Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Ip Add
1 Ip Add
OSI Layers
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Presentation
Application
Session
Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
Internet Layer
IP Addressing
IP version 4
01010101000001011011111100000001
32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted
Decimal Notation
First Octet
Second Octet
Third Octet
Forth Octet
IP version 6
FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
255.255.255.255
1
= 255
IP Address Classes
CLASS C
CLASS D
Multicasting
CLASS E
IP Address Classes
10
110
1110
1111
(127 reserved)
CLASS A Range
26 25 24 23 22
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
21
0
1
0
1
0
20
= 0
= 1
= 2
= 3
= 4
= 127
Class A Range
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 to
127.255.255.255
Exception
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
network are reserved
CLASS B Range
26 25 24 23 22
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0
21
0
1
0
1
0
20
= 128
= 129
= 130
= 131
= 132
= 191
Class B Range
128. 0 . 0 . 0
to
191.255.255.255
CLASS C Range
26 25 24 23 22
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0
21
0
1
0
1
0
20
= 192
= 193
= 194
= 195
= 196
= 223
Class C Range
192. 0 . 0 . 0
to
223.255.255.255
CLASS D Range
26 25 24 23 22
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0
21
0
1
0
1
0
20
= 224
= 225
= 226
= 227
= 228
= 239
Class D Range
224. 0 . 0 . 0
to
239.255.255.255
CLASS E Range
26 25 24 23 22
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0
21
0
1
0
1
0
1 1
20
= 240
= 241
= 242
= 243
= 244
= 255
Class E Range
240. 0 . 0 . 0
to
255.255.255.255
Octet Format
N.H.H.H
CLASS B is written as
N.N.H.H
CLASS C is written as
N.N.N.H
Host bits : 24
No. of Networks
= 28-1 (-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
= 27
CLASS A
= 128 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network)
126 Networks
= 126 Networks
&
16777214 Hosts/Nw
No. of Host
= 224 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 16777216 - 2
= 16777214 Hosts/Network
Host bits : 16
No. of Networks
= 216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)
= 214
CLASS B
= 16384 Networks
16384 Networks
&
No. of Host
65534
Hosts/Nw
= 216 2 (-2 is for Network ID
& Broadcast
ID)
= 65536 - 2
= 65534 Hosts/Network
Host bits : 8
No. of Networks
= 224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)
= 221
CLASS C
= 2097152 Networks
2097152 Networks
&
No. of Host
Hosts/Nw
= 28 2 (-2 is for Network ID &254
Broadcast
ID)
= 256 - 2
= 254 Hosts/Network
IP address types
Public IP Addresses
Private IP Addresses
Example - Class A
Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111
Class A
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
Network Address
Valid IP Addresses
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255
Broadcast Address
Example - Class B
Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111
Class B
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
Network Address
Valid IP Addresses
172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255
Broadcast Address
Example - Class C
Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111
Class C
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
Network Address
Valid IP Addresses
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
Broadcast Address
Private IP Address
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask
Subnet Mask
Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0
Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0
Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.1
: 255.255.255.0
ANDING PROCESS :
192.168.1.1
=
AND TABLE
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
A
B C
=======================================
0
0 0
192.168.1.0
=
0
1 0
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
1
0 0
=======================================
1 1
Subnetting
Scenario
TVTC is having 100 PC
Which Class is preferred for the network ?
Answer : Class C.
In TVTC we have Five Departments with 20 Pcs each
TVTC 192.168.1.0/24
MCSE
CISCO
JUNIPER
AVAYA
TRAINING
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.21
192.168.1.41
192.168.1.61
192.168.1.81
to 192.168.1.20
to 192.168.1.40
to 192.168.1.60
to 192.168.1.80
to 192.168.1.100
Scenario (continued)
Administrators Requirement :
Inter-department communication should not
be possible ?
Solution.
Allocate a different Network to
Department
i.e.
MCSE
192.168.1.1
CISCO
192.168.2.1
JUNIPER
192.168.3.1
AVAYA
192.168.4.1
TRAINING
192.168.5.1
each
to
to
to
to
to
192.168.1.20
192.168.2.20
192.168.3.20
192.168.4.20
192.168.5.20
Power table
POWER TABLE
21 = 2
29
22 = 4
= 512
217 = 131072
225 = 33554432
210 = 1024
218 = 262144
226 = 67108864
23 = 8
211 = 2048
219 = 524288
227 = 134217728
24 = 16
212 = 4096
220 = 1048576
228 = 268435456
25 = 32
213 = 8192
221 = 2097152
229 = 536870912
26 = 64
230 = 1073741824
231 = 2147483648
232 = 4294967296
Value
Mask
128
10000000
192
11000000
224
11100000
240
11110000
248
11111000
252
11111100
254
11111110
255
11111111
Example
Example 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 21 2
= 22
= 0 Subnet
One bit masking is Invalid, You are not getting any
networks when you convert 1 host bit to network bit.
HELP
Example 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 27 2
= 128 2
= 126 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 21 2
= 2 2 = 0 Hosts/Subnet
In this case, You are not getting any host when you
convert 7 host bit to network bit.
HELP
Example 3
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 28 2
= 256 2
= 254 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 20 2
= 0 2 = -2 Hosts/Subnet
In this case, You are not getting any host when you
convert 8 host bit to network bit.
HELP
Requirement of Hosts is 40 ?
Example 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Host
= 2h 2 Req. of Host
= 26 2 40 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast
ID)
= 64 2
= 62 Hosts/Subnet
No. of Subnet
=
=
=
=
Example 1 (Continued)
Customize
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If youSubnet
convert
2 Host
255.
192
2255.
Subnet & 255.
62 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
192.168.1.255
Requirement of Hosts is 2 ?
Example 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Host
= 2h 2 Req. of Host
= 22 2 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast
ID)
= 42
= 2 Hosts/Subnet
No. of Subnet
=
=
=
=
2n
26
64
62
Example 2 (Continued)
Customize Subnet Mask =
255.
255.
255.
252
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
8
4
192.168.1.248
192.168.1.252
192.168.1.251
192.168.1.255
Valid Subnets
Cisco / Notation
Example 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0/29
Extra Network Bits = 29 24 = 5
Put n value = 5
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 25 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 32 2
= 30 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 23 2
= 82
= 6 Hosts/Subnet
HELP
Example 1 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
5 Host
255.
255.
255.
248
30 Subnet &
6 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
8
Cisco / Notation
Example 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0/28
Extra Network Bits = 28 24 = 4
Put n value = 4
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 24 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 16 2
= 14 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 2
= 16 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet
HELP
Example 2 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
4 Host
255.
255.
240
14 Subnet &255.
14 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
192.168.1.15
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.16
to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32
to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48
to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64
to 192.168.1.80
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224
to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 192.168.1.255 x
Example 2 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
9 Host
255.
255.
128
510
Subnet &255.
126 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
172.16.0.127
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.128
to 172.16.0.255x
172.16.0.128172.16.1.0
172.16.0.255
to 172.16.1.127
172.16.1.0172.16.1.128
172.16.1.127
to 172.16.1.255
172.16.1.128172.16.2.0
172.16.1.255
to 172.16.2.127
Valid Subnets
172.16.255.0
172.16.255.127
172.16.255.0
to 172.16.255.127
172.16.255.128 172.16.255.255 x
Cisco / Notation
Example 3
Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0/22
Extra Network Bits = 22 16 = 6
Put n value = 6
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 26 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 64 2
= 62 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 210 2
= 1024 2
= 1022 Hosts/Subnet
Example 3 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
6 Host
255.
255.
0
62
Subnet & 252.
1022 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
8
4
Example 1 (Continued)
Customize Subnet Mask =
255.
255.
252.
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
8
4
192.168.248.0
192.168.252.0
192.168.251.255
192.168.255.255
Valid Subnets
Example 2 (Continued)
Customize Subnet Mask =
255.
255.
192.
1
2
8
6
4
HELP
= 262144 2
= 262142 Hosts/Subnet
No. of Subnet
=
=
=
=
2n
26
64
62
Example 2 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
6 Host
255.
0.
0
62252.
Subnet & 262142
Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
8
4
10.248.0.010.248.0.0
10.251.255.255
to 10.251.255.255
x
10.252.0.0 10.255.255.255
Valid Subnets
Cisco / Notation
Example 3
Class A : N.H.H.H
0xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class A : 10.0.0.0/20
Extra Network Bits = 20 8 = 12
Put n value = 12
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2
= 212 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 4096 2
= 4094 Subnet
No. of Host
= 2h 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 212 2
= 4096 2
= 4094 Hosts/Subnet
HELP
Example 3 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
12 Host
255.
255.
0
4094
Subnet &240.
4094 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
Example
Networks
Requirement of Networks is 2 ?
Example 1
Class B : N.N.H.H
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class B : 172.16.0.0
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2 Req. of Subnet
= 22 2 2 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 42
= 2 Subnet
No. of Host
=
=
=
=
Example 1 (Continued)
Customize
= Bits to Network Bits
If you Subnet
convertMask
2 Host
255.
255. & 16382
192. Hosts/Subnet
0
2 Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
172.16.255.255
Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2 Req. of Subnet
= 23 2 5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 82
= 6 Subnet
No. of Host
=
=
=
=
2h
25
32
30
Example 1 (Continued)
Customize
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If youSubnet
convert
3 Host
255.
224
6255.
Subnet & 255.
30 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
No. of Subnet
= 2n 2 Req. of Subnet
= 24 2 14 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet
Range)
= 16 2
Subnet
No.=of 14
Host
=
=
=
=
2h
24
16
14
Example 2 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
4 Host
255.
255.
240
14 Subnet &255.
14 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
6
4
3
2
1
6
192.168.1.15
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.16
to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32
to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48
to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64
to 192.168.1.80
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224
to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 192.168.1.255 x
Example 1 (Continued)
Customize
Subnet
Mask
= Bits to Network Bits
If you
convert
9 Host
255.
255.
0
510
Subnet & 128.
32766 Hosts/Subnet
1
2
8
10.255.0.0 10.255.0.0
10.255.127.255
to 10.255.127.255
10.255.128.0
10.255.255.255 x
Valid Subnets