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Coastalprotectionaspectsof
intakeoutfallstructures
Prof.S.A.Sannasiraj
Prof.V.Sundar
DepartmentofOceanEngineering,IITMadras
OptionsforOutfallsystems
Shorelinedischargesystem
Offshoredischargesystem(Tunnel/Pipeline)
Coastal Processes
Typical beach profile and coastal zone
- Beaches dissipate wave energy and are constantly adjusting to the
wave environment (shoaling, wave breaking, sand bar & surf zone)
Littoral Transport (sediment transport) Littoral Transport (sediment transport)
- Long shore transport (parallel to the shoreline, long shore current)
- Offshore-onshore transport (perpendicular to the shoreline)
Basic controls of a coastal system
Energy
Coastal
h l
Materials
Waves
Tides
Wind
morphology
Materials
Human
Management
Sediments
Vegetation
Shore protection
structures
Dredging
Intake/ Outfall
systems
TERMS DESCRIBING COASTAL ZONE
Deepwaters Intermediatewaters Shallowwater Surfzone
2A
2B
A>>B A>B A=B
Breaking of
WaveLengthDecreases
MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
Breakingof
waves
Wavesfeeltheseabed.
Particleorbitdonotcloseparticularlyforsteeperwave.
Masstransportvelocitydominatesandtransportsthesediments.
(Sediments
thrownintosuspension)
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SURF ZONE
PATH OF SAND GRAINS
CREST OF BERM
Line of Breakers
CURRENTS
LONGSHORE
MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT (PLAN)
WAVE ATTACK
SAND GRAINS OUTSIDE
OBLIQUE
SURF ZONE
PATH OF
x A
y A
t QA
t x q A A
u
Longshore net volume change

( ) t x x Q t Q A A c c = A A /

Cross-shore net volume change
Water Level
Datum
t
o
q AXA
t
Q
Q A |
.
|

\
|
AX
X c
c
+
B
d
c
d

t qA A

Total volume change

( )
C B
D D y x V + A A = A
=( ) t x q t x x Q A A + A A c c /
0 At

( )
0
1
= |
.
|

\
|

c
c
-
+
+
c
c
q
x
Q
D D t
y
C B


ONE-D Shoreline Evolution Model
KRAUS and HARIKAI (1983) proposed a numerical scheme to solve the one line
model using Crank Nicholson implicit finite difference method. The non-
dimensional equation of shoreline is,
{ }
- - -
+ = C Q Q B y { }
{ } 2
2

, , , 1 ,
1 , 1 1 , 1 ,
- - - -
+
-
-
-
+ + + +
- - - -
- - -
+ + =

=
+ =
t n t n t n t n n
n t n t n t n
y q x Q Q B C and
x
t
B where
C Q Q B y
o
o
o
0
45
90 270
315
0
45
90 270
315
Wave rose diagram - December
10
90
135
180
225
270
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
90
135
180
225
270
0 1 2 3 4
Hs (m)
0
45
90 270
315
N
0 20 40 60 80 100
11
135
180
225
Maximum Wave height exceedance during an annual year
Month No. of days exceeding
H
max
< 1.5m 1.5m < H
max
< 2.0m 2.0m > H
max
January 12.75 9.75 8.5
February 18.5 7.25 2.25
March 27.25 3.75 0
April 19.25 9.5 1.25
May 12.5 14.25 4.25
June 18.5 10.25 1.25
12
Ju e 8 5 0 5 5
July 9 10.5 11.5
August 16.5 10 4.5
September 17.25 9.75 3
October 10.5 8.5 12
November 3.5 6 20.5
December 8.75 10.75 11
Annual
year
174.25 110.25 80.0
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Nearshore wave propagation
Either
Spectral Models
WAM, SWAN, WaveWatchIII
Phase resolving Models (for diffraction problems)
Mild-slope equation (MSE)
ARTIFICIAL LATERAL BOUNDARY
u c
INCIDENT WAVE - BOUNDARY CONDITION : ( ) | | u u u + =
c
u c
in
cos( 1 iK
x
(0,0)
Y-AXIS
X AXIS
Mild Slope Equation
BOUNDARY CONDITION : 0 iK
n
= u o
c
u c
SHORELINE BOUNDARY CONDITION : 0 iK
n
= u o
c
u c
SHORLEINE
= is the reflection coefficient
0 for full reflection
1 for full absorption
o
X-AXIS
RECTANGULAR DOMAIN OF DISCRIETIZATION
Sedimenttransportmodels
Suspension&bedload movement
Longshore sediment transport Longshore sedimenttransport
Crossshoresedimenttransport
ANY INTRUSION IN THE COASTAL ZONE AFFECT
THE BEHAVIOUR IN LITTORAL ZONE
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A Coast is said to be eroding when the loss of material due
to various reasons exceed the material supplied to it.
Need for protection:
COASTAL EROSION
Causes are due to Nature or Man made
Intake/ Outfall
A protrusion
Removal of material
Hard obstruction (submerged)
OPTIONS FOR COASTAL PROTECTION
DO NOTHING
REMOVE THE CAUSES FOR COASTAL EROSION
Best Solution (Always not feasible)
SUPPLY SEDIMENTS TO THE AFFECTED AREA
REDUCE LOADS
By constructing breakwaters in front of the coast
INCREASE THE STRENGTH
By constructing shore defense structures ( hard measure)
At the seaward side of the
dune, seaward of the dune
base [C]
Replenishment of coast with
sand.
At the landward side of the
dune [A]
At the seaward side of the
dune, landward of the dune
base [B]
SOFT MEASURES
[seawalls]
Parallel to the coastline on shore
Normal to the coastline [groins]
HARD MEASURES
Sea
Deposition Groins
Wave direction
Erosion
REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR COASTAL EROSION
Natural !!
Bioshield
Structural response NonStructural response
base [C]
[ ]
Offshore breakwater
Land
Sea
Seawall
Sea
Land
Parallel to the coastal offshore
break waters
Wave direction
C B A
Geomorphology
Material characteristics and sources
Tides, Winds and Storms
Waves and Currents
COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS
Physical factors needed for selection
Shoreline details
Bathymetry
Littoral drift
Revetment Training walls/ Jetty
Seawalls Groins
COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS
Types
Bulkheads Offshore breakwaters
Artificial beach nourishment
Bio-shields
REVETMENTS
Toimprovestabilityofslope p y p
ofshores
Ripraprevetment
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Topsoilandseed
0.5mmin
Elev.2.7m
GravelBlanket0.3mthick
Over Regraded bank
PouredConcrete
2
1
Existing Beach
Quarrystone
(Armour)
QUARRYSTONE REVETMENT
Elev.0.3m
OverRegradedbank ExistingBeach
Elev.0.0mMSL
Revetment Training walls/ Jetty
Seawalls Groins
COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS
Types
Bulkheads Offshore breakwaters
Artificial beach nourishment
Bio-shields
Constructed parallel to shoreline
Separates land from water area
PRIMARY PURPOSE
Seawalls : To protect areas in the rear of the beach
SEAWALLS AND BULKHEADS
p
against the effect of heavy storm action
Bulkheads : To prevent sliding of the land with
secondary purpose of affording
protection to the backshore against
damage by wave action
BELGIUM
HOLLAND
GREATBRITAIN
DENMARK
GERMANY
HOLLAND
DENMARK
GERMANY
SPAIN
ITALY
EUROPE
TEXAS
GREAT BRITAIN
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
PALMBEACH
JUPITERISLAND
MIAMI BEACH
SLOPING WALLS RUBBLE MOUNDS
ABSORBLNG
VERTICAL WALLS
NON ENERGY - ABSORBING
TYPES OF SEAWALLS
GREATBRITAIN
HOLLAND
GERMANY
GREATBRITAIN
HOLLAND
GERMANY
SCANDINAVIA
GREATBRITAIN
SCANDINAVIA
PORTUGAL
GREAT BRITAIN
FRANCE
GREATBRITAIN
SPAIN
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
SEALEVEL
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SEA WALLS
Generally Massive and expensive
Should be considered only
where the adjoining shore is highly developed and
storm attack is severe.
Cross-shore sediment movement is dominant
Along-shore sediment movement causes toe erosion
Revetment Training walls/ Jetty
Seawalls Groins
COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS
Types
Bulkheads Offshore breakwaters
Artificial beach nourishment
Bio-shields
GROINS
Constructed usually perpendicular to the
shore
Extends from a point landward of possible
shoreline recession into the water beyond
breaker zone
Helps building up of beach in addition
Classification
Permeable and impermeable
High or low
Fixed or adjustable
p g p
as shore protection measure
SHORELINE
GROIN ADJUSTED
BEACH GROIN ADJUSTED SHORELINE
ORIGINAL SHORELINE
SHORELINE EVOLUTION DUE TO A GROIN
DIRECTION OF NET LONGSHORE TRANSPORT
OCEAN
Wave direction
Deposition
Erosion
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Shorelineadvancement
Groin
SHORELINECHANGESDUETOGROINS
LittoralDrift
Shorelinerecession
BEACH
GROINS EROSION DEPOSIT1ON
INITIAL SHORELINE
SHORELINE EVOLUTION DUE TO A GROIN FIELD SHORELINE EVOLUTION DUE TO A GROIN FIELD
DIRECTION OF NET LONGSHORE TRANSPORT Wave
direction
Timber, Steel,
Stone, Concrete
Material used
Deposition or shoreline advance towards the sea(on
its updrift side)
Erosion or shoreline recession towards the land (on its
downdrift side)
Groin 3
Groin 4
Groin 5
Groin 6
Groin 7
View of existing groins 2 to 7 at Ratchakan street, Kanyakumari
Groin 2
Training Walls
Perpendicular to shoreline
If solid has influence on the shoreline changes
Types
Solid(Walls on four sides with earth field)
Open (Piled)
Downdrift(erosionareaprotectedwithgroins)
Updrift(advancementofshoreline)
Jetty
Approachchannel
Revetment Training walls/ Jetty
Seawalls Groins
COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS
Types
Bulkheads Offshore breakwaters
Artificial beach nourishment
Bio-shields
As a shore protection measure
+Parallel to shoreline
+Locations where longshore drift
is significant
+Increasingly adopted compared to other
protection measures in Japan
OFF SHORE BREAKWATERS OFF SHORE BREAKWATERS
Types
Exposed
Submerged
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DETACHED
BREAKWATER
Breakwater
Wavedirection
Initialshoreline
Updrifterosion
Downdrifterosion
Salient
Wavedirection
DEFINITION SKETCH
OF SEGMENTED
DETACHED
BREAKWATER
Breakwater
Salient
Tombolo
Erosion Deposition
Initialshoreline
Tombolo
Breakwater
Revetment Training walls/ Jetty
Seawalls Groins
COASTAL PROTECTION WORKS
Types
Bulkheads Offshore breakwaters
Artificial beach nourishment
Bio-shields
Merits
ARTIFICIAL BEACH NOURISHMENT
Used without any shore protection measures
Used in combination with other shore
protection measures
It satisfies the basic need of the material
demand and have all the characteristics of
a natural beach
It increases the stability of not only the beach under protection but also the
adjacent shores due to the supply of materials through longshore drift
More economical than massive structures as the materials for Nourishment
may be taken from
offshore
COASTALENGG.PROBLEMS
ININDIA
MostmajorriversdrainintoBayOfBengal
(ImbalanceinSedimentsfromrivers)
Problems along east coast dominant
Lengthofcoastlineisabout6500km
Problemsalongeastcoastdominant
Siltingupofentrancechannels
Closingofrivermouths
Problemsconcerningaquaculture
Siltingupofintakestructures
Erosionalongthecoast
Average littoral drift along the east coast approximately
1 million m
3
/annum
Seasonal
NorthEastMonsoon(Oct Dec)
South West Monsoon (May Sep) SouthWestMonsoon(May Sep)
NonMonsoon(Jan May)
NET DRIFT
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N
BayOfBengal
Stretch of the North of Madras Harbour
Groin 6
Beach formed
Beach formed on the south ofGroin 6
NorthofGroin6
Beach formed on the south ofGroin 6
BeachFormationSouthofGroin6(Royapuram)inJulyAug04
N
Groin 6
SEAWALLS
Experience in west coast viable in
many pockets
Experience in east coast not viable in
many locations many locations
Basic controls of a coastal system
Energy
Coastal
h l
Materials
Waves
Tides
Wind
morphology
Materials
Human
Management
Sediments
Vegetation
Shore protection
structures
Dredging
Intake & outfall
systems
Changes in ONE of three controls
(Waves/ Sediments/ Shore protection)
Change in coastal morphology
Coastal system in EQUILIBRIUM or STEADY STATE
While balance between
I t & O t t f & t i l Inputs & Outputs of energy & materials
Any management interference
CAUSE
failure in sediment suppy & possibly change in wave pattern
Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)
envisages
Management Interference
to plan for adjusting Erosion or Accretion
Reduction in
sediment inputs
Coastal
Erosion
Management Interference
(Coastal protection )
Once entered into
loop, it is difficult
to escape
4/15/2013
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Do nothing response
-since expensive engineering projects are often ineffective, should we do
anything at all?
-the cost of coastal protection may exceed the value of the land that the
structure is protecting
- however, only protecting areas of economically important coastline creates
problems elsewhere, so good management that considers the coastline as a p g g
dynamic, interdependent system, where manipulation of one area has forces
reaction in another is needed
Outfall:Shorelinedischarge
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Problemstobefaced
Obstructsthesedimentmovementiflaidonthe
seabed
Installationofpipelineinsurfzone trenchwould
fillup
Stabilityofpipelinewithinthesurfzoneduetoscour,
dynamicbathymetry
Pipelinebelowseabedmightexpose
Anexposedpipelineacceleratesshorelineerosion
Anopenjettysolvestheproblembutexpensive
Shoredischargeactsasanobstruction/energysouce/
sink
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Solution
Takethepipelinewellbelowseabedfromthe
shoreline
Thetoplevelofpipelineshouldbethelevelof
seabedattheendofsurfzone
Then,takeitontheseabed
A id t ti f j tt t l t l Avoidconstructionofjetty notonlycoastal
problemsbutaesthetic,environmentalconcerns,
maintenanceetc.
ShoredischargepossiblewhenNolittoral
movement,Nofishingactivities/humanhabitants,
Notourism
Problems near the coast are dynamic and never ends..