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Μέρος Α Άλγεβρα Κεφάλαιο 2 Μιγαδικοί αριθμοί
Μέρος Α Άλγεβρα Κεφάλαιο 2 Μιγαδικοί αριθμοί
com
2:
2.2
1. R, z ( 3i )(2 i ) :
)
) .
:
:
z ( 3i )(2 i ) 2 i 6i 3i 2 2 i 6i 3( 1)
(2 3) (6 )i
) z
. :
6 0 6
) z
. :
2 3 0
3
2
2. x, y :
) ( x y ) ( x y )i 3 i
)
3x 2 x 6 ( x 2 3)i 2 i
) 9 27i (3x 2 y ) yi
:
)
.
:
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x y3
( x y ) ( x y )i 3 i
x y 1
:
x y x y 3 1 2 x 2 x 1 (1)
(1) :
(1)
x y 3 1 y 3 y 2
x 1 y 2 .
)
.
:
3x 2 x 6 2
(1)
3x 2 x 6 ( x 2 3)i 2 i
x2 3 1
( 2)
:
x2 3 1 x2 4 x 2
x 2 (3)
x (3)
(1).
x 2 :
3 2 2 2 6 2 8 2
x 2 :
3 ( 2) 2 2 6 2 4 2 2 2
x 1 .
)
.
:
9 3x 2 y
9 3x 2 y
9 3x 2 27
9 27i (3x 2 y ) yi
y 27
27 y
y 27
3x 45
x 15
y 27
y 27
x 15 y 27 .
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3.
: 1+i , 1, i, 2i , 3 + 4i , 3 4i , 5, 0.
:
4. z
:
) z .
) z .
) z .
:
) z 0 yi .
yy.
) z x 0i .
xx.
)
z x xi .
y=x, .
5.
+ i
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) (4 6i ) (7 2i )
) (3 4i ) ( 8 7i ) (5 3i )
) 3i(6 i )
) (3 2i ) (6 4i )
) (3 2i )(4 5i )
) (4 3i )(4 3i )
) i(3 i )(2 i )
:
:
) (4 6i ) (7 2i ) 4 6i 7 2i (4 7) (6 2)i 3 4i
) (3 2i ) (6 4i ) 3 2i 6 4i (3 6) (2 4)i 3 6i
)
(3 4i ) (8 7i ) (5 3i ) 3 4i 8 7i 5 3i (3 8 5) (4 7 3)i 0 0i
) (3 2i )(4 5i ) 12 15i 8i 10i 2 12 15i 8i 10 2 23i
) 3i(6 i ) 18i 3i 2 18i 3 3 18i
) (4 3i )(4 3i ) 16 12i 12i 9i 2 16 9(1) 16 9 25
) i(3 i )(2 i ) (3i i 2 )(2 i ) (3i 1)(2 i ) 6i 3i 2 2 i 6i 3 2 i 1 7i
6. + i :
)
1
1 i
) i 2 2i 1
)
3i
2i
) i 6
) (1 i 3 ) 2
)
6i 2
1 i 2
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:
)
:
1
1(1 i )
1 i 1 i 1 i 1 1
i
1 i (1 i )(1 i ) 1 i 2 1 1
2
2 2
) i 6 i 4 i 2 ( 1) i 2 ( 1) 2 1 1 0i
2
) i 2 2i 1 1 2i 1 0 2i
) (1 i 3) 2 12 2 3i i 3 2 1 2 3i 3i 2 1 2 3i 3 2 2 3i
) :
3 i (3 i )(2 i ) 6 3i 2i i 2 6 3i 2i 1 5 5i 5 5
i 1 i
2 i (2 i )(2 i )
4 ( 1)
5
5 5
22 i 2
)
:
6 i 2 (6 i 2 )(1 i 2 ) 6 6 2i 2i
2
1 i 2 (1 i 2 )(1 i 2 )
12 2i
2i
6 7 2i 2i 2 6 7 2i 2( 1)
1 2( 1)
1 2i 2
6 7 2i 2 4 7 2i 4 7
2i
1 2
3
3 3
7. x, y R, :
) (3 2i ) 2 ( x iy ) x yi
1
1 i
1 i
)
x iy
1 i
2
) (3 2i )(2 x iy ) 2(2 x iy ) 2i 1
:
) :
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(3 2i ) 2 ( x iy ) x yi 9 12i 4i 2 x iy x iy 9 12i 4 2 x 0
5 2x 0
(5 2 x ) 12i 0
12 0 ( )
x, y R, .
) :
1
1 2i i 2
1
1 2i 1
1
1 i
1 i
1 i
1 i
2
x iy
x iy
1 2i 1 x iy
1 2i i
1 i
2i
1
1
1
1
1 i 1
1 i
2 i x yi
2i x iy
x iy
x iy
2i
(2 i )
2i
2i
2i
x yi
x yi
x yi
x yi
2
( 2 i )( 2 i )
4 1
5
4i
2
2 1
5
x yi i
1
5 5
y
5
) :
(3 2i )( 2 x iy ) 2( 2 x iy ) 2i 1 (3 2i )( 2 x iy ) 2( 2 x iy ) 2i 1
( 2 x iy )(3 2i 2) 2i 1 ( 2 x iy )(1 2i ) 2i 1 ( 2 x iy )( 2i 1) 2i 1
1
2 x 1
x
( 2 x iy ) 1 2 x iy 1
2
y 0
y0
: (2i 1) 0 .
8. :
) i 6 i 16 i 26 i 36 i 46 i 56
)
1
1
1
1
41 75 1023
11
i
i
i
i
:
) , i ,
= 4 + ,
4, :
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i v i 4
1
i
i 4 i (i 4 ) i 1 i i ,
1
0
1
2
3
i 6 i 412 i 2 1
i 16 i 440 i 0 1
i 26 i 462 i 2 1
i 36 i 490 i 0 1
i 46 i 4112 i 2 1
i 56 i 4140 i 0 1
:
i 6 i16 i 26 i 36 i 46 i 56 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
) :
i11 i 423 i 3 i
i 41 i 4101 i 1 i
i 75 i 4183 i 3 i
i1023 i 42553 i 3 i
:
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
2
2i
2i
41 75 1023
2
2i
11
i i i i
i i i i
i
1
i
i
i
i
i
9. z , :
) z 5 7i
) z 4 9i
) z 4i
) z 11
) z i
) z 0
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:
:
) z 5 7i
) z 4 9i
) z 4i
) z 11
) z i
) z 0
10.
z x yi z , z z ;
:
K + i M(, )
.
z x yi (x,y).
O z x yi (x,-y).
O z x yi (-x,-y).
O z x yi (-x,y).
A :
O z x yi z x yi
xx.
O z x yi z x yi
(0,0).
O z x yi z x yi
yy.
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5 9i
5 9i
z 2
z1 z 2
7 4i
7 4i
, z1 z 2 .
11. z1
:
:
__________ _________
5 9i 5 9i 5 9i
z2
_________
z1
7 4i 7 4i 7 4i
z1 , z 2 .
.
12. z
:
) z z 6i
) z 2 z 2
) z 2 z 2
) z 2 z
:
z x yi . :
) z z 6i x yi ( x yi ) 6i x yi x yi 6i 2 yi 6i y 3
y 3
xx.
)
z 2 z 2 ( x yi ) 2 ( x yi ) 2 x 2 2 xyi y 2i 2 x 2 2 xyi y 2i 2
4 xyi 0 xy 0 x 0 y 0
xx
yy.
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z 2 z 2 ( x yi ) 2 ( x yi ) 2 ( x 2 2 xyi y 2 i 2 ) x 2 2 xyi y 2 i 2
x y
x=y
x=-y.
)
x 2 x
2 x 2
x 1
z 2 z x yi 2 ( x yi ) x yi 2 x yi
y y
y y
y R
x 1
yy.
13. :
) x 2 3x 2 0
) x 2 2 x 3 0
) x
1
1
x
:
) :
( 3) 2 4 1 2 9 8 1
:
x1
( 3) 1 3 1 4
2
2 1
2
2
x2
( 3) 1 3 1 2
1
2 1
2
2
) :
(2) 2 4 1 3 4 12 8 8i 2
:
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x1
( 2) 8i 2 2 2 2i
1 2i
2 1
2
x2
( 2) 8i 2 2 2 2i
1 2i
2 1
2
) :
x
1
1 x2 1 x x2 x 1 0
x
(1) 2 4 1 1 1 4 3 3i 2
:
x1
( 1) 3i 2 1 3i
2 1
2
x2
( 1) 3i 2 1 3i
2 1
2
14. 2 x 2 x 0 , , R, 3 + 2i ,
.
:
2 x 2 x 0 3 + 2i
3 - 2i.
:
2 6
x1 x 2 2
3 2i 3 2i 2
6 2
9 4
x1 x 2
(3 2i ) (3 2i )
9 4i 2
2
2
2
12
12
26
13 2
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11
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1.
, , ,
i
.
i
:
:
i ( i )( i ) i i i 2 i i
i ( i )( i )
2 2i 2
2 2
( ) ( )i
i
2 2
2 2 2
. :
0 0
0
2
2
2. z
1 3i
1
2
.
2
z z
:
:
2
1 3i
1 2 3i 3i 2 1 2 3i 3 2 2 3i 1 3i
z
2
4
4
4
2
z2 z
1 3i 1 3i 1 3i 1 3i 2
1
2
2
2
2
:
1
1
1
z z 1
2
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3. (1 i ) 20 (1 i ) 20 .
:
:
(1 i ) 20 (1 i ) 20 (1 i ) 2
(1 i)
10
2 10
(1 2i i 2 )10 (1 2i i 2 )10
i v i 4
1
i
4
4
i i (i ) i 1 i i ,
1
0
1
2
3
i 10 i 422 i 2 1
:
4. i v i v ;
:
: i v i v i v
1
iv
, i ,
= 4 + ,
4, :
i v i 4
1
i
i 4 i (i 4 ) i 1 i i ,
1
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0
1
2
3
13
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iv i0 1
=4+2 i v i 2 1 :
1
1
1
i v v i 1
1 1 2
i
1
i
=4+3 i v i 3 i :
1
1
i
i
i v v i
i 2 i
i i 0
i
1
i
i
=4+0
1
iv v 11 2
i
=4+1 i v i 1 i
1
1
i
i
iv v i i 2 i
i i 0
i
1
i
i
5.
) z z 3
) z z 2
:
z x yi . :
)
z z 2 x yi ( x yi ) 2 x yi x 2 2 xyi y 2 i 2 x yi x 2 2 xyi y 2
( x 2 y 2 x ) ( y 2 xy )i 0 ( x 2 y 2 x ) (1 2 x ) yi 0
x 2 y 2 x 0 (1)
x 2 y 2 x 0
(1 2 x ) y 0
y 0 x 2 ( 2)
x,y (1):
y=0:
y 0
x 2 y 2 x 0 x 2 x 0 x( x 1) 0 x 0
x 1
z 0 0i 0 z 1 0i 1
x=-1/2:
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1
2
1
1
1 1
1
1
x y x 0 y2 0 y2 0 y2
4
2
4 2
2
2
2
y2
3
3
3
y
y
4
4
2
1
3
1
3
i z
i
z
2 2
2 2
)
z z 3 x yi ( x yi ) 3 x yi x 3 3x 2 yi 3x ( yi ) 2 ( yi ) 3
x yi x 3 3x 2 yi 3xy 2 i 2 y 3i 3 x yi x 3 3x 2 yi 3xy 2 y 3i
x x 3 3xy 2 x 3 3xy 2 x 0
x yi ( x 3 3xy 2 ) (3x 2 y 2 ) yi
2
2
2
2
y (3x y ) y (3x y ) y y 0
x ( x 2 3 y 2 1) 0
x 0 x 2 3 y 2 1 (1)
2
2
2
2
y (3x y 1) 0
y 0 3 x y 1 0 ( 2)
x,y (1):
x=0:
y0
x 0
3x 2 y 2 1 0 y 2 1 0 ( y 1)( y 1) 0 y 1
y 1
z 0 0i 0 z 0 i i z 0 i i
x 2 3 y 2 1 :
y0
x 2 3 y 2 1
3x y 1 0 3(3 y 2 1) y 2 1 0 9 y 2 3 y 2 1 0
2
8 y 2 4 0 ()
y 0 x:
y 0
x 2 3 y 2 1 x 2 1 x 2 1 0 ( x 1)( x 1) 0 x 1
x 1
z 1 0i 1 z 1 0i 1
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z z
6. z z 0 .
z z
z z
2 2 .
z z
:
z x yi . :
z z x yi x yi ( x yi ) 2 ( x yi ) 2 x 2 2 xyi y 2 i 2 x 2 2 xyi y 2 i 2
z z x yi x yi
( x yi )( x yi )
x 2 y 2i 2
2 x 2 y 2 y 2 2 x 2 2 y 2 2( x 2 y 2 )
2
x2 y2
x y2
x2 y2
(1)
z z
.
z z
z z
2 .
z z
(1):
(1)
z z
2( x 2 y 2 )
x2 y2
2 2 2
2 1 2
1
z z
x2 y2
x y2
( x 2 y 2 ) x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
:
( x 2 y 2 ) x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 2 x 2 0
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 2 y 2 0
7. ( i )10 ( i )10 0 , , R.
:
:
( i )10 ( i )10 ( i ) 2 ( i ) 2
5
( 2 2i 2 i 2 ) 5 ( 2 2i 2 i 2 ) 5
( 2 2i 2 ) 5 ( 2 2i 2 ) 5 ( 2 2i 2 ) 5 [( 2 2i 2 )]5
( 2 2i 2 ) 5 ( 1) 5 ( 2 2i 2 ) 5 ( 2 2i 2 ) 5 ( 2 2i 2 ) 5 0
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8. ) z :
z , z z .
z , z z .
) z1
1
1
z 2
z2
z1
z1 z2 1,
z z
z1 z 2
, v 1 2
1 z1 z 2
1 z1 z 2
.
:
) z x yi . :
z z x yi x yi 2 yi 0 y 0
z .
z z x yi ( x yi ) x yi x yi 2 x 0 x 0
z .
) : u u v v .
:
z 2 z1
1 1
_________
z1 z 2
____________
z z
z z2
z z
z z
z z
u 1 2 ____________ 1 2 1
1 2 2 1 u
z1 z 2 1 z1 z 2 1
1 z1 z 2 1 z z 1 z1 z 2 1 1 1
1
2
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
u u u
z1 z 2
.
1 z1 z 2
z 2 z1
1 1
_________
___________
( z1 z 2 )
z z
z z2
z z
z z
z z
z z
v 1 2 __________
1 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 v
___
z1 z 2 1 z1 z 2 1
z1 z 2 1
1 z1 z 2 ( 1 z z ) 1 z1 z 2 1 1 1
1
2
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
v v v
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z1 z 2
.
1 z1 z 2
17
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9. z
:
) Im z 3 Im( z )
z
1
z
) Re z 5 Re( z )
:
) z x yi . :
1
1
Re z 5 Re( z ) Re x yi
5 Re( x yi )
z
x yi
( x yi )
( x yi )
Re x yi
5x
5 x Re x yi 2
( x yi )( x yi )
x y 2 i 2
( x yi )
x
yi
Re x yi 2
2
5 x Re x yi 2
5x
2
2
2
x
y
x
y
x
x
y
x
x
Re x 2
(y 2
)i 5 x x 2
5x 2
4x 0
2
2
2
x y
x y
x y
x y2
x 2
4 0 x 0
2
x y
1
4x0
x y2
2
x2 y2
1
x2 y2
2
z yy
(0,0) ( )
(0,0) =1/2.
x0
) z x yi . :
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1
1
Im z 3 Im( z ) Im x yi
3 Im( x yi )
z
x yi
( x yi )
( x yi )
Im x yi
3 y Im x yi 2
3 y
( x yi )( x yi )
x y 2 i 2
( x yi )
x
yi
Im x yi 2
2
3 y Im x yi 2
3 y
2
2
x y
x y
x y 2
x
y
y
y
Im x 2
(y 2
)i 3 y y 2
3 y 2
4y 0
2
2
2
x y
x y
x y
x y2
y 2
4 0 y 0
2
x y
y0
1
x y
2
2
1
4 y0
x y2
2
x2 y2
z xx
(0,0) ( )
(0,0) =1/2.
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2.3
1. :
1 i , 1 i , 3 4i , 3 4i , 5i , 4 ,
1 i
3 i
, (1 i ) 2 (1 i ) 4 , (2 i ) (1 2i )
.
4 3i
1 i
:
:
1 i 12 12 2
(1)
1 i 12 ( 1) 2 2
(2)
: 1 i 1 i
z z .
3 4i 32 4 2 9 16 25 5
3 4i 32 ( 4) 2 9 16 25 5
: 3 4i 3 4i
z z .
5i 02 ( 5) 2 25 5
4 4
1 i 1 i
1 ( (1) (2)) 1 i 1 i .
1 i 1 i
(1 i ) 2 (1 i ) 4 (1 i ) (1 i )
2
(1), ( 2 )
2 2
2
2 22 2 4 8
(2 i ) (1 2i ) (2 i ) (1 2i ) 2 2 ( 1) 2 12 2 2 4 1 1 4 5 5
3i
3 i
32 12
9 1
10
10
2
2
4 3i 4 3i
5
16 9
25
4 ( 3)
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2. :
1 i
1 i
1 i , ,
1 i 1 i
2
i
, , R | | + | | 0.
,
:
:
(1 i ) 2 1 i 12 12
2
2 2
2
2
2
1 i
1 i
1 i
1 i
1 i
1 i
12 1
2
2
1 i
1 i
1 i
1 i
1 i
1 i
12 1
: 1 1 i 1 i
z z .
i
i
i
i
i
i
2
12 1
: i i
z z .
3. z x yi :
) z 2 z 2
) z 1 z
) z i 2 z
:
) : z 2 z z (1).
:
(1)
z 2 z 2 z z z 2 z 2 z z 0 z( z z ) 0 z 0 z z z R
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) z x yi . :
( x 1) 2 y 2 x
z 1 z x yi 1 x yi ( x 1) 2 y 2 x yi
y0
( x 1) 2 0 2 x ( x 1) 2 x ( x 1) 2 x 2
y0
y0
y0
x 1 x ( a) x 1 x 2 x 1 x 1
2
y0
y 0 y 0
z
1
2
) z x yi . :
zi
x 2 ( y 1) 2 2 x
2 z x yi i 2( x yi ) x ( y 1) 2 x 2 yi
2y 0
1
2
2
2
x 2 (0 1) 2 2 x x 2 1 2 x x 1 4 x 3x 1 x 2
3
y0
y 0 y 0 y 0 y 0
3
1
x x
3
3
y 0
y0
x 3
3
3
y 0
3
z i 2 z
3
2 z .
: x
4. z :
) z 1
) z i 1
) z 1 2i 3
) 1 z 2
) z 2
:
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| z z0 | = , > 0
K(z0 ) .
:
) z 1 (0,0) =1.
x 2 y 2 1 .
) z i 1 z (0 i ) 1
(0,1) =1. x 2 ( y 1) 2 1 .
) z 1 2i 3 z ( 1 2i ) 3
(-1,-2) =3. ( x 1) 2 ( y 2) 2 32 .
) 1 z 2
(0,0) 1=1 2=2.
) z 2
(0,0) =2.
5. z :
) z 1 z 2i
) z i z 1
:
| z z1 | = | z z2 |
A(z1 ) B(z2 ).
:
) z 1 z 2i z ( 1 0i ) z (0 2i )
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(-1,0)
(0,2).
) z i z 1 z (0 i ) z ( 1 0i )
(0,1) (-1,0) (-1,0).
y
A(1,0)
x
(-1,0) O
y'
6. x R, z,
1 xi
z
.
xi
:
:
1 xi 1 xi
12 x 2
1
xi
x i
x 2 12
z 1 z
(0,0) =1.
7. z, z 4i 2 ,
;
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:
| z z0 | = , > 0
K(z0 ) .
z 4i 2 z (0 4i ) 2
(0,4) =2. x 2 y 2 4 .
|z| M(z) O(0,0) ,
(OM). , , O
A B , (OA) (OM) (OB) , |z|
(OB) (OA) :
(OB) 0 (6 0) 2 6 2 6 .
z 6i .
(OA) 0 (2 0) 2 2 2 2 .
z 2i .
8. z z 1 ,
w w 2 z 1 .
:
:
w 2z 1 w 1 2z
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w 1 2z w 1 2 z w 1 2 1 w 1 2
w
(1,0) =2.
9. z1 z2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 2 z1 2 z 2
2
:
: z 2 z z .
:
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 ( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) ( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 )
2
z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 z 2 z 2 2 z1 z1 2 z 2 z 2 2 z1 2 z 2
2
1. z :
2 z Re( z ) Im( z )
:
z x yi . :
x 2 y 2 2 x y x y 2 x y 0 ( x y )2 0
2
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2. z , z 1 . : z 1 ,
w
z 1
.
z 1
:
w . : w w . :
( z 1)
( z 1)
( z 1)( z 1) ( z 1)( z 1)
( z 1)
( z 1)
zz z z 1 zz z z 1 zz zz z z z z 1 1
w w
2 zz 2 zz 1 z 1 z 1
2
.
w w w .
3. z z 0 . :
w z
, z z 1 .
:
w . :
1
1
z z 2z z z2z z z 2z z2z z z 0
z
z
z z ( z z ) ( z z ) 0 ( z z )( zz 1) 0 z z zz 1 z R z 1
wR w w z
.
: : z 2 z z .
4. z z i , R* . :
z ai
w
, z .
iz a
:
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w . : w w . :
z ai
z ai
( z ai )(iz a ) ( z ai )( iz a )
iz a
iz a
izz az ai 2 z a 2 i ziz az ai 2 z a 2 i
w w
z .
.
5. z O(0,0) = 1
2z i
, w
.
iz 2
:
z x yi . :
2 z i 2 z i 2( x yi ) i 2 x 2 yi i 2 x ( 2 y 1)i 2 x (2 y 1)i
iz 2
iz 2 i ( x yi ) 2 ix yi 2 2
ix y 2
( 2 y ) ix
( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 y 1) 2
(2 y ) 2 x 2
4x 2 4 y 2 4 y 1
4 4y y2 x2
4( x 2 y 2 ) 4 y 1
4 4y ( y2 x2 )
(1)
z O(0,0) = 1
z 1 . x 2 y 2 1 (2).
(2) :
4( x 2 y 2 ) 4 y 1 (1) 4 1 4 y 1
4 4y 1
(1)
1
4 4y 1
4 4y 1
4 4y ( y2 x2 )
w 1 w
O(0,0) = 1.
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6. z 2 z 1 z 2 , z
O(0,0) = 1 .
:
:
2 z 1 z 2 2 z 1 z 2 (2 z 1)(2 z 1) ( z 2)( z 2)
2
4 zz 2 z 2 z 1 zz 2 z 2 z 4 3zz 3 zz 1 z 1 z 1
2
z 1 z O(0,0)
= 1.
7. z z 1 ,
A 1 z 1 z . .
2
A 1 z 1 z (1 z )(1 z ) (1 z )(1 z ) 1 z z zz 1 z z zz
2
z 1 z O(0,0)
= 1.
.
xx (1,0) (-1,0).
1 z
1 z .
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2.
:
A 1 z 1 z 4 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (1)
2
(1) .
8. z ,
: z 1 z 4i .
O(0,0) .
:
z x yi . :
z 1 z 4i x yi 1 x yi 4i ( x 1) yi x ( y 4)i
( x 1) 2 y 2 x 2 ( y 4) 2 ( x 1) 2 y 2 x 2 ( y 4) 2
x 2 2 x 1 y 2 x 2 y 2 8 y 16 8 y 2 x 15 y
y
2
15
x
8
8
1
15
x
4
8
1
15
x .
4
8
O(0,0)
1
15
, y x
4
8
.
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(0,0)
1
15
y x
y x .
4
8
1
15
x
4
8
1
1 4
4
y 4 x .
y
1
15
x
4
8
y 4 x . :
1
15
1
15
15
15
15 4
1
17
y x
4x x
x 4x
x
x
4
8
4
8 4
8 4
8
8 17
y 4 x
y 4 x
y 4 x
y 4 x
y 4 x
15
15
15
x
x
34
34
34
15
60
y 4 x
y 4
y
34
34
15 60
, )
34 34
O(0,0) .
9. M1 M2 z1 z2
4
z 2 z1
: M1 O(0,0)
z1
4, M2 .
:
z1 x1 y1i z 2 x 2 y 2 i .
M1 O(0,0) 4 :
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z 2 z1
4( x1 y1i )
4
4
x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i
x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i
z1
x1 y1i
( x1 y1i )( x1 y1i )
x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i
4( x1 y1i )
4( x1 y1i )
y
i
y
i
2
2
1
1
x12 y12 i 2
x12 y12
4( x1 y1i )
x
y
x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i 1 1 i
16
4 4
4 x2
5 x1
1
2
5x 3 y
5 ( 2)
4
x2 y2i 1 1 i
3y
4y
4
4
y2 1
y1 2 (3)
4
3
(1)
x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i
x2 y2
16
16
4x 4 y
x y 16 2 2 16 x 22 y 22 16 2 2 1
25
9
25 9
5 3
2
1
2
1
10. ) z 1 , z
x 22 y 22
1.
25 9
1
.
z
) z1 , z2 ,..., z, z1 z 2 ... z k 1
:
z1 z 2 ... z k
1 1
1
...
z1 z 2
zk
:
) :
z 1 z 1 zz 1 z
2
1
z
) z1 z 2 ... z k 1 :
z1
1
1
1
, z2 , , zk
z2
z1
zk
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:
__________
__________
_
1 1
1
...
z1 z 2 ... z k z1 z 2 ... z k z1 z 2 ... z k
z1 z 2
zk
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1. f f ( z )
( z 1)( z 1)
z Re(z) 0 .
zz
1
) f ( ) f ( z ) .
z
) , () 0.
M(x, y), x 0,
z = x + yi Re( f(z) ) = 0.
:
) :
1
f ( )
z
___
1 1
1 1
z z
___
1 1
1 1
z z
1 1
z z
1 1
z z
(1 z )( z 1)
(1 z )( z 1)
zz
f ( z)
(z z)
(z z)
zz
1 z 1 z
z
z
zz
zz
) z x yi :
f ( z)
( z 1)( z 1) zz z z 1 ( ax yi )(x yi ) x yi (x yi ) 1
zz
zz
x yi x yi
2 x 2 xyi xyi y 2 2 i 2 x yi x yi 1 2 x 2 y 2 2 2 yi 1
2x
2x
2 x 2 y 2 2 1 2 yi 2 x 2 y 2 2 1 yi
2x
2x
x
:
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Re f ( z ) 0
2 x2 y2 2 1
0 2 x2 y2 2 1 0 2 x2 y2 2 1
2x
x2
y2
x2
y2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
(x,y)
x2
1
y2
1
1.
2. z, w w1 , : w z zi
1
w1 ai , R*. R*
a
w w1 , P .
:
z x yi . :
1
1
ai x yi ( x yi )i ai
a
a
1
1
x yi xi yi 2 ai x yi xi y ai
a
a
1
1
1
x y
x y (1)
( x y ) ( y x )i ai
a
a
a
y x a
x y a ( 2)
w w1 z zi
(1) (2) :
( x y )( x y ) a
1
x 2 y 2 1 (3)
a
(3)
.
3. z 2 (3 1)i , R .
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) z
) w
w z (1 i ) .
) z O(0,0).
:
) z x yi . :
x 2 x 2
z 2 (3 1)i x yi ( 2) (3 1)i
y 3 1 y 3 1
x2 x2
y 3x 7
y 3( x 2) 1 y 3x 6 1
z
y 3x 7 .
) w x yi . z 2 (3 1)i :
w z (1 i ) x yi 2 (3 1)i 1 i x yi 2 3i i 1 i
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
x yi ( 3) 3i
3
(
x
3
)
y
3
x
y 3x 9
w
y 3x 9 .
) : y 3x 7 (0,0)
( )
.
:
1
3
.
1
y x
3
y
: y=3x-7
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x-7
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(0,0)
x
A(7/3,0)
(0,-7)
y'
1
21
1
10
y 3x 7
3 x 3x 7
3x 3 x 7
3 x 7
x 10
y 1 x
1
1
1
1
y x
y x
y x
y x
3
3
3
3
3
21
21
x 10
x 10
1 21
7
y
y
3 10
10
: y 3x 7 (0,0)
E (
21 7
, ) .
10 10
4.
z, :
) 2 z 1 z i
) z 1 1 Re( z )
:
) z x yi . :
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2 z 1 z i 2( x yi ) 1 x yi i 2 x 2 yi 1 x yi i
( 2 x 1) 2 yi x ( y 1)i ( 2 x 1) 2 4 y 2 x 2 ( y 1) 2
( 2 x 1) 2 4 y 2 x 2 ( y 1) 2 4 x 2 4 x 1 4 y 2 x 2 y 2 2 y 1
4
2
2
1
3x 2 4 x 3 y 2 2 y 0 x 2 x y 2 y 0 x 2 2 x y 2 2 y 0
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
2 2
1 1
x 2 x y2 2 y 0
3
3
3 3
3 3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2 2
1 2 1
x 2 x y 2 y
3
3
3
3 3 3
2
1
4 1
2
1
5
x y x y
3
3
9 9
3
3
9
2
2
2
1 5
x y
3
3 3
2 1
5
K ( , )
.
3 3
3
) z x yi . :
z 1 1 Re( z ) x yi 1 1 Re( x yi ) ( x 1) yi 1 x
( x 1) 2 y 2 (1 x ) 2
( x 1) 2 y 2 (1 x ) 2
x 1
1 x 0
x 2 2x 1 y 2 1 2x x 2
y 2 4x
2
y 4x
x 1
x 1
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z 1 1 Re( z )
y 2 4 x .
5. z1 , z 2 ,..., z k
O(0,0),
z1 z 2 ... z k 0 .
:
z v x v y v i v 1,2,..., k . :
z1 , z 2 ,..., z k
O(0,0).
y x , R .
y x
:
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y v x v v 1,2,..., k
(3)
y v x v v 1,2,..., k
(4)
y x .
v 1,2,..., k
(3) (4) :
( y1 y 2 ... y k ) ( x1 x2 ... xk )
(5)
( y1 y 2 ... y k ) ( x1 x2 ... xk )
(6)
(1) :
0 0
0 0
6. (1 z ) v z v
x
1
.
2
:
z x yi . :
(1 z ) v z v (1 z ) v z v (1 z ) z (1 z ) z (1 ( x yi )) x yi
v
(1 x ) yi x yi (1 x ) 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 (1 x ) 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
1 2x x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 1 2x 0 x
1
2
(1 z ) v z v
x
1
.
2
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7. ax 2 x 0
, :
)
(a 2 )(a2 ) 0
) z1 z2
(az1 z1 )(az 2 z 2 ) 0
2
:
) ax 2 x 0
,
x 2 .
, :
f ( ) (a 2 )
f ( ) (a2 )
f ( ) f ( ) ,
. :
f ( ) f ( ) 0 (a 2 )(a2 ) 0
) z 2 z1 . :
__________
________
2
0,
: az1 z1 0 z1
2
ax 2 x .
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1. :
(i) u 2 v 2 0 , :
A. u = 0
. v = 0
. u = v = 0
. .
. .
:
i) u a bi v c di . u 2 v 2 0 :
u 2 v 2 0 ( a bi ) 2 ( c di ) 2 0 a 2 2abi b 2 i 2 c 2 2cdi d 2 i 2 0
a 2 2abi b 2 c 2 2cdi d 2 0 ( a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ) 2( ab cd )i 0
a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 0
ab cd 0
.
ii) :
__________
__________
______
_______
_______
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2. z :
) z 2 z
) z z z
) z z z 2
) z z z
) z 2 z 2
:
z , z 2 z z z z .
2
3. z
,
:
:
| z z1 | = | z z2 |
A(z1 ) B(z2 ).
:
z i z i z (0 i ) z (0 i )
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(0,1) (0,-1), xx.
y
A(0,1)
x
O
(0,-1)
y'
z 1 z 1 z (1 0i ) z ( 1 0i )
(1,0) (-1,0), yy.
y
A(1,0)
(-1,0)
x
y'
z 1 z i z (1 0i ) z (0 i )
(1,0) (0,1), y=x, .
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y
(1,0)
A(1,0)
y'
z 1 z i z ( 1 0i ) z (0 i )
(-1,0) (0,-1), y=x, .
y
A(-1,0)
x
O
(0,-1)
y'
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