1. NHIM NC 1.1.

Khai nim
nhim nc la hoat ng cua con ngi gy nn mt bin i nao o lam thay i cht lng nc. S nhim nc gy nguy him cho con ngi, cng nghip, nng nghip, thuy san, ng t nui a ca ng t hoang !a.

1.2. Ngun gy nhim n

"gun gy nhim nc co th t nhin hay nhn tao ! nhim " ngun g # nhin la !o ma, b#ng tan. $ "c ma %i &ung m#t t, mai nha, ng ph, 'hu cng nghip, ng %ung, '(o th(o cac cht bn %i chay ao sng ngoi, h ao, cui cung ao bin ca. )ac cht bn o la san phm cua s hoat ng phat t%in cua con ngi, cua cac sinh t, i sinh t ' ca &ac cht cua chung. $ )ac cn ma a&it a a&it &ung cac ngun nc lam nc co mui. $ *%ong nc &ay %a nhiu phan ng hoa hoc hoa tan, t%ao i, o&i hoa 'h, tao phc. $ )ac t gio bao, song thn, lu lut cung gy nhim ngun nc nghim t%ong ! nhim nhn #a"$ gy %a chu yu la !o cac cht thai, nc thai nh nc thai sinh hoat, nc thai cng nghip, giao thng n tai, cac loai thuc t% su, !it co a phn bon !ung t%ong nng nghip+ ao cac ngun nc s#n co. )ac u n cua cac nha may bn ngun nc, bn cac !ong sng cung gy nhim nc.

1.%. Ca #& nhn h'a h( gy nhim n

,ao gm cac cht c nh 'im loai n#ng, cac cht hu c, cac hoa cht nh thuc bao thc t.

1.%.1. nhi)m h"& h( *" h+# ,

- .o th/i 0o n1c c2c ch3t nit%at, phosphat !4ng t%ong nng nghi5p 0 c2c ch3t th/i !o luy5n 'im 0 c2c cng ngh5 'h2c nh 6n, )%, "i, )!, 7n, )u, 8g, 9s, :b l0 nh;ng ch3t <c cho th=y sinh >t. -. */$ *ai n?n @ Anh 7inamata B"h>t ,/nC D gy tE ong cho h0ng t%#m ngFi 0 gy nhiGm <c nHng h0ng ng0n ngFi 'h2c. "guyn nhn @ y l0 ngFi !n #n c2 0 c2c <ng >t biIn 'h2c D bA nhiGm thuJ ngn !o nh0 m2y @ K th/i %a. - SL nhiGm !o c2c ch3t 'ho2ng l0 !o sL th/i 0o n1c c2c ch3t nh nit%at, photphat 0 c2c ch3t 'h2c !4ng t%ong nng nghi5p 0 c2c ch3t th/i tM c2c ng0nh cng nghi5p. -. */$ SL nhiGm n1c !o nit%at 0 phosphat tM phn bKn hKa hNc cOng 2ng lo ng?i. Phi phn bKn Qc sE !Rng m<t c2ch hQp lS thT l0m t#ng n#ng su3t cy t%Ung 0 ch3t lQng c=a s/n phVm cOng Qc c/i thi5n %W %5t. "hng cy t%Ung chX sE !Rng Qc 'ho/ng YZ - [Z\ lQng phn bKn, lQng ! thMa s] 0o c2c !^ng n1c mHt hoHc n1c ng_m, s] gy hi5n tQng phT nhiu ho2 sng hU, gy y`m 'ha @ c2c l1p n1c @ !1i.

1.%.2. nhi)m h'a h( *" h+# h0u ,1 & h'a h+# 23" ,4 #h5 ,6#
.o th/i 0o n1c c2c hQp ch3t ph(nol, c2c hKa ch3t b/o 5 thLc >t h;u c, c2c hi%ocacbon a ^ng ngng tR b@i c2c nh0 m2y cng nghi5p hKa ch3t nhb &#ng !_u, b<t phVm, gi3y, thucc b/o 5 thLc >t+

-. */$ du n nha may hoa cht thanh ph 8#c eong fiang *%ung guc ao thang hh n#m iZZj a lam t%an hang nghin tn )k8k, )l8m ao 7ng 8ung H"a gy nhim nghim t%ong !ong sng nay, anh hng n cuc sng cua hang t%iu ngi !n *%ung guc a ein ,ang "ga. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. NHI9M N:C M;8 2.1. Kh&i ni4m

"1c mHt l0 n1c cK t%n bn mHt t%2i 3t t%ong c2c !^ng ch/y c=a sng, suci, mng, m2ng, @ t%ong c2c ao hU.

2.2. C&

h< #iu =&nh gi& mi #>?ng n@

M1u 7A $ "1c cK m0u l0 biIu hi5n bA nhiGm. "`u n1c cK m0u &anh >m chong tp t%ong n1c cK c2c ch3t ph4 !qng hoHc thLc >t t%i nri hoHc c2c s/n phVm phn h=y &2c thLc >t ph2t t%iIn su2 moc. gu2 t%Tnh phn h=y c2c ch3t h;u c s] l0m cho n1c cK m0u 0ng. "1c th/i c=a c2c nh0 m2y, cng &@ng, l^ mr cK m0u 'h2c nhau. MBi ,C$ "`u n1c cK m4i A 'hK chAu l0 n1c bA nhiGm. 8ai nguyn nhn chanhb !o c2c s/n phVm huJ c2c ch3t h;u c t%ong n1c 0 n1c th/i cK choa c2c ch3t bVn 'h2c nhau. DE =/ $ "1c tL nhin thFng bA Vn Rc !o c2c h?t '(o l lEng t%ong n1c, c2c h?t '(o n0y cK thI l0 m4n, i sinh >t, stt. "1c Rc l0m gi/m sL chi`u s2ng c=a 2nh s2ng mHt t%Fi sua n1c. Nhi4# =E$ "hi5t < n1c th/i thFng cao hn hZ `n ijZ) so 1i n1c thFng. "guUn gccb "1c th/i tM c2c b< ph>n hun ngu<i tM c2c nh0 m2y nhi5t i5n, tM i5c ct c2c nhin li5u bn bF sng hU... Ch+# >An #>"ng n@ $ "1c cK h0m lQng ch3t %un cao l0 n1c 'tm ch3t lQng. )h3t %un t%ong n1c gUmb ch3t %un l lEng BSSC 0 ch3t %un ho0 tan B*SC. DE *Fn =i4n$ )2c muci tan t%ong n1c tUn t?i @ !?ng ion nn l0m cho n1c cK 'h/ n#ng !vn i5n. w< !vn i5n c=a n1c phR thu<c 0o nUng <, linh < 0 < l1n i5n tach c=a c2c ion 0 nhi5t < c=a n1c. Ph/ n#ng !vn i5n c=a n1c ph/n 2nh h0m lQng c=a ch3t %un tan t%ong n1c.

2.%. C& hi4n #Gng nhi)m n@ mH# 2.%.1. nhi)m 2iIn

.o c2c con sng a sc nu r %a biIn nn 'hi sng bA nhiGm thT biIn cOng 'hng t%2nh 'hpi tTnh t%?ng K, ngo0i %a c^n !o n1c th/i sinh ho?t c=a c2c nh0 m2y cng nghi5p, c2c 'hu !n c (n biIn, c2c R t%0n !_u t%n biIn l0m cho biIn bA nhiGm nHng. -. */$ x1c tanh 'ho/ng h tJ t3n !_u Qc ch@ byng Fng biIn mzi n#m, 'ho/ng Z,h - Z,Y\ Qc th/i %a biIn, K l0 sL %Ea c2c t0u !_u byng n1c biIn. )2c tai n?n um t0u ch@ !_u l0 tng ci thFng &uyn, D cK hi{ tai n?n t0u !_u tM h{lY - h{lj, l0m nhiGm biIn b@i Y[Z.ZZZ t3n !_u.

2.%.2. nhi)m 7ng

- x1c tanh mzi ng0y trng lQng n1c th/i thA @ 80 "<i l0 h.h t%i5u mY, t%ong sc K chX cK hZZmY l0 Qc &E la, lQng n1c th/i c^n l?i &/ th|ng %a sng, hU .

- } *:.8)7, chX %ing lQng n1c th/i cng nghi5p th/i 0o lu Lc sng S0i f^n thLc t` cK thI l0 ijZ.ZZZmY~ng0y m."go0i %a, c2c c s@ s/n &u3t nym ngo0i c2c P)" cOng th/i 0o lu Lc sng S0i f^n [j.ZZZmY~ng0y. *%ong K c2c ng0nh <c h/i nh s/n &u3t gi3y th/i %a l.lZZmY !5t nhu<m [.iZZmY 0 ch` bi`n m= cao su {.kZZmY~ng0y. - *h(o sc li5u c=a ,< *0i nguyn 7i t%Fng t%ong lu Lc h5 thcng sng wUng "ai cK g_n jZZ l0ng nghn, {ZZZ c s@ s/n &u3t, hkYY c s@ y t`.... &/ n1c th/i 0o lu Lc, t%ong K h_u h`t l0 n1c th/i cha sua &E lS. Sng *hA d/i BwUng "aiC t%@ th0nh !^ng sng ch`t b@i ho2 ch3t c=a "h0 m2y d(!an. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%. HIJN 8KNL NHI9M N:C NLMM %.1. Kh&i ni4m

"1c ng_m l0 n1c tUn t?i !1i l^ng 3t t%ong c2c t_ng n1cb t_ng gi1i h?n 0 t_ng 'hng gi1i h?n. *_ng n1c gi1i h?n thFng nym gi;a hai l1p 2 'hng th3m n1c, n1c tach tR t%ong t_ng n0y !o c2c !^ng ch/y ngang, ch>m tM t_ng 'hng gi1i h?n `n. *_ng 'hng gi1i h?n l0 l1p 2 &cp 'hng cK l1p c2t hay 3t 2 'hng th3m n1c ph= @ t%n, n1c t%ong t_ng 'hng gi1i h?n cK nguUn gcc tM n1c ma th3m 0o, n1c nym @ < su 'hng l1n nn n1c @ t_ng n0y thFng nhiGm bVn c2c t?p ch3t sinh ho?t, cng, nng nghi5p+

%.2. C& hi4n #Gng nhi)m n@ ngNm

"guUn n1c ng_m bA nhiGm ch= y`u l0 !o nguUn n1c mHt nhiGm Bn1c mHt l0 nguUn br c>p tL nhin cho n1c ng_m C. "1c s] th3m !_n &ucng 3t 0 tach tR c2c ch3t <c l?i @ t_ng n1c ng_m. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

O. HIJN 8KNL NHI9M DP8 O.1. Kh&i ni4m

Ph2i ni5m 3tb w3t l0 m<t >t thI thin nhin cK c3u t?o phn l1p Hc bi5t hTnh th0nh !o '`t su/ t2c <ng c=a nhinu y`u tcb 2 gcc, <ng >t, thLc >t, 'ha h>u, Aa hTnh+ w3t l0 t0i nguyn c4ng suS gi2 l0 th0nh ph_n suan t%Nng h0ng _u c=a mi t%Fng scng. Ph2i ni5m nhiGm 3tb nhiGm mi t%Fng 3t Qc &(m l0 t3t c/ c2c hi5n tQng l0m nhiGm bVn mi t%Fng 3t b@i c2c t2c nhn nhiGm.

O.2. Nguyn nhn gy nhi)m =+# O.2.1. nhi)m =+# *" 7Q */ng Rhn h'a h( S Rhn #i
- )2c lo?i phn hKa hNc thu<c nhKm chua sinh lS Bu%(, B"8[CiS[, PiS[, P)l, sup(% photphatC c^n tUn ! a&it D l0m chua 3t, l0m gi/m c2c ion ba 0 &u3t hi5n nhinu <c tc ci 1i cy t%Ung nh b 9lY$, (Y$, 7ni$ l0m gi/m ho?t tanh sinh hNc c=a 3t. ,Kn nhinu phn ?m 0o thFi ' mu<n cho %au su/, D l0m t#ng 2ng 'I h0m lQng " t%ong s/n phVm. - *>p su2n sE !Rng phn ,uc, phn chuUng ti t%ong canh t2c nng nghi5p c^n phr bi`n. -. */$ )hX tanh %ing th0nh phc 80 "<i, h0ng n#m lQng phn ,uc th/i %a 'ho/ng jjZ.ZZZ t3n, t%ong K i~Y Qc !4ng bKn cho cy t%Ung gy nhiGm mi t%Fng 3t 0 nng s/n.

8uy5n *M eim nhinu h< nng !n D ph/i !4ng phn ,uc t1i 1i linu lQng l hi t3n ~ h(cta, lQng phn c^n t%ong 3t `n i.hZjg~hZZg 3t. } w,S)e, phn ti Qc coi l0 nguUn thoc #n cho c2.

O.2.2. nhi)m =+# *" h'a h+# T-8)2c lo?i hKa ch3t ,d*d thFng l0 nh;ng hKa ch3t <c, 'h/ n#ng tUn lu lu t%ong 3t, t2c <ng 0o mi t%Fng 3t, sau K `n s/n phVm nng nghi5p, `n <ng >t 0 ngFi, th(o 'iIu tach tR, #n su 0 b0o m^n. da !Rb

O.2.%. nhi)m =+# *" n@ #h3i = #hC ,1 Uhu ng nghi4RS V1ng nghW #hX ng
8i5n nay nhinu nguUn n1c th/i @ c2c thA, 'hu cng nghi5p 0 c2c l0ng nghn t2i ch` 'im lo?i, choa c2c 'im lo?i nHng <c h?i nh b )!, 9s, )%, )u, 6n, "i, :b 0 8g. 7<t !i5n tach 2ng 'I 3t nng nghi5p (n thA, 'hu cng nghi5p 0 l0ng nghn D bA nhiGm 'im lo?i nHng. -. */$ "h t?i cRm cng nghi5p :h1c eong h0m lQng )% cao g3p hj l_n so 1i tiu chuVn, )! cao tM h,j `n j l_n, 9s cao hn tiu chuVn h,Y l_n.