z

H T HN G V I BA S

Chng 1

Tng quan v h thng vi ba s

Gii thiu chng
Chng ny trnh by tng quan v cc vn sau: + Khi nim v c im chung ca cc h thng vi ba s + Phn loi cc h thng Vi ba s + Cc u, nhc im ca h thng Vi ba s + Cc mng Vi ba s im-im v im-nhiu im + iu ch v gii iu ch + Phng php gim rng bng tn truyn trong h thng Vi ba s + Cc m truyn dn ph bin trong h thng 1.1 c im Thng tin vi ba s l mt trong 3 phng tin thng tin ph bin hin nay (bn cnh thng tin v tin v thng tin quang). H thng vi ba s s dng sng v tuyn v bin i cc c tnh ca sng mang v tuyn bng nhng bin i gin on v truyn trong khng trung. Sng mang v tuyn c truyn i c tnh nh hng rt cao nh cc anten nh hng. H thng Vi ba s l h thng thng tin v tuyn s c s dng trong cc ng truyn dn s gia cc phn t khc nhau ca mng v tuyn. H thng Vi ba s c th c s dng lm: + Cc ng trung k s ni gia cc tng i s. + Cc ng truyn dn ni tng i chnh n cc tng i v tinh. + Cc ng truyn dn ni cc thu bao vi cc tng i chnh hoc cc tng i v tinh. + Cc b tp trung thu bao v tuyn. + Cc ng truyn dn trong cc h thng thng tin di ng kt ni cc my di ng vi mng vin thng. Cc h thng truyn dn Vi ba s l cc phn t quan trng ca mng vin thng, tm quan trng ny ngy cng c khng nh khi cc cng ngh thng tin

2 v tuyn mi nh thng tin di ng c a vo s dng rng ri trong mng vin thng. 1.1 M hnh h thng vi ba s
FDM

Codec Thoi Tng t B Ghp s

ADC

My Pht

Ngun s

ng truyn FDM Codec Thoi Tng t B Tch s

DAC

MyThu

Ngun s

Hnh 1.1 M hnh ca h thng vi ba s tiu biu Mt h thng vi ba s bao gm mt lot cc khi x l tn hiu. Cc khi ny c th c phn loi theo cc mc sau y: + Bin i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s + Tp hp cc tn hiu s t cc ngun khc nhau thnh tn hiu bng tn gc + X l tn hiu bng gc truyn trn knh thng tin + Truyn tn hiu bng gc trn knh thng tin + Thu tn hiu bng gc t knh thng tin + X l tn hiu bng gc thu c phn thnh cc ngun khc nhau tng ng + Bin i tn hiu s thnh cc tn hiu tng t tng ng - Bin i ADC v DAC c th c thc hin bng mt trong cc phng php sau y: iu v gii iu xung m (PCM); xung m Logarit (Log(PCM)); xung m vi sai (DPCM); xung m vi sai t thch nghi (ADPCM); iu v gii iu delta (DM); Delta t thch nghi (ADM). - Tp hp cc tn hiu s t cc ngun khc nhau thnh tn hiu bng gc v phn chia tn hiu s t tn hiu bng gc c thc hin nh qu trnh ghp-tch. C hai h thng ghp-tch ch yu: theo thi gian TDM v theo tn s FDM. Trong FDM

3 c cc tp hp nhm, siu nhm, ch nhm hoc 16 siu nhm. FDM ca cc knh m tn thng cn thit giao tip vi h thng truyn dn s (nh cc b Codec) - Vic x l tn hiu bng gc thnh dng sng v tuyn thch hp truyn trn knh thng tin ph thuc vo mi trng truyn dn v mi mi trng truyn dn c c tnh v hn ch ring. Vic xc nh s iu ch v gii iu ch thch hp yu cu nhy ca thit b tng ng vi t l li bit BER cho trc tc truyn dn nht nh, ph thuc vo phc tp cng nh gi thnh ca thit b.

Giao tip nhnh

X l bng tn gc Tch v

iu ch

Chuyn i tn s Dao ng ni LO

Khuch i cng sut B lc nhnh Khuch i m thp

Knh nghip v

ghp knh

Gii iu ch

Chuyn i tn s Dao ng ni LO

X l s

X l tng t

Hnh 1.2. S khi thit b thu pht vi ba s. 1.2 Phn loi Ph thuc vo tc bt ca tn hiu PCM cn truyn, cc thit b v tuyn phi c thit k, cu to ph hp c kh nng truyn dn cc tn hiu . C th phn loi nh sau: + Vi ba s bng hp (tc thp): c dng truyn cc tn hiu c tc 2Mbit/s, 4 Mbit/s v 8 Mbit/s, tng ng vi dung lng knh thoi l 30 knh, 60 knh v 120 knh. Tn s sng v tuyn (0,4 - 1,5)GHz. + Vi ba s bng trung bnh (tc trung bnh): c dng truyn cc tn hiu c tc t (8-34) Mbit/s, tng ng vi dung lng knh thoi l 120 n 480 knh. Tn s sng v tuyn (2 - 6)GHz. + Vi ba s bng rng (tc cao): c dng truyn cc tn hiu c tc t (34-140) Mbit/s, tng ng vi dung lng knh thoi l 480 n 1920 knh. Tn s sng v tuyn 4, 6, 8, 12GHz.

4 1.4 Mt s u im ca h thng vi ba s 1. Nh cc phng thc m ho v ghp knh theo thi gian dng cc vi mch tch hp c ln nn thng tin xut pht t cc ngun khc nhau nh in thoi, my tnh, facsimile, telex,video... c tng hp thnh lung bit s liu tc cao truyn trn cng mt sng mang v tuyn. 2. Nh s dng cc b lp ti sinh lung s liu nn trnh c nhiu tch lu trong h thng s. Vic ti sinh ny c th c tin hnh tc bit cao nht ca bng tn gc m khng cn a xung tc bit ban u. 3. Nh c tnh chng nhiu tt, cc h thng vi ba s c th hot ng tt vi t s sng mang / nhiu (C/N)>15dB. Trong khi h thng vi ba tng t yu cu (C/N) ln hn nhiu (>30dB, theo khuyn ngh ca CCIR). iu ny cho php s dng li tn s bng phng php phn cc trc giao, tng ph hiu dng v dung lng knh. 4. Cng mt dung lng truyn dn, cng sut pht cn thit nh hn so vi h thng tng t lm gim chi ph thit b, tng tin cy, tit kim ngun. Ngoi ra, cng sut pht nh t gy nhiu cho cc h thng khc. 1.5 Mt s khuyt im ca h thng vi ba s 1. Khi p dng h thng truyn dn s, ph tn tn hiu thoi rng hn so vi h thng tng t. 2. Khi cc thng s ng truyn dn nh tr s BER, S/N thay i khng t gi tr cho php th thng tin s gin on, khc vi h thng tng t thng tin vn tn ti tuy cht lng km 3. H thng ny d b nh hng ca mo phi tuyn do cc c tnh bo ho, do cc linh kin bn dn gy nn, c tnh ny khng xy ra cho h thng tng t FM Cc vn trn c khc phc nh p dng cc tin b k thut mi nh iu ch s nhiu mc, dng thit b d phng (1+n) v s dng cc mch bo v. 1.6 Cc mng vi ba s Thng cc mng vi ba s c ni cng vi cc trm chuyn mch nh l mt b phn ca mng trung k quc gia hoc trung k ring, hoc l ni cc tuyn nhnh xut pht t trung tm thu thp thng tin khc nhau n trm chnh. (ng dng trong cc trung tm chuyn mch hoc t chc cc mng Internet)

88
fU

- tn s tn hiu phat ln. - hiu sut cua anten, thng khoang t 50 - 70% .

c - vn tc anh sang, c = 3.108 m/s. 6.1.3.2. Cng sut bc xa hiu dung cua tram mt t EIRPe (e - phn bit cua tram mt t "earth station", s - la cua v tinh "satellite") Cng sut bc xa hiu dung EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) con goi la cng sut phat xa ng hng tng ng, no biu th cng sut cua chum song chnh phat t tram mt t n v tinh. c tnh bng tch cua cng sut may phat a ti anten tram mt t PTe vi h s tng ch cua anten phat GTe EIRPe = PTe GTe (W) hoc i ra n v dB:
EIRPe = 10 lg( PTe ) + GTe

[dB]

(6.5)

EIRP thng thng cua tram mt t co gia tr t 0 (dBW) n 90 (dBW), con cua v tinh t 20 (dBW) n 60 (dBW). 6.1.3.3. Suy hao tuyn ln (6.6) Tng suy hao tuyn ln: LU = Lau + L pu + Lmu (dB) trong o : L pu - suy hao tuyn phat trong khng gian t do.
Lau - suy hao do h thng fi va u vao may thu. Lmu - h s d tr suy hao do: thi tit (ma tuyn ln), lch bup

song phat so vi v tinh, lch phn cc anten ... 6.1.3.4. Mt thng lng cua song mang trn v tinh Mt thng lng song mang trn v tinh chnh la cng sut phat xa ng hng tng ng trn mt n v din tch ma v tinh nhn c:
EIRPe hoc tnh theo dB: 4d 2 = EIRPe 20 lg d 10 lg(4 ) (dBW/m2)

v co suy hao do lch hng va tnh ca d tr suy hao ma nn trn thc t mt thng lng song mang trn v tinh tnh nh sau: = EIRPe 20 lg d 10 lg(4 ) Lmu (dBW/m2) (6.7) 6.1.3.5. Nhit tap m h thng tram mt t Nhit tap m h thng tram mt t phu thuc vao tap m anten, tap m u vao may thu va h s suy hao h thng fi:
Te = TS + T A 1 0 + T0 1 + TR ( K) LF L F

(6.8)

6.1.3.6. Cng sut song mang thu v tinh Cng sut song mang thu la mt yu t quan trong trong vic xac nh cht lng cua mt tuyn thng tin v tinh, cng sut song mang phu thuc vao thit b

89 nh cng sut may phat, h s tng ch cua anten thu v tinh ... Cng sut song mang nhn c tai u vao may thu v tinh c xac nh theo cng thc : C RS = EIRPe LU + G RS (dB) (6.9) vi : GRS - h s khuch ai anten thu cua v tinh. 6.1.3.7. Cng sut tap m may thu v tinh N s = kTs B hay tnh theo dB :
N s = 10 lg(k ) + 10 lg(Ts ) + 10 lg( B) (dB)

(6.10)

vi : k - hng s Boltzman, k=1,38.10-23 (W/Hz0K) TS - nhit tap m may thu v tinh, TS = 2900K. B - bng thng cp cho song mang. 6.1.3.8. Ty s song mang trn tap m tuyn ln Trong cac tuyn thng tin v tinh, cht lng cua tuyn c anh gia bng ty s cng sut song mang trn cng sut tap m (C/N), hay cng sut song mang trn nhit tap m tng ng (C/T). Tap m va can nhiu chu yu phu thuc vao mi trng bn ngoai nh mi trng truyn song, cac ngun phat sinh tap m va can nhiu cua cac h thng viba ln cn. (C / N )U = C RS N S = EIRPe LU + G RS N S (dB) (6.11) (C/N)U la ty s song mang trn tap m tai u vao b giai iu ch may thu v tinh. 6.1.4. Tnh toan kt ni ng xung (DOWNLINK) 6.1.4.1. H s khuch ai anten thu tram mt t H s khuch ai anten thu tram mt t co cng thc tnh tng t nh cng thc h s khuch ai anten phat tram mt t : GRe = 10 lg( ) + 20 lg(Df D ) 20 lg(c)[dB ] (6.12) 6.1.4.2. Suy hao ng xung Suy hao ng xung ch tnh suy hao trong khng gian t do: LD = 20 lg(4f D d ) 20 lg(c) (dB)

(6.13)

6.1.4.3. H s phm cht tram mt t H s phm cht cua tram mt t chnh la gia tr ty s h s tng ch cua anten thu trn nhit tap m cua h thng c trng cho nhay cua may thu.
Ge = GRe LF 10 lg(Te ) (dB/0K) Te

(6.14)

6.1.4.4. Ty s song mang trn tap m tuyn xung Ty s C/N c tnh tng ng vi tm chum song chnh, i vi truyn hnh qua v tinh th ty s C/N dung anh gia cht lng hnh anh va m thanh. (C / N )D = EIRPS LD 10 lg(kTe B) (dB) (6.15)