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Giao Trinh Pptinh
Giao Trinh Pptinh
BI GING MN
PHNG PHP TNH
(Dnh cho sinh vin khoa Cng ngh thng tin)
( TI LIU LU HNH NI B )
NNG, NM 2007
MC LC
CHNG I
NHP MN.................................................................................. 5
SAI S ...................................................................................... 7
TNH GI TR HM .............................................................. 9
CHNG V
CHNG I
NHP MN
+ Kh thi
- Xy dng thut ton: s dng ngn ng gi hoc s khi (cng mn
cng tt)
- Vit chng trnh: s dng ngn ng lp trnh (C, C++, Pascal,
Matlab,)
- Thc hin chng trnh, th nghim, sa i v hon chnh.
CHNG II
SAI S
= x x
gi l sai s thc s ca x
- Sai s tng i : x =
2.2. Cc loi sai s
y =
i =1
Sai s tng i:
y =
i =1
f
x i
x i
ln f
x i
x i
y = f (x i ) = x 1 x 2 ...... x n
f
= 1 i
x i
suy ra y =
i =1
xi
x * x * ... * x
k
y = f (x ) = 1 2
i
* ... * x n
x
k +1
lnf = ln
x1.x2 ...x m
= (lnx1 + ln x2 + ...+ ln xm ) (lnxm+1 + ...+ ln x n )
x m+1......xn
ln f
1
=
i
x i
xi
y =
Vy
=> y =
i =1
n
x i
= x i
xi
i =1
x
i =1
y = f(x) = x ( > 0)
ln y = ln f = ln x
ln f
=
x
x
Suy ra y = .
x
= x
x
a3
y1 =
;
b c
GiI y 1 = ( a 3 ) + ( b
= 3
y2 = a3 b c
c ) = 3a + b +
1
c
2
a
b
1 c
+
+
a
b
2 c
y2 = (a3 ) + (b c) = a3 (a3 ) + b c (b c)
y
=3a
a
+ b
a
c(
b
1 c
+
)
b
2 c
8
CHNG III
TNH GI TR HM
(a#0)
p1 = a0c + a1 = p0c + a1
p2 = p1c + a2
........
pn = pn-1c + an = p(c)
S Hoocner
a0
p0
a1
a2
....
an-1
an
p0*c
p1*c
....
pn-2*c
pn-1*c
p1
p2
...
pn-1
pn= p(c)
Tnh p(-2)
p dng s Hoocner:
1
1
-5
-1
-1
-2
-8
16
-30
-2
-1
-8
15
-31
Vy p(-2) = -31
3.1.3. Thut ton
+ Nhp vo: n, c, cc h s ai ( i = 0, n )
9
+ X l:
t p = a0
Lp i = 1 n : p = p * c + ai
+ Xut kt qu: p
c, p, a [10];
clrsr ();
printf (Nhap gia tri can tinh : ); scanf (%f,&c);
printf (Nhap bac da thuc : ); scanf (%d,&n);
printf (Nhap cc h s: \n);
for (i = 0, i<=n; i++) {
printf (a[%d] = , i); scanf (%f, &a[i]);
}
p = a[0];
for (i=1, i<=n; i++) p = p*c + a[i];
printf (Gia tri cua da thuc : %.3f, p);
getch ( );
}
(1)
(2)
Nh vy ta phi xc nh cc h s bi (i = 0, n )
10
Xc nh bn
Xt y=0, t (2) => p(c) = bn
Xc nh bn-1
(1)
t x=y+c ta c:
p( x ) = ( x c)(b 0 y n 1 + b1 y n 2 + ... + b n 2 y + b n 1 ) + b n
(2)
p1(c) = bn-1
Tng t ta c:
a1
a2
....
an-1
an
p0*c
p1*c
....
pn-2*c
pn-1*c
p1
p2
...
pn-1
pn= p(c)=bn
p0*c
p1*c
....
pn-2*c
p0
p1
p2
...
pn-1 = p1(c)=bn-1
...
p0
11
p1(x)
p2(x)
p3(x)
p4(x)
p5(x)
2
2
2
2
2
-1
-2
-2
-2
-4
-2
-3
-2
-2
-4
-2
-7
11
-2
-4
-2
-11
-2
-4
-4
-2
-6
10
-2
2
Vy
-8
x2 x4 x6
+
+ ...
V d: Cosx 1
2!
4!
6!
12
BI TP
13
CHNG IV
- V th f(x)
- Nghim phng trnh l honh giao im ca f(x) vi trc x, t suy
ra s nghim, khong nghim.
Trng hp f(x) phc tp
Gii:
f(x) = x3 - x + 5
f(x) = 3x2 - 1 ,
f(x) = 0 <=> x = 1 / 3
f(x)
f(x)
1/ 3
+
1/ 3
-
yC<0
+
+
+
CT
Gii:
2 x + x - 4 = 0 2x = - x + 4
Ap dung phng phap th:
y = 2x
y = -x + 4
2
1
1
15
* nh ly 2: (Sai s)
Gia s la nghim ung va x la nghim gn ung cua phng trnh
f(x)=0, cung nm trong khoang nghim [ a,b] va f '(x) = m 0 khi a x
f (x)
b. Khi o x
m
V du 3. Cho nghim gn ung cua phng trnh x4 - x - 1 = 0 la 1.22.
Hay c lng sai s tuyt i la bao nhiu?
Gii:
i = 1, n
i = 0, n 1
x1 =
an
m1
x 1+
=x2
m2 + an
a0
nh l 4:
Xt phng trnh
3x2 + 2x - 5 = 0
N0 = 1 +
5 / 3 (nh ly 4)
(nh ly 4)
x < 1+
5/3
a. tng
Cho phng trnh f(x) = 0, f(x) lin tc v tri du ti 2 u [a,b]. Gi s
f(a) < 0, f(b) < 0 (nu ngc li th xt f(x)=0 ). Theo nh l 1, trn [a,b]
phng trnh c t nht 1 nghim .
Cch tm nghim :
t [a0, b0] = [a, b] v lp cc khong lng nhau [ai , bi ] (i=1, 2, 3, )
[ai, (ai-1+ bi-1)/2 ] nu f((ai-1+ bi-1)/2) >0
[ai, bi] =
[(ai-1+ bi-1)/2, bi] nu f((ai-1+ bi-1)/2) < 0
Nh vy:
- Hoc nhn c nghim ng mt bc no :
Gii:
- Tch nghim: phng trnh c 1 nghim x (1,2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim: p dng phng php chia i ( f(1) < 0)
Bng kt qu:
a n + bn
)
2
an
bn
1.5
f(
1.25
1.375
+
1.438
1.406
1.391
1.383
+
1.387
1.385
1.386
1.387
n 11
/* a - b > v f(c) != 0 */
18
- Xut nghim: c
4.4.2. Phng php lp
a. tng
Bin i tng ng: f(x) = 0 <=> x = g(x)
Chn gi tr ban u x0 khong nghim (a,b),
tnh x1 = g(x0), x2 = g(x1), , xk = g(xk-1)
Nh vy ta nhn c dy {xn}, nu dy ny hi t th tn ti gii hn
n lim x n = (l nghim phng trnh )
b. ngha hnh hc
Honh giao im ca 2 th y=x v y=g(x) l nghim phng trnh
y=x
y=x
y = g(x)
A
B
C
x2 x1
x0
Hnh a
x 0 x1
x2
Hnh b
n lim x n
Lu :
- nh l ng nu hm g(x) xc nh v kh vi trong (-,+), trong
khi iu kin nh l tho mn.
19
q
V d 7. Tm nghim: x3 - x - 1 = 0 bng phng php lp
Gii: - Tch nghim: phng trnh c mt nghim (1,2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim:
x 3 x 1 = 0 x = x 3 1; x =
Chn g(x) =
g' ( x ) =
x +1
; x = 3 x +1
2
x
x +1
1
1
3
<1
3 ( x + 1) 2
x (1,2 )
x +1
1.260
1.260
1.312
1.312
1.322
1.322
1.324
1.324
1.325
1.325
1.325
x4 - x5 < = 10-3
y= x
x = g(x)
20
a. tng
Chn x0 khong nghim (a, b)
Tip tuyn ti A0 (x0, f(x0)) ct trc x ti im c honh x1,
Tip tuyn ti A1 (x1, f(x1)) ct trc x ti im c honh x2, ,
Tip tuyn ti Ak (xk, f(xk)) ct trc x ti im c honh xk,
C tip tc qu trnh trn ta c th tin dn n nghim ca phng trnh.
* Xy dng cng thc lp:
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti Ak (xk, f(xk))
y - f(xk) = f(xk)*(x - xk)
Tip tuyn ct trc x ti im c to (xk+1, 0)
Do vy: 0 f(xk) = f(xk)*(xk+1 - xk)
x k +1 = x k
f (x k )
f ' (x k )
b. ngha hnh hc
y
f(x)
A0
tip tuyn
A1
[
x2
x1 x0
n + lim f ( x ) = +
f(x)/f(x)
0.385
0.094
0.005
0.000
2
1.615
1.521
1.516
1.516
Vy nghim x 1.516
c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm f(x), fdh(x)
- Nhp x
- Lp
y= x
x = y f(y)/fdh(y)
y f (a )
xa
=
f ( b) f (a ) b a
22
x a
0 f (a )
= 1
f ( b) f (a ) b a
x1 = a
( b a )f (a )
f ( b ) f (a )
x2 x1
D
C
B
Gii:
- Tch nghim: Phng trnh c 1 nghim x(1, 2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim:
f(1) = -3 < 0,
f(2) = 5 > 0
23
Bng kt qu:
f(x)
1.333
-0.447
1.333
1.379
-0.020
1.379
1.385
-0.003
1.385
1.386
-0.000
1.386
1.386
24
BI TP
b. x3 x 1 = 0
c. sinx x + 1/4 = 0
d. x4 4x 1= 0
b. x4 4x 1 = 0
b. x3 + x 5 = 0
x3 + x2 2x 2 = 0
25
CHNG V
Ann+1
a11
a12
...
a1n
a1n+1
a21
a22
...
a2n
a2n+1
an2
...
ann
ann+1
....
an1
+d=0
+d#0
A=
a11
a12
...
a1n
a1n+1
a21
a22
...
a2n
a2n+1
an1
an2
...
ann
ann+1
a11
a12
...
a1n
a1n+1
a'22
...
a'2n
a'2n+1
...
a'nn
a'nn+1
........
A=
......
0
-1
-2 X 2
-1
1 X -1 3
1 X -2 0
-1
0 -3
1
17
13
-1
-3
-7
-8
5/3
13
4/3
14
-1
-7
-8
-3
-7
-8
0 13/3
-14/3
-1/3
0 17/3
-7/3
10/3
13/3 -14/3
0
49/13
-1/3
49/13
x4 = 1; x3 = 1; x2 = 1; x1 = 1
Vy nghim h phng trnh x = (1,1,1,1)
5.3.2. Thut ton
m = -aij/aii
Lp k
= i n +1
- Tm nghim
n
x i = a in +1 a ij x j / a ii ( i =n 1)
j=i +1
Lp i = n 1
s
=0
lp
xi
j=i+1n
S = S + aij * xj
= (ain+1 - s)/aii
- Xut xi (i=1n)
5.4. Phng php lp Gauss - Siedel (t sa sai)
5.4.1. Ni dung phng php
x = ( x 1 , x 2 ,......, x n ) ;
x = B x+ g
g = (g1 , g 2 ,......, g n ) ;
B = {bij}n
Cch bin i:
a11x1 +a12x2 + ....+ a1nxn = a1n+1
a21x1 +a22x2 + ....+ a2nxn = a2n+1
.......
an1x1 +an2x2 + ....+ annxn = ann+1
n
x1 = (a n +1 a 1 j x j ) / a 11 ( j 1)
j=1
....
n
x n = (a nn +1 a nj x j ) / a nn ( j n )
j=1
Tng qut:
28
x i = (a in +1 a ij x j ) / a ii ( j i) (*)
j=1
a ij x 0j ) / a ii ( j i )
j=1
Tng t, tnh x 2 , x 3 ,
Tng qut:
x ik + 1 = ( a in + 1 a ij x kj ) / a ii ( j i )
j =1
r1 = max b ij < 1
i
j=1
n
i =1
th qu trnh s hi t n nghim.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh
10
10
10
10
10
x1 = -0,2x2 - 0,1x3 + 1
x2 = -0,1x1 - 0,2x3 + 1,2
x3 = -0,1x1 - 0,1x2 + 0,8
29
B=
-0,2
-0,1
-0,1
-0,2
-0,1
-0,1
Chn x
= ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) thay vo c x 1 = (1, 1 . 2 , 0 . 8 )
Tng t tnh x
,x
...
Bng kt qu:
x1
x2
x3
1.2
0.8
0.68
0.94
0.58
0.754
1.016
0.638
0.733
0.997
0.623
0.738
1.002
0.627
0.737
1.001
0.626
1.001
0.626
0.737
x i7 x i6 < 10 3 i = 1, 3
t=1
30
xi = y i }
trong khi (t)
- Xut xi (i =1n)
5.5. Phng php gim d
5.5.1. Ni dung phng php
(1)
.......
ann + 1 - an1x2 - an2x2 - ... - annxn = 0
Chia dng i cho aii # 0
b1n + 1 - b12x2 - b13x2 - ... - x1 = 0
b2n + 1 - b21x1 b23x3 - ... - x2 = 0
(2)
.......
bnn + 1 - bn1x1 - bn2x2 - ... - xn = 0
= ( x 10 , x 02 ,..., x 0n )
10
-2
-2
-2
10
-1
-10
Cho x 0 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) R 0 = ( 0 . 6 , 0 . 7 , 0 . 8 )
R 30 = max{ R i0 }
i = 1,3
x31 = x 30 + R 30 = 0.8
0
0
R2 = R 2 + b 23 .R 3 = 0.7 + 0.1 0.8 = 0.78
R 1 = (0.76, 0.78, 0)
Tng t ta c bng kt qu:
x1
0
x2
0
x3
0
0.8
0.78
0.92
0.96
0.99
0.99
0.99
1
1
1
R1
0.6
0.76
0.92
0
0.04
0.07
0
0.01
0.01
0
0
R2
0.7
0.78
0
0.18
0
0.02
0.03
0
0
0.01
0
R3
0.8
0
0.08
0.17
0.19
0
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
- Nhp n, aij, xi
- Bin i h phng trnh (1) v dng (2)
32
a[i,j] = a [i,j]/a[i,i]
a[i,i] = 1
}
- Tnh r[i] ban u (i = 1n)
for i = 1 n do
{ r[i] =a [i, n+1]
for j = 1 n do r[i] = r [i] - a[i,j] * x [j] }
- Lap
t = 0 /* cho thoat*/
/* Tm rs = max {|r[i]|} (i = 1n) & tnh li xs*/
max = |r[1]|; k =1
for i = 2 n do
if (max < |r[i]| ) { max = |r[i]; k= i }
x [k] = x [k] + r[k]
/* Tnh li R[i] kim tra kh nng lp tip theo */
d = r[k]
for i =1 n
{ r[i] = r[i] - a[i, k] * d
if (|r[i]| > ) thi t =1 /* cho lap*/
trong khi ( t )
- Xut nghim: x[i] (i = 1n)
Lu :
CHNG VI
A =
a11
a12
...
a1n
a21
a22
...
a2n
an2
...
ann
.......
an1
( E : Ma trn n v)
(A - E) x = 0
trnh vic khai trin nh thc (i hi s php tnh ln) khi tm ta c
th p dng phng php anhilepski. phng php ny ta ch cn tm
ma trn B sao cho B ng dng vi ma trn A v B c dng ma trn
Phrbemit.
P =
p1
p2
...
pn-1
pn
...
...
...
....
0
ABBA
A B, B C A C
A B gi tr ring ca A v B trng nhau.
34
M-1 =
M =
... 0
... 0
an1
an2
... ann
... 1
...
...
a n1
a nn 1
a n2
a nn 1
1
a nn 1
a nn
a nn 1
M-1n-1j = anj
Mn-1j
1 0
nn 1
a nj
a nn 1
...
nu j = n -1
nu j # n - 1
A1 = M-1 A M A
* Ln bin i 2: Chn M-1, M sao cho A2 = M-1 A1 M A1
v dng n-1 ca A2 c dng:
0 0
0 ... 1 0 0
p1
p2
P3
n=3
ta tm:
P
Ln 1: Chn
-1
A1 = M-1A M
-2
-5
-2
Ln 2: Chn
-1
-5
-5
A2 = M-1A1M=
-14
=P
(C = A x B => c ij = a ik b kj
k =1
{M[i,j] = 0; M1[i,j] = 0 }
M[i,j] = - a[k+1,j]/a[k+1,k] }
/* Gi hm nhn 2 ln */
Ln 1 : vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2 : vo M1; B; ra A
- Xut aij ( i,j = 1n)
Thut ton nhn 2 ma trn
37
Ta c: (P - E) y = 0
P y = E y
M-1. A. M . y = E y
Nhn 2 v cho M:
M M-1. A M y = M E y
A M y = E My
t x = M y
= E x
A x
(A - E) x = 0
Vy x = M y l vect ring ca A
P = M n11 .M n1 2 ...M 11 .A.M 1 .M 2 .M n 1
Xc nh y
(P-E) y = 0
p1 -
p2
...
pn-1
pn
y1
...
y2
......
0
=0
...
0
...
yn
=0
.....
yn-1 - yn = 0
cho: yn = 1 yn-1 = ,
yn-2 = yn-1 = 2 , ... , y1 = n-1
38
1 = 2 y 1 = (4, 2, 1)
2 = 1 y 2 = (1, 1, 1)
3 = 4 y 3 = (16, 4, 1)
Tm M:
M = M .M
1
1
1
2
-5 -5
-2
-5
-2
-5
-2
= -1
-5
16
-2
-5
-2
x =M y
x1
x2
x3
-1
=
2
1
Vy vect ring ca A:
x 1 = (-1, 0, 1)
x 2 = (1, -1, 1)
x 3 = (1, 2, 1)
- Khi to B1 = E
- Lp k = n-1 1
/* Tnh 2 ma trn M, M1 */
/* Gi hm nhn 3 ln */
Ln 1: vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2: vo M1, B; ra A
Ln 3: vo B1, M; ra B
/* Gn li ma trn B1=B */
- Xut aij, bij
40
CHNG VII
(x1) = f(x1);
(x0) = f(x0);
(x1) = f(x1);
41
xi
x0
x1
...
xn
yi =f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
y'i=f(xi)
y'0
y'1
...
y'n
y'i=f(xi)
y'0
y'1
...
y'n
p in ( x ) =
y i p in ( x )
i=0
W(x)
x - xi
(x - x
i =0
MS = W' (x i )
yi
i ) W' (x i )
xi
f(xi)
-1
2
3
1
+
+
)
x (8) 3(x 1) 4(x 2 )
42
1
((x 1)(x 2 )(x 4 ) + 4x (x 2 )(x 4 ) + x (x 1)(x 4 ))
4
1
( x 4)(( x 1)( x 2) + 4x ( x 2) + x ( x 1))
4
1
= ( x 4)(4 x 2 6 x 2)
4
Cch 2:
L3(x) = 2
=
( x 1)( x 2)( x 4)
x ( x 2)( x 4)
x ( x 1)( x 4)
+3
1
(1)(2)(4)
1(1)(3)
2(1)(2)
1
( x 4)(4 x 2 6 x 2)
4
x x0
, khi :
h
x - x0 = h*t
xi - x0 = h *i
x- x1 = h(t - 1)
xi = x1 = h(i-1)
...
...
xi - xi-1 = h
xi - xi+1 = -h
...
...
x - xn = h(t - n)
xi - xn = -h(n - i)
t t =
p 'n ( x 0 + ht ) =
=
t ( t 1) * ... * ( t n )
( t i) * i!(n i)!*(1) n i
yi (1)n i
Ln(x0 + ht) = t(t -1) ... (t - n)
i =0 (t i)i!(n i)!
n
xi
f(x0)
-2
Gii:
Cch 1:
W(x) = x (x - 2) (x - 4)
W(0) = (0 - 2) (0 - 4) = -8
W(2) = (2 - 0) (2 - 4) = -4
W(4) = (4 - 0) (4 - 2) = 8
L2(x) = x ( x 2)( x 4)(
5
2
1
+
)
8( x 0) ( x 2)(4) ( x 4).8
1
5
2
1
x ( x 2)( x 4) + (
+
)
8
4 x ( x 2) 4( x 4)
1
(5( x 2)( x 4) + 4x ( x 4) + x ( x 2))
8
1
1
(10x 2 48x + 40) = (5x 2 24 x + 20)
8
4
Cch 2:
t 0 t 1 t 2
2!
t ( t 1)(t 2) 5
4
1
( +
+
)
=
2
t t 1 t 2
1 2
= (5(t 1)(t 2) + 4t(t 2) + t(t 1)
2
1
2
2
= (10 t 24 t + 10 ) = 5t 12 t + 5
2
5 2
Vy L2 (x) = x 6x + 5
4
7.4. Bng ni suy Ayken
44
c-x0
x0-x1
x0-x2
x0-xn
x1-x0
c-x1
x1-x2
x1-xn
d1
d2
x2-x0
x2-x1
c-x2
x2-xn
d3
xn-x0
xn-x1
xn-x2
c-xn
dn
f(c) W(c)
i=0
yi
di
Gii
xi
yi
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
60
1.5
-1
-2
-3
-9
0.5
-1
-2
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-36
W(3.5) = 1.40625
45
f(3.5) L4 (3.5) =
1 2 7 1
+
20 9 2 3
x x1
x x0
+ y1
x 0 x1
x1 x 0
y0 (x1 x) y1 (x0 x)
=
x1 x 0
=
y0
x0-x
y1
x1-x
x1-x0
y0
x0-x
= yi
xi-x
xi-x0
Xt hm p(x) c dng:
L01(x) x1-x
p(x)
= L0i(x) xi-x
xi - x1
46
p(x0) =
P(x1) =
xi - x1
-y1 (x1 - xi)
P(xi) =
xi - x1
y1
yi
y0(xi - x1)
xi - x1
y0
xn-1-x
L012...n-2 n(x)
xn-x
L012...n(x) =
xn - xn-1
Bng Ni suy Ayken (dng 2)
xi
yi
Loi(x)
Lo1i(x) Lo12i(x)
...
Lo12...n(x)
xi - x
x0
y0
x1
y1
Lo1(x)
x1 - x
x2
y2
Lo2(x) Lo12(x)
x2 - x
x3
y3
....
....
xn
yn
x0 - x
...
...
...
Lo12...n(x)
xn - x
xi
yi
Tnh f (2.5)
47
yi
Loi(x)
Lo1i(x)
Lo12ix
4.25
4.625
4.5
4.875
4.5
4.25
4.875
4.562
Lo123ix
xi - x
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
1.5
4.407
2.5
Vy f(2.5) 4.407
Ch thch : L01(-2.5) = (2(-0.5) - 4(-1.5)) / (2-1) = 5
7.6. Ni suy Newton
7.6.1. Sai phn
2f(xi)
3f(xi)
xi
f(xi)
x0
y0
x1
y1
f(x0)
x2
y2
f(x1)
2f(x0)
x3
y3
f(x2)
2f(x1) f3(x0)
....
....
...
xn
yn
f(xn-1)
nf(xi)
nf(x0)
48
(*)
Trong : 0(x) = 1;
x x0
h
1 ( x ) =
2 (x) =
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )
;
h 2 2!
n (x) =
(x x 0 )(x x1 )...(x x n 1 )
h n n!
Ln(x0) f(x0) ;
L n ( x ) f ( x 0 ) + f ( x 0 )
xi
yi
Gii
Lp bng sai phn:
f(xi)
2f(xi)
3f(xi)
xi
f(xi)
-1
-1
-2
4f(xi)
-4
Hm ni suy Newton:
x x 0 ( x x 0 )( x x 1 )
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )( x x 2 )
L n (x ) 2 + 2
+2
1
2!
3!
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 )
4
4!
50
xi
x0
x1
...
xn
yi =f(xi)
y0
y1
...
yn
y'i=f(xi)
y'0
y'1
...
y'n
yi'= f(xi)
y''0
y1
...
yn
...
yi(k) =f(k)(xi)
y1(k)
y2(k)
yn(k)
m=n+
si
i =1
o hm cp 1:
Hm(x) = Ln(x) + W(x) Hp(x) + W(x)Hp(x)
Xt ti cc im xi:
Hm(xi) = Ln(xi) + 2W(xi) Hp(xi) + W(xi)Hp(xi) = yi
=> Hp(xi)
o hm cp 2:
Hm(x) = Ln(x) + 2W(x) Hp(x) + W(x) Hp(x) + W(x)Hp(x)
51
Xt ti cc im xi:
Hm(xi) = Ln(xi) + 2W(xi) Hp(xi) + W(xi) Hp(xi) + W(xi)Hp(xi) =yi
0
=> Hp(xi)
Tng t: o hm n cp k suy ra Hp(k-1)(xi)
Ta xc nh hm Hp(x) tho mn:
xi
x0
x1
...
xn
Hp(xi)
h0
h1
...
hn
Hp(xi)
h'0
h'1
...
h'n
h0(k-1)
h1(k-1)
...
hn(k-1)
...
Hp(k-1)(xi)
xi
f(xi)
f(xi)
-3
4 ( x 1)( x 3)
x ( x 3)
+2
3
2
1
= ( x 2 7x + 12)
3
H '4 ( x ) =
2
7
x + ( 3 x 2 8 x + 3 ) H 1 ( x ) + W(x)H'
3
3
H '4 ( 0 ) =
H ' 4 (1 ) =
(x )
7
22
x + 3 H 1 ( 0 ) = 5 => H 1 ( 0 ) =
3
9
5
2
x 2 H 1 (1 ) = - 3 => H 1 (1 ) =
3
3
H1(x) =
xi
H1(xi)
22/9
2/3
22 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 16 x + 22
+
=
9 (0 1) 3 (1 0)
9
Tuyn tnh
- y = a + bcosx + csinx
- y = aebx
- y = axb
53
Gi i sai s ti cc im xi
i = yi - a - bxi
Khi tng bnh phng cc sai s: S =
i =1
i2
S
=0
a
S
=0
b
na + b x i =
i =1
i =1
i =1
yi
i =1
n
a xi + b xi = xi yi
2
i =1
Gi i sai s ti cc im xi
i = yi - a - bxi - cxi2
54
i =1
i2
S
=0
a
S
=0
a
na + b x i + c x
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
a x i + b x i + c x i =
n
S
=0
c
i =1
i =1
i =1
i =1
xiyi
a x i + b x i + c x i 4 =
2
yi
i =1
xi
i =1
yi
Ly Logarit c s e hai v:
Lny = lna + bx
t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
Gii h phng trnh ta c A, B => a = eA, b=B
* Trng hp y = axb
Ly Logarit c s 10 hai v:
xi
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.15
yi
0.96
1.06
1.17
1.29
1.58
Gii
Ta c: y = aebx
Ly Logarit c s e hai v:
Lny = lna + bx
t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
X i = xi
0.65
0.75
0.85
0.95
1.15
Yi = lnyi
-0.04
0.06
0.18
0.25
0.46
Xi
Xi2
XiYi
Yi
4.35
3.93
0.92
0.89
nA + B X
i =1
i =1
i =1
i=1
Yi
A X i + B X i = X i Yi
2
i =1
5A + 4.35B =0.89
4.35A + 3.93B = 0.92
Gii h phng trnh ta c: A = -.069, B = 1
Suy ra: a = eA = , b = B =1
Vy f(x) =
1
e
2
56
f ( x ) dx
a
x1
f ( x ) dx
x0 =a
x2
xn
x1
x n 1
+ f ( x ) dx + ... +
f ( x ) dx
=S
S1
f(x)
S
x0 =a x1
Sn
xn-1 xn = b
57
S1 S hthang =
1
h ( y 0 + y1 )
2
Tng t:
S2
1
h ( y1 + y 2 )
2
...
1
Sn h(y n 1 + y n )
2
b
Vy:
f ( x ) dx
a
h
( y 0 + 2 y 1 + 2 y 2 + ... + 2 y n 1 + y n )
2
x2
x4
x 2n
x0
x2
x 2n 2
( x x 0 )( x x 2 )
( x x1 )( x x 2 )
+ y1
+
( x1 x 0 )( x1 x 2 )
( x 0 x1 )( x 0 x 2 )
+ y2
x2
x2
x0
x0
( x x 0 )( x x1 )
( x 2 x 0 )( x 2 x1 )
f ( x )dx L 2 (x )dx
f ( x )dx 3 ( y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2 )
x0
Tng t:
58
x4
f (x )dx 3 ( y 2 + 4 y 3 + y 4 )
x2
x2n
h
f ( x )dx ( y 2 n 2 + 4 y 2 n 1 + y 2 )
3
x 2 n 2
f ( x )dx 3 ( y 0 + 4 y1 + 2 y 2 + ... + 2 y 2n 2 + 4 y 2n 1 + y 2n )
Vy:
dx
theo 3 cch
1+ x2
1
V d. Tnh J =
Gii
Cch 1: J = arctgx 15 = arctg5 / 4 0.588
Cch 2: chia [1, 5] thnh 4 on bng nhau (h=1) vi cc im chia
xi
yi
1/2
1/5
1/10
1/17
1/26
a+h
a + 2h
...
ti
1/n
2/n
...
Khi :
b
1
2
2
( t )( t )...( t 1)
( t 0)( t )...( t 1)
n
n
n
( t ) L n ( t ) = y 0
+ y1
+ ...
1
2
1
1 2
1
( )( )...(1)
( 0)( )...( 1)
n
n
n
n n
n
1
n 1
( t 0)( t )...( t
)
n
n
+ yn
1
n 1
(1 0)(1 )...(1
)
n
n
Khi :
( t )dt L n ( t )dt
1
i 1
i +1
( t 0)( t ) ... ( t
)( t
) ...( t 1)
i
n
n
n
t Pn =
dt
i
i 1
i i 1 i i +1
i
0 ( 0)( ) ... (
)(
) ... ( 1)
n
n n
n
n n
n
n
1
i =0
i
f ( x )dx (b a ) y i p n
Vy:
Xt n = 1 ( h = b-a )
P10
t 1
1
dt =
=
2
0 0 1
1
f ( x )dx = (b a )(
a
P11
t0
1
dt =
2
01 0
y 0 y1
h
+ ) = ( y 0 + y1 ) Cng thc hnh thang
2
2
2
Pni
1/2
1/2
1/6
4/6
1/6
1/8
3/8
3/8
1/8
9/71
16/45
2/15
16/45
9/70
19/288
25/95
25/144
25/144
25/95
19/288
60
BI TP
61
while (1) {
printf("\n Nhap can de tinh tich phan: "); scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
/*printf("a= "); scanf("%f",&a);
printf("b= "); scanf("%f",&b);*/
printf("\nS1=%.3f",tp(sin,0,PI));
printf("\nS2=%.3f",tp(cos,0,PI/2));
printf("\nS3=%.3f",tp(g,a,b));
nhap(d,&n);
printf("\nS4=%.3f",tp(f,a,b));
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt=getch();
if (tt!='c') break;
}
}
2. Tim nghiem gan dung cua phtrinh da thuc bac n bang PP chia doi
# include <stdio.h>
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define eps 1e-3
float f(float);
void nhap(float *, int );
float d[10]; int n;
void main()
{ float a,b,c; char tt;
while (1) {
printf("\n Nhap bac phuong trinh: ");scanf("%d",&n);
nhap(d,n);
printf("\n Nhap khoang nghiem: "); scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
/*
printf("a= "); scanf("%f",&a);
printf("b= "); scanf("%f",&b);*/
if (f(a)*f(b)<0) {
c=(a+b)/2;
while (fabs(a-b) >= 1e-3 && f(c)!=0) {
printf("\n%.3f %.3f %.3f",a,b,f(c));
if (f(b)*f(c)>0)
b=c;
else a=c;
c=(a+b)/2;
63
}
printf("\n\n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f",c);
}
else
if (f(a)*f(b)>0) printf(" ( %f, %f) khong phai la khoang
nghiem",a,b);
else
if (f(a)==0) printf(" \n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f",a);
else printf(" \n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f",b);
printf("\n\n Ban tiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt=getch();
if (tt!='c') break;}
}
void nhap(float *a, int n)
{ int i;
printf("\n Nhap he so cua phuong trinh:\n");
for (i=0;i<=n; ++i) {
printf(" a[%d]=",i);
scanf("%f",a+i);
}
}
/* ham tinh gia tri da thuc*/
float f(float x)
{
float p=d[0]; int i;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) p=p*x+d[i];
return p;
}
3. PP tip tuyn
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define eps 1e-3
float f(float x);
float fdh(float x);
main()
{ float a,b; char tt;
while (1)
{
printf("\nNhap xap xi ban dau: "); scanf("%f",&a);
/*b=a-f(a)/fdh(a);
64
67
TI LI U THAM KHO
[1] ng Quc Lng, Phng php tnh trong k thut, Nh xut bn xy
dng H ni, 2001
[2] Phan Vn Hp, Gio trnh C s phng php tnh tp I,II. Trng H
Tng hp H ni, 1990
[3] Cao quyt Thng, Phng php tnh v Lp trnh Turbo Pascal. Nh XB
gio dc, 1998
[4] T Vn nh, Phng php tnh. Nh XB gio dc, 1994
[5] Dng Thy V, Phng php tnh. Nh XB khoa hc & k thut, 2001
[6] Phan Vn Hp, Bi tp phng php tnh v lp chng trnh cho my tnh
in t. Nh XB i hc v trung hc chuyn nghip, 1978
[7] Ralston A, A first course in numberical analysis. McGraw Hill, NewYork,
1965
68