Finish Line & Beyond

Understanding Quadrilaterals

Parallelogram: A quadrilateral with each pair of opposite sides parallel.

Properties:
(1) Opposite sides are equal.
(2) Opposite angles are equal.
(3) Diagonals bisect one another.

Rhombus: A parallelogram with sides of equal length.

Properties:
(1) All the properties of a parallelogram.
(2) Diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

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Rectangle: A parallelogram with a right angle.

Properties:
(1) All the properties of a parallelogram.
(2) Each of the angles is a right angle.
(3) Diagonals are equal.

Square: A rectangle with sides of equal length.

Properties: All properties of rectangle.

Kite: A quadrilateral with exactly two pairs of equal consecutive sides

Properties:
(1) The diagonals are perpendicular
to one another
(2) One of the diagonals bisects the other.
(3) In the figure ∠ B = ∠ D but ∠ A ≠ ∠ C

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Diagonal: A diagonal is a line connecting two no-consecutive vertices of a polygon.

Angle Sum of a Polygon: The angle sum of a polygon is given by following formula:

(n-2)180°, where n is the number of sides of a polygon.

Sum of exterior angles of a polygon: This is always 360°, no matter what is the
number of sides in a given polygon. Take example of a triangle. All vertex of a tri-
angle will make to exterior angles. As you know the angle sum of a triangle is 180°,
so three exterior angles will sum up to 180° and two sets of three exterior angles
each will sum up to 360°. In a rectangle all exterior angles are of 90°, hence their
sum is equal to 360°.

EXERCISE 1

1. How many diagonals does each of the following have?

(a) A convex quadrilateral (b) A regular hexagon (c) A triangle

Answer:
(a) 2 (b) 9 (c) 0

2. What is the sum of the measures of the angles of a convex quadrilateral? Will this
property hold if the quadrilateral is not convex?

Answer: Using the formula:

(n-2)180°= (4-2)180° = 360°.

For concave quadrilateral also angle sum will be same because number of sides is
same.

3. What can you say about the angle sum of a convex polygon with number of sides?
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10

Answer:
(a) Number of sides = 7
So, Angle Sum= (n − 2) × 180° = (7 − 2) × 180° = 900°

(b) Number of sides = 8

So, Angle Sum= (8 − 2) × 180° = 1080°

(c ) Number of sides = 10

So, Angle Sum = (10 − 2) × 180° = 1440°

4. What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of
(i) 3 sides (ii) 4 sides (iii) 6 sides

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Answer: In a regular polygon all sides are of equal length.

(i) Triangle (ii) Quadrilateral (iii) Hexagon

5. Find the angle measure x in the following figures.

(a)

Answer: As we know that angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.

So, 50°+130°+120°+x = 360°
Or, x = 360°-300° = 60°

(b)

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Answer: Angles on one side of a line always add up to 180°, so third angle in the
given quadrilateral is 90°

Now, x+70°+60°+90° = 360°

Or, x = 360°-220° = 140°

(c)

Answer: Angle adjacent to 70° = 180°-70° = 110°

Angle adjacent to 60° = 180°-60° =120°
Now, 2x+110°+120°+30° = 360°
Or, 2x = 360°-260° = 100°
Or, x = 50°

(d)

Answer: Angle sum of pentagon

(n-2)180°
= (5-2)180°
=3 X 180° = 540°
Hence, measurement of 1 angle of a pentagon
= 540° ÷ 5 = 108°
(e) x + y + z = ?

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Answer: As we know sum of all external angle of a polygon is always 360°.

So, x + y + z = 360°

Alternate Method:
The angle adjacent to z = 180°-(90°+30°) = 60°

Now, x = 180°-90° = 90°

y = 180°-30° = 150°
z = 180° - 60° = 120°
Now, x + y + z = 90° + 150° + 120° = 360°

(f) w + x + y + z = ?

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Answer: Sum of all the external angles of a polygon is always 360°.

Hence, w + x + y + z = 360°
EXERCISE 2
1. Find x in the following figures.
(a)

Answer: x = 360° − (125° + 125° ) = 110°

Because sum of all exterior angles of a polygon is always 360°
(b)

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Answer: x = 360° − (70° + 60° + 90° + 90° ) = 50°

Another exterior angle is 90° because angles on the same side of a line always add
up to 180°

2. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of

(i) 9 sides (ii) 15 sides

Answer: (i) Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon = 360°

So, 1 exterior angle of a polygon of 9 sides
= 360° ÷ 9 = 40°
(ii) 1 exterior angle of a polygon of 15 sides
= 360° ÷ 15 = 24°

3. How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle
is 24°?

360° 360°
Answer: Number of sides of a polygon = = = 15
exteriorangle 24°
4. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165°?

Answer= Exterior Angle = 180°-interior angle = 180° − 165° = 15°

360°
Number of Sides = = 24
15°

5. (a) Is it possible to have a regular polygon with measure of each exterior angle as
22°?

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360° 360° 3
Answer: Number of Sides = = = 17
exteriorAngle 22° 11
As the final answer is not a whole number so there is no possibility of a polygon with
1 exterior angle measuring 22°.

(b) Can it be an interior angle of a regular polygon? Why?

Answer: If interior angle is 22° then the exterior angle = 180°-22°=158°

On dividing 360° by 158° we can’t get answer in whole number, so such a polygon is
not possible.

6. (a) What is the minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon? Why?
(b) What is the maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon?

Answer: The polygon with minimum number of sides is a triangle, and each angle of
an equilateral triangle measures 60°, so 60° is the minimum value of the possible in-
terior angle for a regular polygon. For an equilateral triangle the exterior angle is
180°-60°=120° and this is the maximum possible value of an exterior angle for a
regular polygon.

EXERCISE 3
1. Given a parallelogram ABCD. Complete each statement along with the definition or
property used.

(i) AD = Opposite Sides are Equal

(ii) ∠ DCB = Opposite Angles are equal
(iii) OC = Diagonals Bisect Each Other
(iv) m ∠ DAB + m ∠ CDA = 180°

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2. Consider the following parallelograms. Find the values of the unknowns x, y, z.

(i)

Answer: x = 180° − 100° = 80°

As Opposite angles are equal in a parallelogram
So, y = 100°
And, z = 80°

(ii)

Answer: x, y and z will be complementary to 50°.

So, Required angle=180°-50°=130°

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(iii)

Answer: z being opposite angle= 80°

x and y are complementary, x and y
=180°-80°=100°
(iv)

Answer: As angles on one side of a line are always complementary

So, x=90°
⇒ y = 180°-(90°+30°)=60°
The top vertex angle of the above figure = 60° × 2=120°
Hence, bottom vertex Angle = 120° and
z=60°

(v)

Answer: y= 112°, as opposite angles are equal in a parallelogram

x= 180°-(112°-40°)=28°

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As adjacent angles are complementary so angle of the bottom left vertex

=180°-112°=68°
So, z=68°-40°=28°

Another way of solving this is as follows:

As angles x and z are alternate angles of a transversal so they are equal in measure-
ment.
3. Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram if
(i) ∠ D + ∠ B = 180°? (ii) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC = 4.4 cm?
(iii) ∠ A = 70° and ∠ C = 65°?

Answer: (i)It can be , but not always as you need to look for other criteria as well.
(ii) In a parallelogram opposite sides are always equal, here AD ≠ BC, so its not a
parallelogram.
(iii) Here opposite angles are not equal, so it is not a parallelogram.

5. The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 : 2. Find
the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram.

Answer: Opposite angles of a parallelogram are always add upto 180°.

So, 180° = 3 x + 2 x
⇒ 5x = 180°
⇒ x = 36°
So angles are; 36° × 3 = 108° and 36° × 2 = 72°

6. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure. Find the measure of
each of the angles of the parallelogram.

Answer: 90°, as they add up to 180°

7. The adjacent figure HOPE is a parallelogram. Find the angle measures

x, y and z. State the properties you use to find them.

Answer: Angle opposite to y = 180°-70°=110°

Hence, y = 110°
x=180°-(110°+40°)=30°, (triangle’s angle sum)
z=30° (Alternate angle of a transversal)

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8. The following figures GUNS and RUNS are parallelograms. Find x and y. (Lengths
are in cm)

Answer: As opposite sides are equal in a parallelogram

SO, 3 y − 1 = 26
⇒ 3 y = 27
⇒ y= 9

Similarly, 3 x = 18
⇒ x= 6

Answer: As you know diagonals bisect each other in a parallelogram.

So, y + 7 = 20
⇒ y = 20 − 7 = 13

Now, x + y = 16
⇒ x + 13 = 16
⇒ x = 16 − 13 = 3

9. In the given figure both RISK and CLUE are parallelograms. Find the value of x.

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Answer: In parallelogram RISK

∠ ISK = 180° − 120° = 60°

Similarly, in parallelogram CLUE

∠ CEU = 180° − 70° = 110°

Now, in the triangle

x = 180° − (110° − 60° ) = 10°

EXERCISE 4
1. State whether True or False.
(a) All rectangles are squares
All squares are rectangles but all rectangles can’t be squares, so this state-
ment is false.

(b) All kites are rhombuses.

All rhombuses are kites but all kites can’t be rhombus.

(c) All rhombuses are parallelograms

True.

(d) All rhombuses are kites.

True

(e) All squares are rhombuses and also rectangles

True; squares fulfill all criteria of being a rectangle because all angles are
right angle and opposite sides are equal. Similarly, they fulfill all criteria of
a rhombus, as all sides are equal and their diagonals bisect each other.

(f) All parallelograms are trapeziums.

False; All trapeziums are parallelograms, but all parallelograms can’t be

trapezoid.

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(g) All squares are not parallelograms.

False; all squares are parallelograms

(h) All squares are trapeziums.

True;

2. Identify all the quadrilaterals that have.

(a) four sides of equal length (b) four right angles

Answer: (a) If all four sides are equal then it can be either a square or a rhombus.
(b) All four right angles make it either a rectangle or a square.

3. Explain how a square is.

(i) a quadrilateral (ii) a parallelogram (iii) a rhombus (iv) a rectangle

Answer: (i) Having four sides makes it a quadrilateral

(ii) Opposite sides are parallel so it is a parallelogram
(iii) Diagonals bisect each other so it is a rhombus
(iv) Opposite sides are equal and angles are right angles so it is a rectangle.

4. Name the quadrilaterals whose diagonals.

(i) bisect each other (ii) are perpendicular bisectors of each other (iii) are equal

Answer: Rhombus; because, in a square or rectangle diagonals don’t intersect at

right angles.

5. Explain why a rectangle is a convex quadrilateral.

Answer: Both diagonals lie in its interior, so it is a convex quadrilateral.

6. ABC is a right-angled triangle and O is the mid point of the side opposite to the
right angle. Explain why O is equidistant from A, B and C.

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Answer: If we extend BO to D, we get a rectangle ABCD. Now AC and BD are diag-

onals of the rectangle. In a rectangle diagonals are equal and bisect each other.

So, AC= BD
AO= OC
BO= OD
And AO=OC=BO=OD
So, it is clear that O is equidistant from A, B and C.

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