Chng 5: Tng quan v h thng truyn thng di ng 5.1.

Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca h thng truyn thng di ng S pht trin ca truyn thng di ng tri qua hai th h, hin ti con ngi ang bc vo th h th 3 (3G). Nhng h thng ca th h th nht 1G nh hng cho cc th h sau, v nhng h thng ny c xp vo loi nhng mng quc gia da trn nn tng cng ngh tng t. Vo nhng nm 1980, nhng loi mng kiu c chuyn thnh loi hnh dch v v c thit k cung cp cho cc thu bao di ng chuyn ti ting ni. Nhng h thng ca th h th 2 (2G) c xp vo loi cng ngh k thut s. Nhng h thng ny c s hu thun ca cng c quc t to ra kh nng cho mt chic my in thoi di ng vt qua khi bin gii ca mt quc gia mt cch d dng. Vi s xut hin ca truyn thng di ng th h th hai, mt lot cc dch v s mi vi tc truyn ti d liu thp tr nn ph bin, bao gm: mobile fax, voice message (gi ting ni), v dch v gi tin nhn ngn SMS (Short message service). Cng trong khong thi gian ny, rt nhiu h thng truyn thng mi bt u xut hin phc v cho nhng nhu cu c bit ca con ngi. Nhng h thng truyn thng ca th h th 2 ng ngha vi s ton cu ha cc h thng di ng, chng hn nh mng GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) c chun ha ti Chu u v hin c coi l mt tiu chun ton cu c tha nhn bi hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii. Do nhn thc c tm quan trng ca Internet v ng thi l mt bc tin tip theo ti ngng ca ca h thng thng tin di ng th 3 (3G), giai on pht trin cui ca 2G xut hin nhng dch v a phng tin di ng. Trong mt vi nm ti, con ngi s c th s dng h thng di ng truy cp vo cc dch v a phng tin bng rng nh nhng g c cc mng c
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nh. Yu cu v nhng dch v c bng thng rng c t ra do s cn thit phi cung ng cc dch v v nhng ng dng tng ng vi nhng g c cho my tnh c nhn. S pht trin ng kinh ngc ca Internet, vi hn 500 triu ngi s dng trc nm 2005, m t hon ho nhu cu truy cp dch v bng thng rng. Nhng loi dch v ny nm ngoi kh nng ca cc h thng truyn thng di ng 2G (ch truyn ti dch v thoi vi tc thp). S hi t ca nhng cng ngh da trn cc giao thc ca Internet v cc thit b in t di ng ngy nay chnh l ng lc chnh cho s pht trin ca cc h thng thuc th h 3G. Cc h thng 3G s cung cp kh nng truyn ti d liu a phng tin v cc dch v ng dng vi tc truyn c th vt qu 2Mb/s. 5.1.1. Khi nim v c im ca h thng thng tin di ng 1G. 1G c tn y l first-genaration, l cng ngh thng tin di ng th h th nht, s dng cng ngh chuyn mch tng t (analog) vi dung lng ca mng thp, ch cung cp duy nht vic chuyn ti cc cuc gi thoi nhng vi cht lng m thanh rt thp, xc xut b ngt qung cc cuc gi rt cao v khng c ch bo mt. 5.1.2. Khi nim v c im ca h thng thng tin di ng 2G. 2G c tn y l second-generation, l cng ngh thng tin di ng th h th hai, s dng cng ngh chuyn mch s vi dung lng ca mng ln, ngoi vic cung cp dch v gi thoi cht lng cao, cn cung cp thm cc dch v km theo nh: truyn d liu, fax, SMS v c ch bo mt kh cao. Hai h thng ca mng 2G c s dng rng ri nht trn th gii hin nay l GSM v CDMA. 5.1.3. Khi nim v c im ca h thng thng tin di ng 3G. 3G c tn y l third-generation, l cng ngh thng tin di ng th h th ba, s dng cng ngh s vi cc c im: tng dung lng h thng ln gp
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nhiu ln so vi 2G, tng thch ngc vi cc h thng thng tin di ng trc y (gi l 2G), h tr a phng tin, cho php cung cp dch v d liu gi tc cao, vi cc tiu chun v tc truyn d liu c xc nh l trn 2Mbps khi ng yn hay trong khu vc ni th v ln ti hn 384Kbps khu vc ngoi vi, trn144Kbps khu vc nng thn vi thng tin v tinh v kh nng ph sng rng. Hin nay, NTT DoCoMo ca Nht Bn l mt trong rt t cc hng cung cp dch v 3G rt thnh cng trn th trng. 5.1.4. Khi nim v c im ca h thng thng tin di ng 4G. Lin on truyn thng quc t (ITU) khi nim r cng ngh 4G vit tt ca fourth-generation, l cng ngh truyn thng khng dy th t c th truy cp d liu vi tc 100MB/s trong khi ngi s dng ang di chuyn v c tc 1GB/s khi ngi s dng c nh. Tn gi 4G do IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) t ra din t ngha "3G v hn na". Vi cng ngh 4G v tc truyn cao nht, ngi s dng c th download mt b phim ch trong 5,6 giy v gi 100 bi ht ch mt 2,4 giy. iu ny c hng in t Samsung trnh din ngay trong mt cuc hi tho. Sau nm 2010, cng ngh 4G s tr thnh dch v di ng bao qut mi th, Lee Ki-tae, ch tch mng truyn thng ca Samsung ni vy. 4G cn c hiu nh l ngn ng s dng th t trong cng ngh vi tnh. Cng ngh 4G c hiu l chun tng lai ca cc thit b khng dy. Cc nghin cu u tin ca NTT DoCoMo hng vin thng hng u Nht Bn cho bit, in thoi 4G c th nhn d liu vi tc 100 Megabyte/giy khi di chuyn v ti 1 Gb/giy khi ng yn, cho php ngi s dng c th ti v truyn ln hnh nh ng cht lng cao. Mng in thoi 3G hin ti ca DoCoMo c tc ti l 384 kilobyte/giy v truyn d liu ln vi tc 129 kilobyte/giy. NTT DoCoMo hy vng n nm 2010 s c th a mng 4G vo kinh doanh.
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5.2. Bn kiu mu ca mng truyn thng khng dy Tng quan v mng Wireless - Overview of Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN) Ngy nay mng khng dy ang tr nn ph bin trong cc t chc, doanh nghip v c nhn. Chnh v s tin li ca mng khng dy nn n dn thay th cho cc h thng mng c dy truyn thng hin ti. iu g khng nh u th ca mng khng dy? u im l g? C khuyt im khng? Gii php thit k, trin khai th no? Bn cnh chng ta cng s tm hiu v cc gii php bo mt cho mng khng dy ra sao? Trong chng ny v cc chng tip theo ti v cc bn s cng nhau tho lun v tm ra cu tr li ph hp. 5.2.1. C bn v mng khng dy a. Mng khng dy l g ? iu u tin ti mun gii thiu cho bn mt ci nhn tng qut nht v mng khng dy (Wireless Network ). Ni mt cch n gin mng khng dy l mng s dng cng ngh m cho php hai hay nhiu thit b kt ni vi nhau bng cch s dng mt giao thc chun, nhng khng cn kt ni vt l hay chnh xc l khng cn s dng dy mng (cable). V y l mng da trn cng ngh 802.11 nn i khi cn c gi l 802.11 network Ethernet, nhn mnh rng mng ny c gc t mng Ethernet 802.3 truyn thng. V hin ti cn c gi l mng Wireless Ethernet hoc Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). b. u im ca mng khng dy so vi mng c dy truyn thng Mng Wireless cung cp tt c cc tnh nng ca cng ngh mng LAN nh l Ethernet v Token Ring m khng b gii hn v kt ni vt l (gii hn v cable).
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S thun li u tin ca mng Wireless l tnh linh ng. Mng WLAN to ra s thoi mi trong vic truyn ti d liu gia cc thit b c h tr m khng c s rng but v khong cch v khng gian nh mng c dy thng thng. Ngi dng mng Wireless c th kt ni vo mng trong khi di chuyn bt c ni no trong phm vi ph sng ca thit b tp trung (Access Point). Mng WLAN s dng sng hng ngoi (Infrared Light) v sng Radio (Radio Frequency) truyn nhn d liu thay v dng Twist-Pair v Fiber Optic Cable. Thng thng th sng Radio c dung ph bin hn v n truyn xa hn, lu hn, rng hn, bng thng cao hn. Cng ngh Wireless bao gm cc thit b v h thng phc tp nh h thng WLAN, in thoi di ng (Mobile Phone) cho n cc thit b n gin nh tay nghe khng dy, microphone khng dy v nhiu thit b khc c kh nng truyn nhn v lu tr thng tin t mng. Ngoi ra cng bao gm c nhng thit b h tr hng ngoi nh Remote, in thoi truyn d liu trc din gia 2 thit b. Tnh d dng kt ni v thun tin trong s dng lm cho mng Wireless nhanh chng ngy cng ph bin trong cuc sng chng ta, h tr tch cc trong cng vic ca chng ta. c. Hn ch ca khng dy Bn cnh nhng thun li ca mng Wireless nh l tnh linh ng, tin li, thoi mith mng Wireless vn khng th thay th c mng c dy truyn thng. Thun li chnh ca s linh ng l ngi dng c th di chuyn. Cc Server v my ch c s d liu phi truy xut d liu, v v tr vt l th khng ph hp (v my ch khng di chuyn thng xuyn c). Tc mng Wireless b ph thuc vo bng thng. Tc ca mng Wireless thp hn mng c nh, v mng Wireless chun phi xc nhn cn thn
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nhng frame nhn trnh tnh trng mt d liu. Bo mt trn mng Wireless l mi quan tm hng u hin nay. Mng Wireless lun l mi bn tm v s giao tip trong mng u cho bt k ai trong phm vi cho php vi thit b ph hp. Trong mng c nh truyn thng th tn hiu truyn trong dy dn nn c th c bo mt an ton hn. Cn trn mng Wireless th vic nh hi rt d dng bi v mng Wireless s dng sng Radio th c th b bt v x l c bi bt k thit b nhn no nm trong phm vi cho php, ngoi ra mng Wireless th c ranh gii khng r rng cho nn rt kh qun l. 5.2.2. Cc loi mng Wireless - Wireless Network Types a. Mng Wireless c phn chia thnh 4 nhm: +, Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) +, Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN) +, Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) +, Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN). WPAN: i din cho mng c nhn khng dy, thng nh l cng ngh Bluetooth, hng ngoi. WLAN: i din cho mng cc b khng dy, theo chun 802.11. WWAN: i din cho cng ngh mng din rng nh l mng in thoi 2G, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications). WMAN: i din cho mng din rng (gia cc vng). b. c tnh k thut mng Wireless Wireless Specifications . Mng khng dy hot ng nh th no ?
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Wireless Network s dng sng in t (Radio hoc sng Hng ngoi Infrared) trao i thng tin gia cc thit b m khng cn bt k mt kt ni vt l no (cable). Sng Radio i khi cn c gi l sng mang (rt thng dng trong lnh vc vin thng - in thoi ), v n gin n thc hin chc nng truyn nng lng cho cc thit b nhn xa. D liu s c truyn theo sng mang cho nn c th lc ra mt cch chnh xc bi thit b nhn. Vn thng c cp n trong sng mang l s iu bin ca sng khi d liu c truyn km theo, mt khi d liu c truyn km theo sng mang th tnh phc tp cao hn l sng n (ch mt tn s duy nht). Nhiu sng mang c th cng tn ti trong mt phm vi v cng thi gian m khng nh hng n nhng thit b khc nu nh nhng sng ny c truyn trn nhng tn s khc nhau. Thit b nhn mun lc d liu phi chn mt tng s duy nht trng vi tng s thit b pht. Trong cu hnh ca mng WLAN thng thng, mt thit b pht v nhn (transceiver) c gi l Access Point (AP) v c kt ni vi mng c dy thng thng thng qua cp theo chun Ethernet. AP thc hin chc nng chnh l nhn thng tin, nh li v gi d liu gia mng WLAN v mng c dy thng thng. Mt AP c th h tr mt nhm ngi dng v trong mt khong cch nht nh (tu theo loi AP). AP thng c t v tr cao ni m nhng ngi c th bt sng c. Ngi dung mng WLAN truy cp vo mng thng qua Wireless NIC, thng thng c cc chun sau: PCMCIA - Laptop, Notebook ISA, PCI, USB Desktop Tch hp sn trong cc thit b cm tay

Khi cc thit b ny s to ra mt mi trng mng khng dy gia nhng dng trao i thng tin v d liu. Cng ngh chnh c s dng cho mng Wireless l da trn chun IEEE 802.11 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Hu ht cc mng Wireless hin nay u s dng tng s 2.4GHz (trng tng s vi l viba hoc in thoi m con). 5.3. Wireless LAN Standards: Mng WLANs hot ng da trn chun 802.11 (802.11 c pht trin t nm 1997 bi nhm Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), chun ny c xem l chun dng cho cc thit b di ng c h tr Wireless, phc v cho cc thit b c phm vi hot ng tm trung bnh. Cho n hin ti IEEE 802.11 gm c 4 chun trong h 802.11 v 1 chun ang th nghim: +, 802.11 - l chun IEEE gc ca mng khng dy (hot ng tng s 2.4GHz, tc 1 Mbps 2Mbps) +, 802.11b - (pht trin vo nm 1999, hot ng tng s 2.4-2.48GHz, tc t 1Mpbs - 11Mbps) +, 802.11a - (pht trin vo nm 1999, hot ng tng s 5GHz 6GHz, tc 54Mbps) +, 802.11g - (mt chun tng t nh chun b nhng c tc cao hn t 20Mbps - 54Mbps, hin ang ph bin nht) +, 802.11e - l 1 chun ang th nghim: y ch mi l phin bn th nghim cung cp c tnh QoS (Quality of Service) v h tr Multimedia cho gia nh v doanh nghip c mi trng mng khng dy. Thc t cn mt vi chun khc thuc h 802.11 l: 802.11F, IEEE 802.11h, IEEE 802.11j, IEEE 802.11d, IEEE 802.11s. Mi chun c b sung nhiu tnh nng khc nhau. c nhiu
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thng tin hn v cc chun ny chng ta c th tham kho ti a ch: http://vnpro.org/forum/showthread.php?t=3413&page=5 Original IEEE 802.11 LAN Standard: Chun IEEE 802.11 hot ng 2.4GHz vi tc l 1Mpbs hoc 2Mpbs. Trong mt mng WLAN thng thng, cc Client s kt hp vi mt AP c nh m trong nhiu m hnh lp t mng th AP s l cu ni vi mng c dy thng thng (Wired network). S kt hp ny i khi c gi l Basic Service Set (BSS) chng ta s tm hiu r hn v BSS trong phn sau. +, IEEE 802.11b: Nh ch th chun b ra i trc chun a v c pht trin vo nm 1999. IEEE 801.11b hot ng tng s 2.4GHz v tc tng dn 1Mpbs, 2Mpbs, 5,5Mpbs v 11Mpbs. Tc ny s gim dn khi ngi dung cng di chuyn xa so vi AP. Trc y chun IEEE 802.11b rt ph bin v c trin khai rt nhiu trong cc doanh nghip, h gia nh v cc vn phng nh (small office home office - SOHO) +, IEEE 802.11a: Chun 802.11a hot ng tng s 5GHz 6GHz v t c tc cao l 54Mpbs (cho d cc cng ngh hin ti truyn tc 6Mpbs, 12Mpbs, 24Mpbs). Hot ng tng s 5GHz, tng s ny trng vi tng s hot ng ca mt vi thit b khc nh: cc thit b s dng cng ngh Bluetooth, vi sng (microware), in thoi m con (cordless phone). Chnh v vy cn trnh lp t AP cnh cc thit b ny trnh tnh trng b nhiu sng. Chun ny cn h tr ng thi 64 Client v bao gm c cc chc nng bo mt 64bit , 128bit v 152bit WEP m ha v lc a ch MAC. Tuy t c tc cao nhng hu ht cc doanh nghip v ngi dng cm thy khng tin tng i vi chun IEEE 802.11a nh chun IEEE
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802.11b trc . V vy h vn tip tc s dng v trin khai mi chun IEEE 802.11b. Mt vn khc na ca chun IEEE 802.11a l khng tng thch vi nhng h thng c sn s dng chun IEEE 802.11b. +, IEEE 802.11g: Mt chun mi c a ra l IEEE 802.11g, vi tc truyn t 20Mpbs 54Mpbs. Tng t nh chun IEEE 802.11b, chun IEEE 802.11g hot ng tng s 2.4GHz cho nn c th tng thch vi h thng theo chun IEEE 802.11b., y l mt c im thun li hn chun IEE 802.11a. Chun IEEE 802.11g hin ti c s dng rt ph bin mi ni. V tnh n nh v h tr kh nng bo mt cao. +, IEEE 802.11e: L chun mi nht ca h IEEE 802.11, nhng vn trong thi gian th nghim. Chun ny s l s la chn tt nht trin khai nhng khu vc ln nh cc doanh nghip ln, nh hng, khch sn v sn bay. Khng nh nhng chun khc, y l chun u tin c pht minh nhm m rng mi trng mng khng dy cho tng h gia nh hoc doanh nghip.Chun IEEE 802.11e cng c tnh nng QoS (Quality of Service) v h tr Multimedia cho h thng mng theo chun IEEE 802.11b v IEEE 802.11a, trong khi vn duy tr kh nng tng thch vi nhng chun trc . QoS v h tr Multimedia thc cht l cung cp nhng dch v cho khch hang ti nh nh Video-on-demand, Audio-ondemand, Voice over IP (VoIP), Internet tc cao, v.v Chun 802.11g tng thch vi chun 802.11b, khng tng thch vi chun 802.11a. Nu chun 802.11g hot ng trong mng c chun 802.11b th s hot ng vi tc theo chun 802.11b (11Mbps)
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Mng Wireless hot ng 14 knh (nhng thc t khi hot ng th ch c 1 knh pht).Trn thc t, mt cng ty tm trung hoc ln khi trin khai h thng ny s khng s dng duy nht mt Access Point m c th c 2 hoc nhiu Access Point t gn nhau phc v cho ton b khu vc cng ty. m s hot ng ca mng trnh gp tnh trng nhn vin s dng my laptop hoc cc thit b cm tay khc khng truy cp vo mng Wireless uc khi anh ta ri khi khu vc phng mnh. M hnh thit lp knh cho mng Wireless Mt iu ch khi lp t Access Point: - Cn c nhng vng giao nhau gia bn knh cc Access Point. - Knh thit lp cho cc Access Point phi lch nhau 5 knh.

Hnh 5.3: m hnh lp t Access Point

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5.4. Mng c nhn khng dy - WPan Mt mng truyn thng khng dy cho nhng kt ni t thit b n thit b trong mt di nh (phm vi hp). c trng tiu biu nht ca mng ny l cc truyn thng bng sng hng ngoi hoc Bluetooth. Bluetooth L mt giao thc hng ngang n gin dng kt ni nhng thit b di ng nh Mobile Phone, Laptop, Handheld computer, Digital Camera, Printer, v.v truyn ti thng tin vi nhau. Bluetooth s dng chun IEEE 802.15 vi tng s 2.4GHz 2.5GHz, tng t nh chun IEEE 802.11 v IEEE 802.11b . Bluetooth cho php cc thit b di ng trnh c tnh trng nhiu sng t nhng tn hiu khc nhau bng cch chuyn sang mt tng s mi sau khi truyn hoc nhn mt gi d liu. Bluetooth l cng ngh tiu th nng lng thp vi khong cch truyn ln n 30feet (~ 10m) vi tc khong 1Mpbs, khong cch ny c th tng ln 300feet (~100m) nu tng ngun ln 100mW. Mt mng Bluetooth ch c kh nng h tr cho 8 thit b trong cng thi gian. Bluetooth l cng ngh c th k nhm p ng mt cch nhanh chng vic kt ni cc thit b di ng v cng l gii php to mng WPAN (nu trong phn Wireless Network Types), c th thc hin trong mi trng nhiu tng s khc nhau.

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Hnh 5.2: M hnh mng s dng Bluetooth thay th cho cp thng thng Mi mt thit b trn mng Bluetooth c th l thit b chnh hoc ph. Thit b chnh th c chc nng to ra s kt ni trong mng, thit b ph th gi tn hiu tr li cho thit b chnh. Mt mng Bluetooth c th c n 7 my ph vi 1 my chnh. Tt c cc my ph ch giao tip vi my ch, v vy mi giao tip gia cc my ph phi thng qua my chnh. Hu ht cc thit b Bluetooth u pht ra mt nng lng phng x ng hng (EIRP effective isotropic radiated power). 5.5. Mng khu vc khng dy Wman

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Mt mng truyn thng cho php nhng ngi s dng kt ni khng dy di di ti Internet hoc cc mng khc. c trng tiu biu nht ca mng khu vc khng dy l Wimax. + WiMax Mt chun khng dy IEEE 802.16 cho vic kt ni mng bng rng qua mt khu vc rng ln, t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc.

Hnh 5.3: S hot ng ca mng Wimax 5.6. Mng khng dy din rng Wwan

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Mt mng truyn thng cung cp mt ph sng khng dy (sng radio) qua mt khu vc a l rng ln, c bit l qua mng in thoi di ng. c trng tiu biu nht ca loi mng ny chnh l GSM v CDMA. + a hnh vt ly ca mng WWAN(Physical Topology of a WWAN): Mt mng WWAN t c mc bao ph sng rng ln thng qua mt h cc sng di ng ph chng ln nhau, n l mt tp hp ca cc trm pht sng di ng. Tri tim ca mi tp hp cc trm pht sng (cell cluster) l mt trm thu pht sng hoc mt thp di ng, n c s dng gi v nhn cc tn hiu i v ti t cc thit b di ng hot ng trong vng ph sng. Cc tn hiu ny n lt n li c truyn thng n mt trm iu khin thu pht sng (BSC), n c kt ni ti mt trung tm trung chuyn sng di ng (MSC), n li c kt ni ti mt mng in thoi c nh. Mt c tnh c mt khng hai ca mt mng WWAN l lm th no trm trung chuyn sng di ng theo vt ca ngi s dng in thoi di ng khi ngi s dng dch chuyn t thit b di ng ti thit b di ng. Khi mt thit b c bt ln (kch hot), mt SIM card (Subscriber Identification Module card) c ci t bn trong thit b nhn dng kt ni thit b di ng ti mng. SIM card l mt th lu tr b nh m rng, n c s dng nhn dng thng tin v v tr ca khch hng, qu trnh giao dch, bo mt trong truyn thng, v nhng ng dng khc. Mt SIM card cng lm cho n tr nn kh thi hn cho mt ch th s dng di ng thay i s in thoi ca mnh. Nh vic mt ngi s dng in thoi di ng thay i v tr vt l y ca mnh, giao thc qun l y tnh lu ng trong cc trm trung chuyn sng di ng hng mi trm iu khin pht sng (BSC) ti thc hin t mt trm giao nhn

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ti trm k tip chng hn nh: mt ngi s dng dch chuyn t thit b di ng ny ti thit b di ng khc v t trm pht sng ny ti trm pht sng khc. Kch c ca mt cell c xc nh bi mt s cc i tng, c th gy cn tr ti cc tn hiu v cc m lng giao thng. Cho c hai ly do ny, mt trm pht sng trong mt khu vc thnh ph ng c ging nh b nh li, ch c th ph sng c khong hn 100m, nhng tri li mt trm pht sng khu vc nng thn c th ph sng ln ti trn 6 dm (khong 10km) cng vi kch c . + WWAN Communication Bandwidths Tt c cc mng WWAN u khng c s bnh ng. Ph bin nht hin nay c 4 th h ca cng ngh truyn thng c th tr nn c bit v ng ch : 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G. + WWAN Communication Protocols Mt gii php th hai cho cc mng WWAN khc bit l trong cc giao thc m chng s dng. Cc giao thc a thnh phn phc tp c s dng cung cp dch v ti mt s lng ln ngi s dng vi s gii hn ca bng thng rng. Th gii di ng ngy nay c 3 kiu giao thc mng WWAN c bn: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s-FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access): Giao thc ny phn chia mng bng thng rng sn c thnh cc knh tn s khc nhau, v mi mt thit b c s hu mt tn s ring trn hot ng. Mc d d dng thc hin v cn thit trong th gii cng ngh analog trung chuyn vng trn ca th h 1G, nhng n li l s lng ph khng khip i vi cc mng bng rng b gii hn. a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian-TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access): c s dng rng ri trong th h mng 2G, TDMA n nh nhng
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ngi s dng khc nhau cc khong thi gian khc nhau trn mt knh giao tip. TDMA thnh thong c s dng trong s lin kt vi FDMA, mng bng thng rng sn c c phn chia thnh cc tn s khc nhau v mi mt tn s c phn chia thnh cc khong thi gian. a truy nhp phn chia theo m-CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access): c thit k cho cng ngh mng 3G, giao thc ny phn chia d liu thnh cc gi nh, sau cc gi ny c phn phi t bn ny sang bn kia trn mt di tn chung trong mt h kiu mu. Mi mt ngi s dng u c th ni v tn hiu c truyn trn mt di tn chung v c phn nh bi cc m ngu nhin, cc tn hiu ny ch c hin hnh thit b tng ng. CDMA l rt tin cy v hiu qu, v c nhiu nhng ng dng cc k quan trng nht l trong vn bo mt ca thng mi di ng. WWAN Network Systems: Mt c im khc bit th 3 ca mng WWAN l nhng chun mng m n s dng. Nhng chun cnh tranh ny bt ngun (do) t s pht trin ng thi ca cc mng di ng cc quc gia khc nhau. H thng ton cu cho cc kt ni mobile (GSM) Chu u, Mng s c nhn (PDC) Nht Bn, c IS-95 v IS-136 Chu M. S khc bit gia nhng h thng tng l nguyn nhn c bn ca s khng tng thch gia cc thit b cm tay gia cc quc gia khc nhau, v thm ch c trong mt quc gia, trong thp k u tin ca cc mng di ng. GSM ni bt ln nh mt mng chun thng dng nht, hin ti c s dng trn 170 quc gia v chim 72% ca th trng di ng th gii (Yapp 2004). S thng dng ca GSM c m t ging nh s pht trin xa hn, theo Hip hi GSM, 85% ca cc nh hot ng mng di ng trn th gii chn la

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3GSM cho s giao vn ca dch v 3G (theo tp ch GSM World 2004). hc c nhiu hn t GSM, hy vo vWeb: http://www.gsmworld.com. iu ny a ra kt lun tng quan ca chng ta v cc nn tng cng ngh da trn ci m thng mi di ng c xy dng. Cc my tnh v thit b di ng, c s h tng, phn mm, v cc dch v - cc mng truyn thng khng dy (c nhn, ni a, mng khu vc, v mng din rng khu vc) c gii thiu v tho lun.

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Chng 6: Cc thuc tnh c bn ca Thng mi di ng 1. Khi qut vi nt v thng mi di ng Mobile Commerce cng ging nh M-business, bao gm bt k mt hot ng kinh doanh no, c thc hin qua mt mng truyn thng khng dy. N bao gm cc giao dch thng mi B2B, B2C cng nh s truyn thng tin v cc dch v thng qua cc thit b di ng khng dy, c bit l trong doanh nghip. Nhiu hc gi khc phn bit s khc nhau gia M-Commerce v M-Business, cho rng M-Business bao trm hn, nh chng ta hiu trn y, nhng li gii hn nhng hot ng ca M-commerce trong cc giao dch ti chnh. D vy, nh dng trong chng ny, M-Commerce v M-Business l bt k mt hot ng thng mi in t no c thc hin trong mt mi trng khng dy. Tng t nh nhng ng dng thng thng ca E-Commerce, M-commerce c th c thc hin thng qua Internet, qua cc ng dy giao tip c nhn, hoc qua cc mng my tnh khc. M-Commerce l mt s m rng t nhin ca E-Commerce. Cc thit b di ng to ra c hi phn phi cc dch v mi ti cc khch hng hin ti v thu ht nhng khch hng mi. Mc d vy, s gii hn v kch c mn hnh nh, gii hn v bng thng rng ca hu ht cc thit b my tnh hn ch s tham gia ca ngi tiu dng. Nh vy, d l ngnh cng nghip my tnh di ng tha nhn tim nng cho nhng ng dung thng mi di ng B2C, nhng con s ca cc ng dng hin ti l qu nh v hiu bit v n cn rt hn ch. Thay vo , n l nhng ng dng bn trong doanh nghip m nhng ng dng li nhn c phn ln s quan tm v iu mang li nhng li ch tt nht trong ngn hn cho cc doanh nghip. Mi hai mc ca nhng ng dng M-commerce
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c phn chia nh bng 9.1. Nhng tp ch chuyn ngnh trong lnh vc Mcommerce bao gm Tp ch th gii v truyn thng di ng ( International Journal of Mobile Commerce), v Tp ch th gii v thng mi v cc hot ng my tnh di ng. 6.2. Khi nim v cc thuc tnh c bn ca TMD a. Khi nim : Thng mi di ng c khi nim nh l bt k mt hot ng kinh doanh no c thc hin thng qua mt mng truyn thng khng dy. Phn ny bt u s kim tra tm hiu bit ca chng ta v thng mi di ng bi s xc nh cc thuc tnh tng thm gi tr v nhn dng cc driver phong ph ca thng mi di ng. b.Cc thuc tnh ca thng mi di ng (Attributes of M-commerce): Ni chung, rt nhiu ng dng ca thng mi in t c m t trong cun sch ny cng p dng i vi thng mi di ng. Chng hn nh: cc ca hng trc tuyn, Ngn hng trc tuyn (Internet banking), bun bn c phiu trc tuyn (e-stock trading), v cc tr chi trc tuyn ang t ti s ph bit trong mng khng dy B2C. Cc site bn u gi ang bt u s dng thng mi di ng v thng mi cng tc khng dy trong thng mi B2B ang ngy cng hin hin. Cc thuc tnh chnh c m t y a ra cc c hi thng mi cho s pht trin ca cc ng dng mi c th kh thi trong mi trng thng mi di ng. + Tnh ng thi khp mi ni (Ubiquity): Tnh ng thi khp mi ni c ngha l bt k v tr no v bt k thi gian no. Mt thit b di ng khng dy chng hn nh: in thoi thng minh hoc my tnh PC b ti c th gi thng tin khi n c coi l cn thit bt k v tr ca ngi s dng u. c
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tnh ny to ra s truy nhp cc thng tin d dng hn trong mt mi trng thi gian thc, n c nh gi cao trong th trng kinh doanh v th trng ngi tiu dng hin nay. + Tnh tin li (Convenience): N rt thun li cho ngi s dng hot ng trong mi trng my tnh khng dy. Cc thit b my tnh di ng ang gia tng v chc nng v tin li trong s dng khi m vn tn ti cc kch c tng t hoc ang tr nn nh hn. Khng ging nh cc my tnh truyn thng, cc thit b di ng c th mang i d dng, c th c ci t trong mt trng thi mun mu mun v ca cc kiu mu mn hnh khc nhau, v phn ln cc kt ni ngay lp tc. Cc thit b di ng cho php ngi s dng kt ni d dng v nhanh chng ti Internet, Intranet, cc thit b di ng khc, v cc c s d liu trc tuyn. Nh vy, cc thit b khng dy mi c th t c phn ln s tin li, thch a ra bin php hn l truy nhp vo nhiu khun mu ca thng tin. + Tnh tng giao (Interactivity): Trong s so snh vi mi trng my tnh bn, cc giao dch, cc giao tip,cc iu khon dch v l nhng tng tc trc tip v mc cao trong mi trng cc my tnh di ng. Cc cng vic kinh doanh trong lnh vc h tr khch hng v cung ng cc dch v yu cu mt mc cao ca tnh tng giao vi khch hng c th tm ra mt thnh phn gia tng gi tr cao trong cc thit b di ng. + Tnh c nhn ha (Personalization): Cc thit b di ng tht ra l cc thit b my tnh c nhn. Bi v mt my tnh nh, th vin hoc cc qun cafe Internet c th c s dng bi mt s lng ln ngi s dng, cc thit b di ng gn nh lun lun b s hu v hot ng bi mt c nhn ring l. iu ny cho php c nhn ha ngi tiu dng- vic chuyn giao thng tin, sn phm v dch v c thit k p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng c nhn (ngi tiu dng cui cng). V d nh: mt ngi lp k hoch v mt chuyn i du lch c
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th c gi cc thng tin c lin quan v chuyn i bt k thi im no v bt k ni no m h mun.Cc ng dng c nhn ha khch hng trn cc thit b my tnh di ng vn ang b gii hn. Mc d vy, bn cht c nhn ca cc thit b my tnh, s gia tng mc sn sng ca cc dch v c nhn ha, v s tin li ca cc giao dch thng qua cc cng di ng c ngha l cc thit b my tnh di ng c th thch hp vi cc cng c thng mi in t cn bn cho vic chuyn giao cc thng tin c nhn ha, cc sn phm v cc dch v. + Tnh a phng ha (Localization): Ni thng tho, mt ngi s dng c t vo mt v tr vt ly bt k mt thi im c th no l cha kha a ra cc dch v thch hp. Chng hn nh dch v thng mi da trn a im l mt v d. Tnh a phng ha c th s l ph bin, chng hn nh mi khch hng mc tiu mt a im no cng ging nh tt c cc ch ca hng mt khu vc bn hng. Hoc, thm ch tt hn na, n c th tr thnh ch ngm cho nhng ngi s dng nhn cc tin nhn, iu ph thuc vo ni m h ang ng v nhng ci m h thch hn, nh vy l s kt hp gia c nhn ha v a phng ha. Cho mt v d c th: mt ngi thch n Italia v ngi ang i do trong mt ph mua bn c c nh hng chuyn phc v cc mn n Italia, ngi ch thit b c th nhn mt tin nhn dng text qung co trng by nhng mn n trong menu ca nh hng ny v a ra mc gim gi l 10%. Ngi bn v ngi vn chuyn (giao hng) c th phn bit bn thn h trong thng trng cnh tranh bi vic a ra nhng ci mi, ly th v cc dch v hu dng c xy dng trn cc thuc tnh ny. Cc thuc tnh gia tng gi tr ny c th l c bn i vi cc cng vic kinh doanh giao vn tt hn cc trin vng gi tr h a ra cho cc khch hng. Cc dch v ca cc thuc tnh ny gii thiu s gip cho cng vic kinh doanh in t hp dn, gi chn khch hng v tng trng doanh thu.
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6.3. Cc cch thc thanh ton trong TMD Vn ln nht trong TMD l khi thc thi cc hot ng thng mi th thanh ton s c thc hin nh th no? Trong thc t, c mt s cch thc thc thi thanh ton trong TMD nh sau: a.Ha n thanh ton sau y l mt kiu thanh ton thng qua ha n ca nh cung cp dch v mng di ng. Trong trng hp ny, nh cung cp mng di ng ng vai tr l nh cung cp dch v thanh ton. Phng php ny c li th l khng thm mt nhn t no trong qu trnh thanh ton qua mobile gy phin h cho ngi tiu dng. C ch ny thc hin bng 3 bc: nh cung cp mng di ng tham gia trc tip vo ton b vic thanh ton trn ha n in thoi ca khch hng, khch hng tr ton b ha n bao gm cc khon thanh ton v cc ph nu c cho nh cung cp mng di ng v nh cung cp mng di ng s thanh ton vi cc n v kinh doanh, cc ca hng. Tuy nhin, cch thc thanh ton ny ch c th p dng c i vi cc thu bao tr sau l nhng thu bao ng k a ch lin h c th, r rng, chn thc vi nh cung cp dch v mng di ng. b. To ti khon tr trc i vi hnh thc ny, cc nh cung cp dch v mng di ng l nh cung cp dch v thanh ton v cng khng c cc nhn t khc tham gia vo qu trnh thanh ton. S khc nhau ch vic thanh ton c khch hng thc hin trc thng qua ti khon ca h. Vic thanh ton c trin khai thnh hai bc: khch hng lp mt ti khon tr trc vi nh cung cp dch v mng di ng thng qua vic mua mt loi th do nh cung cp dch v mng pht hnh vi m s ring. Khi khch hng c mt khon thanh ton, nh mng s kim sot c s d ca nhng khon c tr trc , v cho php chuyn khon nu s d cn
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 cho v mua sm c thc hin . Cch thc thanh ton ny hon ton c th p dng c i vi c thu bao tr trc v tr sau ca nh cung cp dch v mng di ng. c. S dng th tn dng hoc th ghi n i vi hnh thc ny, cc nh cung cp dch v mng di ng v ngn hng ca cc khch hng cn phi c mt s tng tc, mt mi quan h cht ch phi hp vi nhau. iu ny c ngha l nh cung cp dch v mng di ng cn phi t c s nht tr phi hp vi i a s cc ngn hng nh l mt i tc trung gian th ba trong chui thanh ton. C ch thanh ton theo hnh thc ny cng c thc hin theo 3 bc: khi c mt khon thanh ton, khch hng phi cung cp thng tin v th tn dng hoc th ghi n ca mnh vi nh cung cp dch v mng di ng; nh cung cp dch v mng di ng s chuyn bn k khai chi tit giao dch thc hin cng thng tin th tn dng hoc th ghi n ca khch hng cho ngn hng qun l th; ngn hng s kim tra v giao dch s c chp thun nu s d ti khon th cn thc hin giao dch, sau ngn hng s ghi n vo ti khon th ca khch hng. d. Mobile walllet lm c iu ny, thng thng cc nh cung cp dch v thanh ton s s dng cng ngh giao tip cn t trng (Near-field Communication NFC) l mt chun giao tip khng dy gia cc thit b u cui nh TD vi mt im chp nhn thanh ton (POS) ti cc ca hng, siu th. Bng cch ghp mt chip c bit vo thit b u cui, c th l ghp trc tip trn th SIM bin TD thnh mt mobile wallet. Khi cn thanh ton, khch hng ch cn a chic TD li gn thit b POS v chi ph mua hng s c cng vo ha n s dng

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dch v TD hng thng. Tuy nhin, hnh thc thanh ton ny cng ch c th p dng c vi cc thu bao tr sau, c ng k a ch r rng.

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