truong khac.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
65
E4 Big1 \P .152 :a bin dng cua mt
phn tu co song truyn qua.
c4 TQc \P tUuyd1 .152 la tc lan truyn
dao ng trong mi truong; phu thuc bn
cht mi truong ( E N ?
1 1 1 > >
[ - 1hict \P
Y1hit cua mi truong tng thi tc lan
truyn cang nhanh)
S4 BV|c .15 Ym[2
D
1
1T
2 Voi v(m/s);
T(s); I(Hz) + m)
(12 la khong cach giua hai icm gn nhau
nh`t trn phung truyn song dao ng
cdng 4ha voi nhau.
(22 la Ku:ng ng song lan truyn tr5ng
m!t chu ke
(h_ 2 Trn vong tron luong giac:
2 C E
t T

94 N15 :VW15 .152 Qtrinh truyn song la
qua trinh truyn nng luong.
4 (h_ 2
S chu ki bng s gon song tru 1.
Khong cach giua hai ngon song lin tip
la
.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
66
Qung uong truyn song: S v.t
Khong cach giua n ngon song la (n 1)
"4 PhVM15 tU81h tUuyd1 .15

N4 PhVM15 tU81h S\2
u
m
Acos
) ( 2 cos ) (

3
T
t
I
1
3
t
cos 2 ( )
Y
t G
u I
T

voi d MO thi phung trinh
song phn x ti M la:
'
'
cos 2 ( )
cos 2 ( )
! c" #$n%
&%i ! t' (o
'
Y
Y
t G
?hi u I
T
t G
u I
T
E4 >P :cch phN cON 2 S\ t0i 2 \ikm cLch

15u}12
1 2
2 2
3 3
3

Cung pha:
2 k
Nguoc pha:
) 1 2 ( + k
Vung pha:
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
- Khong cach giua hai im dao ng cung
pha2
d k
(k 1, 2, 3).
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
67
)%* +ng tru,-n s.ng
!
/
0
!
( /!
0
( /0
o
u acos( t ) +
!
!
2 (
u acos( t )
+ +
0
0
2 (
u acos( t )

31 32
- Khong cach giua hai im dao ng
nguoc pha2
d (
1
k )
2
+
(k 0, 1, 2)
(h_ 2
Z Nu ngun kich thich bng dong in co
tn s I thi song d voi 2I.
Hai im gn nhau nht cung pha cach
nhau 1 buoc song
Hai im gn nhau nht nguoc pha cach
nhau nua buoc song
Hai im gn nhau nht vung pha cach
nhau mt phn tu buoc song
----- -----
(H) > 22 %*v THv* 3NG
14 Hic1 tVW15 5iN/ th/N .152 la s tng
hop cua 2 hay nhiu 2ng kt hC. trong
khng gian, trong o co nhung ch bin
song uoc tng cuong (cc i giao thoa)
hoc trit tiu (cc tiu giao thoa). Hin
tuong giao thoa la hin tuong c trung cua
song.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
68
24 >idu Cic1 5iN/ th/N4 315 Ct hWp2
>C \k c 5iN/ th/N2 2 ngun
song la 2 ngun kt hop
o ao ng cung phung,
cung chu k
o Co hiu s pha khng i
theo thoi gian
4 PhVM15 tU81h2 GiN/ th/N cON hNi .15
phLt UN t? hNi 15u}1 .15 Ct hWp 3
1
F 3
2
cLch 1hNu mPt Ch/15 l2
Dim M cach 2 ngun d
1
, d
2
Nu ti hai ngun S
1
va S
2
cung phat ra
hai song ging ht nhau co phung trinh
song la: u
1
u
2
Acost va b qua mt mat
nng luong khi song truyn i thi thi song
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
69
ti M (voi S
1
M d
1
; S
2
M d
2
) la tng hop
hai song tu S
1
va S
2
truyn toi s co phung
trinh la:
u
M
2Acos

) (
1 2
G G
cos(t -
) (
1 2
G G +
)
D lch pha cua 2 song tu 2 ngun
truyn toi M:
) ( 2
1 2
G G
Bin tng hop ti mt im M la
A
M
2A
2 1
(d )
os
G
c

2A
os
2
c

(Hs'N > 2 G$*v THv* 3NG
(o
%015 12 3Q \ikm h/c .Q \Ve15 S\
N4 HNi 15u}1 S\ c15 phN
2
1 2
k
* Dim d cc i: d
1
d
2
k (kZ)
S uong hoc s im (kh=ng tanh hai

ngufn):

2 1 2 1
s s
k
s s
< <
Vi tri cua cac im cc i:

2 2
.
1
I.
k G +

* Dim d cc tiu (khng d): d
1
d
2
(2k
1)
2
(k
)
2
1
(kZ)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
70
S im (kh=ng tanh 7 ngufn):

2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
< <

s s
k
s s
Vi tri cua cac im cc tiu:

4 2 2
.
1

+ +
I.
k G
(thay cac gia tri k)
E4 HNi 15u}1 S\ 15VWc phN2
) 1 2 ( + k
* Dim d cc i: d
1
d
2
(2k1)
2

(k
)
2
1
(kZ)
V^ tU SN/ \P15 cfc \0i . c:
'
+
+
)
2
1
(
1 2
1 2
k G G
8 G G
S im (kh=ng tanh 7 ngufn):

2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
< <

s s
k
s s
* Dim d cc tiu (khng d): d
1
d
2
k (kZ)
S uong hoc s im (kh=ng tanh hai

ngufn):

2 1 2 1
s s
k
s s
< <
c4 HNi 15u}1 S\ -uD15 phN2

2 1
(2 1)
2
k

+
Dim cc i co d
2
d
1
k

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
71
S im cc i va cc tiu trn on AB
la bng nhau va bng:
4
1
4
1
2 1 2 1
< <

s s
k
s s
(h_ 2 V1 tQc tUuyd1 .15 tUg1 mt chAt
:152
D
k
G G
1
2 1

Nu giua M va uong trung trc cua S
1
S
2
khng co cc i thi k -1
Nu giua M va uong trung trc cua S
1
S
2
co n cc i thi k n 1
Y(hG .R ST15 ch/ Eig1 \P cfc \0i -
c cfc \0i 5iN/ th/N[
z (h_ 2
Khong cach giua hai hyperbol cc i
cach nhau 2
Nhung gon li (cc i giao thoa, uong

dao ng mnh)
Nhung gon lm (cc tiu giao thoa,
uong ung yn)
Khong cach giua hai uong cc i hoc
cc tiu lin tip bng
2

Khong cach giua uong cc i va cc
tiu gn nhau nht bng
4
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

72
k 0 thi cc i dao ng la uong thng
la trung trc cua S
1
S
2
.
Hai ngun S
1
S
2
cung pha nhau thi ti
trung trc la cc i giao thoa.
Hai ngun S
1
S
2
nguoc pha nhau thi ti
trung trc la cc tiu giao thoa
(h_ 2 Xac inh im M d voi A
max
hay
A
min
ta xt ti s
1 2
G G
Nu
1 2
G G
k s nguyn thi M dao ng
voi A
max
va M nm trn cc i giao thoa
thu k
Nu
1 2
G G
k
2
1
thi ti M la cc tiu giao
thoa thu (k1)
----------
%015 22 Lc \^1h .Q \ikm cfc tU^ tUg1
\/01 (% t0/ -|i *B th1h h81h -uD15
h/c h81h chR 1ht
z TH12 HNi 15u}1 SN/ \P15 c15 phN
Dt 1
I G
, 2
. G
a. S im cc i trn on C tho mn:
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
73
A
B
C
O
I
2 1
2 1
G G k
I . G G I, .,

'
< <
Suy ra:
I . k I, ., < <

Hay:
I . I, .,
k

< <
Gii suy ra k
b. S im cc tiu trn on C tho mn:

2 1
2 1
(2 1)
2
G G k
I . G G I, .,

+
'
< <
Suy ra:
(2 1)
2
I . k I, .,
< + <

Hay:
2( ) 2( )
2 1
I . I, .,
k

< + <
z TH22 HNi 15u}1 *F B SN/ \P15 15VWc
phN tN \/ :0i Ct u4
a. S im cc i trn on C tho mn:
2( ) 2( )
2 1
I . I, .,
k

< + <
b. S im cc tiu trn on C tho mn:
I . I, .,
k

< <
Gii suy ra k
----------
%015 2 Lc \^1h .Q \ikm cfc tU^ tUg1
\/01 th]15 : \Ve15 chx/ cON h81h
-uD15 h/c h81h chR 1ht
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
74
----------
%015 "2 Lc \^1h .Q \ikm cfc tU^ tUg1
\/01 th]15 : \Ve15 tUu15 tUfc cON *B
- cLch *B mPt \/01 @
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
75
%015 ~2 Lc \^1h .Q \ikm cfc tU^ tUg1
\Ve15 tUh1 tqm v : tUu15 \ikm cON *B4
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
76
----------
%015 =2 Lc \^1h Eig1 \P tB15 hWp cON
hNi 15u}1 5iN/ th/N
TH12 HNi 15u}1 *F B SN/ \P15 c15 phN
Tu phung trinh giao thoa song:
2 1 1 2
( ( )
2 . . .
Y
G G G G
u Ic5s c5s t

+
1 1

1 1
] ]
Ta nhn thy bin giao ng tng hop la:
2 1
( )
2 . cos(
Y
G G
I I

Bin t gia tri cc i:

2 1
2 1
( )
1 2
Y
I
G G
c5s G G k I

t
Bin t gia tri cc tiu:
2 1
2 1
( )
(2 1
2
0 )
Y
I
G G
c5s 5 G G k

+
(h_ 2 Nu O la trung im cua on AB
thi ti 0 hoc cac im nm trn uong
trung trc cua on A, B s dao ng voi
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
77
bin cc i va bng:
2
Y
I I
(vi luc nay
1 2
G G
)
TH22 HNi 15u}1 *F B SN/ \P15 15VWc
phN
2 1
( )
2 . cos(
2
Y
G G
I I

t
bin cc tiu va bng:
0
Y
I
(vi luc nay
1 2
G G
)
TH2 HNi 15u}1 *F B SN/ \P15 -uD15
phN
2 1
( )
2 . cos(
4
Y
G G
I I

t
bin :
2
Y
I I
(vi luc nay 1 2
G G
)
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
78
%015 r2 Lc \^1h Ch/15 cLch 151 1hAt
- :|1 1hAt t? mPt \ikm EAt C8 \1 hNi
15u}1
----------
%015 <2 T8m .Q cfc tU^ 5iN hNi \ikm bF
N cLch hNi 15u}1 :a1 :VWt : S
1b
F S
2b
F S
1N
F
S
2N
4
Dt d
M
d
1M
- d
2M
; d
N
d
1N
- d
2N
va
gi su d
M
d
N
.
Hai ngun dao ng cung pha:
Cc i: d
M
k d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
(k 0,5) d
N
Hai ngun dao ng nguoc pha:
Cc i: d
M
(k 0,5) d
N
Cc tiu: d
M
k d
N
Hai ngun dao ng vung pha:
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
79
Cc i cc tiu: d
M

(k0,25) d
N
%015 ;2 Lc \^1h -^ tUF Ch/15 cLch cON
mPt \ikm b SN/ \P15 cfc \0iF cfc tiku
tUg1 \/01 th]15 : \Ve15 tUu15 tUfc cON
*BF h/c tUg1 \/01 th]15 -uD15 5c -|i
hNi 15u}1 *B4
14 Lc \^1h Ch/15 cLch 151 1hAt h/c
:|1 1hAt t? mPt \ikm b \1 hNi 15u}14
N4 PhVM15 phLp: Xt 2 ngun cung pha
(Xem hinh v)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
80
A B
k 1
k 2
k -1
/k
max
/
k 0
k0
k1
k -1
k - 2
N
M
N`
M`
Gi su ti M co dao ng voi bin cc
i.
- Jhi
k
X 1 th82
Khong cach lon nht tu mt im M n
hai ngun la: d
1
MA
Tu cng thuc:
I. I.
k

< <
voi k 1, Suy ra
uoc AM
- Jhi
k
X max
k
th82
Khong cach ngn nht tu mt im M` n
hai ngun la: d
1
MÀ
Tu cng thuc:
I. I.
k

< <
voi k k
max
. Suy
ra uoc AM`
LVu 2 Voi 2 ngun nguoc pha ta lam
tuong t.
%015 102 Lc \^1h t0i -^ tU \ikm b SN/
\P15 c15 phN h/c 15VWc phN -|i
15u}14
N4 PhVM15 phLp
xt hNi 15u}1 c15 phN2
(Lch 12 %15 phVM15 tU81h .154 Goi M
la im dao ng nguoc pha voi ngun
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
81
Phung trinh song tng hop ti M la:
u
M
2acos(
2 1
G G
)cos(20t -
2 1
G G
+
)
* Nu b SN/ \P15 c15 phN -|i 3
1
F 3
2
th82
2 1
G G
+
2k suy ra:
2 1
2 G G k +

Voi d
1
d
2
ta co:

2 1
G G k
Goi x la khong cach tu M n AB: d
1
d
2

2
2
1 2
2
C C
3
_
+

,
k

Ri suy ra x
Nu b SN/ \P15 15VWc phN -|i 3
1
F 3
2
th82
2 1
G G
+
(2k 1) Suy ra:
( )
2 1
2 1 G G k + +

Voi d
1
d
2
ta co:

( )
2 1
2 1
2
G G k

+
Goi x la khong cach tu M n AB:
d
1
d
2

2
2
1 2
2
C C
3
_
+

,
( )
2 1
2
k

+
. Ri suy ra x
(Lch 22 Gii 1hN1h2 Ta co: k
1 2
2
C C
k
- Tim im cung pha gn nht: chon k k
1
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
82
- Tim im nguoc pha gn nht: chon k k
0,5
- Tim im cung pha thu n: chon k k n
- Tim im nguoc pha thu n: chon k k
n 0,5
Sau o Ta tinh: k goi la d.
Khong cach cn tim: x OM
2
2
1 2
2
C C
G
_

,

----- -----
X8hN. nhKn nSi au" tEn tEAng niWm 4ui"
giTi t#T nh<ng h@i tic" khi " b;n 2L c
2uy nghY E=ngZ nu Cc 2@ng l;i" ti 2L
2@ng nh m5nh [ tng 2@ng$X
----------
%015 112 Lc \^1h .Q \ikm SN/ \P15
c15 phN h/c 15VWc phN -|i 15u}14
14 PhVM15 phLp chu15
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
83
A
B
4
4
M
4
PhVM15 tU81h .15 t0i 2 15u}1 c15 Eig1
\P *: (Dim M cach hai ngun ln luot d
1
,
d
2
)

1 1
Acos(2 ) u Dt +
va 2 2
Acos(2 ) u Dt +
Phung trinh song ti M do hai song tu
hai ngun truyn toi:

1
1 1
Acos(2 2 )
Y
G
u Dt
+
va
2
2 2
Acos(2 2 )
Y
G
u Dt
+
Phung trinh giao thoa song ti M: u
M

u
1M
u
2M

1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os os 2
2 2
Y
G G G G
u Ic c Dt

+ +
1 1
+ +
1 1
] ]
Pha ban u song ti M:
M

1 2 1 2
2
Y
G G

+ +
+
Pha ban u song ti ngun S
1
hay S
2
: 1 1 C

hay 2 2 C

D lch pha giua 2 im M va ngun S
1
(Hay S
2
)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
84
1 2
1 1 C Y
G G

+
+

1 2
2 2 C Y
G G

+
+
D im M dao ng cung pha voi ngun
1:
1 2
1
2
G G
k
+
+
. Suy ra:
1
1 2
2 G G k

+
D im M dao ng nguoc pha voi ngun
1:
1 2
1
(2 1)
G G
k
+
+ +
. Suy ra:
1
1 2
(2 1) G G k

+ +
Tp hop nhung im dao ng cung pha voi
2 ngun la ho uong Ellip nhn S
1
va S
2
lam
2 tiu im.
Tp hop nhung im dao ng nguoc pha
voi 2 ngun la ho uong Ellip nhn S
1
va S
2
lam 2 tiu im xen ke voi ho uong Ellip
trn
24 PhVM15 phLp 1hN1h2 Lc \^1h .Q
\ikm c15 phNF 15VWc phN -|i 15u}1 3
1
3
2
5iN 2 \ikm bN tUg1 \Ve15 tUu15 tUfc
Ta co: k
1 2
2
C C
k
d
2
2
1 2
2
C C
gY
_
+

,
; d
2
2
1 2
2
C C
gN
_
+

,

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
85
- Cung pha khi:
Y
Y
G
k
;
N
N
G
k

- Nguoc pha khi:
0, 5
Y
Y
G
k
+
;
0, 5
N
N
G
k
+

Tu k va k s im trn OM
Tu k va k s im trn OM
.Q \ikm tUg1 bN Yc15 tU?F ChLc
cP15[
----- -----
* Tim s uong hyperbol trong khong C
cua hinh gioi hn
Tinh d
1
, d
2

Nu C dao ng voi bin cc i: d
1

d
2
k.
cc tiu d
1
d
2
(k
1
2
+
).
Tinh k
2 1
G G
, ly k la s nguyn
Tinh uoc s uong cc i trong
khong C
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
86
* Tim s uong hyperbol trong khong CA
cua hinh gioi hn
Tinh MA bng cach: MA MB CA
CB
Goi N la im trn AB, khi o: NA - NB
k.,
(cc tiu (k
1
2
+
). )
NA NB AB
Xac inh k tu gioi hn 0 _ NA _ MA
Jhng kh# b/u n# b=ng hAc thGc h[y
tUch lu\ lNy n l7c b;n c:n 2Gc*
----- -----
(H) > 2 3NG %-NG
14 Ph1 @0 .152
- Khi phn x trn vt cn c inh, song
phn x cung tn s, cung buoc song va
lun lun 15VWc phN voi song toi.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
87
- Khi phn x trn vt t do, song phn x
cung tn s, cung buoc song va lun lun
c15 phN voi song toi.
24 Hic1 tVW15 t0/ UN .15
S?152 Song toi va song
phn x truyn theo cung mt phung, thi
co th giao thoa voi nhau, va to ra mt h
song dung.
Trong song dung co mt s im lun
lun ung yn goi la nht# va mt s im
lun lun dao ng voi bin cc i goi
la Aing s]ng*
4 >c \ikm cON .15 S?152
- Song dung khng truyn ti nng luong.
- .in ! G cua phn tu vt cht o mi
im kh=ng _i theo thoi gian.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
88
- Kc giua hai nut lin tip (2 bung) lin tip
thi bng nua buoc song (
2
)
- Kc giua mt nut va mt bung k nhau
Ajng m!t 4hn t Ac s]ng
"4 >idu Cic1 \k c .15
S?152
N4 HNi \au : 1_t .152
*
( )
2
8 k k N

3Q ET15 .15 X .Q E .15 X Cy
3Q 1_t .15 X C Z 1
E4 bPt \au : 1_t .15 ch1
mPt \au : ET15 .152
(2 1) ( )
4
8 k k N
+
3Q E .15 15uyg1 X C
3Q ET15 .15 X .Q 1_t .15 X C Z 1
c4 15 ST152 cON .15 S?15 : \/ -1 tQc
tUuyd1 .15
~4 (h_ 2 Khi trn dy co song dung thi
Du c inh hoc u d nh la nut song.
Du t do la bung song
Hai im i xung voi nhau qua nut song
lun d nguoc pha.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
89
Hai im i xung voi nhau qua bung
song lun d cung pha.
Cac im trn dy u d voi bin
khng i nng luong khng truyn i
Khong thoi gian giua hai ln soi dy
cng ngang hay dui thng (cac phn tu i
qua VTCB) la nua chu k.
B rng bung song la 4a (a la bin )
Khong thoi gian giua hai ln lin tip
mt im thuc bung song i qua VTCB la
2
T
Nu dy uoc ni voi cn rung uoc nui
bng dong in xoay chiu co tn s cua
dong in la D thi dy s dung voi tn s 7D
%015 Ei tp2 Du bai cho I
1
_ I _ I
2
hoc
v
1
_ v _ v
2

- Nu hai im cung pha: vk dI
- Nu hai im nguoc pha: v(2k 1) 2dI
- Nu hai im vung pha: v(2k 1) 4dI
Phung phap: rut v hoc I ra ri th vao I
1
_
I _ I
2
hoc

v
1
_ v _ v
2
tim gia tri k thuc
Z
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
90
----- -----
8n .hTi hAc nhiWu ] nhKn thGc Cc
E=ng m5nh bit c:n Ut ^_
----------
(H) > "2 3NG b
(D15 thKc t/L12 lg10
x
x; a lgx
x
10
a
;
A a
A
a
lg lg lg
14 315 qm la song c truyn trong cac mi
truong khi, lng, rn (m ChD15 truyn
uoc trong chn khng)
- Trong cht khi va cht lng, song m
la song doc.
- Trong cht rn, song m gm c song
ngang va song doc.
24 m 15h9 \VWc co tn s tu 16Hz n
20000Hz ma tai con nguoi cm nhn uoc.
m nay goi la m thanh.
- 3igu qm2 la song m co tn s 20
000Hz
- H0 qm: la song m co tn s 16Hz
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
91
4 N5u}1 qm la cac vt dao ng phat ra
m.
"4 TQc \P tUuyd1 qm2
- Trong mi mi truong nht inh, tc
truyn m khng i.
- Tc tc truyn m phu thuc vao t1h \1
h}i, mt \P cua mi truong va 1hict \P cON
mi truong.
- Tc v
rn
v
lng
v
khi
~4 (Lc \c tUV15 -t : cON qm Ytn s,
cuong (hoc muc cuong m), nng
luong va thi dao ng cua m)
N4 Ta1 .Q cON qm2 La c trung quan trong.
Khi m truyn tu mi truong nay sang mi
truong khac thi ta1 .Q ChD15 \Bi, tc
truyn m thay i, buoc song cua song m
thay i
E4 (Ve15 \P qm I ti mt im la i luong
o bng nng luong ma song m ti qua mt
n vi din tich t ti im o, vung goc
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
92
voi phung truyn song trong mt n vi
thoi gian; \M1 -^ m
2
4
C
B
C t
H
P
.
W (J), P (W) la nng luong, cng
sut phat m cua ngun
S (m
2
) la din tich mt vung goc voi
phung truyn m
Voi song cu thi S la din tich mt cu
S 4aR
2
c4 bKc cVe15 \P qm2
Di luong
0
I
L(B) lg
I
0
I
10
I
N

Hoc
0
I
L(dB) 10.lg
I
2 1 2 1 2 2
2 1
0 0 1 1
I I I I
L - L lg lg lg 10
I I I I
N N
<>
I
0
la cuong m chun (thuong I
0
10
-
12
W/m
2
co tn s 1000Hz)
Dn vi cua muc cuong m la ben
(B). Trong thc t nguoi ta thuong dung
uoc s cua ben la \g@iE91 YSB[2 1B
10dB.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
93
S4 >} th^ SN/ \P15 qm2 la thi cua tt c
cac hoa m trong mt nhc m goi la thi
dao ng m.
=4 >c tUV15 .i1h : cON qm2 Y \c tUV15
: cao, to va m sc)
- >P cN/ cua m gn lin voi tn s cua m.
(D cao cua m tng theo tn s m)
- >P t/ cua m la c trung gn lin voi
muc cuong m (D to tng theo muc
cuong m)
- m .c gn lin voi thi dao ng m,
giup ta phn bit uoc cac m phat ra tu cac
ngun m, nhc cu khac nhau. m sc phu
thuc vao tn s va bin cua cac ho m.
(h_ 2 Nhc m la m co tn s xac
inh.
Tp m la m co tn s khng xac
inh.
Mt u bit kin / buoc song
Hai u bit kin 1 buoc song
Hai u ho buoc song
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
94
Kc giua 2 im cung pha bt ky la mt s
nguyn ln buc song.
Kc giua 2 im nguc pha bt ky la mt
s le nua buc song
r4 Ta1 .Q S/ \1 phLt UN YhNi \au : 1_t
.15[
( k N*)
2
1
D k
8

ng voi k 1 m phat ra m c bn
co tn s
1
2
1
D
8
k 2,3,4co cac hoa m bc 2 (tn s

2I
1
), bc 3 (tn s 3I
1
)
(h_ 2 Thei 5iN1 tUuyd1 qm
kk mt
G G
t
1 1

----- -----
JhD15 EN/ 5ie uL muP1 \k Et \au
(HoNG $$$4 %NG >$wN v*'
(H$s
(H) > 12 (+( Lv&$ b&(H >$wN
%015 12 >0i cVM15 -d Sh15 \ic1 @/Ny
chidu
14 JhLi 1icm Sh15 \ic1 @/Ny chidu2 ong
in co cuong bin thin tun hoan theo
thoi gian theo quy lut ham sin hay cosin
) t cos( I i
0
+

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
95
24 N5uyg1 tc t0/ UN Sh15 *(2 SfN tUg1
hic1 tVW15 cm K15 \ic1 t?
4 (hu C8 - ta1 .Q cON Chu152
2 1
; T D
T

* Mi giy i chiu 2I ln
* Nu
i

2
hoc
i

2
thi chi giy u

tin i chiu 2I 1 ln.
"4 (Lc Eiku thKc2 (Chon gc thoi gian t 0
luc (
, ) n .
r ur
0
0
)
(h_ 2
2
E s
N4 Biku thKc t? thD15 cON Chu152
. . .cos .cos 5 N . C t t
Voi
LI va h s t cm L 4
.10
-7
N
2
.
C
8

S: La din tich mt vong dy
N: S vong dy cua khung
.
ur
: Vc t cm ung tu .
ur
vung goc
voi truc quay
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
96
: Vn tc goc khng i cua khung

dy
E4 Biku thKc cON .uAt \ic1 \P15 cm K15
tKc thei2
e 0
' in os( )
2
N.Cs t M c t
t

Nu kQ 4h-ng 4h4 3c 2nh g]c

Goi goc giua mt phng chua khung dy (P)
voi vct cm ung tu la:
Nu: l T $W
W
thi nu
. n

thi S T W
W
nu
. n

thi S T&@W
W

T m
Nu: l X $W
W
thi S R l T $W
W
Nu: l V $W
W
thi l U $W
W
T S
Nu: l T $W
W
thi S T $W
W
c4 Biku thKc cON \ic1 Lp tKc thei2 u U
0
os( ) u c t +

S4 Biku thKc cON cVe15 \P Sh15 \ic1 tKc
thei tU/15 m0ch2
i I
0
os( ) i c t +
(
i
la pha ban u cua dong
in)
94 GiL tU^ hicu ST152I
0
2
P
; U
0
2
O
; E
0
2
M
~4 (Lc :/0i \/01 m0ch2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
97
N4 >/01 m0ch chG c \ic1 tU thua1 u2 u
E
cung pha voi i
R cho dong in AC va C i qua va lam
tiu hao in nng
O
P
E

* Dt in ap xoay chiu u U
0
cost vao
hai u on mch chi co in tro thun thi
0 0
0
O P
O P

hay
0 0
2
O P
O P
+
hay
0
u i
O P

.
E4 >/01 m0ch chG c cuP1 thua1 cm L2
u
N
nhanh pha hn i la
2

N
N
n
O
P
voi cm khang
N n
N

L: t cm (Henry H)
Z j 15hN cON cm ChL152 Cn tro dong
in (L va I cang lon thi Z
L
cang lon
cn
tro nhiu)
- Cun dy thun cm khi cho dong mt
chiu qua thi chi co tac dung nhu mt dy
dn.
- Cun dy ChD15 thun cm khi cho dong
mt chiu qua thi chi co tac dung nhu mt
in tro r ;
O
P
r
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

98
Ti thoi im t, in ap o hai u cun
cm thun la u va cuong dong in qua
no la i. Ta co h thuc lin h:
Ta co:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0L L
i u i u
1 1
I U 2I 2U
+ +

2 2
2 2
u i
2
U I
+
c4 >/01 m0ch chG c tT \ic1 (2 u
,
chm
pha hn i la
2
,
,
n
O
P
voi dung khang
,
n
,
C: in dung (Fara F)
LVu 2 Tu in khng cho dong in
khng i i qua; Su15 ChL15 cn tro dong
in (C va I cang lon thi Z
c
cang nh
cn
tro it)
Ti thoi im t, in ap o hai u tu
in la u va cuong dong in qua no la i.
Ta co h thuc:
1
2 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
+ +
, ,
O
u
P
i
O
u
P
i

2 2
2 2
u i
2
U I
+
S4 >/01 m0ch uL( ChD15 phq1 1hL1h2
- Tng tro:
2
C L
2
) Z Z ( R Z +
- Cuong hiu dung:
N
N
,
, E I.
n
O
n
O
E
O
n
O
P
- Din ap hiu dung:
2 2 2
) (
, N E
O O O O +
- D lch pha:
E
, N , N
O
O O
E
n n
tan
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
99
N M
B
A
C L,r
R
Nu Z
L
Z
C
hay
1
N,
>

0
u som pha
hn i (cm khang)
Nu Z
L
Z
C
hay
1
N,
<

0
u tr pha
hn i (dung khang)
- (P15 hV15 \ic12 Khi Z
L
Z
C
LC
2
1 thi

1
N ,
n n hay
N,

hoc
N,
D
2
1
.
Tng tro nh nht Z
min
R
ong in lon nht I
max
O
E

0
: u va i cung pha
H s cng sut cc i cos
1
Cng sut cc i P
2
O
OP
E

. ax E m
O O

N ,
O O

1
R R
u ongphasovi uhai auoanmach HayU U

1
2
L C
u vau ongthi !"chpha sovi u#hai auoanmach
=4 (D15 .uAt cON m0ch \ic1 @/Ny chidu2

N4 (D15 .uAt2 Cng sut thuc thoi: P ui
Ri
2

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
100
(D15 .uAt tUu15 E81h2 P X
s$c/. X u$
2

Z Din nng tiu thu: W Pt
E4 Hc .Q cD15 .uAt2 cos
O
O
n
E
E
(0
cos 1)
Y nghia:
2 2
2
2
hp
cos U
P
rI P
cos U
P
I
Nu cos nh thi hao phi trn
uong dy s lon.
Thuong chon cos 0,85
r4 >^1h :ut u1-L91@M2
t EP L
2
----- -----
%015 22 Vit Eiku thKc \ic1 Lp tKc thei
- Sh15 \ic1 tKc thei
N4 (h/ i -it u2 Nu
) cos(
0 i
t P i +
th8
) cos(
0
+ +
i
t O u
E4 (h/ u -it i2 Nu
) cos(
0 u
t O u +
th8
) cos(
0
+
u
t P i
c4 (h/ u -it u ChLc phi thD15 uN Eiku
thKc i (hoc tng hop ging dh)
z (h_ 2
* Mch chi co in tro thun R: u
E
cung
pha voi i
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
101
* Mch chi co cun thun cm L: u
N
nhanh
pha hn i la
2
* Mch chi co tu in C: u
,
chm pha hn
i la
2
*
N
N
,
, E I.
n
O
n
O
E
O
n
O
P
0 0 0 0
0

va tan
E
, N , N
O
O O
E
n n

3R ST15 mLy (N.i/ ~r0 - `@
Z (bPL2 m/S9 2y
Z UNS2 .hi`t m/S9 "
Z
r
2 .hi`t 2 y
Z i2 NG
(h/ u -it i2 BAm
0 0
: ( )
u N , i
O E n i n i r P +
(h/ i -it u2 BAm
0 0
( )
i N , u
P E n i n i r O +
(h/ u -it u2 s
01
1

t
s
02

2
1hA1 X
3H$T 2 X s
0
---------
%015 2 Lc \^1h cLc \0i :VW15 :ig1 uN1
\1
% Cic1 \d ch/ (D15 thKc c thk

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
102
.R ST15
Goc lch giua u va i
n
E
E
n n
, N
cos ; tan
Cng huong: u va i
cung pha (
0
); cos
1
; I
max
; P
max
Z
L
Z
C
u
1
va u
2
cung pha (
)
2 1

2 1
tan tan
u
1

u
2

1 tan . tan
2 1

Lch pha bt ki
2 1
2 1
2 1
tan tan 1
tan tan
) tan(

+

(h_ 2
z Nu u
1
- u
2
lch
2
khng co R thi u va
i cung pha
z TN c2
u u i u i u
3 3
/ / /

14 Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip
va on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc
ni tip voi nhau
Nu co U
AB
U
AM
U
MB
u
H`
y u
HR
-
u
R`
c15 phN tN1u
H`
X tN1u
HR
X tN1u
R`
24 Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
va R
2
L
2
C
2
mc
ni tip co pha lch nhau
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
103
Voi
1 1
tan
1
1
n n
N ,
E
va
2 2
tan
2
2
n n
N ,
E
(gi su
1

2
)
Co
1

2

1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan . tan

+

Truong hop c bit
2
(1u=ng 4ha
nhau) thi tan
1
.tan
2
- 1
V%2 Mch in o hinh 1 co u
I.
va u
IY
lch
pha nhau
O y 2 on mch AB va AM co
cung i va u
I.
chm pha hn u
IY

AM

AB

tan tan
tan
1 tan . tan
IY I.
IY I.

+
Nu u
I.
vung pha voi u
IY
thi
tan . n -1 1
n n n
N , N
ta
IY I.
E E

* Mch in o hinh 2: Khi C C
1
va C
C
2
(gi su C
1
C
2
) thi i
1
va i
2
lch pha
nhau
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
104
O y hai on mch RLC
1
va RLC
2

co cung u
I.
Goi
1
va
2
la lch pha cua u
I.
so
voi i
&
va i
7

thi co
1

2

1
-
2

Nu I
1
I
2
thi
1
-
2

2

Nu I
1
I
2
thi tinh
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan . an t

+
4 Lig1 uN1 \P :cch phN:
a. Truong hop:
+
1 2 1 2
tan 1tan 1
2

b. Truong hop:

1 2 1 2
tan 1tan 1
2

c. Truong hop:
+ t
1 2 1 2
tan 1tan 1
2

"4 Xt on mch AB nhu hinh v (1) Nu :
AM

AB
(2a)

tan tan
tan
1 tan tan

+
IY I.
IY I.

tan
1
N , N
N , N
n n n
E E
n n n
E E
+
hay
2
tan
( )
,
N N ,
En
E n n n

+ (2b)
----------
%015 "2 Ghxp tT \ic1
N4 Ghxp 1Qi tip2 (
E
(
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
105
n A
, , , ,
1
...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + +
Chi co C
1
nt C
2
thi
2 1
2 1
, ,
, ,
,
A
+
E4 Ghxp ./15 ./152 (

E
(
C
b
C
1
C
2
C
n
(h_ 2
Z Phn bit ghp thm vao va thay tu
C
1
bng C
2
.
Thuong tim C
b
truoc ri suy ra cach
ghp va tim C
2
.
%015 ~2 >0i :VW15 :ig1 uN1 \1 \ic1 Lp
hicu ST15 - .Q chG cON -D1 C4
N4 +p ST15 cLc cD15 thKc2
O
O
O
O O
O O O O
E
E
, N
, N E

+ cos ; tan ; ) (
2 2 2
E4 xt t?15 \/01 m0ch2
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1
) (
, N E
, E
N E
O O O O
O O O
O O O
+
+
+
Gii h tim nghim
----------
%015 =2 bPt .Q Ei t/L1 Ei1 thig1 Ycfc
tU^[
14 b0ch uL( c u Ei1 thig12
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
106
N4 T8m u \k P
mN@
2 Khi R Z
L
- Z
C
thi
2 2
max
2 2
N ,
O O
n n E

)

Khi o
4 2
2
2
1
cos

* Truong hop cun dy co in tro R
0
Khi
2 2
0 max
0
2 2( )
N ,
N ,
O O
E n n E
n n E E

+
)
(h_ 2 Nu bai toan tim R P
cdmax
hay
P
R0max
(P
rmax
) thi phn tich P
r
rI
2
, P
rmax
thi R 0. Luc o suy ra P
rmax
Mch R(L, r) C, thay i R P
Rmax

thi
) ( 2
; ) (
2
max
2 2
r E
O
B n n r E
E , N
+
+
E4 T8m u \k P c c15 5iL tU^2
* Khi R R
1
hoc R R
2
thi P co cung
gia tri.
Ta co
2
2
1 2 1 2
; ( )
N ,
O
E E E E n n +
)
Va khi
1 2
E E E
thi
2
max
1 2
2
O
E E
)
c4 T8m u \k P X c/1.t thuong gii pt bc
2 theo R
Tu
2
2
2 2
L (
s
P X u$ X u
u ZY - [

( ) 0
2 2 2
+
, N
n n B E O BE
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
107
à thG khng ba# gi tEB l;iZ l t)n [
bay" li [ ni 4 nh<ng ngy [ Dua *
24 b0ch uL( c L thNy \Bi2
N4 T8m L \k $
mN@
YP
mN@
[ hNy s
umN@
Khi Z
L
Z
C
2
1
N
,
U U
Rmax
; P
max
E
O
2
;
0 1 cos
E4 T8m L \k s
LmN@
2 Khi
2 2
,
N
,
E n
n
n
+
thi
2 2
ax
,
NY
O E n
O
E
+

va
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
Nm E , Nm , Nm
O O O O O O O O + +
c4 T8m L \k s
(mN@
2 Khi Z
L
Z
C
thi U
Cmax
,
n
E
O
S4 V|i L X L
1
h/c L X L
2
m s
L
c c15
5iL tU^ th8 \ic1 Lp cfc \0i hNi \au cuP1
cm s
LmN@
Chi

1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
N N N
N N
N
n n n N N
+
+
94 Jhi
2 2
4
2
, ,
N
n E n
n
+ +
th8 \ic1 Lp hicu ST15 tUg1

\/01 uL \0t cfc \0i

ax
2 2
2 R
4
ENm
, ,
O
O
E n n
+
va O
ENma3
2 2
0
N , N
n n n E
D O
EN
khng phu thuc vao gia tri cua E
theQ n
,
T 7n
N
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
108
`4 VMi hNi 5iN tUi cuN cuD1 cNm L
1
-N L
2
mNch c/ cu15 cD15 .uqt th8 Su15 ChL15
thN m12
B
&
TB
7
n
&
Tn
7
on
N&
n
,
o T o n
N7
n
,
o
L1 L2
C
Z Z
Z
2
+
gia tri cua O cng sut toan mch t

cc i tha mn:
L1 L2
L
Z Z
Z
2
+
;
1 2
L L
L
2
+
(h_ 2 Khi L thay i ma U

Lmax
thi u
RC
tr
pha hn u
2
a. Ghp ni tip: L L
1
L
2
. . .
b. Ghp song song: 1 2
1 1 1
= 2 21 1 1
3 3 3

1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
N N N
N N
N
n n n N N
+
+
c4 Khi tn ti hai gia tri L
1
va L
2
sao cho
mch co cung cng sut P thi ta co h thuc:
, D
N N
2 2
2 1
2
1
+

4 b0ch uL( c ( thNy \Bi2
N4 T8m ( \k $
mN@
YP
mN@
[ hNy s
umN@
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
109
Khi Z
L
Z
C
2
1
N
,
U U
Rmax
; P
max
E
O
2
;
0 1 cos
E4 T8m ( \k s
(mN@
2 Khi
2 2
N
,
N
E n
n
n
+
thi
2 2
ax
N
,Y
O E n
O
E
+
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
,m E N ,m N ,m
O O O O O O O O + +
c4 T8m ( \k s
LmN@
2 Khi Z
L
Z
C
thi U
Lmax
N
n
E
O
S4 Jhi ( X (
1
h/c ( X (
2
m s
(
c c15
5iL tU^ th8 s
(mN@
Chi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
, , ,
, ,
,
n n n
+
+
94 Jhi
2 2
4
2
N N
,
n E n
n
+ +
thi in ap hiu dung trn

on RC t cc i:
ax
2 2
2 R
4
E,m
N N
O
O
E n n
+
va
2 2
0
E,ma3 , N ,
O n n n E
Ou aZ ung khi mch co R va C mc lin
tip nhau.
D O
E,
khng phu thuc vao gia tri cua E
theQ n
N
T 7n
,
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
110
`4 VMi hNi 5iN tUi cuN tu \ig1 (
1
-N (
2
mNch c/ cu15 cD15 .uqt Yh#bc ccng d[ th82
N D
, ,
2 2
2 1
8
1 1
+
hay
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
, , ,
, ,
,
n n n
+
+
B
&
TB
7
n
&
Tn
7
on
N&
n
,
o T o n
N7
n
,
o
C1 C2
L
Z Z
Z
2
+
gia tri cua C cng sut toan mch t

cuc ai tha mn:
C1 C2
C
Z Z
Z
2
+
;
1 2
2 1 1
C C C
+
;
1 2
1 2
2C .C
C
C C
+
(h_ 2 Khi C thay i ma U
cmax
thi u
RL

nhanh pha hn u
2
Z
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
a / / , nt, 1 , ,

+ +
"4 b0ch uL( c h/c ` thNy \Bi2
* Khi
1
N,

thi I
max
U
Rmax
; P
max

* Khi
2
1 1
2
,
N E
,

thi
ax
2 2
2 .
4
Nm
O N
O
E N, E ,
* Khi
2
1
2
N E
N ,

thi
ax
2 2
2 .
4
,m
O N
O
E N, E ,
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

111
* Voi
1
hoc
2
thi I hoc P
hoc U
R
co cung mt gia tri thi I
max
hoc P
max
hoc U
Rmax
khi
1 2

tn s
1 2
D D D
Ta co:
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
( ) ( )
N , N ,
n n n n n n
h
2
1 2
1 2
1
2
ch
N,
a

'

hay
1 2 1 2
1
N,

tn s
1 2
D D D
Hw si:
1. Voi
1
hoc
2
thi I hoc P hoc
U
R
co cung mt gia tri thi I
max
hoc P
max
hoc
U
Rmax
khi
0

R

2 1
2
R
p p p
2.
1
hoc
2

U
1C
U
2C
U
Cmax
2
2
2
2
1 2
C
p p
p
+
3.
1
hoc
2

U
1L
U
2L
U
Lmax
2
2
2
1
2
L
1 1 2
p p p
+
4. Khi
0

R
U
Rmax
; khi
C

U
Cmax
; khi
L
U
Lmax

L C
2
R
p p p
Ls j2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
112
Khi L L
1
(C C
1
) thi lch pha 1
va
cng sut P
1
Z Khi L L
2
(C C
2
) thi lch pha 2
va
cng sut P
2

Thi
2
2
1
2
2
1
cos
cos
B
B
----- -----
%015 r2 Bi t/L1 hPp \91 YhPp C1[
3R ST15 mLy t1h

) (
) (
0
0
i
u
P
O
i
u
J
u Z Y
L
!
(
[i
Nu chVN c i - u th8 -it u - i Ych_
hPp 1m tUg1 \/01 1/[
----------
%015 <2 Thei 5iN1 \1 .L15 hNy tt tU/15
1 chu C82
N4 Dt in ap u
U
0
cos(2It
u
) vao hai u
bong en hunh quang, bit en chi sang
ln khi in ap tuc thoi t vao en la
1
u O
.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
113
U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sang Sang
Tt
Tt
Thoi gian en hunh quang sang (ti)
trong mt chu k
Voi
1
0
os
O
c
O

, (0
2
)
Thoi gian en .L15 trong
1
2
T
:
1
2
t

Thoi gian en tt trong
1
2
T
:
2
T

t
1
Thoi gian en .L15 trong c chu ki T:
1
2 t t
E4 (D15 thKc t1h thei 5iN1 \1 hu1h
uN15 .L15 tU/15 mPt chu C
Khi t in ap u U
0
cos(t
u
) vao hai
u bong en, bit en chi sang ln khi
u
_
U
1
. Goi
t
la khong thoi gian en sang trong
1 chu k

4
t

Voi
1 0
`
Y gO
;
1
0
cos
O
O

, (0
/2)
c4 >ic1 :VW15 uN tit Sic1 Sqy S12
Z >ic1 :VW15 uN tit Sic1 3 tU/15 thei
5iN1 t : -|i2 X i4t
Z >ic1 :VW15 uN tit Sic1 3 tU/15 thei
5iN1 t? t
1
\1 t
2
: 2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
114
X i4t
2
1
.
t
t
K i Gt
(Hs'N > "2 G$iN >, V( To

(Hv B$ Tv+N >$wN *(
*4 (+(H V G$iN >, V( To2
- Xt mch RLC mc ni tip nhu hinh 1.
Cac gia tri tuc thoi cua dong in la nhu
nhau: i
u
X i
L
X i
(
X i
Cac gia tri tuc thoi cua in ap cac phn tu
khac nhau va ta co2
u X u
u
Z u
L
Z u
(
- Vic so sanh pha dao ng giua in ap
hai u mi phn tu voi dong in chy qua
no cung chinh la so sanh pha dao ng cua
chung voi dong in chy trong mch
chinh. o o truc pha trong gin Frexnel
ta chon la truc dong in thuong nm
ngang. Cac vc t biu din cac in ap hai
u mi phn tu va hai u mch in biu
din trn truc pha thng qua quan h pha
cua no voi cuong dong in.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
115
(
* B
u
L
Hinh
1
14 (Lch - 5i1 \} -xc tM c15 5Qc v2 Vxc
tM EuPc Yui tc h81h E81h h1h[2 (Chiu
dung nguoc chiu kim ng h)
- Ta co: (xem hinh 2)
u
R
cung pha i
R
U
uuur
cung phung cung
chiu voi truc I: nm 15N15
u
L
nhanh pha
a
2
so voi i
L
U
uuur
vung goc
voi truc I: hV|15 :g1
u
C
chm pha
a
2
so voi i
C
U
uuur
vung goc voi
truc I: hV|15 @uQ15
Din ap hai u on mch la: u X u
u
Zu
L
Z
u
(

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
116
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
r
P
C
U
uuur
Hinh 2
C
U U U U
E N
+ +
uur uuur uuur uuur

Chung gc O, ri tng hop vc t li nhu
Sach Giao khoa Vt Ly 12 CB
- D co mt gin vc t gon ta khng nn
dung quy tc hinh binh hanh (UQi hM1 h81h
2E[ ma nn dung quy tc a giac (S6 1h81
h81h ).
24 (Lch - 5i1 \} -xc tM th9/ uy tc \N
5iLc 1hV h81h YVxc tM tUVWt[
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
117
N
O
uur
E
O
uuur
,
O
uuur
O
ur
Hinh 3
O

L
U
r
C
U
r
LC
U
r
R
U
r
U
r
$
r
O

L
U
r
C
U
r
LC
U
r
R
U
r
U
r
$
r
Hinh 2b
Xt tng vc t:
C
U U U U
E N
+ +
uur uuur uuur uuur
. Tu
im ngon cua vc t
L
U
uuur
ta v ni tip vc
t
R
U
uuur
(gc cua
R
U
uuur
trung voi ngon cua
L
U
uuur
).
Tu ngon cua vc t
R
U
uuur
v ni tip vc t
C
U
uuur
. Vc t tng
U
uur
co gc la gc cua
L
U
uuur
va co
ngon la ngon cua vc t cui cung C
U
uuur
(Hinh
3) L - :g1y ( ! @uQ15y u ! 15N152 V1
ST15 uy tc - 1y tN Et \au - 5i1 \}
-xc tM ch/ Ei t/L1 m0ch \ic1 @/Ny chidu
1hV .Nu
B4 bPt .Q TUVe15 hWp thVe15 5p2
14 TUVe15 hWp 12 s
L
s
(
X 0 u
2m .ha hFn i
- PhVM15 phLp -xc tM tUVWt Y>N
5iLc[2 Du tin v vc t
R
U
uuur
, tip n la
L
U
uuur

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
118
cui cung la
C
U
uuur
. Ni gc cua E
O
uuur
voi ngon
cua
U
,
uuur
ta uoc vc t
U
uur
nhu hinh sau:
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
119
U
L
- U
C
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
U
uur
C
U
uuur

V theo quy tc hinh binh hanh (vc t buc)
Z
L
- Z
C
L
n
uur
n
uur
P
r
C
n
uur
E
ur
a giac tng tro
U
L
- U
C
L
U
uuur
U
uur
P
r
C
U
uuur
V theo quy tc a giac (S6 1h81)
Jhi cn bi]u ?iQn
RL
U
uuuur
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
120
V theo quy tc a giac
U
L
- U
C
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
RL
U
uuuur
U
ur
C
U
uuur
C
U
uuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
RL
U
uuuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C
V theo quy tc hinh binh hanh

Jhi cn bi]u ?iQn
RC
U
uuuur
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
121
C
U
uuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
RC
U
uuuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C
V theo quy tc hinh binh hanh

U
L
- U
C
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
U
ur
C
U
uuur
RC
U
uuuur
V theo quy tc a giac
24 TUVe15 hWp 22 s
L
s
(
02 u tEQ
.ha 2# 4i i YhNy i 2m .ha hFn ue
Lam ln luot nhu truong hop 1 ta uoc cac
gin thu gon tung ung la
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
122
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
C
U
uuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
C
U
uuur
U
ur

U
L
- U
C

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
123
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
C
U
uuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C

RL
U
uuuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
C
U
uuur
U
ur
U
L
-
U
C

RL
U
uuuur
4 TUVe15 hWp \c Eict - (uP1 cm c
\ic1 tU thua1 U
V theo ung quy tc va ln luot tu E
O
uuur
, n
Or
uur
, n N
O
uur
, n ,
O
uuur
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
124
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
C
U
uuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C
RC
U
uuuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
C
U
uuur
U
ur
RC
U
uuuur
d
U
uuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
Rd
U
uuuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C
r
U
uur
C
U
uuur
B
C
A
R
L,r
N
m M
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
125
U
L
- U
C
d
U
uuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
Rd
U
uuuur
U
ur
r
U
uur
C
U
uuur
d
U
uuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C
RC
U
uuuur
r
U
uur
C
U
uuur
RC
U
uuuur
d
U
uuur
L
U
uuur
R
U
uuur
U
ur
U
L
- U
C
r
U
uur
C
U
uuur
(4 bPt .Q cD15 thKc t/L1 hc thVe15 Lp
ST152
14 Hc thKc :VW15 tU/15 tNm 5iLc
-uD152 Cho tam giac
vung ABC vung ti
A uong cao AH h,
BC b, AC b, AB
c, CH b
,
, BH c
,
ta co
h thuc sau:
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
126
h
A
B
C
H
a
b
c
b
`
c
'
2 , 2 ,
2 , ,
2 2 2
b ab ; c ac
h b c
b.c a.h
1 1 1
h b c

+
24 Hc thKc :VW15 tU/15 tNm 5iLc2
N4 >^1h : hm .Q .i12
4 4 4
a b c
sin A sin B sin C

E4 >^1h : hm .Q c/.2
4
2 2 2
a b c 2bccos A +
(h_ 2 Thc ra khng th co mt gin
chun cho tt c cac bai toan in xoay
chiu nhung nhung gin uoc v trn la
gin co th thuong dung. Vic su dung
gin vc t nao la hop li con phu thuc
vao kinh nghim cua tung nguoi. uoi y
la mt s bai tp co su dung gin vc t
lam vi du.
----- -----
(H) > 22 b+' PH+T >$wN
14 N5uyg1 tc h/0t \P15 mLy phLt \ic1
@/Ny chidu2
N4 N5uyg1 tc h/0t \P152 da trn hin
tuong cm ung in tu
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
127
A
B
C
a
b c
Khi tu thng qua mi vong dy bin
thin iu hoa:
0
cos2It thi trong
cun dy co N vong ging ht nhau xut
hin sut in ng cm ung bin thin iu
hoa:
e
d
N
dt
; e E
0
cos2It; voi E
0

N
0
2It
E4 ( hNi cLch t0/ UN .uAt \ic1 \P15 *(
tU/15 cLc mLy phLt \ic1:
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
128
Tu truong c inh va cac vong dy quay
trong tu truong.
Tu truong quay, cac vong dy nm c
inh.
24 bLy phLt \ic1 @/Ny chidu mPt phN2
N4 (Lc EP ph1 ch1h2 Phn cm va phn
ung.
Pha1 cm2 Nam chm in hay nam
chm vinh cuu to ra tu truong.
Pha1 K152 La nhung cun dy trong o
xut hin sut in ng cm ung khi may
hot ng.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
Stato
Stato
Roto
Roto
129
Phn ung yn goi la stat5, phn quay
quanh mt truc goi la r= t5.
D tng sut in ng cua may phat:
Phn ung gm cac cun dy co nhiu
vong mc ni tip nhau va t lch nhau
trong tu truong cua phn cm.
Cac cun dy cua phn cm ung va nam
chm in cua phn cm uoc qun trn cac
li thp ki thut gm nhiu la thp mng
ghp cach in nhau, nhm tng cuong tu
thng qua cac cun dy va gim dong
Phuc.
E4 H/0t \P152 Co 2 cach.
(Lch 12 Phn ung quay phn cm c
inh. Trong cach nay mun ua in ra
mch ngoai nguoi ta hai vanh khuyn t
ng truc voi khung dy va cung quay voi
khung dy. Khi khung dy quay thi hai vanh
khuyn truot ln hai thanh qut. Vi hai chi
qut ung yn nn dong in trong khung
dy qua vanh khuyn va qua chi qut ra
ngoai mch tiu thu.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
130
(Lch 22 Phn ung ung yn con phn
cm quay.
Tn s dong in: ` X 1p; voi n
(vong/giy): tc quay rto, p s cp cc
cua may phat.
Nu -h15ph_t th82
60
4n
D
4 bLy phLt \ic1 @/Ny chidu EN phN2
N4 >1 Sh15 \ic1 EN phN2 la h thng gm
ba dong in AC, gy boi ba sut in ng
co cung tn s, cung bin , lch pha nhau
2
3
.
e
1
E
0
cos(t); e
2
E
0
cos(t -
2a
3
); e
3

E
0
cos(t
2
3
)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
131
N
S
HNy2 ong in xoay chiu ba pha la h
thng gm ba dong in xoay chiu, co
cung tn s, nhung lch pha nhau
2
3
.
i
1
I
01
cos(t); i
2
I
02
cos(t -
2a
3
); i
3
I
03
cos(t
2
3
)
Nu ba ti i xung thi: I
01
I
02
I
03
I
0
E4 (Au t0/ - h/0t \P15 cON mLy phLt
\ic1 @/Ny chidu EN phN2
Ging may phat in mt pha nhung ba
cun dy phn ung ging nhau t lch
nhau mt goc
2
3
trn uong tron Stato.

Khi r to quay thi tu thng qua ba cun
dy dao ng iu hoa cung tn s va bin
nhung lch pha nhau mt goc la
2
3
.
Tu thng nay gy ra ba sut in ng
dao ng iu hoa co cung bin va tn s
nhung lch pha nhau
2
3
o ba cun dy.
Ni cac u dy cua ba cun dy voi ba
mch tiu thu ging nhau ta uoc ba dong
in AC cung tn s, bin nhung nhau v
pha
2
3
.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
132
LVu 2 Khi may hot ng, nu chua ni
voi ti tiu thu thi sut in ng hiu dung
bng in ap 2 u khung dy cua phn ung
"4 bNy Eig1 Np
N4 Bi t/L1 tUuyd1 ti \ic1 115 \i @N2
Gim hN/ ph c 2 cLch2
- Gim r: cach nay rt tn km chi phi
- Tng U: dung may bin ap, cach nay
co hiu qu
T15 s 1 :a1 th8 cD15 .uAt hN/ ph
5im 1
2
:a14
E4 (D15 .uAt hN/ ph2
2
2 2
os
E
O c

)
)
voi
8
E
C

Trong o: B la cng sut truyn i o ni
cung cp
U la in ap o ni cung cp; cos la h s
cng sut cua dy ti in
LVu 2 dn in bng 2 dy
D gim in ap trn uong dy ti
in: U IR
Hiu sut ti in:
.100 q

) )
)
c4 bLy Ei1 Lp2
>^1h 15hN2 Thit bi co kh nng bin i
in ap AC.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
133
U
1
U
2
(Au t0/2 Gm 1 khung st non co pha
silic (Li bin ap) va 2 cun dy dn qun
trn 2 cnh cua khung. Cun dy ni voi
ngun in AC goi la cun s cp. Cun
dy ni voi ti tiu thu goi la cun thu cp
N5uyg1 tc h/0t \P152 a trn hin
tuong cm ung in tu.
(D15 thKc2
N
1
, U
1
, I
1
la s vong dy, in ap,
cuong cun s cp
N
2
, U
2
, I
2
la s vong dy, in ap,
cuong cun thu cp
Cun ni dong AC: cun s cp.
Cun ni voi ti tiu thu: cun thu cp
1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
O M P N
O M P N

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
134
Nu: N
1
N
2

U
1
U
2
: may t6ng
af.$
Nu: N
1
N
2

U
1
U
2
: may h; af.$
15 ST152 Truyn ti in nng, nu
chy kim loi, han in
(h_ 2 Khi cun s cp bi cun nguoc n
vong thi sut in ng cm ung xut hin o
cac cun s cp va thu cp ln luot la: e
1

(N
1
- n)e
0
ne
0
(N
1
2n)e
0
(voi e
0
sut
in ng cm ung xut hin o mi vong
dy) e
2
N
2
e
0
o o
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 N n e M O N n
N e M O N

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
135
B
c] ach
T
I
t
B
ha5 4ha
T E*P
7
B
t5n 4hn
T OPc5sr
B
t5n 4hn
TB
ha5 4ha
R B
c] ach
q T
100
t5an 4han ha5 4hi
t5an 4han
B B
B

s
(Lch ChLc2 Khi cun nguoc k vong nhu
vy thi cun s cp s bi mt
i 2k vong:
1 1
2 2
2 O N k
O N

~4 >D15 cM ChD15 \D15 ED
N4 N5uyg1 tc h/0t \P152
a trn hin tuong cm ung
in tu va tu truong quay.
(Khung dy dn t
trong tu truong quay s quay theo tu truong
o voi tc nh hn)
E4 >P15 cM ChD15 \}15 EP EN phN2
3tNt/2 gm 3 cun
dy ging nhau t
lch 120
0
trn 1
vong tron
uDt/2 Khung dy
dn quay duoi tac
dung cua tu truong
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
136
----------
(Hs'N > ~2 b+' >$wN V
Tus'N Ti$ >$wN NNG
14 (D15 .uAt hN/ ph tU/15 uL tU81h
tUuyd1 ti \ic1 1152
2
2 2
os
E
O c

)
)
voi
8
E
C

Trong o: B la cng sut truyn i o ni
cung cp
U la in ap o ni cung cp; cos la h s
cng sut cua dy ti in
LVu 2 dn in bng 2 dy
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
137
D gim in ap trn uong dy ti
in: U IR
Hiu sut ti in:
.100 (1 ).100 q
B

) ) )
)
P
co ich

I
t
; P
hao phi
R.I
2
; P
toan phn
UIcos
P
toan phn
P
hao phi
P
co ich;
2 2
2
E
B EP B
O

H
.100
t5an 4han ha5 4hi
t5an 4han
B B
B

(h_ 2 Khi cun s cp bi cun nguoc n

vong thi sut in ng cm ung xut hin o
cac cun s cp va thu cp ln luot la: e
1

(N
1
- n)e
0
ne
0
(N
1
2n)e
0
(voi e
0
sut
in ng cm ung xut hin o mi vong
dy) e
2
N
2
e
0
o o
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 N n e M O N n
N e M O N

(Lch ChLc2 Khi cun nguoc k vong nhu
vy thi cun s cp s bi mt i 2k vong:
1 1
2 2
2 O N k
O N

----------
(HoNG $V2 %*v >HNG V* 3vNG
>$N T
(H) > 12 b&(H %*v >mNG
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
138
14 b0ch SN/ \P152 Cun cm co t cm
L mc ni tip voi tu in C thanh m0ch
\ic1 C1 Yu X 0[
24 (Lc Eiku thKc2
N4 Biku thKc \ic1 tch2
t cos q q
0

(Chon t
0 sao cho 0)
E4 Biku thKc \ic1 Lp2
0
0
os( ) os( )
K K
u c t O c t
, ,
+ +
E4 Biku thKc Sh15 \ic12
)
2
t cos( I i
0

+

S4 (m K15 t?2
0
os( )
2
. . c t

+ +
Trong o:
1
N,

la tn s goc

0
0
2 2
P
K
N, T
chu k ring
1
2
D
N,
la tn
s ring

0
0 0
K
P K
N,

0 0
0 0 0
K P N
O NP P
, , ,

Nh1 @xt2
- Din tich q va in ap u lun cung
pha voi nhau
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
139
- Cuong dong in i lun som
pha hn (q va u) mt goc a/2
- Cm ung tu B lun som pha hn
(q va u) mt goc a/2
4 N15 :VW15 \ic1 t?2 Tng nng luong
in truong tu in va nng luong tu truong
trn cun cm goi la nng luong in tu
BAO TOAN
N4 N15 :VW15 \ic1 t?2
WW W
t
+

2
2 2 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 1
W
2 2 2 2
K
,O K O NP
,

E4 N15 :VW15 \ic1 tUVe152
2
2
1 1
W
2 2 2
K
,u Ku
,

2
2 0
W os ( )
2
K
c t
,
+
c4 N15 :VW15 t? tUVe152
2
2 2 0
1
W sin ( )
2 2
t
K
Ni t
,
+
Nh1 @xt2 Mch d co tn s goc , tn s
I va chu k T thi W
va W
t
bin thin voi
tn s goc 2, tn s 2I va chu k T/2
"4 (D15 .uAt2 Mch d co in tro thun R
0 thi d s tt dn. D duy tri d cn cung
cp cho mch mt nng luong co cng sut:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
, O O E,
P E E
N
%
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
140
~4 (h_ 2 uy V|c2 q 0 ung voi bn tu ta
xt tich in dung thi i 0 ung voi dong
in chy n bn tu ma ta xt.
Nu C
1
// C
2
thi hay L
1
nt L
2
thi

2
2
2
1
2 1
D D
D D
D
+
2
2
2
1
+

2
2
2
1
T T T +
Nu C
1
ni tip C
2
hay L
1
song song L
2
thi
I
2
2
2
1
D D +

2
2
2
1
2 1

2
2
2
1
2 1
T T
T T
T
+
Co th su dung cac cng thuc:

; 1 ; 1
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
+ +
K
K
P
i
O
u
P
i
Thoi gian tu phong ht in tich la
4
T
Cu sau thoi gian
4
T
nng luong in li
bng nng luong tu.
Z Thoi gian tu luc I
max
n luc in ap t
cc i la
T
4
1

Khi vt qua VTCB x 0 thi vn tc t
cc i v
max
, nguoc li khi o bin, x
max
A,
v 0. Tung t, khi q 0 thi i I
0
va khi i
0 thi q Q
0
.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
141
Dc bit nn vn dung s tung quan
giua dh va chuyn ng tron u gii
quyt cac bai toan lin quan n thoi gian
chuyn ng.
Mc mch LC vao C thi E va mc AC
thi in ap U
0
E
=4 TT @/Ny2
+
0
, ,
Tinh in dung cua tu khi tu xoay 1 goc
la: Z
Ci

180
c
i
n
Cng thuc tng quat cua tu xoay la:

2 1
1
1 1
1 1
180
, ,
i
,i ,
n n
n n

+ ; Dk: n
,7
X n
,&
Truong hop nay la ,
&
, ,
7
va khi o
n
,7
n
,
n
,&

Nu tinh cho in dung: ,
i
C
1

2 1
180
i
, ,

Diu kin: ,
7
V ,
&
(H) > 22 3NG >$wN T-
14 315 \ic1 t?2 la in tu truong lan
truyn trong khng gian
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
142
N4 >c \ikm .15 \ic1 t?2
- Song in tu truyn uoc trong chn
khng voi tc c 3.10
8
m%s
- Song in tu la song ngang.
- ao ng cua in truong va tu truong ti
1 im lun ng pha
- Song in tu cung phn x va khuc x nhu
anh sang
- Song in tu mang nng luong
- Song in tu buoc song tu vai m n vai
km dung trong thng tin v tuyn goi la
song v tuyn.
E4 3f tUuyd1 .15 -D tuy1 tU/15 Ch
uyk12 Khng khi hp thu mnh song dai,
song trung, song cc ngn; Song ngn phn
x tt trn tng in li.
Tg1
.15
BV|c
.15
Ta1 .Q `
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
143
Song dai Trn 3000
m
uoi 0,1 MHz
Song
trung
3000 m
200 m
0,1 MHz 1,5
MHz
Song
ngn
200 m
10 m
1,5 MHz 30
MHz
Song cc
ngn
10 m
0,01 m
30 MHz
30000 MHz
c4 BVMc ./15 cuN ./15 \ig1 tV2
N, ) 10 . 3 ( 2
8

Vn tc lan truyn trong khng gian v
c 3.10
8
m/s
May phat hoc may thu song in tu su
dung mch LC thi tn s song in tu phat
hoc thu uoc tn s ring cua mch.
Buoc song cua song in tu
2
1
1 N,
D

0
0
2
P
K
c
----------
!ng tuy gn" khng i khng ba# gi
n$
%i&c tuy nh'" khng lm ch(ng ba# gi
n)n*
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
144
(H) > 2 >$wN T- Tu#NG
14 >ic1 tUVe15 @/Ly2 co cac uong suc la
cac uong c/15 C1, bao quanh cac uong
suc cua tu truong (cac uong suc khng co
im khoi u cung nhu im kt thuc:
Khac voi uong suc cua in truong tinh)
Ti bt cu ni nao, khi co s bin thin
cua in truong thi u xut hin tu truong
va nguoc li.
24 T? tUVe15 @/Ly c uong suc cua tu
truong bao gio cung khp kin
----------
(H) > "2 NGs'N T( THHNG
T$N L$N L&(
14 N5uyg1 tc chu152
a. Phi dung song in tu cao tn ti
thng tin goi la song mang
b. Phi bin iu cac song mang: Trn
song m tn voi song mang
c. O ni thu phi tach song m tn ra khi
song mang
d. Khuch i tin hiu thu uoc.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
145
24 3M \} ChQi mPt mLy phLt thN1h2 Micr,
b phat song cao tn, mch bin iu, mch
khuch i va ng ten.
4 3M \} ChQi mPt mLy thu thN1h2 Anten,
mch khuch i dao ng in tu cao tn,
mch tach song, mch khuch i dao ng
in tu m tn va loa.
3M \} ChQi cON mLy phLt thN1h -D tuy1
\ic1 \M1 5i12
bLy phLt bLy thu
(1): Micr.
(2): Mch phat
song in tu cao tn.
(3): Mch bin
iu.
(4): Mch
khuych i.
(5): Anten phat.
(1): Anten thu.
(2): Mch khuych
i dao ng in
tu cao tn.
(3): Mch tach
song.
(4): Mch khuych
i dao ng in
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
146
2
1
3 4 5
1 2 3 4
5
tu m tn.
(5): Loa.
N5uyg1 tc thu .15 \ic1 t?2 a vao
nguyn tc cP15 hVW15 \ic1 t? trong mch
LC (I I
0
)
----------
(H) > ~2(+( %&NG B$ TIP
(HoNG "
%015 12 >0i cVM15 -d SN/ \P15 \ic1 t?
%015 22 Lc \^1h chu C8F ta1 .Q - EV|c
.15
%015 2 (Ve15 \P Sh15 \ic1 - \ic1 Lp
%015 "2 N15 :VW15 \ic1 t? tUVe15
%015 ~2 T? Eiku thKc cVe15 \PF @Lc \^1h
cLc \0i :VW15 ChLc
%015 =2 Vit Eiku thKc iF uF
%015 r2 3f phLt - thu .15 \ic1 t?
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
147
%015 <2 (D15 .uAt E -/ S/ hN/ ph
115 :VW15 S/ tN 1hict
----------
J n# ch9 hi 4Ang 4# 4Kn may 2L bM thNt
4Ang$
Om 4i&c l cPi EQ ca mAi chin thng*
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
148
(HoNG V4 3NG +NH 3+NG
(H) > 12 3NG +NH
3+NG
%015 12 >0i cVM15 -d .15
L1h .L15
14 3f tL1 .c L1h .L15
N4 Th 15hicm2 7 mau chinh: , cam, vang,
luc, lam, cham, tim (tia o bi lch it nht, tia
tim bi lch nhiu nht).
E4 +1h .L15 \M1 .c: anh sang co mt mau
nht inh va khng bi tan sc khi qua lng
kinh goi la anh sang n sc (c trung la
tn s I)
c4 +1h .L15 tU15: la tp hp cua rt nhiu
cac anh sang n sc co mau bin thin lin
tuc tu o n tim.
S4 (hit .uAt cON mDi tUVe15 tU/15 .uQt2
phu thuc vao mau sc cua anh sang n
sc, lon nht i voi tia tim va nh nht i
voi tia ; Goc cua tia la nh nht, tia
tim la lon nht
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
149
Trong CK
D
c

c 3.10
8
m/s, trong mi
truong chit sut n:
n

/
* Chit sut:
1
c
n
v
tim
v

94 15 ST152 Gii thich hin tuong t
nhin (cu vng, qung...) ung dung trong
may quang ph lng kinh
(h_ 2
Tan sc lin quan n cu vng
Z Chit sut cua anh sanh la nh nht,
anh sang tim la lon nht.
Z Goc cua tia o la nh nht, tia tim la
lon nht
Song truyn tu mi truong nay sang
mi truong khac thi chu ki va tn s khng
i, con vn tc va buoc song thay i.
Tu mi truong co chit sut nh sang
mi truong co chit sut lon thi vn tc va
buoc song gim va nguoc li.
24 GiN/ th/N N1h .N15
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
150
N4 Hic1 tVW15 1hi6u @0 L1h .L15 la hin
tuong anh sang khng tun theo inh lut
truyn thng, quan sat uoc khi anh sang
truyn qua l nh hoc gn mp cac vt
trong sut hoc khng trong sut. La hin
tuong truyn sai lch so voi s truyn thng
khi anh sang gp vt cn
g nghYaZ Chung minh anh sang co tinh
cht song
E4 Hic1 tVW15 5iN/ th/N2 la hin tuong 2
song anh sang kt hop khi gp nhau s giao
thoa voi nhau, to thanh cac vn giao thoa
(hai song cung buoc cung phung va
lch pha khng i)
Th 15hicm '-q152 Chung minh anh sang
co tinh cht song, la c so o buoc song anh
sang; giao thoa lin quan toi: giot du, mau
sc ia C, bong bong xa phong
Jt DuT thU nghi&m 4 giTi thUchZ
Xut hin nhung vch sang va nhung vch
ti nm xen k nhau mt cach u n
V9ch sngQ la do 2 song anh sang gp
nhau tng cuong ln nhau
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
151
V9ch tî: la do 2 song anh sang gp nhau
trit tiu ln nhau
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
152
5ung giao t%oa
Ti thu 1, k 0
Ti thu 3, k2
Ti thu 4, k3
Ti thu 5, k4
Ti thu 2, k 1
Ti thu 2, k1
Ti thu 3, k 2
Ti thu 4, k 3
i
i
Vn sang TT, k 0
Sang thu 1, k 1, bc 1
Sang thu 2, k-2, bc 2
Sang thu 4, k -4, bc 4
Ti thu 1, k0
Ti thu 5, k 4
I
C
P
?
T
4 Jh/15 -q1F -^ tU -q1 .L15 - tQi2
N4 Jh/15 -q1 la khong cach giua hai vn
sang lin tip hoc hai vn ti lin tip
i
a
E4 V^ tU -q1 .L152 Hiu uong i:

k G G
1 2
Vi tri vn sang:
ki
a
k 3
s

Vq1 .L15 Ec 1 K15 -|i2 C X 1 Yk
0: VS trung tm)
c4 V^ tU -q1 tQi2 Hiu uong i:
)
2
1
(
1 2
+ k G G
Vi tri vn sang:
i k
a
k 3
t
)
2
1
( )
2
1
( + +

Vq1 tQi thK 1 K15 -|i2 C X Y1 ! 1[
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
153
"4 BV|c .15 - mu .c L1h .L152
- Mi anh sang n sc co mt buoc song
xac inh (tn s I ) xac inh.
- Moi anh sang n sc ma ta nhin thy co
0,38 m _ _ 0,76 m
- Anh sang mt troi co buoc song tu 0 n
Mau
as
Buoc song
( )
m
Mau
as
Buoc song
( )
m
D 0,640
0,76
0
Lam 0,450
0,510
Cam 0,590
0,65
0
Cham 0,430
0,460
Vang 0,570
0,60
0
Tim 0,380
0,440
Luc 0,500
0,57
5
~4 (D15 thKc -d :15 C1hF tL1 .c L1h
.L15
Truong hop tng quat:
I i i
r r I
r n i
r n i
+
+
2 1
2 1
2 2
1 1
sin sin
sin sin
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
154
Truong hop goc nh (A, i
1
):
I n
r r I
nr i
nr i
) 1 (
2 1
2 2
1 1

+
B rng dy quang ph trn man: L (n

t

n
d
)A
Nu goc A 8
0
thi L tan(n
t
n
d
)A
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
155
=4 (h_ 2
Khong cach giua n vn sang hoc ti lin
tip co (n 1) khong vn.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
156
As chiu trong khng khi co khong vn i
thi trong mi truong trong sut co chit sut
n thi i`
n
i
HNy
n

'
1
c

'
Chiu as tu mi truong chit quang km

n
1
sang mi truong chit quang hn n
2
(n
1

n
2
) as nao co buoc song lon hn s lch xa
phap tuyn hn va nguoc li.
----------
%015 22 Lc \^1h -^ tU -q1 .L15F -q1 tQiF
Ch/15 -q14
----------
%015 2 3f tU15 1hNu cON cLc EKc @0
Hai vn sang trung nhau:
...
3 3 2 2 1 1
k k k
>c Eict2 Nu trong thi nghim Young
dung hai as co buoc song khac nhau thi
khong cach hai vn sang trung nhau uoc
xem nhu khong vn i`
a
k
a
k
2
2
1
1

V ST: Thi nghim giao thoa I ng voi hai

buc x n sc co khong cach tu hai khe
n man la 2 m va khong cach giua
hai khe sang la a 2mm, cho bit khong
vn o uoc cua cac buc x la i
1
0,7 mm
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
157
va i
2
0,5 mm. Hi s s vn ti trung nhau
cua hai buc x la bao nhiu va o la cac vn
ti thu my trn truong giao thoa L 1cm
Gii2 Vi hai vn ti trung nhau nn x
t

(2k
1
1)
2
i
1
(2k
2
1)
2
i
2
B
A
7
5
i
i
) 1 k 2 (
) 1 k 2 (
1
2
2
1

+
+
phn s ti gin
A 5
va B 7
* Khong vn tung ung i
td
Ai
1
5.0,7
3,5 mm
* S vn ti trung
2
5 , 3 . 2
10
2
Ai 2
L
2
i 2
L
2 N
1 td

1
]
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
* Tinh xem vn ti trung cua buc x 1, 2 la

nhung vn ti thu my
2
L
2
i
) 1 k 2 (
2
i
) 1 n 2 ( A
2
L
1
1
1
+ +
Thay s n - 1; 0
Voi n 0
(2k
1
1) A(2n 1) 7
k
11
3
(2k
2
1) B(2n 1) 5
k
21
2
Voi n - 1
k
12
- 3 va k
22
- 2 (bn trai
gc toa O)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
158
Nhu vy voi truong giao thoa cho chi co
hai vi tri cho vn ti trung vn ti cua hai
buc x cho ma thi.
----- -----
%015 "2 Bd UP15 uN15 phB Ec
) (
2 2 1 1
k k
a
3
z Jh/15 cLch cfc \0i - cfc tiku 5iN
hNi -q1 .L15 - -q1 tQi c15 Ec
) 5 , 0 (
max t
k k
a
3
) 5 , 0 (
min t
k k
a
3
2 nu hai vn cung phia
) 5 , 0 (
min t
k k
a
3 +
2 nu hai vn khac phia
----------
%015 ~2 T0i b c tN \P @
b
: -q1 .L15
hNy tQi2
. Nu
k
i
3
Y
thi o la vn sang bc k
. Nu
2
1
+ k
i
3
Y
thi o la vn ti bc k
1
%015 =2 T8m .Q L. \M1 .c c EV|c .15
'
Ec C tU15 -|i L. \M1 .c c EV|c
.15
Ec C
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
159
Cho hai vn trung nhau, suy ra
'
,
bin lun tim k`
Nu bit vi tri va thu bc thi suy ra
ri bin lun tim k
h T5m gii h;n ca kZ
i %n 2/ng:
im do
. .
;
. .
s s
t
3 a 3 a
k k

* %n t@iZ
im
. .
0, 5; 0, 5
. .
t t
t G5
3 a 3 a
k k

h T5m
Z
( 0, 5)
s t
3 a 3 a
? ?

+
(b2 Vi tri vn sang bt ki x
a
k

x
0
k
a3
0

.
DK:
2
, thuong
1
0,4.10
-6
m (tim)

0,75.10
-6
m
2
()
1
0
2
0

a3
k
a3

, (voi k
Z)
S gia tri k
Z chon uoc la s buc x cho

vn sang ti x
0
va thay cac gia tri k tim uoc
vao tinh
. Do la cac buoc song cac buc x

cua anh sang trng cho vn sang ti x
0
.
(b2 x (k
1
2
)
x
0

0
ax
1
(k )
2

+
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
160
voi iu kin
1

2

1
0
ax
1
(k )
2
+

2

0 0
2 1
ax ax 1
k
2
+

, (voi k
Z)
%015 r2 3Q -q1 tUg1 Ed UP15 -15 5iN/
th/N tUVe15 L - tU/15 Ch/15 bN2
N4 V15 5iN/ th/N tUVe15 L2 - S vn
sang:
i
N
k
i
N
2 2

- S vn ti:
i
N
k
i
N
2 2
1
2
+
k
s vn
(Lch ChLc
Goi L la b rng cua truong giao thoa
trn man.
- Lp ti s:
i
N
2
- 3Q -q1 .L152
1
2
2 +
1
]
1
i
N
N
C
- 3Q -q1 tQi2
1
]
1
+ 5 , 0
2
2
i
N
N
T
V|i
[ ]
: :Ay pha1 15uyg1 cON Eiku thKc
Eg1 tU/15 SAu 15/c -uD154
V ST2
[ ] 2 7 , 2
y
[ ] 2 2 , 2
E4 TU/15 Ch/15 bN2 - Vn sang:
i
3
k
i
3
N Y

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
161
- Vn ti:
i
3
k
i
3
N Y
+
2
1
k s
vn
S vn s vn sang s vn ti
----- -----
%015 <2 Hc -q1 S^ch chuyk1 Chi 15u}1
.L15 S^ch chuyk1
* Khi ngun sang S di chuyn theo phung
song song voi S
1
S
2
thi h vn di chuyn
nguoc chiu va khong vn i vn khng
i.
D doi cua h vn la:
0
/
3 3
=
Trong o: : la khong cach tu 2 khe toi
man

/
: la khong cach tu ngun sang
toi 2 khe
x
0
: la dich chuyn cua h vn
* Khi trn uong truyn cua as tu khe S
1
(hoc S
2
) uoc t mt bn mng day e,
chit sut n thi h vn s dich chuyn v
phia S
1
(hoc S
2
) mt on:
0
( 1) n e
3
a
6
=
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
162
Thig1 ti2 ;; m} hDi - 1V|c mtF 1
: Em .i1h
----------
!ng i kh khng kh3 45 ng6n 2ng
c/ch n7i
8h9 kh 45 l:ng ngi ng;i n7i" 1 2ng *
----------
%015 ;2 T^1h ti1 Ch9 .L15 3 mPt \/01
y
0
- Trong thi nghim Young v giao thoa anh
sang, ngun sang S phat anh sang n sc
co buoc song . Khong cach tu ngun S
n mt phng chua hai khe S
1
; S
2
la d.
Khong cach giua hai khe S
1
; S
2
la a,
khong cach tu mt phng chua hai khe toi
man quan sat la .
- Tinh tin ngun sang S theo phung S
1
S
2
v phia S
1
mt on y thi h thng vn giao
thoa di chuyn theo chiu nguoc li on x
0
.
0
y
x
d
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

163
S
1
S
2
O
S`
hI
mn
d
y
x
0
O`
S
L,R
0
R
C
B
A
L,R
0
R
C
B
A
Hinh
(1)
B
A
M
C
L
R
Hin
h 2
B
A
M
C
L
R
Hin
h 1
B
A
M
C
L
R
C
R
L
*
B
(
B
*
L
* Lung lng kinh Iresnel: a
qC I n C C . ) 1 ( 2
2 1

* Ban thu kinh Billet: a 2 1
'
2 1
). 1 ( g g
G
G
C C +
* Gung Iresnel: a
2 .
2 1
gC C C
( Khi ngun
S dich trn uong tron tm O, ban kinh OS
thi h vn dich
gC
s
8 8 3
* Thu kinh:
1 2
1 1 1
( 1)( ) n
D E E
+
----------
----------
8h<a i b=ng th-c .h>m" ch<a ?@t n/t
b=ng hAc h'i *
----------
----------
Ngi n# khng ?/m lm g5 ht" ng
hy 4Ang g5 ht *$ ,chill1
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
164
hI
mn
d
y
x
0
O`
S
L,R
0
R
C
B
A
L,R
0
R
C
B
A
Hinh
(1)
B
A
M
C
L
R
Hin
h 2
B
A
M
C
L
R
Hin
h 1
B
A
M
C
L
R
C
R
L
*
B
(
B
*
L
thNt 4Ang$

H$ Ru221t
----------
(H) > 22 (+( Lv&$ s*NG PHl
$4 bLy uN15 phB2 La dung cu dung
phn tich chum anh sang phuc tp to thanh
nhung thanh phn n sc
May quang ph gm co 3 b phn
chinh:
Ong chun trc: to ra chum tia
song song
H tan sc: tan sc anh sang
Bung ti: thu nh quang ph
bLy uN15 phB h/0t \P15 SfN
tUg1 hic1 tVM15 tL1 .c L.
$$4 (Lc :/0i uN15 phB2
P V0ch P P V0ch
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
165
:ig1 tTc V0ch P HT
>^1h
15hN
La QP gm
nhiu di
mau tu
n tim, ni
lin nhau
mt cach
lin tuc
La QP
gm cac
vch
mau
ring le,
ngn
cach
nhau
bng
nhung
khong
ti.
La QP
lin tuc bi
thiu 1 s
vch mau
do cht
khi hay
hi kim
loi hp
thu
N5u}
1 phLt
Cac cht
rn, cht
lng va cht
khi o ap
sut lon bi
nung nong.
Cac cht
khi hay
hi o ap
sut thp
bi kich
thich
nong
sang.
Dam khi
hay hi
kim loi
co nhit
thp
hn nhit
ngun
sang phat
ra QP lin
tuc
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
166
T1h
chAt
- Khng
phu thuc
bn cht cua
vt, chi phu
thuc nhit
cua vt.
- O moi
nhit , vt
u buc x.
- Khi nhit
tng dn
thi cuong
buc x
cang mnh
va min
quang ph
lan dn tu
buc x co
buoc song
dai sang
buc x co
buoc song
ngn.
Nguyn
t khac
nhau co
quang
ph vch
ring
khac
nhau v
s luong
vch,
mau sc
vch, vi
tri vch
va cuong
sang
cua vch
QP
vch c
trung
ring cho
nguyn
t
- O mt
nhit
xac inh,
vt chi
hp thu
nhung buc
x ma no
co kh
nng phat
x, va
nguoc li.
- Cac
nguyn t
khac nhau
co QP
vch hp
thu ring
c trung
cho
nguyn t
o.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
167
15
ST15
Do nhit
cua vt
Xac inh thanh phn
(nguyn t), ham
luong cac thanh phn
trong vt.
----------
----------
J bi Duan nh5n thNy kh kh6n tE#ng
tng cF hPi
Ngi l;c Duan l;i thNy tng cF hPi tE#ng
mSi kh kh6n * N$ Rail1E
----------
Ngay cT tEU tu& thng minh nhNt 4Vn c:n
c iWu .hTi hAc*
----------
,- thnh cng l tUch 2@ ca 2- lm 4i&c"
may mn 4 ti n6ng*
----------
!ng ba# gi mNt ki)n nhVn" l chic
ch5a kh#/ cu@i ccng ] mB Cc cja*
----------
à thG khng ba# gi tEB l;iZ l t)n [
bay" li [ ni 4 nh<ng ngy [ Dua *
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
168
(H) > 2 (*( T$*
TiN h}15
15/0i
TiN tR
15/0i
TiN
>^1
h
15h
N
- La .15
\ic1 t? co
buoc song
dai hn
0,76 m
()
- La buc
x khng
nhin thy
nm ngoai
vung
- La .15
\ic1 t? co
buoc song
ngn hn
0,38 m
(tim)
- La buc x
khng nhin
thy nm
ngoai vung
tim
La .15
\ic1 t? co
buoc song
tu 10
-8
m
10
-11
m (ngn
hn buoc
song tia tu
ngoi)
N5u
}1
phLt
Moi vt o
moi nhit

(T0K); lo
than, lo
in, en
dy toc
8h7 aZ
Cac vt bi
nung nong
n trn
2000
o
C;
en hi
thuy ngn,
h quang
in co
- Ong
rnghen,
ng cu-lit-
gi
- Khi cho
chum tia e
co vn tc
lon p vao
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
169
T
vt
T
mi
truong
nhit
trn
3000
o
C
mt i m
cc bng
kim loi kho
nong chy
nhu vonIam
hoc platin
T1
h
chA
t
- Tac dung
nhit
- Gy ra
mt s
phn ung
hoa hoc
- Co th
bin iu
uoc nhu
song cao
tn
- Gy ra
hin tuong
quang
in trong
mt s
cht ban
- Tac dung
ln phim
nh
- Lam ion
hoa khng
khi
- Gy ra
phn ung
quang hoa,
quang hop
- Tac dung
sinh li: huy
dit t bao
da, dit
khun
- Gy ra
hin tuong
- ?ht n\ng
m 3uyn
(kh nng
m xuyn
phu thuc
vao buoc
song va kim
loi dung
lam i m
cc)
- Tac dung
mnh ln
phim nh,
lam ion hoa
khng khi.
- Tac dung
lam phat
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
170
dn
quang in
- Bi nuoc
va thuy tinh
hp thu rt
mnh
quang nhiu
cht.
- Gy ra
hin tuong
quang in
o hu ht
kim loi.
- Tac dung
dit vi
khun, huy
dit t bao.
1
5
ST1
5
- Sy kh,
suoi m
- Diu
khin tu
xa
- Chup
nh b mt
Trai Dt
tu v tinh
- Qun s
(tn lua t
ng tim
- Khu trung
nuoc ung,
thc phm
- Chua
bnh c"i
3-ng
- Xac inh
vt nuc trn
b mt kim
loi
- Chiu
in, chup
in dung
trong y t
chn oan
bnh.
- Chua bnh
ung th.
- Kim tra
vt uc, do
bot khi, vt
nut trong
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
171
muc tiu,
camera
hng
ngoi, ng
nhom
hng
ngoi)
kim loi.
- Kim tra
hanh li hanh
khach i
may bay.
%T15 cT phLt hic12
Tia hng ngoi tia tu ngoi: h tan sc
va cp nhit in
Tia X: ng cu lit gi (nha vt li hoc
Rnghen tim ra)
"4 ThN15 .15 \ic1 t?2 315 -D tuy1F tiN
h}15 15/0iF L1h .L15 1h81 thAyF tiN tR
15/0iF tiN - tiN 5NmmN u co cung bn
cht la song in tu, chi khac nhau v tn s
(hay) buoc song nn co tinh cht, tac dung
khac nhau va ngun phat, cach thu chung
cung khac nhau
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
172
----------
----------
Ngi n# khng ?/m lm g5 ht"
ng hy 4Ang g5 ht *$ ,chill1
----------
thNt 4Ang$
H$ Ru221t
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
173
Thi)n ti l 2- ki)n nhVn lu ?i ca tEU
tu& * d$ N1kt#n
(HoNG V$4 LNG T +NH 3+NG
(H) > 12 H$wN TNG s*NG
>$wN NGv*$
14 Hic1 tVW15 uN15 \ic12 Hin tuong anh
sang lam bt cac electron ra khi b mt
kim loi goi la hin tuong quang in
(ngoai).
24 >^1h :ut -d 5i|i h01 uN15 \ic12 Di
voi kim loi, anh sang kich thich phi co
buoc song
ngn hn hay bng gioi hn

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
174
quang in 0
cua kim loi o moi gy ra

hin tuong quang in:
0

4 (D15 thKc *1h.tN1h -d hic1 tVW15
uN15 \ic12
N4 (D15 thKc *1h@tN1h2
2
max 0
2
1
m1 I
hc
hD +
E4 (D15 th/Nt2
0
hc
I
la cng thoat cua kim
loi dung lam catt

0
la gioi hn quang in cua kim loi
dung lam catt
v
0max
la vn tc ban u
I, la tn s, buoc song cua as kich thich
c4 >P15 :VW152 p
c
S4 JhQi :VW152
2
c
m

"4 Thuyt :VW15 tR L1h .L152

Gi thuyt P:152 Luong nng luong
ma mi ln nguyn tu hay phn tu hp
thu hay phat x co gia tri hoan toan xac
inh va bng hl, trong o: D la tn s
cua anh sang bi hp thu hay uoc phat
ra, con h la 1 hng s.
LVW15 tR 115 :VW152
hD
c
h.

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
175
Voi: h T u#u7(*
34
10
+v*s)Q goi la hng s

Plng.
Thuyt :VW15 tR L1h .L15
- Anh sang uoc to boi cac ht goi la
phtn.
- Voi as co tn s I, cac phtn u ging
nhau va co nng luong hI.
- Trong chn khng cac phtn bay voi vn
tc c 3.
8
10
m/s doc theo cac tia sang
- Mi ln 1 nguyn tu hay phn tu phat x
hoc hp thu anh sang thi chung phat ra hay
hp thu 1 phtn.
Chi co phtn trang thai chuyn ng,
khng co phtn ung yn.
~4 LV15 t1h .15 h0t cON L1h .L152 As
vua co tinh cht song vua co tinh cht ht.
Vy anh sang co lung tinh song - ht.
(h_ 2
Hin tuong giao thoa: chung minh
anh sang co tinh cht song.
Hin tuong quang in: chung minh
anh sang co tinh cht ht.
hc 1,9875.10
-25
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
176
Z 19V X 1F=410
-1;
=4 TiN uM15h91 YtiN [2 Buoc song nh

nht cua tia Rnghen:
min
hc
H

Trong o:
2 2
0
2 2
m1 m1
H e O = = 2
la ng nng electron
p vao i catt.
U la in ap giua ant va catt
v la vn tc electron khi p vao i catt
v
0
la vn tc cua electron khi roi catt
(thuong v
0
0)
m 9,1.10
-31
kg la khi luong electron
r4 >k Sh15 uN15 \ic1 tUict tigu th8 s
*J

s
h
Ys
h
0[F s
h
5i : \ic1 Lp hm2
2
0 ax
2
m
h
m1
eO =
<4 B/ t/1 115 :VW152
2 2
2
2
max 0
m1
eO
m1
I?
+

Ly U
h
0 thi o la lon.
;4 xt -t cD :p -d \ic1F co in th cc
i V
max
va khong cach cc i d
Max
ma
electron c trong in truong cn co cuong
E uoc tinh theo cng thuc:
2
max 0 ax max
1
2
m
e V m1 e MG = =
voi
G
O
M
104 Hicu .uAt :VW15 tR Yhicu .uAt uN15
\ic1[
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
177
N4 Hicu .uAt :VW15 tR2
100
4
e
n
n
q
n
e
la s electron quang in but khi catt
trong khong tgian t.
n
p
la s phtn p vao catt trong
khong thoi gian t.
E4 (D15 .uAt EKc @02
t
n
B
4
c4 (Ve15 \P Sh15 uN15 \ic1 E/ h/2

t
e n
t
K
P
e
Ah

114 BL1 C1h u \0/ cON 9:9ctU/1 c\
tU/15 t? tUVe15 \du B2
sin . e
1 m
E
e
voi
( ) . 1

,
Xt electron vua roi khi catt thi v
v
0max
Khi
. e
1 m
E . 1
e max 0
1 sin

LVu 2 Hin tuong quang in xy ra khi
uoc chiu ng thoi nhiu buc x thi khi
tinh cac i luong: Vn tc ban u cc i
v
0max
, in ap hm U
h
, in th cc i
V
max
u uoc tinh ung voi buc x co
min
(hoc I
max
)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
178
* Trong in truong u: gia tc cua
electron
e e
m
M e
m
F
a

* Trong tu truong u: lc Lorentz ong vai
tro lc huong tm, gia tc huong tm a
e e
m
e.1
m
F
, ban kinh qu o R
e.
1 m
e
, trong
o v la vn tc cua electron quang in,

. 1 .
* Duong i dai nht cua electron quang in
trong in truong:
0 -
2
max 0
2
1
m1
- eEd
----------
Bin hoc la v bo, ly chuyn cn lam bn
My xanh khng li, ly chi c dng ln
----------
Nguoi noi hay khng bng nguoi nghe gii
----------
Thin uong o trn gian la mt cun sach
tt va lung tm trong sch
----------
Ngay mai thuc v nhung ai chun bi sn
sang tu hm nay
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
179
----------
Mun bit phi hi, mun gii phi hoc
----------
Mt trang sach mt tung lai
----------
(H) > 22 H$wN TNG s*NG
>$wN TuvNG
14 Hic1 tVW15 uN15 \ic1 tU/15: Hin
tuong as gii phong cac electron lin kt
cho chung tro thanh electron dn ng thoi
to ra cac l trng cung tham gia vao qua
trinh dn in, goi la hin tuong quang in
trong
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
180
* Diu kin:
0

( 0
nm trong vung anh

sang hng ngoi).
24 3/ .L1h hic1 tVW15 uN15 \ic1 tU/15
- uN15 \ic1 15/i2
GiQ152 As lam but cac electron ra khi
lin kt, co gioi hn quang in xac inh
JhLc 1hNu2
m ni&n tCng Duang i&n ng#iZ But cac
electron ra khi kim loi, gioi hn quang
in nm o vung tu ngoi
m ni&n tCng Duang i&n tE#ngZ
h Gii phong cac electron lin kt thanh cac
electron dn chuyn ng trong chAt EL1
S1
Gioi hn quang in co th nm o vung
hng ngoi
24 Hic1 tVW15 uN15 S1: la hin tuong
gim in tro sut, tuc la tng dn in
cua ban dn, khi co anh sang thich hop
chiu vao ban dn.
* (hAt uN15 S12 Cht dn in km
khi khng bi chiu sang va tro thanh dn
in tt khi bi chiu anh sang thich hop.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
181
4 uN15 tU2
m !Mnh nghYaZ La in tro lam bng cht
quang dn
m 8Nu t;#Z gm 1 soi dy bng cht quang
dn gn trn mt cach in
(h_ 2 Din tro cua quang in tro co th
thay i tu vai megam khi khng uoc
chiu sang xung n vai chuc m khi uoc
chiu sang
m Nguy)n tc h#;t Png2 da trn hin
tuong quang in trong.
m ong ?png2 uoc lp voi cac mch khuch
i trong cac thit bi iu khin bng anh
sang, trong cac may o anh sang.
"4 Pi1 uN15 \ic12
m !Mnh nghYaZ La ngun in trong o
quang nng uoc bin i trc tip thanh
in nng.
m 8Nu t;#2 gm 1 tm ban dn loi n, bn
trn co phu lop mng ban dn loi p. Mt
trn cung la 1 lop kim loi mng, trong sut
voi anh sang va duoi cung la 1 kim loi.
Giua n, p hinh thanh lop tip xuc p-n, lop
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
182
nay ngn khng cho e khuch tan tu n sang
p va l trng khuch tan tu p sang n (lop
chn)
m Nguy)n tc h#;t Png2 da trn hin
tuong quang in trong
m ong ?png2 ngun in cho vung su,
vung xa, hi o, v tinh nhn to, may o
anh sang, may tinh b tui
~4 Hic1 tVW15 uN15 ! phLt uN152 La s
hp thu anh sang co buoc song nay phat
ra anh sang co buoc song khac.
N4 Hu1h uN15 - :q1 uN152
- 3f hu1h uN152 Anh sang phat
quang bi tt rt nhanh sau khi tt anh sang
kich thich.
- 3f :q1 uN152 Anh sang phat quang
ko dai 1 khong thoi gian sau khi tt anh
sang kich thich.
E4 >c \ikm cON L1h .L15 hu1h uN152
Anh sang hunh quang co buoc song dai
hn buoc song cua anh sang kich thich.
----------
(H) > 2 bs NGs'N T Bv
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
183
14 bu h1h ti1h 15uyg1 tR cON uM-UM-
ph/2 O tm nguyn tu co mt ht nhn
mang in tich dung. Xung quanh ht nhn
co cac lctrn chuyn ng trn nhung qu
o tron hoc elip. B tc cua mu nguyn
tu cua R-r-pho: kh=ng giawi thixch -yc sy
Azn 1{ng cuwa hayt nhn nguyn tw 1az sy
hiznh thaznh Kuang 4h=w 1aych*
24 bu 15uyg1 tR B/ EN/ 5}m mD h81h
h1h ti1h 15uyg1 tR - hNi tig1 \d cON B/
nai ti)n W ca `# 4W cNu t;#
nguy)n tjZ
N4 Tig1 \d -d cLc tU015 thLi S?152
Nguyn tu chi tn ti trong mt s
trng thai co nng luong xac inh, goi
la cac trng thai dung, khi o trng thai
dung thi nguyn tu BO khng buc x.
Trong cac trng thai dung cua nguyn
tu, lectron chi chuyn ng quanh ht nhn
trn nhung qu o co ban kinh hoan toan
xac inh goi la cac qu o dung
E4 Tig1 \d -d .f EKc @0F hAp thT
115 :VW15 cON 15uyg1 tR
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
184
Khi nguyn tu chuyn tu trng thai
dung co nng luong ( n
M
) sang trng thai
dung co nng luong
thp hn ( m
M
) thi no
phat ra mt phtn co
nng luong ung bng
hiu:
n
M
- m
M
:
n m
mn
mn
M M
hc
hD
Nguoc li, nu nguyn tu ang o trong trng

thai dung co nng luong m
M
ma hp thu
uoc mt phtn co nng luong ung bng
hiu n
M
- m
M
thi no chuyn ln trng thai dung
co nng luong cao hn n
M
.
4 3Q -0ch 1hidu 1hAt X
2
) 1 (
n
n

"4 BV|c .15
ni mi mn
in mi mn

1 1 1
1 1 1

+
Nu Ei t/L1 ch/
.Q cT thkF c thk .R ST15 cD15 thKc2
)
1 1
( 10 . 1 , 1
1
2 2
7
m n
mn

-|i m 1 Y.Ni .Q 0F001[

~4 BL1 C1h u \0/ S?15 thK 1 cON
9:9ctU/1 tU/15 15uyg1 tR Hi\UD2 r
n
n
2
r
0
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
185
hI
mn
nhn
phtn
phat phtn
E
m
E
n
E
m
E
n
Voi r
0
5,3.10
-11
m la ban kinh Bo (o qu
o K)
Quy
ao
K L M N O P
Ban
kinh
r
0
4r
0
9r
0
16r
0
25r
0
36r
0
=4 N15 :VW15 9:9ctU/1 tU/15 15uyg1 tR
hi\UD2
2
13, 6
( )
n
M eV
n
=6
Voi n N
*
.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
186
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
n1
n2
n3
n4
n5
n6
----- -----
Thnh cng khng c bc chn ca k
li bing
(H) > "2 3o L( V L*
14 LN9 la mt ngun sang phat ra mt
chum sang co cuong lon da trn vic
ung dung hin tuong phLt @0 cm K154
TiN :N9 c \c \ikm2 Tinh n sc cao,
tinh inh huong, tinh kt hop rt cao va
cuong lon.
24 N5uyg1 tc2 %fN tUg1 hic1 tVW15 phLt
@0 cm K154
4 15 ST15 :N92
Trong y hoc: Lam dao m, chua 1 s bnh
ngoai da
Trong thng tin lin lc: V tuyn inh vi,
truyn tin bng cap quang
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
187
Trong cng nghip: Khoan, ct kim loi,
compzit
Trong trc ia: Do khong cach, ngm
uong
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
188
(HoNG V$$4 H&T NHN NGs'N
T
(H) > 12 (s T&v H&T NHN
%015 12 Lc \^1h th1h pha1 cAu t0/ h0t
1hq1
14 H0t 1hq12 Ht nhn uoc cu to boi hai
loi ht la 4r5t5n (m
p
1,00728u; q
p
e)
va n-tr5n (m
n
1,00866u; khng mang in
tich), goi chung la nuclon.
Ki hiu cua ht nhn nguyn t hoa
hoc X:
I
n
|
n: nguyn tu s (s thu tu trong
bang h thng tun hoan
s proton hat
nhn
s electron vo nguyn tu).

I: S khi
tng s nuclon.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
189
N T I U n: S ntron

24 >}15 -^2 Cung Z nhung khac A (cung
prtn va khac s ntron)
Vd: Hidro co ba ng vi:
Hidro thuong
1
1
q
chim 99,99 hidro thin
nhin
Hidro nng
2
1
q
con goi la tri
2
1
chim
0,015 hidro thin nhin
Hidro siu nng
3
1
q
con goi la triti
3
1
T
4 JhQi :VW15 h0t 1hq12 Khi luong hn rt
lon so voi khi lng cua lectron, vi vy
khi luong nguyn tu gn nhu tp trung
toan b o hn.
Dn vi khi luong nguyn tu, ki hiu:
u
12
1
khi lung cua ng vi Cacbon
,
12
6
1u 1,66055.10
-27
kg
Theo n vi MeV/c
2
:

1u 931,5
MeV/c
2
(1eV 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV 1,6.10
-
13
J)
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
190
Ban kinh ht nhn: R 1,2.10
-15
.
1
3
I
m
Vy ChQi :VW15 h0t 1hq1 c \M1 -^2 uF
C5 - b9Vc
2
"4 Lfc h0t 1hq12 Lc tung tac giua cac
nuclon goi la lc ht nhn. Lc ht nhn
khng co cung bn cht voi lc tinh in
hay lc hp dn. Lc ht nhn la lc tung
tac mnh chi phat huy tac dung trong phm
vi kich thuoc ht nhn.
----------
Th1h cD15 ChD15 c EV|c chq1 cON C
:Vei Ei15
----------
%015 22 Hc thKc *1h@tN1hF \P hTt ChQiF
115 :VW15 :ig1 CtF 115 :VW15 :ig1 Ct
Uig15
14 Hc thKc *1h@tN1h 5iN ChQi :VW15 -
115 :VW152 E m.c
2
Voi c 3.10
8
m/s la vn tc as trong chn
khng.
Khi luong ng: m
2
2
0
1
c
1
m
Mt ht co khi luong nghi m

0
, khi
chuyn ng voi vn tc v s co ng nng
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
191
la W

W W
0
mc
2
m
0
c
2

2
2
0
1
c
1
m
c
2

m
0
c
2
.
Trong o W mc
2
goi la nng luong toan
phn va W
0
m
0
c
2
goi la nng luong nghi.
24 >P hTt ChQi cON h0t 1hq12 m Zm
p

(A - Z)m
n
- m
X

m
X
la khi luong ht nhn
I
n
|
4 N15 :VW15 :ig1 Ct2 W
LK
m.c
2

"4 N15 :VW15 :ig1 Ct Uig152 la nng
lung lin kt tinh cho mt nuclon:
8k
H
I Nng
luong lin kt ring cang lon thi ht nhn
cang bn vung (khng qua 8,8MeV/nucln).
----- -----
Chi ChD15 hc4
----------
%015 2 Ph1 K15 h0t 1hq1
14 PhVM15 tU81h ph1 K152
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
I I I I
n n n n
| | | | 2 # 2
24 (Lc \^1h :ut E/ t/1
Bo toan s nucln (s khi): A
1

A
2
A
3
A
4
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
192
Bo toan in tich (nguyn tu s): Z
1

Z
2
Z
3
Z
4
Bo toan ng luong:
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 4 3 2 1
1 m 1 m 1 m 1 haym 4 4 4 4

+ + + +
Bo toan nng luong:
4 3 2 1
| | | |
? ? M ? ? + + +

Trong o: E la nng luong phn ung
ht nhn
2
1
2
| 3 3
? m 1 =
la ng nng c cua ht X
Khng co inh lut bo toan khi
luong.
4 N15 :VW15 cON ph1 K15 h0t 1hq12
W ( tr'c
m
- sau
m
).c
2
0
W 0
m
truc
m
sau
: Ta nng
luong.
W 0
m
truc
m
sau
: Thu nng luong
"4 N15 :VW15 tN
1m/: Ch2
A lk A lk
m
7 = 0 7 n0 7
A
~4 N15 :VW15 t0/ th1h mY5[ h0t 2
I
m
H N M
I

----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
193
j ch : .Kc m01h \k Et \au cD15 -icc
mPt cLch \_15 :_c4
----------
(huy1 \i -01 Sm Et \au E15 mPt
EV|c chq1
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
194
(H) > 2 PHNG &
14 Hic1 tVW15 ph15 @02 la qua trinh phn
huy t phat cua mt ht nhn khng bn
vung (t nhin hay nhn to). Qua trinh
phn huy nay kem theo s to ra cac ht va
co th kem theo s phat ra cac buc x in
tu. Ht nhn t phn huy goi la ht nhn
me, ht nhn uoc to thanh sau khi phn
huy goi la ht nhn con.
24 >c t1h2
Phong x la phn ung ht nhn ta
nng luong.
Phong x mang tinh t phat khng
phu thuc vao yu t bn ngoai nhu: nhit
, ap sut...
4 (Lc S015 tiN ph15 @02
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
195
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
Ph15 @0
*:phN Y
[
Ph15 BgtN2
c 2 :/0i :
-
-
Ph15
GNmmN
Y[4
B1
chAt
La dong
ht nhn
Hli (
4
2
qe
)
-
: la dong
electron (
0
1
e
)
: la dong
pzitron (
0
1
e
)
La song
in tu co
rt ngn
(
10
-
11
m), cung
la dong
phtn co
nng
luong cao.
PhV
M15
tU81
h
4 4
2 2
I I
n n
| } qe
+
Rut gon:
4
2
I I
n n
| }

Vd:
226 222 4
88 86 2
Ea En qe +
Rut gon
228 222
99 98
Ra Rn
-
:
0
1 1
I I
n n
| } e
+
+
Vi du:
+
1: 1: 0
8 ; 1
C & !
:
0
1 1
I I
n n
| } e
+

Vi du:
+
12 12 0
; 8 1
& C !

Sau phong
x
h/c
xy ra
qua trinh
chuyn tu
trng thai
kich thich
v trng
thai c bn
phat ra
ph tn.
TQc
\P
v

2.10
7
m/s.
V
c
3.10
8
m/s.
v c
3.10
8
m/s.
Jh
11
5
$/1
Mnh
Mnh nhung
yu hn tia
Yu hn
tia
va
196
"4 (hu C8 EL1 U2 la khoang thi gian
s hat nhn nguyn tu bin i thanh hat
nhn khac.

693 , 0 2 ln
T

: Hng s phong x
(
1
s
)
~4 >^1h :ut ph15 @02 S ht nhn (khi
lung) phong x gim theo qui lut ham s
mu
N 0
t
N e

0
2
t
T
N
; m
t
e m

.
0
0
2
t
T
m
N
0
, m
0
: s hat nhn va khi lung ban
u tai t 0.
N, m: s hat nhn va khi lung con lai
vao thi im t.
0
0
m m m
N N N

, : m N
s hat nhn va khi lung bi phn r
(thanh cht khac)
(h_ 2
con li:
0
100
m
m

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
197
phn r:
0
100
m
m
----- -----
%015 12 (Lc \0i :VW15 \c tUV15 cON
ph15 @0
14 3Q 15uyg1 tR chAt ph15 @0 ch1 :0i .Nu
t5 t2
t
T
t
e N N N

. 2 .
0 0
24 3Q h0t 15uyg1 tR E^ phq1 U E15 .Q h0t
1hq1 ch1 \VWc t0/ th1h - E15 .Q h0t Y
h/c 9
-
h/c 9
Z
[ \VWc t0/ th1h2
) 1 (
0 0
t
e N N N N

Khi luong ht nhn moi to thanh:
' m
' .
'
I
N
N
I
A` la s khi cua ht nhn moi to

thanh
JhQi :VW15 h0t 1hq1 c/1 YchAt m|i t0/
th1h .Nu thei 5iN1 t[2
( )
0
c5n
c5n
I
m m m
I

c1lai
m<
Hoc
( )
0
.
c5n
c5n
I
I
m N N
N

c1lai
4 TU/15 .f ph15 @0 F @Lc \^1h thk tch
YChQi :VW15[ Ch H9:i t0/ th1h .Nu thei
5iN1 t ph15 @04
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
198
' N
He
N N
0
N N
0
(1-
t
e
.
) N
0-
(1- T
t
2
)
Khi luong khi Heli to thanh sau thoi
gian t phong x:m
He
4
I
qe
N
N
Th tich khi Heli uoc to thanh (ktc)
sau thoi gian t:V 22,4
I
qe
N
N
"4 B15 uy :ut phq1 U
t T 2T 3T 4T 5T
S ht
con li
N
0
/2 N
0
/4 N
0
/8 N
0
/16 N
0
/32
S ht

phn r
N
0
/23N
0
/4 7N
0
/8 15N
0
/16 31N
0
/32
Ti l
r
50 75 87.593.7596.875
Ti l
r
con
li
1 3 7 15 31
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
199
~4 JhQi :VW15 chAt ph15 @0 ch1 :0i .Nu
thei 5iN1 t
t
T
t
e m m m

. 2 .
0 0
=4 JhQi :VW15 chAt E^ ph15 @0 .Nu thei
5iN1 t
) 1 (
0 0
t
e m m m m

Trong o:
N
0
, m
0
la s nguyn tu, khi luong cht
phong x ban u
T la chu k ban r.

T T
963 , 0 2 ln

: la hng s phong x; va T
khng phu thuc vao tac ng bn ngoai ma
chi phu thuc bn cht bn trong cua cht
phong x.

0
I I
m V
N N N
I V

3
0
22, 4 V Gm
Nu t T
1
t
e
<<
, ta co:
0 0
(1 1 ) N N t N t +
%015 2 (Lc Ei t/L1 t1h pha1 tUm
14 Pha1 tUm .Q 15uyg1 tR YChQi :VW15[
chAt ph15 @0 E^ ph15 @0 .Nu thei 5iN1 t
phq1 U :2
N
0
N
N
.100 (1-
t
e
.
).100
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
200
m
0
m
m
.100 (1-
t
e
.
).100
24 Pha1 tUm .Q 15uyg1 tR YChQi :VW15[
ch1 :0i cON chAt ph15 @0 .Nu thei 5iN1 t
N
0
N
N
.100
t
e
.
.100 m
0
m
m
.100
t
e
.
.100
%015 "2 T1h chu C EL1 U cON cLc chAt
ph15 @0
14 Bit tG .Q2
N
N
0
N
N
t
T
0
ln
2 ln

24 Bit tG .Q2
0
N
N

0
.ln 2
ln(1 )
t
T
N
N

4 Bit tG .Q .Q h0t 1hq1 cLc thei \ikm t

1
- t
2
2
2
1
N
N
2
1
1 2
ln
2 ln ) (
N
N
t t
T

"4 Bit tG .Q .Q h0t 1hq1 E^ phq1 U t0i 2

thei 5iN1 ChLc 1hNu
2
1
N
N
1
N
la s ht nhn bi phn r trong thoi
gian t
1
Sau o t (s): 2
N
la s ht nhn bi phn
r trong thoi gian t
2
t
1
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
201
2
1
ln
2 ln .
N
N
t
T
~4 Bit thk tch Ch H9:i t0/ th1h .Nu thei

5iN1 ph15 @0 t
)
. 4 , 22
.
1 ln(
2 ln .
0
m
V I
t
T

%015 ~2 T1h tuBi cON cLc mu -t cB
14 Bit tG .Q ChQi :VW15 Y.Q 15uyg1 tR[ ch1
:0i - ChQi :VW15 Y.Q 15uyg1 tR[ EN1 \au
cON mPt :VW15 chAt ph15 @0
0
m
m
t
2 ln
ln .
0
m
m
T
hay
0
N
N
t
2 ln
ln .
0
N
N
T
24 Nu Eit tG .Q ChQi :VW15 Y.Q 15uyg1
tR[ E^ ph15 @0 - ChQi :VW15 Y.Q 15uyg1
tR[ ch1 :0i cON mPt :VW15 chAt ph15 @0
m
m'
t
2 ln
) 1
' .
' .
ln( . +
I m
m I
T
Hoc
N
N
t
2 ln
) 1 ln( .
N
N
T

+
4 Nu Eit tG .Q ChQi :VW15 Y.Q 15uyg1 tR[
ch1 :0i cON hNi chAt ph15 @0 c tU/15
mu -t cB
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
202
2
1
N
N
t
1 2
01 2
02 1
.
.
ln

N N
N N
voi
1
1
2 ln
T

,
2
2
2 ln
T

"4 T1h tuBi Chi Eit tG .Q ChQi :VW152
m
X
: khi luong cht to thanh sau phn
r
m: khi luong cua cht ban u
TN c2
1
) 1 (
0
0

t
t
t
|
e
e m
e m
m
m
m
m

Z Nu
2 ln
1
1
t
m
m
|
Z Nu
4 ln
1
3
t
m
m
|
TN c2
I
I
e
I e N
I e N
N
N
m
m
| t
t
|
t
|
) 1 (
) 1 (
0
0

~4 Gi C : tG .Q 5iN .Q 15uyg1 tR chAt

t0/ th1h - .Q 15uyg1 tR EN1 \auF th8
tuBi cON mu chAt \VWc @Lc \^1h2
2 ln
) 1 ln( k
T t
+

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
203
(Hs'N > =2 B$ TIP VIN %NG
(+( >pNH LsIT Biv TvN TuvNG
PHiN NG H&T NHN
I . , M + + +
14 Lig1 hc 5iN \P15 :VW15 - \P15 1152
m? 4
m1 ?
m1 4
2
2
1
2
2

24 >P15 115 cLc h0t BF (2

,
.
, .
m
? M
m m

+

,
? M
m m
m
, .
.
+
4 115 :VW15 t/ UN chuyk1 th1h
\P15 115 cON cLc h0t BF (
K
C

.100
,
?
M
, .
.
m m
m
+
100
K
B
100 - K
C
"4 V1 tQc chuyk1 \P15 cON h0t BF (2 K
C
2
1
mv
2

v
2?
m
~4 >^1h :ut E/ t/1 115 :VW152
I . ,
? ? M ? ? + + +
=4 T1h 5c Lp ST15 uy tc h81h E81h
h1h
Vi du:
1 2
4 4 4 = 2
ur uur uur
bit
=
1 2
, 4 4 ' =
uur uur
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 4 4 4 4 4 c5s' = 2 2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
204
4
ur
1
4
uur
2
4
uur

hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 m1 m1 m 1 mm 1 1 c5s' = 2 2
hay
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 m? m ? m ? mm ? ? c5s' = 2 2
Tung t khi bit
=
1 1
, 4 4 =
uur ur
hoc
=
2 2
, 4 4 =
uur ur

Truong hop c bit:
1 2
4 4 >
uur uur

2 2 2
1 2
4 4 4 = 2
Tung t khi
1
4 4 >
uur ur
hoc
2
4 4 >
uur ur
v 0 (p 0) p
1
p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
? 1 m I
? 1 m I
= = ?

Tung t v
1
0 hoc v
2
0.
(h_ 2 (qu = (D thi tuyn sinh Di hoc
2008) Ht nhn A ang ung yn thi phn
r thanh ht nhn B co khi luong m
B
va ht
co khi luong m
. Ti s giua ng nng
cua ht nhn B va ng nng cua ht ngay
sau phn r bng
*4
.
m
m
B.
2
,
_
m
m
.
C.
m
m
.
.
2
,
_
.
m
m
Gii2 Xt phn ung phn r cua ht nhn A:

+ . I
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
205
Phung trinh bo toan ng luong cho ta:
0 + I
I
.
.
1 m 1 m 1 m
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
2
1

1 m 1 m 1 m 1 m
. . . .

m H m H m 1 m m 1 m
G . G. . . .
.
2
1
.
2
1
2 2
. G
G.
m
m
H
H

(1) Nhu vy la ap an A
Nu theo cng thuc (2) thi phi la ap an C
Vy trong hai cng thuc trn thi ap dung
cng thuc nao la hop ly
Khi nao uoc dung cng thuc
n
B
n
4
m
m
?
?
(2)
con khi nao uoc dung cng thuc
. G
G.
m
m
H
H

(1)
Cng thuc (2) chi ap dung khi cho vn
tc cua hai ht sinh ra bng nhau va lp ti s
binh thuong. Va khi ap dung ta khng co su
dung inh lut bo toan ng luong lp ti
s.
Con cng thuc (1) ta su dung inh lut
bo toan ng luong gii nhu vy cng
thuc (2) khng th ap dung cho bai nay
uoc
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
206
Va i voi bai toan nay cung khng cho
iu kin gi c, chi co ht nhn ban u
ung yn thi. o vy ta gii binh thuong
ma khng cn iu kin gi c
8h7 aZ Khi tinh vn tc cua cac ht B, C
- Dng nng cua cac ht phi i ra
n vi J(Jun)
- Khi luong cac ht phi i ra kg
- 1u 1,66055.10
-27
kg
- 1MeV 1,6.10
-13
J
----------
VN > "2 PHiN NG PHN H&(H
V* NH$T H*(H
$4 PhN1 V15 phq1 hNch2 La phn ung trong
o mt ht nhn nng v thanh hai ht nhn
nhe hn (co s khi trung binh) va vai
ntron.
n
1
0
U
235
92
O
236
92
I
139
53
Y
94
39 3(
n
1
0 )
.
Ntrron chm la ntron co ng nng
dui 0,01MeV.
Mi hat nhn
U
235
92 khi phn ra toa nng
lung khoang 200MeV.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
207
14 Ph1 K15 phq1 h0ch la phn ung ta
nng luong, nng luong o goi la n\ng
8[ng 4hn h9ch*
24 Ph1 K15 phq1 h0ch Sqy chuyd14
Gia su mt ln phn hch co k ntron
uoc gii phong n kich thich cac ht nhn
235
O
to nn nhung phn hch moi. Sau n ln
phn hch lin tip, s ntron gii phong la
n
k
va kich thich
n
k
phn hch moi
Khi k
1 thi phn ung phn hoch dy

chuyn uoc duy tri.
Khi luong ti thiu cua cht phn
hch phn ung phn hch duy tri goi la
khî 8[ng t-xi h9n. D xay ra phan u ng
phn hach thi khi lung cht phai ln hn
khi luong ti hn. (Dy la phan u ng cua
bom nguyn tu).
4 Ph1 K15 phq1 h0ch Chi c \idu Chik14
Khi k 1 thi phn ung phn hch dy
chuyn t duy tri va nng luong phat ra
khng i theo thoi gian. Dy la phn
ung phn hch co iu khin uoc thc
hin trong cac lo phn ung ht nhn.
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
208
$$4 PhN1 V15 1higt hNch2 la phn ung trong
o 2 hay nhiu ht nhn nhe tng hop li
thanh mt ht nhn nng hn va vai ntron.
V ST2
2 2 3 1
1 1 2 0
H H He n + +
4MeV.

2 3 4 1
1 1 2 0
H H He n + +
17,6MeV
14 >c \ikm: Phn ung nhit hch la
phan ung to nng luong.
Tinh theo mi mt phn ung thi phan
ung nhit hch to ra nng luong it hn
phan ung phn hch, nhung tinh theo khi
luong nhien lieu thi phan ung nhit
hch to ra nng luong nhiu hn.
Sn phm cua pu nhit hch sch hn
(khng co tinh phong x)
24 >idu Cic1 co phn ung nhit hch xy
ra:
Nhit cao khong 100 triu .
Mt ht nhn trong plasma phi
u lon.
Thoi gian duy tri trng thai plasma o
nhit cao 100 triu phi u
lon.
4 N15 :VW15 1hict h0ch2
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
209
Ta ra nng luong rt lon.
La ngun gc nng luong cua hu
ht cac vi sao.
"4 u \ikm cON 115 :VW15 1hict h0ch2
Ngun nguyn liu di dao.
Phn ung nhit hch khng gy
nhim mi truong.
3v 3+NH PHN H&(H V
NH$wT H&(H
Phq1 h0ch Nhict h0ch
>^1h
15hN
La phn ung
trong o mt
ht nhn nng
v thanh hai ht
nhn nhe hn
(co s khi
trung binh) va
vai ntron
La phn ung
trong o 2 hay
nhiu ht nhn
nhe tng hop
li thanh mt
ht nhn nng
hn va vai
ntron.
>c
\ikm
La phn ung
ta nng luong,
La phan ung
to nng luong
nhung it hn
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
210
phn hch
>idu
Cic1
k
1
k 1: kim
soat uoc.
k 1: khng
kim soat uoc,
gy bung n
(bom ht nhn)
- Nhit cao
khong 100
triu .
- Mt ht
nhn trong
plasma phi u
lon.
- Thoi gian duy
tri trng thai
plasma o nhit
cao 100
triu phi u
lon.
u -
1hVWc
Gy nhim
mi truong
(phong x)
Khng gy
nhim mi
truong.
----- -----
%015 22 Nh mLy \ic1 15uyg1 tR
Hiu sut nha may:
()
ci
t4
B
q
B

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
211
Tng nng luong tiu thu trong thoi gian
t: A P
tp
. t
S phn hch:
.
t4
B t
I
N
M M

(Trong o
M
la
nng luong to ra trong mt phn hch)
Nhit luong to ra: Q m.q.
----------
(H( (+( b H( TnT V TH$
>Is >&$ H(
Trach th ca T_ng th^ng Y~
IAraham Ninc58n gi thy hiu trng ng=i
trng n-i c5n trai =ng the5 hc*
,5n t=i s 4hti hc t`t ct nhng iZu
ny# rjng kh=ng 4hti t`t ct mi ngi Zu
c=ng Ajng# t`t ct mi ngi Zu chn tht*
Nhng 3in thy h:y G9y ch5 chu Ait c
mi m!t k 1= 89i ta g/4 trn ng 4h^ the
u ] s c] m!t c5n ngi chanh trcc
mi m!t chanh tr2 gia ach k# ta s c] m!t
nh 8:nh 95 tn tm*,u hc ny s m`t
nhiZu thi gian# t=i Ait nhng 3in thy h:y
G9y ch5 chu Ait rjng m!t fng =8a kim
[c G5 c=ng sc 8a5 !ng ca menh Ab ra
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
212
c"n Kuk gi h-n nhiZu s5 1i n\m =8a nh/t
[c trn h 4h^***
|in thy G9y ch5 chu Ait cch ch`4
nhn th`t A9i 1 cch tn hng niZm 1ui
chin th>ng*
|in h:y G9y chu trnh 3a s ^ k*
|in G9y chu Ait [c Aa Kuyt ca
niZm 1ui chin th>ng thm 8/ng* 9y ch5
chu Ait [c rjng nhng k hay A>t n9t
ngi khc nh`t 89i 8 nhng k G A2 nh
A9i nh`t***
|in h:y gih4 chu nhen th`y th gii k
Giu ca sch***nhng cng ch5 chu c]
thi gian c 8/ng 8 suy t 1Z s Aa ;n mu=n
thu ca cu!c s^ngQ n chim tung cnh
trn Au tri# n 5ng Aay 8[n tr5ng nh
n>ng 1 nhng A=ng h5a n ngt An fi
3anh*
|in gih4 chu c] niZm tin 15 k kin
ring ca Atn thn# Gd t`t ct mi ngi
3ung Kuanh Zu ch5 rjng k kin ] h5n
t5n sai 8m***
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
213
|in h:y G9y ch5 chu Ait cch î 3
G2u Gng 1i nhng ngi h"a nh: 1 cng
r>n 1i nhng k th= A95* |in t95 ch5 chu
sc m9nh c kh=ng ch9y the5 m =ng khi
t`t ct mi ngi Zu ch Ait ch9y the5 thi
th*
|in h:y G9y ch5 chu Ait 4hti 8>ng
nghe t`t ct mi ngi nhng cng 3in thy
G9y ch5 chu Ait cn 4hti sng 8c nhng
ge nghe [c Kua m!t t`m 8i chn 8k c
chu ch ]n nhn nhng ge t^t 4***
|in h:y G9y ch5 chu Ait cch mm
ci khi Aufn A:# 3in h:y G9y chu Ait
rjng kh=ng c] s 3ù h_ tr5ng nhng git
nc m>t*
|in h:y G9y ch5 chu Ait ch giu
nhng k ycm th 1 c;n trng trc s
ngt ng5 y c9m Ay*
|in h:y G9y ch5 chu rjng c] thc An
c- A>4 1 tra tu ch5 ngi ra gi ca5 nh`t#
nhng kh=ng Aa5 gi ch5 4h4 ai ra gi
mua tri tim 1 tm hfn menh***
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
214
|in h:y G9y ch5 chu ng5tnh tai 8m
ng- trc m!t m =ng ang g5 tht*** 1
ng thng ngi At5 1 nhng ge chu
ch5 8 hng***
|in h:y î 3 G2u Gng 1i chu
nhng ng 1u^t 1e nu=ng chiZu chu Ai
1e ch c] s th thch ca 8a mi t=i 8uyn
nn [c nhng thanh s>t cng r>n*
|in h:y G9y ch5 chu Ait rjng chu
4hti 8u=n c] niZm tin tuyt î 15 Atn
thn# Ai 1e khi ] chu s 8u=n c] niZm tin
tuyt î 15 nhn 859i*
0y Kut 8 m!t yu cu Ku 8n# t=i
Ait# tha thy* Nhng 3in thy c^ g>ng ht
sc menh# nu [c 1y# c5n trai t=i Kut
tht 8 m!t cu A h9nh 4hhc 1 may m>n*
----------
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
215
Trit gia, nha tu tuong vi i nguoi an
mch Soren KierkeIaad tung vit: u
hiu cua mt cun sach hay o la cun sach
y oc uoc suy nghi cua bn
Bn ang cm trong tay mt cun sach
nhu vy. Song ti mun cnh bao truoc voi
bn mt iu. Cun sach nay khng lam gi
cho bn c. Nu bn tht s mun thi i
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
216
hoc, nu quyt tm danh thoi gian, tri tu va
cam kt n lc t uoc muc tiu o va
nu bn khng h co y ua gin voi bn
thn thi ung la bn ang cm trn tay mt
vin kim cung vua uoc ly ra tu mt bi
t a y bui bm, mt tm bn dn n
thanh cng, mt bn k hoch qui gia
thay i hoan toan tung lai cua bn.
Bn co mun thi i hoc Cu tr
loi thuc v chinh bn!
----------
ì]n hAc l 4 b" lNy chuy)n cn
lm bn
Ry qanh khng l@i" lNy chU cT ?-ng l)n*
----------
n[y bt u b=ng mPt mF c$ rc mF
c th] ENt Ei)ng t 4 bs nh'" nhng n
qGng /ng ] b;n th-c hi&n$ ,au " h[y
nghY n mPt c mF ln hFn$ 8G ti. tpc
mF c ch# n khi c mF ?ng
nh khng th] ;t Cc$ % b;n 2L thNy
m5nh ang i 7ng hng$ % b;n 2L 2tn
2ng ] th-c hi&n mPt c mF ln hFn
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
217
ch# tFng lai ca chUnh m5nh" 4 c th] l
ch# tFng lai ca cT th h& ca b;n$*
HT
G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;
218

Tóm Tắt Lý Thuyết Và PP Giải Bài Tập Vật Lí 12

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Tóm Tắt Lý Thuyết Và PP Giải Bài Tập Vật Lí 12

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Tm Tt L Thuyt V PP Gii Bi Tp Vt L 12 - Nm Hc 201 ! 201" !

S4 (huyk1 \P15 tUh1 \du2

o q: in tich cua ht (C)

thi ht chuyn ng tron

la sut in ng cua ngun

c4 B81h \ic1 phq1 Y>^1h :ut

: tn s goc (lun co gia tri dung)

: pha ban u (ti t 0, o bng

r4 (D15 thKc \Pc :p2 2

Tm Tt L Thuyt V PP Gii Bi Tp Vt L 12 - Nm Hc 201 ! 201" ! Tp 1

(h_ 2 Phung phap tng quat nht tinh

(h_ 2 1N/cm 100N/m

cung treo mt vt khi luong nhu nhau

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

Bin d tng hop cc i: A A

Bin d tng hop cc tiu:

Bin d tng hop

./ -|i phVM15 th]15 \K152 a gtan

4 Ti .D 5iVN \D15 115 -N thg 1152

Cng thuc xac inh vi tri cu a vt khi bit

14 Lfc \ic1 tUVe152 X

4 Thei 5iN1 ch0y .Ni mi 15y2

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

t15 5im T theo tng gim

%015 ~2 (/1 :c \t tU/15 thN15 mLy2 Ta

N4 ThN15 mLy \i :g1 N%> h/c \i

c4 (huyk1 \P15 \du2 g` g

24 9 chuyk1 \P15 tUg1 mt ph]15

4 9 @uQ15 SQc 15hig15 5c

Tm Tt L Thuyt V PP Gii Bi Tp Vt L 12 - Nm Hc 201 ! 201" ! Tp 1

"4 9 :g1 SQc 15hig15 5c

-|i 5iN tQc N2

Tm Tt L Thuyt V PP Gii Bi Tp Vt L 12 - Nm Hc 201 ! 201" ! Tp 1

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

4 Ti .D 5iVN \D15 115 -N thg 1152

Cng thuc xac inh vi tri cu a vt khi bit

Hin tuong cng huong.

"4 PhVM15 tU81h tUuyd1 .15

E4 >P :cch phN cON 2 S\ t0i 2 \ikm cLch

S uong hoc s im (kh=ng tanh hai

Vi tri cua cac im cc i:

S im (kh=ng tanh 7 ngufn):

Vi tri cua cac im cc tiu:

S im (kh=ng tanh 7 ngufn):

S uong hoc s im (kh=ng tanh hai

c4 HNi 15u}1 S\ -uD15 phN2

Nhung gon li (cc i giao thoa, uong

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

Bin t gia tri cc i:

k 2,3,4co cac hoa m bc 2 (tn s

thi chi giy u

: Vn tc goc khng i cua khung

Nu kQ 4h-ng 4h4 3c 2nh g]c

G- ./012 Th34 N5uy61 V7 B81h - T9:2 0;<=<1<;

=4 (D15 .uAt cON m0ch \ic1 @/Ny chidu2

% Cic1 \d ch/ (D15 thKc c thk

E4 Ghxp ./15 ./152 (

th8 \ic1 Lp hicu ST15 tUg1

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