Chng 4

Cc phng thc thanh ton quc t

(11 tit)
Mc tiu ca chng
Gii thiu nhng chng t quan trng trong b chng t thanh ton quc t. Cung
cp nhng khi nim v qui trnh thc hin cc phng thc thanh ton quc t bao gm
phng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ghi s, phng thc nh thu v phng thc tn dng
chng t, trong c bit nhn mnh ph ng thc tn dng chng t. Gii thiu mt cch
khi qut cc vn php l lin quan n cc phng thc ny m ch yu l UCP 500 (Qui
tc v thc hnh thng nht tn dng chng t, bn s 500). Thc h nh mt s bi tp v tnh
hung ng dng.
4.1. Mt s lu khi la chn phng thc thanh ton quc t
Cng nh cc phng ti n thanh ton quc t, vic s dng ph ng thc thanh ton quc
t ny hay mt phng thc thanh ton khc ph thuc vo cc yu t. Th nht, cn xc nh
mc thng xuyn hay khng thng xuyn ca cc mi quan h thng mi. Th hai,
cn xc nh s tn nhim ln nhau cao hay thp. Th ba, quy m c a hp ng thng m i
hoc dch v ln hay nh. Th t, kh nng hng ha ca ngi bn v kh nng ti chnh ca
ngi mua nh th no. Th nm, cn xem xt thn trng t nh hnh chnh tr , kinh t, x hi
ca mi nc tham gia trong hp ng, bi iu n y s nh hng n mc an to n trong
thanh ton.
Cc bn i tc cn cn nhc chn phng thc thanh ton cho thch hp trong mi
hp ng thng mi.
Trong thanh ton quc t cc chng t ng vai tr rt quan trng, do vy chng ta s
xem xt cc loi chng t trong thanh ton quc t, sau s tm hiu v cc phng thc
thanh ton quc t.
4.2. Chng t trong thanh ton quc t
Trong mi phng thc thanh ton u phi s dng n nhng chng t nht nh,
chng ta gi chung l nhng chng t hot ng ngoi thng. l cc loi giy t c
pht hnh lin quan n cc nghip v hng ha. Cc ngn hng s x l cc chng t ny khi
thanh ton ty thuc vo tng phng thc thanh ton khc nhau.
Di y chng ta s ln lt m t nhng chng t quan trng thng gp nht trong
hot ng thng mi.
4.2.1. Ha n (invoice)
Ni n ho n trong thanh ton qu c t ngi ta thng ni n hai loi ho n, l
ho n chnh thc hay cn gi l ho n thng mi, v ho n tm.
Ha n thng mi (commercial invoice): Ha n thng mi gm tt c cc chi tit v
nghip v hng ha, n c gi tr thanh ton v thng bao gm cc yu t sau:
(1) Tn v a ch ngi mua
(2) Tn, a ch v ch k c thm quyn ca ngi bn
(3) Nhn hiu chnh xc ca hng ha cng s lng
(4) iu kin giao hng v thanh ton
(5) Cch ng gi, s lng trong mi n v ng gi v m hiu ca chng
(6) Nhng ghi ch khc (ph chun lnh s, ghi ch ca phng thng mi)
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Ha n tm (provisional invoice): l m t loi ha n t m thi v thng c pht

hnh trc khi k kt hp ng thng mi cng nh trc khi giao hng ha v thng ng
vai tr nh l mt ti liu ghi nh khi thng lng mua bn hoc dng lm th tc xin
giy php nhp khu, nu cn. Trong nhng trng hp ny, trn ha n tm lun phi ghi
mt mnh "khng d ng cho mc ch thu quan". i vi mt s h ng ha nht nh, ha
n ny c coi nh mt loi chng t c gi tr thanh ton.
4.2.2. Cc loi giy t gi hng
Cc loi giy t gi hng thng bao gm cc loi chng t gi hng tng trng cho
hng ha.
Vn n ng bin: l giy t gi hng bng ng bin th hin vic xc nhn hng
ha c chuyn ch xung tu, ng thi m bo vi ngi s hu vn n v vic
chuyn ch v giao hng, n i din cho hng ha, do vy n l mt giy t c gi truyn
thng. Vn n c th c pht hnh nhiu bn chnh, khi mt bn chnh c xut trnh th
nhng bn chnh cn li mt tnh hiu lc. Ngi ta c th sao vn n thnh cc bn sao,
nhng chng khng c gi tr thanh ton.
Vn n ng sng: Vn n ng sng ch s dng trong vn ti ng sng, nhng
hin nay rt t dng trong thng mi quc t.
Phiu chng nhn nhp kho c th chuyn nhng: loi phiu ny chng nhn hng ha
nhp kho, n ch c pht hnh bi cc hng kho hng t cch ngh nghip.
4.2.3. Cc giy t ch chng nhn vic gi hng
Chng t vn ti li n hip: ngy nay ngnh kinh t vn ti pht trin mt loi k thut
mi l vn ti lin hp vi nhiu hnh thc vn ti khc nhau nh ng sng, ng bin,
ng st, ng hng khng, do vy i hi tt nhin phi c b chng t vn ti lin hp
bao gm tt c cc hnh thc vn ti. V d nh mt vn n vn ti hn hp (combined
transport B/L) hay mt vn n sut (through B/L).
Vn n ng st c bn ph: l chng t bc hng trong giao thng ng st c
ngi gi pht h nh lm nhiu bn, bn chnh s i km hng ha, bn ph c ng d ca
c quan ng st do ngi gi hng gi chng minh l anh ta gi hng theo iu kin
tha thun. Khi no ngi gi hng cn gi bn ph v hng ha cha giao cho ngi nhn
th ngi gi hng cn c quyn quyt nh i vi s hng ha ny.
Vn n hng khng: l chng t vn ti h ng khng c pht hnh lm 3 b n, trong
hng vn chuyn gi bn th nht, bn th hai i cng vi hng ha v bn th ba xc
nhn hng c tip nhn v gi i. Nu ngi chuyn hng gi bn th ba i th anh ta
mt quyn quyt nh i vi hng ha. Khi anh ta cn gi chng t n y cng nh hng ha
cha c giao cho ngi nhn th anh ta cn quyn quyt nh i vi l hng. Tuy nhin
trong thc t iu ny hu nh khng xy ra v thi gian vn chuyn qu ngn. Ng c li,
nhn hng, ngi nhn hng khng cn mt bn vn n no.
Giy chng nhn h ng ca hng vn ti (FCR - For warder's Certificate of Receipt ho c
Frowarding Agent's Certificate of Receipt): l mt loi chng t c s dng trong vn ti
hng ha bng ng b. Giy chng nhn ny xc nhn rng hng ha vn chuyn c
tip nhn. Vi ni dung ca chng t ny ngi bn chng minh vi ngi mua vic gi hng
khng hy ngang ca mnh.
Giy gi h ng bu i n (post-office receipt): giy ny c ng d u ca b u in cng l
bng chng cho vic gi hng. Ngc li vi cc chng t k trn, giy ny ch pht hnh
mt bn, n khng bao gm cc s liu v hng ha v khng ng vai tr g trong trao i
hng ha quc t.
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Giy bin nhn ca thuyn trng (master's receipt): Chng t ny l bng chng xc
nhn hng ha c gi xung tu trong vn ti ng bin.
Lnh giao hng (dilivery order): Khi hng ha c giao cho nhiu ngi nhn hng
nhng hng c chuyn ch trn cng mt con tu v trong cng mt vn n th ngi
c y quyn ti n c tip nhn hng u tin s c y nhim cung cp tip h ng cho
nhng ngi nhn hng cui cng. Anh ta s nhn c bn chnh vn n v pht hnh cc
lnh giao hng cho php nhng ngi nhn hng n l tip nhn phn hng ha ca mnh ti
ngi c y nhim khi xut trnh lnh trn.
4.2.4. Cc chng t khc
Ngoi cc chng t nu trn, trong b chng t thanh ton cn bao gm cc loi
chng t khc nhng chng ng vai tr rt quan trng.
Giy chng nhn bo him (insurance certificate): l bng chng v quyn c bo him
v vn ti m phm vi ca n bao gm cc loi giy t n l. Nu giy ny c pht hnh
nh mt giy t c gi theo lnh th vic chuyn tip ch c thc hin bng hnh thc
chuyn nhng. Cc giy t bo him c pht hnh lm nhiu bn, nhng trong trng hp
thit hi th vic bi thng ch c thc hin trn c s bn chnh, cc bn cn li s mt
hiu lc.
Giy chng nhn xut x (certificate of origine C/O): Chng t ny xc nhn hng ha
xut x t nc no nh ni sn xut, khai thc .... Chng t ny c bit quan trng i vi
cc c quan chc nng ca nc nhp khu kim tra vic tun th nhng qui nh.
Giy chng nhn kim nghim (inspection certificate): Chng t ny l bng chng v s
kim nghim c thc hin thng qua mt b n th ba - c quan trung gian. Kt qu kim
nghim c nu trong giy chng nhn ny.
Giy chng nhn kim dch (certificate of health): chng t ny i cng vi vic vn
chuyn cc ng vt ti sng, thc vt, thc phm. N c hng nhn v tnh trng min dch
ca cc loi hng ha ny.
Giy chng nhn trng lng (certificate of weight): chng t ny thng do mt c quan
trung gian pht hnh xc nhn trng lng ca hng ha m ngi xut khu gi i.
Giy chng nhn phn tch (analyse certificate): chng nhn ny thng i km trong
vic cung cp hng ha v nguyn liu th hoc cc sn phm ha cht hay sn phm nng
nghip, n th hin kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn ca hng ha.
Giy chng nhn phm cht (quality certificate): chng t xc nhn tnh hon ho v
phm cht ca hng ha ng vi tha thun trong hp ng mua bn.
Bng k chi tit ng gi (packing list): l chng t k danh mc tng kin hng v ni
dung bn trong ca n. Chng t ny c pht hnh khi ngi bn gi hng thng qua b
phn giao hng ca mnh hoc nhn vin bu in.
Giy chng nhn kim tra hng ha ca t chc trung gian (clean report of finding): ngy
nay loi chng t ny c s dng ph bin chng li s la o mt cch hiu qu do t
chc Socit Gnral de Surveillance (SGS), c tr s chnh ti Geneve pht hnh.
4.3. Cc phng thc thanh ton quc t
Trong phn ny chng ti s gii thiu bn phng thc ch yu trong thanh ton
quc t bao gm phng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ghi s hay m ti khon, phng
thc nh thu bao gm nh thu tr n v nh thu km chng t v phng th c tn dng chng
t.

86

4.3.1. Phng thc chuyn tin (Remittance)

nh ngha: Phng thc chuyn tin l phng thc m trong khch hng ngi tr tin - yu cu ngn hng ca mnh chuyn mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi
khc - ngi hng li, mt a im nht nh bng ph ng tin chuyn tin do khch yu
cu.
Cc bn tham gia trong phng thc chuyn tin
Ngi tr tin - ngi mua, ngi mc n - hoc ngi chuyn tin - ngi u t,
kiu bo chuyn tin v nc, ngi chuyn kinh ph ra nc ngoi - l ngi yu cu ngn
hng chuyn tin ra nc ngoi.
Ngi hng li - ngi bn, ch n, ng i tip nhn vn u t - hoc l ngi no
do ngi chuyn tin ch nh.
Ngn hng chuyn tin l ngn hng nc ngi chuyn tin.
Ngn hng i l ca ngn hng chuyn tin l ngn hng nc ngi hng li.
Trnh t thc hin nghip v
Ngn hng
chuyn tin

(3)

(2)

Ngn hng
i l

(4)

Ngi
chuyn tin

Ngi
hng li

(1)

Hnh 4.1. Trnh t nghip v thanh ton chuyn tin

(1) Giao dch thng mi

(2) Ngi chuyn tin vit n yu cu chuyn tin (bng th hoc in) cng y
nhim chi (nu c ti khon m ti Ngn hng)
(3) Ngn hng nhn chuyn tin ra lnh cho ngn h ng i l ca n n c ngoi
chuyn tin cho ngi hng li
(4) Ngn hng i l chuyn tin cho ngi hng li
Cc nghip v ngn hng chuyn tin
i vi ngn hng c hai nghip v chuyn tin i v chuyn tin n.
Khi chuyn tin i, nghip v ngn hng din ra theo 4 b c: (1) tip nhn h s xin
chuyn tin; (2) Kim tra h s chuyn tin i; (3) Lp in chuyn tin v (4) Hch ton Lu h s. (Hnh 4.2.)

87

Tip nhn h s xin chuyn tin

Kim tra h s chuyn tin i

chuyn
tin i tin
Lp
in chuyn

Hch ton - Lu h s
Hnh 4.2. Trnh t

Khi chuyn tin n, ngn hng thc hin thanh ton theo ba bc: (1) Tip nhn lnh
chuyn tin; (2) Thanh ton cho ngi hng li v (3) Lu h s. (Hnh 4.3.)
Tip nhn lnh chuyn tin

Thanh ton cho ngi hng li

Lu h s
Hnh 4.3. Trnh t chuyn tin n

Cc yu cu v chuyn tin
Mun chuyn tin ra nc ngoi phi c giy php ca B ch qun v hoc B Ti
chnh. Chuyn tin thanh ton trong ngoi thng phi c cc giy t sau y:
(1) Hp ng mua bn ngoi thng
(2) B chng t gi hng ca ngi xut khu gi n
(3) Giy php kinh doanh xut nhp khu
(4) y nhim chi ngoi t v ph chuyn tin
Ngi chuyn tin cn vit n chuyn tin gi n VCB hoc mt ngn h ng thng
mi c php thanh ton quc t, trong n cn ghi :
(1) Tn a ch ca ngi hng li, s ti khon nu ngi hng li yu cu
(2) S ngoi t xin chuyn cn ghi r bng s v bng ch, loi ngoi t
(3) L do chuyn tin
(4) Nhng yu cu khc
(5) K tn, ng du
Trng hp chuyn tin c nhn, theo qui nh Qun l ngoi hi ca Ngn h ng Nh
nc Vit Nam cc khon ngoi t mun chuyn ra nc ngoi u phi c ngun gc t
88

nc ngoi a vo v khi mun chuyn ra th ch trong phm vi s tin m thi. Nu

khch hng mun chuyn tin cho nhu cu cc nhn nh hc tp, cng tc v.v. phi c s
ng ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam v h s chuyn tin phi bao gm (1) n xin
chuyn tin; (2) bng thng bo chi ph hc tp hoc vin ph t pha nc ngoi; (3) giy
php xut ngoi hi ca Ngn hng Nh nc v cc chng t khc c lin quan.
Kim tra h s chuyn tin
Thng thng Ngn hng kim tra cc ni dung sau:
(1) Tn v s ti khon ca ngi chuyn tin
(2) Tn v s ti khon ca ngi th hng
(3) S tin xin chuyn
(4) Ph dch v ngn hng phi xc nh r ai s chu chi ph ny, ngi chuyn tin
hay ngi hng li
(5) Ngi ra lnh chuyn tin phi l ch ti khon c ng k ch k v con du ti
ngn hng
(6) Kim tra phng thc thanh ton ghi trong hp ng mua bn
(7) Kim tra s thng nht ca s tin ghi trn hp ng, trn t khai hi quan, trn
ho n v trn n xin chuyn tin
(8) Kim tra b chng t.
Hnh thc chuyn tin
Chuyn tin c th thc hin di hai hnh thc: chuyn bng th (Mail transfer M/T) v chuyn tin bng in (Telegraphic transfer - T/T). Theo hnh thc th nht, ngn
hng thc hin chuyn tin bng cch gi th cho ngn hng i l n c ngoi tr tin cho
ngi hng li. Theo hnh thc ny, chi ph chuyn tin thp, nhng tc chm, do vy d
b nh hng nu c bin ng nhiu v t gi.
Chuyn tin bng in tc l ngn hng thc hin vic chuyn tin bng cch ra lnh
bng in cho ngn hng i l ca mnh nc ngoi tr tin cho ngi hng li. Theo
cch ny, chi ph chuyn tin cao hn nhng nhanh chng hn, do vy t b nh hng ca
bin ng t gi.
Thng thng, phng thc chuyn tin c thc hin sau khi giao hng, trn thc t
ngi ta c th thc hin chuyn tin trc khi giao hng trong trng hp ngi mua ng
trc mt phn tin hng cho ngi bn. Khon tin ny thc cht l mt khon tn dng do
ngi mua cp cho ngi bn, hay cng c th coi l mt khon tin t cc to s yn
tm cho bn bn giao hng ng thi rng buc ngi mua phi nhn hng. Trong tnh hung
ny, hai bn cn ghi r trong hp ng mua bn. Ngi ta cng c th vn dng hnh thuc
chuyn tin tr chm mt khong thi gian sau khi giao hng m thc cht y l mt hnh
thc mua bn chu. Ngc li vi tnh hung trn, trong tnh hung ny chnh l ngi bn
cp tn dng cho ngi mua
Nhn xt
Phng thc chuyn tin th tc n gin, nhanh chng, tin li. Ngn hng ch ng
vai tr trung gian thanh ton, vi c tr tin nhanh hay chm hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng
v thin ch ngi chuyn tin hay ngi tr tin, nu trong quan h thng mi th chnh
l ngi mua, ngi nhp khu. Do vy phng thc ny khng m bo quyn li cho ngi
xut khu, tc l ngi hng li, tc thanh ton thng chm.
Trng hp p dng
Do phng thc chuyn tin mc an ton trong thanh ton thp, n ch nn s dng
cho cc mi quan h gia cc i tc tin cy ln nhau hoc quy m thanh ton nh. N
89

thng c p dng cho cc trng hp chuyn vn u t, chuyn tin t nhn, chuyn tin
chnh ph, chuyn li nhun ra nc ngoi hoc cho cc nghip v thanh ton phi mu dch
khc. Tronhg quan h thanh ton mu dch, khng nn s dng trong thanh ton hng xut
khu m ch nn s dng trng thanh ton hng nhp khu.
Thng thng, phng thc chuyn tin c thc hin sau khi giao hng, trn thc t
ngi ta c th thc hin chuyn tin trc khi giao hng trong trng hp ngi mua ng
trc mt phn tin hng cho ngi bn. Khon tin ny thc cht l mt khon tn dng do
ngi mua cp cho ngi bn, hay cng c th coi l mt khon tin t cc to s yn
tm cho bn bn giao hng ng thi rng buc ngi mua phi nhn hng. Trong tnh hung
ny, hai bn cn ghi r trong hp ng mua bn. Ngi ta cng c th vn dng hnh thuc
chuyn tin tr chm mt khong thi gian sau khi giao hng m thc cht y l mt hnh
thc mua bn chu. Ngc li vi tnh hung trn, trong tnh hung ny chnh l ngi bn
cp tn dng cho ngi mua, n c li cho ngi mua.
4.3.2. Phng thc ghi s (Open Account)
nh ngha
Ngi bn m mt ti khon hoc mt quyn s ghi n ngi mua sau khi ngi
bn hon thnh giao hng hay dch v, n tng nh k c th l thng, qu hoc nm
ngi mua tr tin cho ngi bn.
c im ca phng thc ny th hin y l phng thc thanh ton khng c s
tham gia ca cc ngn hng vi chc nng l ngi m ti khon, bn ngi bn ch m ti
khon n bin, khng m ti khon song bin. Nu ngi mua m ti khon ghi, ti
khon y ch l ti khon theo di, khng c gi tr thanh ton gia hai bn.
Trnh t thc hin nghip v
Ngn hng
bn Bn

(3)

(3)

Ngn hng
bn Mua

(3)
(2)

Ngi Bn

(1)

Ngi Mua

Hnh 4.4. Trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton ghi s

(1) Ngi bn giao h ng hoc dch v cng vi gi chng t hng ha cho ngi
mua
(2) Bo n trc tip gia ngi bn v ngi mua
(3) Ngi mua dng phng thc chuyn tin tr tin khi n nh k thanh ton
Nhng iu cn ch khi p dng phng thc ghi s
Vi nhng c im ca phng thc ghi s nu trn, khi s dng phng thc ny
cn lu nhng im sau y:
Th nht, phi quy nh thng nht ng tin ghi trn ti khon.
Th hai, cn c ghi n ca ngi bn thng l ha n giao hng.
Th ba, cn c nhn n ca ngi mua hoc l da vo tr gi ha n giao hng hoc
l da vo kt qu nhn hng ni nhn hng.
Th t, phng thc chuyn tin hoc l bng th hoc l bng in cn phi tha
thun thng nht gia hai bn.
90

Th nm, gi hng trong phng thc ghi s ny thng cao hn gi hng bn tin
ngay, chnh lch ny l tin li pht sinh ra ca s tin ghi s trong khong thi gian bng
nh k thanh ton theo mc li sut c ngi mua chp nhn.
Th su, nh k thanh ton c hai cch quy nh hoc l quy nh X ngy k t ngy
giao hng i vi tng chuyn hng, hoc l quy nh theo mc thi gian ca nin lch. V d:
60 ngy k t ngy k pht ha n thng mi hoc l t ngy ghi trn vn n giao hng,
hoc l cui mi qu thanh ton mt ln.
Th by, vic chuyn tin thanh ton chm ca ng i mua c gii quyt th no, c
pht chm tr khng, mc pht bao nhiu, tnh t lc no?
Th tm, nu pht sinh s khc nhau gia s tin ghi n ca ng i bn v s tin nhn
n ca ngi mua th gii quyt th no?
Nhn xt
Trong phng thc ghi s, thc cht l ngi bn cho ngi mua vay s tin tr chm,
tuy nhin y ngi bn c tnh li trn s tin tr chm n y. Nh vy, hng ho sau khi
giao cho ngi mua th ngi bn mi ch nhn c mt phn s tin hng, do vy mc d
c tnh li trn s tin tr chm th ri ro i vi ng i bn l vn cao. i vi ng i mua th
c th gii quyt c vn thiu vn tc thi, nhng h li phi chu g i cao hn do phi
tr li trn s tin s tr nh k.
Trng hp p dng
Vi c im ca ph ng thc ghi s, n s ph hp trong trng hp nh nhp khu
khan him ngoi t, khi h chp nhn tr gi cao hn, i li h s mua c hng ho. N
cng ph hp trong cc mi quan h mua bn hng i hng hoc hng bn giao lm nhiu
ln. Phng thc ny ch p dng gia cc bn c quan h mua bn th ng xuyn v tin cy
ln nhau, gia ni b cc cng ty vi nhau, gia cng ty m v cng ty con. N c ng c th
c p dng trong cc thanh ton phi mu dch.
4.3.3. Phng thc nh thu (Collection of Payment)
nh ngha
Phng thc nh thu l mt phng thc thanh ton trong ng i bn ho n thnh
ngha v giao h ng hoc cung ng mt dch v cho khch hng y thc cho ngn hng ca
mnh thu h s tin ngi mua trn c s hi phiu ca ngi bn lp ra.
Cc bn tham gia phng thc nh thu
Ngi bn tc l ngi hng li (Principal)
Ngn hng bn bn l ngn hng nhn s y thc ca ngi bn (Remitting Bank)
Ngn hng i l ca ngn hng bn bn l ngn hng nc ngi mua (Collecting
Bank and/or Presenting Bank)
Ngi mua tc l ngi tr tin (Drawee)
Cc loi nh thu
Trn thc t, c hai loi nh thu l nh thu trn v nh thu km chng t.
Nh thu phiu trn (Clean Collection) l phng thc trong ngi bn y thc cho
ngn hng thu h tin ngi mua cn c v o hi phiu do mnh lp ra, cn chng t th gi
thng cho ngi mua khng qua ngn hng
Trnh t tin hnh nghip v ca nh thu phiu trn phi tri qua cc bc sau y
(Hnh 4.5.):

91

Ngn hng phc v

bn Bn

(1)

(2)

Ngn hng phc v

bn Mua

(4)

(4)

Ngi Bn

(4)

(3)

Ngi Mua

Gi hng v
chng t

Hnh 4.5. Trnh t nghip v nh thu trn

(1) Ngi bn sau khi gi hng v chng t gi hng cho ngi mua, lp mt hi phiu i
tin ngi mua v y thc cho ngn hng ca mnh i tin h bng ch th nh thu
(2) Ngn hng phc v bn bn gi ch th nh thu km hi phiu cho ngn hng i l ca
mnh nc ngi mua nh thu itn, cn gi l Ngn hng phc v bn mua
(3) Ngn hng i l yu cu ngi mua tr tin hi phiu nu tr tin ngay hoc chp
nhn tr tin hi phiu nu mua chu
(4) Ngn hng i l chuyn tin thu c cho ngi bn, nu ch l chp nhn hi phiu
th ngn hng gi hi phiu hoc chuyn li cho ngi bn
Nhn xt v trng hp p dng
Phng thc nh thu phiu trn khng c p dng nhiu trong thanh ton v mu
dch, v n khng m bo quyn li cho ngi bn do vic nhn hng ca ngi mua hon
ton tch ri khi khu thanh ton, ng i mua c th nhn h ng v khng tr tin hoc chm
tr tin. i vi ngi mua p dng phng thc ny cng c iu bt li v nu hi phiu
n sm hn chng t, ngi mua phi tr tin ngay trong khi khng bit vic gi ao hng ca
ngi bn c ng hp ng hay khng.
Nh thu km chng t (Documnetary Collection)
Phng thc nh thu km chng t l phng thc trong ngi bn y thc cho
ngn hng thu h tin ng i mua khng nhng cn c v o hi phiu m cn cn c vo b
chng t gi hng km theo vi iu kin l nu ngi mua tr tin hoc chp nhn tr tin
hi phiu th ngn hng mi trao b chng t gi hng cho ngi mua nhn hng.
Trnh t tin hnh nghip v nh thu km chng t cng ging nh nh thu phiu
trn, ch khc khu (1) l lp mt b chng t nh ngn h ng thu h tin. B chng t gm
c hi phiu v cc chng t gi hng km theo, khu (3) l ngn hng i l ch trao cho
ngi mua nu nh ngi mua tr itn hoc chp nhn tr tin hi p hiu. Trong nh thu k m
chng t, ngi y thc cho ngn hng ngoi vic thu h tin c n nh ngn hng khng ch
chng t gi hng i vi ngi mua, nh quyn li ca ngi bn c m bo hn.
y l s khc nhau c bn gia nh thu km chng t v nh thu phiu trn. (Hnh 4.6)
Nhn xt v trng hp p dng
Trong nh thu km chng t, ngi y thc cho ngn h ng ngoi vic thu h tin c n
nh ngn hng khng ch chng t gi h ng i vi ngi mua, nh quyn li ca ng i
bn c m bo hn. y l s khc nhau c bn gia nh thu km chng t v nh thu
phiu trn. Tuy vy, nh thu km chng t c mt s mt yu. Ngi bn thng qua ngn
hng mi khng ch c quyn nh ot hng ha ca ngi mua ch cha khng ch c
vic tr tin ca ngi mua. Ngi mua c th ko di vic tr tin bng cch cha nhn
chng t hoc c th khng tr tin cng c khi tnh hnh th trng bt li vi h. Vic tr
92

tin thng qu chm chp t lc giao hng n lc nhn c tin c th ko di vi thng

hoc na nm. Trong phng thc ny ngn hng ch ng vai tr l ngi trung gian thu tin
h cn khng c trch nhim v vic tr tin ca ngi mua.
Ngn hng phc v
bn Bn

(1)

(2)

Ngn hng phc v

bn Mua

(4)

(4)

Ngi Bn

(4)
Gi hng

(3)

Ngi Mua

Hnh 4.6. Trnh t nghip v nh thu km chng t

Qui trnh nghip v ngn hng trong phng thc nh thu

Trn thc t thanh ton quc t, trong hai phng thc nh thu trn v nh thu km
chng t th cc nh xut nhp khu s dng ph ng thc nh thu k m chng t nhiu hn.
Trong phng thc ny ngn hng ng vai tr l ngi chuyn chng t thng qua ngn
hng i l ca mnh nc ngi nhp khu thu h tin cho nh xut khu. Qui trnh nghip
v ca ngn hng trong trng hp ny th hin trong hnh 4.7 di y.
Tip nhn h s

Kim tra i chiu

Hon thin h s gi nh thu

Gi chng t - x l thng tin

Thng bo khch hng: Thanh

ton hoc chp nhn TT

Lu tr h s
Hnh 4.7. Trnh t nghip v ngn hng trong phng thc nh thu km chng t

93

Nhng vn s dng phng thc nh thu

Th nht, vn bn php l quc t thng dng ca nh thu l Quy tc thng nht v
nh thu s 522 ca Phng Thng mi Quc t, bn sa i nm 1995 (Uniform Rules for the
collection, 1995 Revision N0 522, ICC).
Mun s dng quy tc ny, hai bn mua bn phi thng nht quy nh trong hp ng.
Ngi bn phi lp mt ch th nh thu gi n ngn hng i din ca m nh nh thu
h tin. Trong ch th nh thu ngi bn phi ra nhng iu kin nh thu v c ngn
hng chp nhn. y l chng t php l c th iu chnh quan h gia ngi bn v ngn
hng phc v bn bn.
Th hai, ni dung ch th nh thu thng bao gm:
iu kin tr tin l D/A hay D/P. Theo iu kin D/P (Documentary Against
Payment), ngi mua phi tr tin hi phiu th ngn hng mi trao b chng t gi hng cho
h. Theo iu kin D/A (Documentary Against Acceptance), hnh ng tr tin c thay
bng hnh ng chp nhn tr tin. Tr ng hp ny dng cho vi c bn chu h ng ngn ngy
ca ngi bn cho ngi mua.
Th ba, chi ph nh thu ai chu? V chi ph nh thu c th quy nh nh sau:
Ngi bn chu chi ph v l ph ngn hng nhn y thc, ng i mua chu chi ph cho
ngn hng i l, nu khng quy nh th ngn hng thu h phi gnh chu. Trong tr ng hp
b t chi thanh ton hp l, c khi ngi bn chu lun c chi ph v l ph ca ngn hng i
l. Trong trng hp nh thu bng in (Telegraphic Transfer), ng i bn phi chu th m chi
ph in tn.
Th t, trong trng hp hng n trc chng t, ngi mua c th yu cu ngn
hng cp giy m bo vi hng tu nhn hng. Mun nhn c giy bo m ca ngn
hng, ngi mua phi trao cho ngn h ng giy cam kt i tch (Counter Indemnity). Thuyn
trng ch giao hng cho ngi mua, nu trn giy bo m ca ngn hng (Letter Indemnity)
c hai ch k, mt ca ngn hng, mt ca ngi mua.
Th nm, trong trng hp ngi mua t chi thanh ton v khng nhn hng th cch
gii quyt v l hng nh th no? Trong trng hp ny, u tin l phi y thc ngay
cho c quan no hay cho ngn hng i l lu kho l hng b t chi thanh ton. Nu y
thc chm, ch tu c th lu l hng vo kho ca hng tu, nu ch bng Liner. Kinh
nghim cho thy, hng c lu kho h thng cng cng Hng Kng v Singapore ch u
chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi tu bin. Cch gii quyt l hng ny c th l gim gi hng
bn cho ngi mua, nu nh hng b t chi c cht lng thp hn cht lng k trong
hp ng, giao nhn hng chm nn khng phc v kp thi cho thi v ti u th v.v., hoc c
th nh ngn hng bn cho ngi khc, hoc chuyn hng v nc ngi bn, nu l hng
qu, hoc l c th bn u gi cng khai. y l mt phng thc bn hng c bit, giao
hng cho ngi mua no tr gi cao nht, sau khi trc tip xem hng ha. Ch p dng bn
u gi i vi nhng mt hng cng knh, c gi tr thp, chi ph vn chuyn, lu kho, lu
bi cao.
Quy tc thng nht v nh thu s 522 ca Phng Thng mi Quc t, bn sa i
nm 1995, c hiu lc ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1996 (Uniform Rules for the collection, 1995
Revision N0 522, ICC)
y l vn b n mang tnh cht php l m khi s dng phng thc nh thu cn phi
tm hiu. Vn bn ny bao gm 26 iu, 7 phn, trong :
A. Cc iu khon v quy nh chung (iu 1 - 3)
B. Hnh thc v c cu nh thu (iu 4)
C. Hnh thc xut trnh chng t (iu 5 8)
D. Ngha v v trch nhim (iu 9 15)
E. Thanh ton (iu 16 19)
94

F. Tin li, l ph v cc chi ph (iu 20 21)

G. Cc iu khon khc (iu 22 26)
4.3.4. Phng thc tn dng chng t (Documentary Credit)
Khi nim
Phng thc tn dng chng t l mt s tha thun, trong mt ngn h ng - ngn
hng m th tn dng - theo yu cu ca khch hng - ngi yu cu m th tn dng - s tr
mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi khc - ngi hng li s tin ca th tn dng - hoc
chp nhn hi phiu d o ngi ny k pht trong ph m vi s tin khi ng i ny xut trnh
cho ngn hng mt b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi nhng quy nh ra trong th tn
dng.
Cc bn tham gia trong phng thc tn dng chng t
Ngi xin m th tn d ng l ngi mua, ngi nhp khu hng ha hoc ngi mua
y thc cho mt ngi khc
Ngn hng m th tn dng l ngn hng i din cho ngi nhp khu, n cp tn
dng cho ngi nhp khu
Ngi hng li th tn dng l ngi bn, ngi xut khu hay bt c ngi no
khc m ngi hng li ch nh
Ngn hng thng bo th tn dng l ngn hng nc ngi hng li.
Ngoi 4 i tng trn, trong phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t cn c th
xut hin thm hai ngn hng, l ngn hng xc nh n nu l loi th tn dng xc nhn v
ngn hng thanh ton n u ngn hng m th tn dng khng trc tip thanh ton m ch nh
mt ngn hng khc thanh ton tin cho nh xut khu.
Trnh t tin hnh nghip v phng thc tn dng chng t

Ngn hng m L/C

(2)
(5)

Ngn hng thng bo

L/C

(6)
(8) (7) (1)

Ngi nhp khu

(6) (5) (3)

(4)

Ngi xut khu

Hnh 4.7. Trnh t nghip v thanh ton tn dng chng t, Ngn hng m L/C ng thi l ngn
hng thanh ton

(1) Ngi nhp khu lm n xin m th tn dng gi n ngn h ng ca mnh yu

cu m mt th tn dng cho ngi xut khu hng
(2) Cn c vo n xin m th tn dng, ngn hng m th tn dng s lp mt th
tn dng v thng qua ngn hng i l ca mnh nc ngi xut khu thng
bo vic m th tn dng v chuyn th tn dng n ngi xut khu
(3) Khi nhn c thng bo ny, ngn hng thng bo s thng bo cho ngi
xut khu ton b ni dung thng bo v vic m th tn d ng , khi nhn c
bn gc th tn dng th chuyn ngay cho ngi xut khu
(4) Ngi xut khu nu chp nhn th tn dng th tin hnh giao hng, nu khng
ngh ngn hng m L/C sa i, b sung th tn dng cho ph hp vi hp
ng
95

(5) Sau khi giao hng, ngi xut khu lp b chng t theo yu cu ca th tn
dng xut trnh thng qua ngn hng thng bo cho ngn hng m th tn dng
xin thanh ton
(6) Ngn hng m th tn d ng kim tra b chng t , nu thy ph hp vi th tn
dng th tin hnh tr tin cho ngi xut khu. Nu thy khng ph hp, ngn
hng t chi thanh ton v gi tr li ton b chng t cho ngi xut khu
(7) Ngn hng m th tn dng i tin ngi nhp khu v chuyn b chng t
cho ngi nhp khu sau khi nhn c tin hoc chp nhn thanh ton
(8) Ngi nhp khu kim tra chng t, nu thy ph hp vi th tn dng th hon
tr tin li cho ngn hng m th tn dng, nu khng th c quyn t chi tr tin
Di y trnh by chi tit hn v qui trnh nghip v ca hai ngn hng khng th
thiu lin quan trong phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t, l ngn hng m L/C v
ngn hng thng bo L/C. (Hnh 4.8 v 4.9.)
Trc ht, i vi ngn hng m L/C, cn c vo n xin m L/C ca ngi nhp
khu pht hnh L/C v tm cch thng bo L/C cng vi vic gi bn gc L/C cho
ngi xut khu. Thng th ng vic thng bo v gi L/C phi thng qua mt ngn h ng i
l ca n nc ngi xut khu. Cng c th ngn hng ny gi thng bn gc L/C cho
ngi xut khu.
Nu c yu cu sa i, b sung ca ngi xin m L/C ca ngi xut khu i vi
L/C, ngn hng tin hnh sae i, b sung khi c vn bn chnh thc ca khch hng gi
n.
Ngn hng c trch nhi m kim tra chn g t ca ngi xut khu gi n, nu chng
t ph hp vi nhng iu quy nh trong L/C v khng mu thun ln nhau th tr tin cho
ngi xut khu v i tin ngi nhp khu, ngc li th t chi thanh ton. Khi kim tra
chng t ca ngi xut khu gi n, ngn hng ch chu trch nhim kim tra b ngoi
ca chng t c ph hp vi L/C hay khng ch khng chu trch nhim v kim tra tnh cht
php l v tnh chnh xc ca chng t v.v.. Mi s tranh chp v tnh cht bn trong ca
chng t l do ngi nhp khu v xut khu t gii quyt.
Ngn hng c min trch nhim trong trng hp ngn hng ri vo ng cc bt
kh khng nh chin tranh, nh cng, ni lan, lt li, ng t v.v.. Nu L/C ht hn gia
lc , ngn hng cng khng chu trch nhim thanh ton nhng b chng t gi n vo
dp , tr khi c nhng quy nh d phng. Mi hu qu sinh ra do li ca mnh, ngn
hng m L/C phi chu trch nhim. Ngn hng c hng mt khon th tc ph m L/C
thng thng t 0,125% n 0,5% tr gi ca L/C.
i vi ngn hng thng bo. Ngn hng thng bo l ngn hng i l ca ngn hng
m L/C nc ngi xut khu. Quyn li v ngha v ch yu ca ngn hng thng bo nh
sau:
Khi nhn c in thng bo L/C ca ngn hng m L/C, ngn hng ny s chuyn
ton b ni dung L/C nhn cho ngi xut khu di hnh thc vn bn.
Ngn hng thng bo ch chu trch nhim chuyn nguy n vn bc in ch khng
chu trch nhim phi dch, din gii cc t chuyn mn ra ti ng a phng. Nu ngn hng
thng bo sai nhng ni dung in nhn c th ngn hng phi chu trch nhim. V vy
trong cui bc th bo L/C bao gi cng c cu Xin lu , chng ti khng chu trch nhim
v bt c mt s li lm hay thiu st trong chuyn v dch bc in ny.
Khi nhn c b chng t ca ngi xut khu gi n, ngn h ng phi chuyn ngay
v nguyn vn b chng t cho ngn hng m L/C.
Ngn hng khng chu trch nhim v nhng hu qu pht sinh do s chm tr
v/hoc mt mt chng t trn ng i n ngn hng m L/C, min l chng minh rng
mnh chuyn nguyn vn v ng hn b chng t qua bu in.
96

Tip nhn n ca
khch hng

nh gi kh nng
khch hng

Xc nh mc k
qu

Thanh ton hoc

ch th thanh ton

Tip nhn & kim

tra BCT

Pht hnh L/C

Bt hp l

Tr li BCT

i tin nh nhp
khu

Ghi N TK nh
nhp khu

Hon tr ngn hng

thng bo/TT

Hnh 4.8. Qui trnh nghip v ngn hng m L/C trong phng thc tn dng chng t

Tip nhn L/C

Kim tra L/C

Thng bo L/C n
nh xut khu
Bt hp l

Tr li BCT cho nh
xut khu

Tip nhn & kim

tra BCT
Hp l

Chuyn BCT n
NH m L/C
Thanh ton

Hnh 4.9. Qui trnh nghip v ngn hng thng bo L/C trong phng thc tn dng chng t

Ngoi hai ngn hng m L/C v ngn hng thng bo L/C, cn c th c ngn hng
xc nhn v ngn hng tr tin.
Ngn hng tr tin l ngn hng m L/C v c th l mt ngn hng khc do ngn
hng m L/C y nhim.
Nu a im tr tin quy nh ti n c ngi xut khu th ngn hng tr tin l ngn
hng thng bo. Trch nhim ca ngn hng tr tin ging nh ngn hng m L/C khi nhn
c b chng t do ngi xut khu gi n.
Ngn hng xc nhn l ngn hng ng ra xc nhn cho ngn hng m L/C theo yu
cu ca n. Ngn hng xc nhn thng l mt ngn hng ln c uy tn trn th trng tn
dng v ti chnh quc t. Ngn hng m L/C phi yu cu mt ngn hng khc xc nhn cho
mnh s lm gim uy tn ca ngn h ng m L/C. Mun xc nhn, ngn h ng m L/C phi tr
th tc ph rt cao v i khi cn phi t trc na, thm tr mc t trc c th bng 100%
tr gi ca th tn dng.
Th tn d ng (Letter of Credit - L/C): Th tn d ng thng mi l mt cng c quan
trng ca phng thc tn dng chng t. Theo Trm Th Xun Hng (2006), th tn dng
l mt bc th (thc cht l mt vn bn)do ngn hng l p theo y u cu ca nh nhp khu
97

cam kt tr tin cho nh xut khu vi iu kin nh xut khu xut trnh b chng t thanh
ton ph hp vi iu khon v iu kin ghi trng th tn dng.
Th tn dng hay L/C l mt vn bn php l quan trng, l cng c ct li ca
phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t. N bao gm nhng ni dung ch yu sau:
(1) S hiu, a im v ngy m L/C, loi th tn dng. V s hiu, tt c cc th tn
dng u phi c s hiu ri ng ca n c th trao i th t, in tn c lin quan n vic
thc hin th tn dng. C th tn dng ghi ngay u dng bn phi cu ngh ghi tn dng
s .. trn cc th t giao dch. S hiu ca th tn dng cn c dng ghi vo cc chng
t c lin quan.
a im m L/C l ni m ngn hng m L/C vit cam kt tr tin cho ngi xut
khu. a im ny c ngha trong vic chn lut p dng khi xy ra tranh chp nu c xung
t php lut v L/C .
Ngy m L/C l ngy bt u pht sinh cam kt ca ngn h ng m L/C vi ngi xut
khu, l ngy bt u tnh thi hn hiu lc ca L/C v cui cng l cn c ngi xut
khu kim tra xem ngi nhp khu thc hin vic m L/C c ng hn nh quy nh
trong hp ng khng.
V d:
Mt th tn dng m ngy 1/1/1998, trong ni dung ca th tn dng c cu We open
our irrevocable credit in favour of yourselves by order of Mutsumi Tranding Co Ltd Tokyo
for not exceeding the amount of 35,000USD expiring in Hanoi for negociation on 31 st January
1998, tc l Chng ti m tn dng khng th hy ngang cho qu ngi theo lnh ca Cng
ty Thng mi hu hn Mutsumi Tokyo mt s tin khng qu 35,000USD c gi tr n
ngy 31/1/1998 ti H Ni
Nh vy, thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng ny tnh t ngy m, tc l t ngy
1/1/1997 n ngy ht hn l 31/1/1998 l 30 ngy.
C th tn dng quy nh thi hn hiu lc ca n ngay trong nhng dng u tin ca ni
dung L/C, c th tn dng li nu cui cng trong phn ngn hng cam kt tr tin.
Loi th tn dng phi c ch r trong yu cu m th tn dng do ngi nhp khu gi n
ngn hng m L/C.
(2) Tn, a ch ca nhng ngi c lin quan n phng thc tn dng chng t.
Nhng ngi c lin quan n phng thc tn dng chng t ni chung c hai loi,
l cc thng nhn v cc ngn hng.
Cc thng nhn ch bao gm nhng ngi nhp khu, tc l ngi yu cu m L/C;
ngi xut khu l ngi hng li L/C.
Cc ngn hng tham gia trong phng th c tn dng chng t gm c ngn hng m
L/C, ngn hng thng bo, ngn hng tr tin, ngn hng xc nhn v.v..
Ngn hng m L/C l ngn hng thng c hai bn mua bn tha thun la chn v
quy nh trong hp ng, nu cha c s quy nh trc, ngi nhp khu c quyn la chn.
(3) S tin ca th tn dng.
S tin ca th tn dng va c ghi bng s, va c ghi bng ch v thng nht
vi nhau. Khng th chp nhn mt th tn dng c s tin ghi bng s v bng ch mu
thun nhau.
Tn ca n v tin t phi r rng, v cng m t tn gi l la nhng trn th gii c
nhiu loi la khc nhau. Khng nn ghi s tin di dng mt s tuyt i. Cch ghi s tin
tt nht l ghi mt s gii hn m ngi xut khu c th t c d l giao hng c tnh
cht l nguyn ci hay l ri. V d nh ghi .. mt s tin khng qu X USD.. (For a sum or
sums not exeeding a total of X USD..)
Theo bn Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng chng t th nhng t khong
chng, khong hoc nhng t ng tng t c dng ch mc s tin ca th
tn dng c hiu l cho php x dch hn km khng c qu 10% ca tng s tin .
98

Ngoi ra, bn quy tc cn quy nh tr khi th tn dng quy nh s lng hng giao
khng c hn km, cn th s c php c mt khon dung sai trong phm vi hn km
5%, min l tng s tin chi tr lun lun khng c vt qu s tin ca th tn dng.
Khng c p dng dung sai ny khi th tn d ng quy nh s l ng bng n v bao, kin
c ni r hoc tnh bng n v chic.
(4) Thi hn hiu lc, thi hn tr tin v thi hn giao hng ghi trong th tn dng.
Thi hn hiu lc ca th tn d ng l thi hn m ngn hng m L/C cam kt tr tin
cho ngi xut khu, nu ngi xut khu xut trnh b chng t trong thi hn v ph
hp vi nhng iu quy nh trong L/C. Thi hn hiu lc ca L/C bt u tnh t ngy m
L/C n ngy ht hiu lc L/C.
mt s nc quy nh l nu thi hn hiu lc ca L/C di 3 thng th ph thng
bo L/C ch phi chu 0,1%, nu trn 3 thng n 6 thng th l 0,2%. V vy cn xc nh
thi hn hiu lc ca L/C hp l c th va trnh ng vn cho ngi nhp khu va
khng gy kh khn cho vic xut trnh chng t ca ngi xut khu. Vic xc nh ny cn
m bo ngy giao hng phi nm trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C v khng c trng vi
ngy ht hn hiu lc ca L/C, ng y m L/C phi tr c ngy giao hng mt thi gian hp l,
khng c trng vi ngy giao hng. N c tnh ti thiu bng tng s ca s ngy cn
thng bo m L/C, s ngy lu L/C ngn hng thng bo, s ngy chun b hng giao
cho ngi nhp khu. Nu h ng xut khu l mt hng phc tp phi iu ng t xa ra cng
v phi ti ch bin li c khi giao, nu thi im giao hng vo ma m t th s ngy
chun b hng phi nhiu, ngc li nu hng xut khu l sn phm cng nghip th khng
cn thit i hi s ngy chun b qu ln, ngy ht hn hiu lc L/C phi sau ngy giao hng
mt thi gian hp l. N bao gm s ng y chuyn chng t t ni giao hng n c quan ca
ngi xut khu, s ngy lp b chng t, s ngy vn chuyn chng t n ngn hng m
L/C (hay ngn hng tr tin), s ngy lu gi chng t ti ngn hng thng bo v 7 ngy lm
vic ngn hng th hin ch chp nhn hay t chi tr tin.
Thi hn tr tin ca L/C l thi hn tr tin ngay hay tr tin v sau. iu ny hon
ton ph thuc vo quy nh ca hp ng. Nu vic i tin bng hi phiu th thi hn tr
tin c quy nh yu cu k pht hi phiu. Thi hn tr tin c th nm trong thi hn
hiu lc ca L/C nu nh tr tin ngay hoc c th nm ngoi thi hn hiu lc ca L/C nu
nh tr tin c k hn. Nhng iu quan trng l nhng hi phiu c k hn phi c xut
tnh chp nhn trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C.
Thi hn giao hng c ghi trong L/C v do hp ng mua bn quy nh. N c quan
h cht ch vi thi hn hiu lc ca L/C.
(5) Nhng ni dung v hng ha nh tn, s lng, trng lng, gi c, quy cch
phm cht, bao b, k m hiu v.v.. cng c ghi vo t tn dng.
(6) Nhng ni dung v vn ti, giao nhn hng ha nh iu kin c s giao hng
(FOB, CIF, CFR), ni gi v ni giao hng, cch vn chuyn v cch giao hng v.v.. cng
c ghi vo th tn dng
(7) Nhng chng t m ngi xut khu phi xut tr nh l mt ni dung then cht ca
th tn dng bi v b chng t quy nh trong th tn dng l mt bng chng ca ngi xut
khu chng minh rng m nh hon thnh ngha v giao hng v lm ng nhng iu quy
nh ca th tn dng, do vy ngn hng m L/C phi da vo tin hnh tr tin cho
ngi xut khu, nu b chng t ph hp vi nhng iu quy nh trong th tn dng.
Ngn hng m L/C thng yu cu ngi xut khu tha mn nhng yu cu v cc
loi chng t m ngi xut khu phi xut tr nh, s lng cc chng t ny nhiu hay t ph
thuc vo yu cu ca ngi nhp khu, m cc yu cu thng c tha thun trong hp
ng v yu cu v vic k pht tng loi chng t nh th no.
(8) Nhng iu khon khc.
Nu c nhng iu khon c bit no khc cn ghi r trong th tn dng.
99

(9) S cam kt tr tin ca ngn hng m L/C

S cam kt ca ngn hng l ni dung quan trng ca th tn dng v n rng buc
trch nhim ca ngn hng m L/C.
Di y trch mt s mu L/C: (inh Xun Trnh. 1996.)
Mu L/C ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam:
We hereby engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of draft(s)
drawn and preented in accordance with the terms of this Credit that the draft(s) shall be duly
honored on presentation
Chng ti cam kt vi nhng ngi k pht, k hu v nhng ngi chn thc cm
hi phiu c k pht v c xut tr nh ph hp vi nhng iu kin ca tn dng ny
rng cc hi phiu s c tr tin khi xut trnh.
Mu L/C ca Mitsui Bank Ltd nh sau:
We engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under
and in compliance with the terms of this credit that the same shall be duly honored on due
presentation and delivery of documents to the drawee.
Chng ti cam kt vi nhng ngi k pht, k hu v chn thc cm hi phiu
c k pht theo v ph h p vi nhng iu kin ca tn dng n y rng cc hi phiu s
c tr tin khi xut trnh ng hn v giao cc chng t cho ngi tr tin.
Qua hai mu cam kt trn ca ngn hng m L/C chng ta nhn thy y l s cam kt
thc s, l s cam kt c iu kin v l s cam kt d ph ng (bo lu) tc l ngn hng ch
cam kt tn trng cc hi phiu xut trnh ng hn v ph hp vi iu kin ca L/C, cn
vic c tr tin hay khng cn ph thuc vo vic xem xt b chng t thanh ton c ph hp
vi L/C hay khng v khng c mu thun vi nhau.
(10) Ch k ca ngn hng m th tn dng
Ch k l ni dung cui cng c th tn dng m nu thiu n th tn dng s hon
ton khng c gi tr . L/C thc cht l mt kh c dn s, do vy ngi k n cng phi l
ngi c y nng lc hnh vi, nng lc php l tham gia v thc hin quan h dn lut.
Nu m L/C bng th, ch k trn n ch L/C phi ng vi ch k c thng bo
cho nhau gia hai ngn hng m L/C v ngn hng thng bo L/C trong tha thun i l
gia hai ngn hng . Nu m L/C bng in, thay v ch k ni trn bng TEST.
Di y l mt L/C ca Ngn hng Mitsui m cho Minexport Vietnam hng theo
yu cu ca ngi nhp khu Daiichi Trading Co. qua Vietcombank: (inh Xun Trnh.
1996.)

100

THE MITSUI BANK LIMITED

Foreign Exchange Department
TOKYO
Date 2nd April 2000
Irrevocable credit N0 46379/58/11009
(This Credit has been advised through Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam, Hanoi)
Dear Sirs,
We hereby open our Irrevocable Credit in your favour for account of Daiichi Trading
Co, Ltd Japan for a sum or sums not exceeding total of Stg 100,000 (say Pound Sterling one
hundred thousand) valid until May, 31st 2000.
Available by your drafts at sight drawn on ourselves in duplicate for 100% invoice
value accompanied by the following documents:
Commercial invoice duly signed in 3 copies indicating import licence No 1370/MS
and 4572/Mt.
Full set of clean on board ocean Bill of Lading made out to order of shipper and blank
endorsed, marked Freight collect notify Daiichi Trading Co. Ltd, Tokyo Japan
Charter party Bills of Lading are acceptable
State Bills of Lading are acceptable
Insurrance to be covered by buyer
Other documents:
Certificate of analysis in 3 copies
Certificate of weight in 3 copies
Ship masters receipt attesting that 2 extra copies of invoice have been forwarded to
accountee by the carrying vessel.
Evidencing shipment from Campha or Hongay to Japan port of about 2.000 metric
tons of Hongay anthracite coal in bulk (specification and unit price are as per attached sheet
FOB trimmed Campha or Hongay.
Partial shipments are permitted
Trashipment is not permitted, shipment must be effected of later than April, 30 1998.
All drafts drawn hereunder must be marked drawn under the Mitsui Bank Ltd.
Foreign Exchange Department Tokyo, irrevocable credit No 46379/58/11009 dated April 2nd
2000.
We engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under
and in compliance with the terms of credit that the same shall be duly honored on due
presentation and delivery of documents to the drawee.
Yours very truly,
For the Mitsui Bank Ltd.
Foreign Exchange Department
Pro. Manager (Signed)

101

NGN HNG HU HN MITSUI

V Ngoi hi
TOKYO
Ngy 2 thng 4 nm 2000
Th tn dng khng th hy b s 46379/58/11009
(Th tn dng ny thng bo qua Ngn hng Ngoi thng H Ni)
Cc ngi knh mn,
Theo y, chng ti m mt tn dng khng th hy b cho qu ng i hng thuc t i
khon ca Cng ty thng mi hu hn Daiichi Nht Bn mt s tin khng qa tng s l
100,000 bng Anh (c mt trm ngh n bng Anh) c gi tr n ngy 31/5/2000, thanh ton
bng hi phiu tr tin ngay ca qu ngi k pht cho chng ti, lp thnh hai bn bng 100%
tr gi ha n km theo nhng chng t sau y:
Ha n thng mi k lm 3 bn ghi r giy php nhp khu s 1370/MS v
4572/MT.
Mt b vn n ng bin hon ho, xp hng ln tu, lm theo lnh ca ngi
gi hng, k hu trng, ghi ch c c ph tr sau v thng bo cho Cng ty thng m i
hu hn Daiichi, Tokyo Nht Bn
Vn n theo hp ng thu tu cng nhn
Vn n n chm cng nhn
Bo him do ngi mua chu
Cc chng t khc:
Giy chng nhn kim nghim 3 bn
Giy chng nhn trng lng 3 bn
Giy chng nhn ca thuyn trng chng nhn rng hai bn ha n thm c
gi theo tu cho ngi nhn hng.
Chng minh rng khong 2.000 tn than anthracite khng bao b c bc t Cm
Ph hoc Hn Gai (quy cch v n gi nh ghi trong giy t gi km theo).
c php giao tng phn, khng c php chuyn ti, phi giao hng chm nht l
ngy 30/4/2000.
Mi hi phiu k pht y phi ghi ch k pht cho ngn h ng hu hn Mitsui, V
Ngoi hi, Tokyo, theo th tn dng khng th hy b s 46379/58/11009 m ngy
2/4/2000.
Chng ti cam kt vi ngi k pht, k hu v chn thc cm hi phiu c k
pht v ph hp vi iu kin ca th tn dng ny rng cc hi phiu s c tn trng
khi xut trnh ng hn v chuyn giao cc chng t cho ngi tr tin.
Cho tin tng.
Ngn hng hu hn Mitsui
V Ngoi hi
Ph Gim c ( k)

102

Cc loi th tn dng thng mi

Trong thanh ton quc t thng thy cc loi th tn dng thng mi sau:
Th tn dng khng th hy b (Irrevocable Letter of Credit): L loi th tn dng sau
khi m ra th ngn hng m L/C khng c sa i, b sung hoc hy b trong thi hn
hiu lc ca n, tr khi c s tha thun khc ca cc b n tham gia th tn dng. y l loi
th tn dng c p dng rng ri nht trong thanh ton quc t v l loi L/C c bn nht.
Th tn d ng khng th hy b c xc nhn (Confirmed Irrevocable L/C): L loi th
tn dng khng th hy b c mt ngn hng khc xc nhn m bo tr tin theo yu cu
ca ngn hng m L/C. Do c hai ngn hng ng ra cam kt tr tin cho ngi xut khu
nn y l loi m bo nht cho ngi xut khu.
Th tn dng khng th hy b, min truy i (Irrevocable without recourse L/C): L
loi L/C m sau khi ngi xut khu c tr tin th ngn hng m L/C khng cn quyn
i li tin ngi xut khu trong bt c trng hp no. Khi s dng loi ny, ngi xut
khu phi ghi cu min truy i ngi k pht ln hi phiu v trong L/C. Loi ny cng
c s dng rng ri trong thanh ton quc t.
Th tn dng chuyn nhng (Transferable L/C): L th tn dng khng th hy b
trong quy nh quyn ca ngi hng li th nht c th yu cu ngn hng m L/C
chuyn nhng ton b hay mt phn s tin ca L/C cho mt hay nhiu ngi khc. L/C
chuyn nhng ch c chuyn nhng mt ln. Chi ph chuyn nhng thng do ngi
hng li u tin chu.
Th tn dng tun hon (Revolving L/C): L loi L/C khng th hy b sau khi s
dng xong hoc ht thi hn hiu lc th n li t ng c gi tr nh c v c nh vy n
tun hon cho n khi no tng gi tr hp ng c thc hin.
Th tn dng tun hon cn ghi r ngy ht hiu lc cui c ng v s ln tun ho n v
gi tr ti thiu ca mi ln . Nu vic tun hon cn c vo thi hn hiu lc trong mi ln
tun hon th phi ghi r c cho php s c ca L/C trc cng dn vo nhng L/C k tip
hay khng, nu cho php th gi n l tun hon tch ly (Cumulative Revolving L/C).
Th tn dng gip lng (Back to back L/C): Sau khi nhn c L/C do ngi nhp
khu m cho m nh hng, ngi xut khu dng L/C ny th chp m mt L/C khc cho
ngi hng li khc vi ni dung gn ging nh L/C ban u, L/C m sau gi l L/C gip
lng.
Ni chung, L/C gc v L/C gip lng ging nhau, nhng xt ring chng c nhng
im cn phi phn bit v s chng t ca L/C gip l ng nhiu hn L/C gc, kim ngch L/C
gip lng phi nh hn L/C gc, khon chnh lch ny do ngi trung gian hng dng tr
chi ph m L/C gip lng v phn hoa hng ca h, thi hn giao hng ca L/C gip lng phi
sm hn L/C gc.
Nghip v th tn dng gip lng rt phc tp, n i hi phi c s kt hp kho lo
v chnh xc cc i u kin ca L/C gc v L/C gip lng, nht l cc vn c lin quan n
vn n v cc chng t hng ha khc.
Th tn dng i ng (Reciprocal L/C): L loi th tn dng ch bt u c hiu lc khi
th tn dng kia i ng vi n m ra. Loi ny thng c dng trong phng thc mua
bn hng i hng.
Th tn dng d phng (Stand - by L/C): m bo quyn li cho ng i nhp khu,
ngn hng ca ngi xut khu s pht hnh mt L/C trong cam kt vi ngi nhp khu
s thanh ton li cho h trong trng hp ngi xut khu khng hon thnh ngha v giao
hng theo L/C ra. L/C nh th gi l L/C d phng. N c p dng ph bin M
trong quan h mt bn l ngi t hng v mt bn l ngi sn xut (ngi bn). Cc khon
tn dng m ngi t hng cp cho ngi sn xut nh tin t cc, tin ng trc, chi ph
m L/C chim t trng 10 - 15% tr gi ca n t hng. Vic bo m hon li s tin
103

cho ngi t hng khi ngi sn xut khng ho n thnh ngha v giao hng c ngha quan
trng.
Th tn dng thanh ton dn dn (Deferred payment L/C): L lo i th tn dng khng
th hy b, trong ngn hng m L/C hay ngn hng xc nhn L/C cam kt vi ngi
hng li s thanh ton dn dn ton b s tin ca L/C trong nhng thi hn quy nh r
trong L/C o. y l mt loi L/C tr chm tng phn.
Nhng vn cn lu khi s dng phng thc tn dng chng t
Th nht l, vn bn php l quc t thng dng ca tn dng chng t l Quy tc &
Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng chng t, bn s 500, bn sa i nm 1993 ca Phng
Thng mi quc t (Uniform Customs and Pratice for Documentary Credits ICC, 1993
Revision, No 500). T y chng ta gi tt l bn Quy tc 500. Bn Quy tc 500 ny mang
tnh cht php l t y , c ngh a l khi p dng n cc b n ng s phi tha thun ghi vo
L/C ng thi c th tha thun khc, min l c dn chiu.
Bn Quy tc ny bao gm 49 iu, chia thnh 7 phn : (Nguyn Trng Thu. 2003)
A. Nhng qui nh chung v nh ngha (iu 1-5)
B. Hnh thc v thng bo th tn dng (iu 6-12)
C. Ngha v v trch nhim (iu 13-19)
D. Cc chng t (iu 20-38)
E. Cc iu qui nh khc (iu 39-47)
F. Tn dng chuyn nhng (iu 48)
G. Chuyn nhng tin thu c (iu 49)
Cn lu rng tn dng chng t l mt giao dch ca ngn hng theo yu cu ca
khch hng nhm thc hin cng on cui c ng ca hng lot giao dch th ng mi quc t
gia hai bn mua v bn, p ng yu cu ca c hai pha: ngi bn giao hng v c tr
tin, ngi mua tr tin v c nhn hng. Ngn hng l ngi bo m thanh ton, tr
thnh nhp cu ni ng tin cy ca nn mu dch cc n c. Tm quan trng ca giao dch tn
dng chng t i hi phi c hnh lang php l cc ngn hng thc hin. Bn Quy tc
500 th hin y thng l v tp qun quc t v c cc ngn hng thng mi trn ton
th gii chp nhn v p d ng. Nhng tn d ng chng t cn l cc giao d ch pht sinh trong
nc, do vy n lun c chi phi bi Lut php quc gia. Nh vy, giao dch tn dng
chng t c tin hnh trn hnh lang php l q uc t v quc gia. Quy tc 500 l tp qun
quc t p dng trn phm vi ton cu, cn lut php quc gia ch p dng trong phm vi ca
mt nc.
Theo Nguyn Trng Thu (2003), n c ta, tt c cc ngn hng thng m i v cc
n v kinh doanh ngoi thng thng nht s dng bn Quy tc 500 nh mt vn bn
php l iu chnh cc loi th tn dng c p dng trong thanh ton quc t gia Vit Nam
v cc nc ngoi. V l thuyt, vic vn dng thng l quc t ti n c ta gn nh tuyt i
m khng b bt c s iu chnh no. y l nt c th ca Vit Nam. i vi cc quc gia
khc, h u c cc vn bn Lut hoc Vn bn di lut qui nh v giao dch tn dng
chng t trn c s thng l quc t c tnh n c th ca quc gia, tp qun ca n c h.
Cc vn bn nh vy l rt cn thit nhm m bo ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca Vit
Nam, tuy nhin nc ta cn cha c.
Th hai l, tnh c lp tng i ca th tn dng. Giao dch tn dng chng t c
lp vi cc giao dch khc. Tr n quan im ca ngn hng, th tn dng c lp vi hp ng
gia ngi m v ngi hng mc d th tn dng c th ho ngha v v quyn li ca hai
bn: bn mua v bn bn, trong bn mua yu cu ngn hng m bo thanh ton cho b n
104

bn, bn bn phi giao hng ng qui nh theo hp ng, ng thi hn, thit lp chng t
hon chnh v hp l, thng bo cho ngi mua v cc iu kin khc tho thun. Tnh c
lp ca th tn dng c th hin iu 4 trong bn Quy tc 500 nh sau: "Trong nghip v
tn dng chng t, tt c cc b n lin quan ch giao dch bng chng t m khng giao d ch
bng hng ho, cc dch v v/hoc cc cng vic khc m chng t c th lin quan".
Tuy nhin trn phng din tng th tnh c lp ca th tn dng ch l tng i, bi v i
vi ngi mua v ngi bn, th tn dng phi l nhng giao dch li n quan cht ch vi cc
giao dch ca hp ng thng mi, mc d trong quan h vi ngn hng h phi tha nhn
hai loi giao dch l tch bit.
Th ba l, lu v yu cu xin m th tn dng nhp khu: Ngi nhp khu Vit
Nam mun m th tn dng cho ngi xut khu hng trc ht phi vit yu cu m th tn
dng gi n Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam hoc ngn hng Thng mi no c
quyn thanh ton quc t.
Vit giy xin m th tn dng nhp khu gi n Ngn hng l mt khu quan
trng ca phng thc tn dng chng t, bi v ch trn c s ca giy ny, ngn hng mi
c cn c m th tn dng cho ngi xut khu hng v sau , ngi xut khu mi
giao hng.
Giy xin m th tn dng nhp khu sau khi c ngn hng ng m th tr
thnh mt kh c dn s gia ngi nhp khu v ngn hng, cn i vi ngi xut khu
nc ngoi, h ch bit ti L/C m ngn hng Vit Nam m cho h hng m thi.
C s php l v ni dung lp giy xin m th tn dng l hp ng mua bn k kt
gia ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
Vit giy xin m th tn dng theo mu in sn ca Ngn hng Vit Nam v theo th
tc hin hnh ca ngn hng quy nh.
H s m ngi nhp khu phi gi n ngn hng m th tn d ng Vit Nam bao
gm:
(1) Yu cu m th tn dng nhp khu, 2 bn
(2) 2 y nhim chi, mt tr th tc ph m L/C, mt k qu m L/C.
(3) Hp ng thng mi (bn sao)
(4) Giy php nhp khu hoc quota i vi nhng hng ho qun l bng hn ngch
(5) Quyt nh b nhim gim c v k ton trng (bn sao)
(6) Giy php kinh doanh (bn sao)
(7) Bo co ti chnh ca n v xin m th tn dng
(8) S d ti khon ngoi t ti ngn hng m L/C ti thiu 500USD hoc ngoi t
tong ng.
(9) Mt s chng t khc c lin quan (tu theo tng ngn hng yu cu khc nhau)

105

Mu yu cu m th tn dng ca Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam (Vietcombank)

YU CU M TH TN DNG
(APPLICATION FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDIT)
Knh gi: Ngn hng Ngoi thng ................... (Vietcombank ....................................)
(Dnh cho Ngn hng
Ngy:
S:
)
Vi mi trch nhim thuc v m nh, chng ti Applicant:
ngh ngn hng m Th tn dng theo loi sau:
address)
Irrevocable
Revocable
Transferable
Confirmed
vi ni dung di y qua ngn hng i l:

(Full

name

and

Terms of shipment:
FOB C and F CIF
Currency, amount in figure and
words:

Beneficiary (Full name and address)

Date and place of expiry:

Available by beneficiary's draft(s) drawn on Vietcombank at ......... days sight/after B/L date
for ........... percent invoice value accompanied by the following documents:
Signed commercial invoice in ............................................................................... copies
Full ( /
) set of Clean "Shipped on boad "Ocean Bill of Lading made out to order of
.................... blank endorsed marked "Freight Prepaid/Collect" and "Notify the accountee"
Clean Airwaybill consigned to ............................. showing flight number, flight date and
number of credit and marked "Freight Prepaid/Collect" and notify ................................
Certificate of origin issued by .................................................. in ......................... copies
Detailed packing list ................................................................. in ......................... copies
Test/Inspection certificate issued by ........................................ in ......................... copies
Certificate of quality/quantity issued by ................................... in ........................ copies
Insurance policy or Certificate in assignable form and endorsed in blank for 110% invoice
value covering ..........showing claim payable at ...................... in invoice currency
Copy of cable advising accountee of particulars of shippment
DHL receipt showing that one set of no-negotiable form documents plus .......................
................................. have been sent to the applicat within .................. days after B/L date
Other documents and conditions (specify):

106

Brief description of goods:

Shipment from:

Shipment to:

Latest date of shipment:

Special conditions:

Partial shipment
Allowed Not allowed

Transhipment
Allowed Not allowed

+ Documents to be presented within ......... days after the date of

insurance the transport document(s) but within the validity of the credit.
+ All bank charges outside Vietnam are for account of
beneficiary/ourselves
+ This L/C is subject to the Uniform Customs and Pratice for
Documentary Credit 2000 revision No 500 published by ICC

Ch th cho Ngn hng m L/C:

y quyn ghi n ti khon ca chng ti s ....................................... ti qu Ngn hng
k qu ......................................................................................................... % tr gi L/C
Tr tin nc ngoi theo cam kt ca chng ti nh km.
Chng ti chp thun qu Ngn hng c ghi N nhng chi ph (Th tc ph, in ph, bu
ph) lin quan n L/C trn.
L/C ny s dng vn vay nc ngoi thuc hip nh vay n ......... s ...... ngy .........
Th tn dng ny c m theo Hp ng thng mi s ...............ngy ...........................
c B Thng Mi chp thun s ............. ngy .........................................................
Khi cn lin h vi ng/B ................................................. in thoi
..................................
K ton trng

..............., ngy............. thng ........ nm 200

Tng Gim c

Th tn d ng c th m bng in hay bng th. Nu m bng th th khi nhn c

in bo, ngn hng thng bo nc ngi xut khu phi xc nhn bng vn bn v bn
gc L/C s chuyn cho ngi xut khu qua ngn hng thng bo bng my bay. Nu m
bng in, ngn hng m L/C s chuyn bn telex hoc fax L/C gc cho ngi hng li,
khng cn thng bo L/C na. L/C m qua ngn hng no th ngi nhp khu phi ghi r
rng, c th v theo s tha thun trong hp ng mua bn, nu ch a c s tha thun trc
th ch ny trong giy xin m L/C b trng Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam la chn
trong s ngn hng i l ca h. Cn c v o quy nh ca hp ng m xc nh loi L/C v
xa b nhng ch khng cn thit. Ghi r tn, a ch y v a ch in tn ca ngi
hng li th tn dng.
S tin ca th tn dng cn phi ghi r loi ngoi t, bng s v bng ch. Thanh ton
bng hi phiu tr tin ngay th xa ch b trng gia ch at ------- sight, cn thanh ton

107

bng hi phiu X ngy th in ch v s vo ch trng , v d at ni nety (90) days after -------

Chng t thanh ton mi loi ti thiu l 3 bn, nu cn nhiu hn th ghi vo Yu cu
m L/C ngn hng a vo iu kin m L/C.
V cc loi chng t cn ch my im sau y:
Vn n ghi Freight to collect i vi gi FOB, ghi Freight prepaid p dng vi
gi CFR hoc CIF. Cc vn n phi lm theo lnh ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam
v phi thng bo cho ngi nhp khu nc ta. Ha n thng mi nu cn l ha n
chi tit th phi in thm ch DETAILED trc ch commercial. Bo him n ch cn khi
mua theo gi CIF, nu mua theo gi FOB v CFR th xa i. Cn ghi r iu kin bo him
no, bao nhiu % tr gi ha n, thanh ton bng loi tin no v.v..
Giy chng nhn kim nghim do ai cp, x nghip sn xut, ngi xut khu hay c
quan kim nghim, gim nh ca Nh nc hoc t nhn v.v.. ty theo s tha thun trong
hp ng.
Giy chng nhn xut x thng thng do Phng Thng mi ca nc ngi xut
khu cp hoc c th do ngi xut khu t cp, nhng t thng dng.
Bng k chi tit ng gi bao b thng l do ngi xut khu hay ngi sn xut t
cp, tt nhin cng phi quy nh trong hp ng.
Nhng ni dung v hng ha nh tn hng, trng lng, quy cch phm cht, k m
hiu, gi n v u phi c ghi vo Yu cu m L/C.
Cch vn ti, giao nhn, ni giao hng, ni bc hng v.v.. trong hp ng quy nh
nh th no th ghi vo Yu cu m L/C nh th.
Hp ng mua bn lm c s m th tn dng cn ghi r s hiu, ngy k hp ng
v hai bn k kt.
Cc iu kin khc l nhng iu kin m ngi nhp khu ra i vi ngi xut
khu v yu cu thc hin. Cc iu kin ny thng khng c nu trn hoc l c th
ha nhng iu kin nu trn.
Ch k ca gim c cc n v kinh doanh nhp khu v k ton trng.
Sa i L/C
Vic sa i th tn dng c th xut pht t pha ngi xut khu hoc ngn hng m
L/C, nhng ni dung sa i ch c gi tr thc hin nu tha mn nhng yu cu sau:
(1) Sa i b sung L/C trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C
(2) Cc ni dung giao dch c lin quan n ni dung sa i hay b sung L/C phi
c tin hnh bng vn bn nh in bo, th t, in tn, telex v.v..
(3) Tt c cc giao dch c lin quan n ni dung sa i hay b sung L/C c th tin
hnh trc tip gia hai ngi xut khu v nhp khu, nhng kt qu cui cng phi c s xc
nhn ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam (Ngn hng m L/C).
Kim tra th tn dng
Kim tra th tn dng l mt khu quan trng i vi ng i xut khu t rong vic thc
hin phng thc tn dng chng t, v nu khng pht hin c s khng ph hp gia L/C
v hp ng m ngi xut khu chp nhn v tin hnh giao hng theo hp ng th ngi
xut khu khng i tin c, ngc li, nu khng giao h ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng
th li vi phm hp ng.
Chp nhn L/C l s tha nhn cam kt ca ngn hng m L/C v ngha v tr tin
ca h cho ngi xut khu, ng thi cng l chp nhn ngha v ca ngi xut khu v
vic hon thnh ngha v giao hng v lp b chng t thanh ton c quy nh trong th tn

108

dng, do vy ngi xut khu phi c thi cn mn, t m, thn trng trong khi kim tra th
tn dng ca ngi nc ngoi gi n.
Khi kim tra th tn dng cn ch my im sau:
(1) C s kim tra L/C: L hp ng mua bn k kt gia hai bn. Th tn dng
phi ph hp vi hp ng v khng c mu thun vi nhng ni dung c bn ca hp
ng. Ngi kim tra L/C phi l cn b nghip v kinh doanh xut khu, thu hiu hp ng
m mnh ang chun b thc hin. Trong tr ng hp kim tra L/C ca mt hp ng b sung
th khng nhng phi cn c vo hp ng ny m cn phi da vo hp ng gc na, v
hp ng b sung ch k nhng iu khon c th m hp ng gc cha cp n.
(2) Phi coi bn Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng ca chng t , bn s 500,
l c s php l quc t iu chnh th tn dng ca bn ny m cho bn kia hng.
(3) Cc ni dung ca L/C phi r rng, khng m h, ti ngha v khng c mu
thun nhau. Ngi m L/C khng th ra nhng yu cu qu cao khin cho ngi xut khu
khng th thc hin c.
Khi pht hin thy ni dung ca th tn dng khng ph hp vi hp ng hoc tri
vi lut l v tp qun m hai nc ang p dng hoc khng c kh nng thc hin, cc cng
ty kinh doanh xut khu ngh sa i hoc b sung th tn dng .
Nhng ni dung L/C cn kim tra k bao gm:
(1) S tin ca th tn d ng: Cn kim tra loi tin c ng quy nh trong hp ng
hay khng, loi tin cn ni r tn ca n v tin t v nc c loi tin t . Ch r tnh
cht ca ng tin , c s dng dung sai i vi s tin ca L/C hay khng?
(2) Ngy v a im ht hn hiu lc ca th tn dng: cn kim tra ngy ht hn ca
L/C trong mi quan h vi ngy giao hng, ngy ho n. a im ht hn hiu lc ca th
tn dng c ngha quan trng. Ngi bn thng mun a im ny ti nc mnh, v h c
th hon ton ch ng trong vic xut trnh chng t thanh ton. Ng c li ngi mua cng
mong mun a im ny nc mnh v h khng phi tr tin sm hn.
(3) Loi th tn dng: Th tn dng c p dng ph bin nht l loi khng hu
nganh (irrevocable) v chng ta l ngi bn nn chn loi ny cng vi iu kin min truy
i v nu c xc nhn th cng tt. Khi s dng L/C xc nhn, ta cn quy nh r chi ph
xc nhn do ngi mua chu.
(4) Thi hn giao hng: Thi hn giao hng l mt ni dung quan trng ca th tn
dng. Cch ghi thi hn giao hng c th nh sau: "Ngy giao hng chm nht hay sm
nht..." hoc "trong vng..., hoc "khong..." hoc mt ngy c th.
(5) Cch giao hng: C nhiu cch giao hng khc nhau m ngi mua c th c th ha
trong th tn dng. V d cho php giao tng phn, giao tng phn nhng quy nh gii hn
trng lng ca mi chuyn, gii hn s chuyn hocgiao tng phn, mi ln s lng nh
nhau.
(5) Cch vn ti: Trong th tn dng c cho php chuyn ti hay khng.
B chng t thng mi
Trong b chng t thanh ton quc t c th c nhiu loi chng t khc nhau , nhng
mt s chng t thng c bao gm Hi phiu - Bill of Exchange, Ha n - Invoice, Vn ti
n - Bill of Loading, n bo him - Insurance Policy.
Khi n v kinh doanh Vit Nam ta l ngi xut khu, Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit
Nam ng vai tr l ngn hng thng bo, v vy ngi xut khu nc ta xut trnh chng t
cho Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam
n v kinh doanh xut khu phi xut trnh b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi yu
cu ca L/C th ngn hng m L/C mi tr tin, ngc li ngn hng s t chi thanh ton
Mt b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi yu cu ca L/C th phi t 3 yu cu sau:

109

(1) Cc chng t phi ph hp vi lut l, tp qun m hai nc k kt hp ng ang

p dng
(2) Ni dung v hnh thc ca cc chng t thanh ton phi c lp theo ng yu
cu ra trong L/C, khng c t l m tri cc quy nh . Nu l m tri ngn hng s t
chi thanh ton.
(3) Nhng ni dung v cc s liu lin quan gia cc chng t khng c mu thun
nhau, nu c mu thun lm cho ngi ta khng xc nh mt cch r rng, thng nht nhng
ni dung thuc v tn hng, s lng, trng lng, gi c, tng gi tr, tn ngi hng li
v.v.. th cc chng t s b ngn hng t chi thanh ton v h cho rng b chng t mu
thun nhau.
Nh chng ta bit, ngn hng ch giao dch bng chng t v kim tra tr n b mt
chng t m thi. C nhng iu m ngi hng li ngh l rt n gin v cm thy hon
ton hp l, nhng khi ngn hng kim tra b chng t th hnh ng trn quan im ca
ngn hng ch khng phi theo cch hiu thng thng ca mt ngi no . V d , ngi
xut khu xut trnh vn n c ghi cu "... cng giao hng: cng Si Gn, cng d hng:
Cng Rotterdam..." trong khi th tn dng li qui nh "...gi t mt cng Vit Nam n
cng Rotterdam...". i vi ngi xut trnh th h hiu cng S i Gn ng nhin l Vit
Nam, nhng i vi ngn hng trn th gii h u c bit ht cng ca tt c cc quc gia,
hoc cng Si Gn l thuc Vit Nam m h ch cn c vo chng t do ngi chuyn ch
cp m thi. Trong tr ng hp trn y, ngn hng t chi thanh ton v vn n khng p
ng ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng v cng giao hng. Nu trong tnh hung trn y,
trong vn n ghi l "cng giao hng: Cng Si Gn, Vit Nam ..." th khi vn n li hp
l.
Nhng sai st/bt hp l khi kim tra b chng t
Khi kim tra b chng t, nu pht hin sai st, t y theo mc trm trng m Ngn
hng Ngoi thng cng n v kinh doanh xut khu bn bin php khc phc.
Thng nguyn nhn ca bt hp l c rt nhiu: hiu lc th tn dng, giao hng, chi
tit hng ho, qui cch, phm cht hng ho v.v. Cc bt hp l c th l cc sai st nh c th
sa cha c, cng c th l nhng sai st nng, khng th sa cha c v ngn hng
buc phi t chi thanh ton. Tu v o tng tnh hung c th m c s nhn nhn vn mt
chc khch quan, chnh xc, lgic v phi tnh n gi tr thuc t ca n, khng th my mc
cng nhc mt cch tuyt i theo tng t, tng ch.
Di y chng ta a ra mt tnh hung c th. (Nguyn Trng Thu. 2003)
Trong b chng t xut trnh c cc sai st sau y:
- Ho n ghi sai m ca bu in: 0256, s ng l 2056.
- Vn n hng khng ghi h cua rpha c thng bo l CHAI, trong khi h ng l
CHAN
- Vn n ghi sai a ch ngi hng: Industial Parl, tn ng l Industrial Park.
Phng Thng mi quc t phn tch v kt lun nh sau:
i vi li th nht, khng th coi y l mt bt hp l, bi v n ch l m bu in,
c s dng trng Bu in, khng nh hng n bt c b n no trong th tn d ng. N ch
l con s trong a ch ca ngi pht hnh ho n, n hon ton khng quan tng.
i vi li th hai, h ca ngi c thng bo sai. y l mt bt hp l v iu
ny c th dn n hu qu l mt ngi no trng tn v ngu nhin li mang h l CHAI,
dn n trc trc trong giao dch.
i vi li th ba, li ny khng quan tng v khng nh hng n cc bn v khng
lin quan n giao dch, v ai cng hiu y l li do nh my sai, do vy y khng th coi
l mt bt hp l.

110

Nhn xt v trng hp p dng

Cc chi ph trong phng thc tn dng chng t l rt cao so vi cc phng thc
thanh ton khc. Thng thng c cc loi chi ph nh ph m L/C, ph sa i L/C, ph thc
hin L/C, ph thanh ton L/C, ph thng bo L/C. Tuy nhin y cng l phng thc thanh
ton an ton nht trong bn phng thc trnh by trong chng ny. Ngi bn nu hon
thnh ngha v giao hng v lp c b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi yu cu ca th tn
dng th ngn hng s m bo thanh ton tin hng cho ngi bn. Vic ngi bn giao hng
ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng cng chnh l ngi bn thc hin ng cc iu khon
ca hp ng thng mi, do vy quyn li ca ngi mua cng c m bo v h s nhn
c hng ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng, cng chnh l theo yu cu ca hp ng
thng mi, bi l th tn dng c xc lp da trn cc iu khon ca hp ng thng
mi k gia hai bn.
Phng thc tn dng chng t n n s dng trong cc tr ng hp m bn mua v bn
bn cha c s tin cy ln nhau hoc l nhng giao dch vi quy m thanh ton ln.
4.4. Tho lun nhm
Ch 1: Tnh hung v cc phng thc thanh ton quc t
Ch 2: UCP 500
4.5. Tm tt chng 4
Trong chng 4 tc gi trnh by v cc loi chng t ch yu s dng trong thanh
ton quc t nh ho n, vn n, bo him n, bng k chi ti t ng gi, v.v. Sau tc
gi trnh by v 4 phng thc thanh ton th ng c cc doanh nghip s dng trong cc
nghip v thanh ton quc t bao gm ph ng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ghi s, phng
thc nh thu v phng thc tn dng chng t. Mi phng thc u trnh by v khi nim,
cc bn tham gia, trnh t thc hin nghip v, nhn xt v tnh ri ro/an to n v trng hp
nn p dng. Phng thc tn dng chng t c c bit nhn mnh v y l phng thc
c s dng rng ri nht trong thanh ton quc t hin nay. iu chnh phng thc tn
dng chng t l vn bn UCP 500 do Phng Thng mi quc t ban h nh nm 1993. Vn
bn ny c gii thiu mt cch khi qut v l ch tho lun nhm. Mt s b i tp thc
hnh v tnh hung v cc phng thc thanh ton c thc hin ti lp.
4.6. Bi tp chng 4
Bi tp 4.1
Trn c s hp ng nhp khu d i y, anh/ch hy vit n xin m tn dng khon
nhp khu theo quy nh ca Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam.
Hp ng s D89/037
Mt bn l: Tng cng ty xut nhp khu my H Ni
a ch: S 8, Trng Thi, H Ni, Vit Nam
in tn: Machinoimport Hanoi
Di y gi tt l bn Mua
V mt bn l: Hng Berry
i ch: 92, Ph Volte Pollet Paris
111

in tn: Berrymine
Di y gi tt l bn Bn
Hai bn tha thun mua v bn hng ha theo nhng iu kin di y:
iu 1: Tn hng
My ko chy Diesel kiu 3728 Berry.
iu 2: Quy cch
My ko chy Diesel kiu 3728 Berry phi l nguyn phm hon ton mi sn xut ti
Php ca Hng Berry.
iu 3: S lng
100 my.
iu 4: Gi c
Theo iu kin CFR Hi phng Incoterms 2000.
i 5: Tng tr gi
180,000EUR (Mt trm tm mi ngn euro chn)
iu 6: Bao b
Hm g phi thch hp vi vn chuyn bng ng bin, mi, chc chn, c np g
ngoi v c ai st rng t ng ng vi trng lng mi kin hng, hm ph i c trng lng
d khun vc bng tay. Trong hm phi c lt hai ln giy du chng m. Mi th ng phi
c bi m bo v chng r, xy xt, n mn, bin cht.
iu 7: K m hi
MACHINOIMPORT HAIPHONG
D.60,737
C,89
F.89M-2758
mi hm, ngoi k m hi u cn phi ghi ch s th t kin hng, trng lng tnh,
c b, cng n d dng trong vic nhn hng.
iu 8: Ngy giao hng
Chm nht l ngy 30 thng 3 nm 2001
iu 9: Cng bc hng
Dunkerque (Php), cng d hng: Hi Phng (Vit Nam)
iu 10: iu kin giao hng
a. Cm chuyn ti
b. Vn n ng bin phi ghi "cc ph tr tr c" theo lnh ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng
Vit Nam, H Ni.
c. Giao hng mt ln, ng hn. Nu giao hng chm t ngy th 10 tr i, ng i bn phi
bi thng cho ngi mua 0,1% tng gi tr hp ng trong mi ngy; giao chm qu 30
ngy k t ngy giao hng, nu ngi bn khng giao c th ngi mua c quyn hy
b hp ng v ngi bn b pht 10% tng tr gi hp ng.

112

iu 11: Thanh ton

Chm nht l n ngy 20 thng 2 nm 2001 ngi mua phi m mt th tn dng
khng th hy b cho ngi bn hng ti Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam, Chi nhnh H
Ni qua Ngn hng Thng mi Bc u, Paris bng 100% tng tr gi hp ng, tr ngay
theo nhng chng t sau y:
Ha n thng mi k 3 bn
Mt b y vn n ng bin hon ho, c ghi "cc ph tr trc"
Bn k khai hng ha chi tit 3 bn
Giy chng nhn phm cht do nh sn xut cp, 3 bn
iu 12: Bt kh khng
Nu do bt kh khng m hai bn khng th thc hin c ton b nhng iu khon
ca hp ng ny th hai bn c min trch nhim v ngha v ca mnh.
Nu trng hp bt kh khng c tnh cht tm thi th hp ng vn c y hiu
lc k t trng hp bt kh khng chm dt. Thi gian thi hnh hp ng s c gia hn
tng ng vi thi gian ca trng hp bt kh khng tm thi.
Khi c trng hp bt kh khng xy ra, cc bn phi thng bo cho nhau bng
phng tin nhanh nht.
iu 13: Trng ti
Mi tranh chp nu khng gii quyt c bng thng lng gia hai bn s a ra
trng ti.
Nu bn mua l b co th s x ti H Ni, nu bn bn l b co th s x ti Paris.
Mi bn s ch nh mt trng ti. Nu hai trng ti y khng i n tha thun th h phi ch
nh mt trng ti th ba. Ba trng ti hp thnh Hi ng trng ti. Quyt nh ca Hi ng
trng ti theo nguyn t c biu quyt a s v mang tnh ch t bt buc thi hnh. M i ph tn
trng ti s do bn thua kin chu, nu trong ti khng x khc.
Hp ng ny lm bng ting Anh gm 4 bn c gi tr nh nhau. Mi bn gi hai
bn.
Paris, ngy 27 thng 12 nm 2000
Bn mua
Bn bn
( k)
( k)
Bi tp 4.2
Trn c s hp ng d i y, l ngi bn anh/ch hy kim tra L/C ca ngi mua
m v a ra nhng kin nhn xt ca mnh.
Hp ng bn s 10 NS/NK/2000
-

Hp ng ny lm hm nay do v gia hai bn:

Tng cng ty xut nhp khu cng nghip thc phm Vit Nam. Di y gi l bn bn
V MEIWA TRADING Co. LTD, Tokyo, d i y gi l bn mua, theo bn bn ng
bn v bn mua ng mua hng ha di y theo nhng iu kin nh sau:
iu 1: Tn hng
Sn lt bc v
iu 2: S lng
3000MT 5% ty theo quyn la chn ca ngi thu tu.
iu 3: Quy cch phm cht
Sn bc v do phng php thi ming khi sn c cn ti v phi kh to ra.
m: 14,5 ti a
113

Axit Hydroxitric: 0,005/100 ti a

Bt: 70% ti thiu

iu 4: Gi c
USD 140/MT FOB cng Hi Phng. Tng gi USD 420,000 (bn trm hai mi ngn
la M chn)
iu 5: Bao b
Bao ci hoc bao gai (c th c, khng rch) t 40 n 50kg tnh.
iu 6: Thi hn giao hng
Khng chm qu ngy 15 thng 3 nm 2000
iu 7: Cch giao hng
a) 10 ngy l mun nht tr c ngy giao hng, bn mua phi in cho b n bn bit tn tu,
quc tch, trng ti tu v thi gian tu n cng Hi Phng. Khng qu 3 ngy sau khi
nhn c in ca bn mua, bn bn phi xc nhn bng in cho bn mua nu ng .
b) Xp hng: 600 MT/WWDSEX, IEU
c) Tin pht chm bc hng (600USD mi ngy) v tin thng bc nhanh (300USD mi
ngy) dnh cho bn bn ho c gnh chu, bn mua v bn bn s thanh ton vi nhau bng
hi phiu nh thu km chng t qua ngn hng m L/C v ngn hng thng bo chm
nht l 15 ngy sau khi nhn thy hi phiu.
d) Sau khi giao hng xong, bn bn phi in cho bn mua bit trng lng tnh v trng
lng b ca hng ha v gi tu ri cng Hi Phng bn mua mua bo him cho hng
ha.
iu 8: Thanh ton
20 ngy l mun nht trc ngy giao hng bn mua phi m cho Tng cng ty xut nhp
khu cng nghip thc phm Vit Nam hng mt th tn dng khng th hy b, min
truy i 100% tng tr gi ca hp ng ti ngn hng DAIICHI BANK LTD., TOKYO,
tr ngay. Ngn hng s tr tin cho bn bn khi nhn c nhng chng t sau y:
- Hi phiu tr ngay bng 100% tr gi ha n
- Ha n thng mi k, 4 bn.
- Mt b vn n ng bin y .
- Giy chng nhn phm cht do Tng cng ty Kim nghim v Gim nh Vit Nam cp,
4 bn
- Giy chng nhn xut x do Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam cp, 4 bn.
iu 9: Bt kh khng
Trong trng hp bt kh khng xy ra, hai bn s khng b rng buc bi nhng iu
kin qui nh trong hp ng n y. Bn no gp bt kh khng th phi bo ngay bng phng
tin nhanh nht cho bn kia bit.
iu 10: Trng ti
Cc tranh chp khng th t thng lng gii quyt vi nhau c th s a ra trng ti
gii quyt. Mi bn ch nh mt trng ti. Nu hai trng ti y khng i n tha thun th
h phi ch nh trng ti th ba. Quyt nh ca Ban trng ti ny s ly bng a s phiu.
Nu bn bn l b co th tranh chp s c gii quyt ti H Ni, nu b n mua l b co
th tranh chp s c gii quyt ti Tokyo.
Lm ti H Ni bng ting Anh, 4 bn c gi tr nh nhau, mi bn gi hai bn.
Bn bn
( k)

H Ni, ngy 20 thng 1 nm 2000

Bn mua
( k)
114

Th tn dng khng hy b s 09/IM/2000

Tokyo, ngy 20 thng 2 nm 2000
DAIICHI BANK LTD, TOKYO, JAPAN
Gi: Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam, H Ni
Di y chng ti xin m mt th tn dng khng th hy b s 09/IM/2000 cho
Tng cng ty Xut nhp khu Cng nghip thc phm, H Ni hng theo yu cu ca
MEIWA TRADING Co. LTD, Nh t Bn mt s tin l 420,000 USD (la M , bn trm hai
mi ngn chn). Ngy ht hn th tn dng l 20 thng 3 nm 2000 ti Tokyo.
Thanh ton bng hi phiu tr tin ngay, lp th nh hai bn bng 100% tr gi ha n
k pht i tin ngi xin m th tn dng ny km theo nhng chng t sau y:
Ha n thng mi c k lm 4 bn, ghi s giy php nhp khu s 09/IM2000GP.
2/3 b vn n ng bin hon ho xp hng ln tu, k hu trng, theo lnh
ca ngn hng m th tn dng, ghi ch " cc ph tr sau" gi theo b chng t thanh ton.
1/3 b vn n ng bin ni trn s trao trc tip cho ng Kingi-gi mang h
chiu s 43207/XK do b Ngoi giao Nht Bn cp ng y 20/12/1999 ti Tokyo trong vng 6
ngy lm vic, k t ngy giao hng.
Vn n ng bin theo hp ng thu tu cng nhn
Vn n n chm cng chp nhn
Bo him do bn mua chu
V nhng chng t khc:
+ Giy chng nhn phm cht 4 bn do Tng cng ty Kim nghim v Gim nh nc
CHXHCN Vit Nam cp.
- Chng minh: Bc hng t cng Hi Phng n Nht Bn 3000 MT sn lt bc v FOB
INCOTERMS 1990 cng Hi Phng, mi bao c trng lng tnh t 40kg n/hoc 50kg.
Khng c php giao tng phn
Khng c php chuyn ti
Ngy bc hng l 15/03/2000
-

Cc iu kin khc:
Tt c cc chi ph ngn hng ngoi Tokyo l do pha ngi hng li th tn dng ny
phi chu
Chng ti c th tr tin T/T ngay sau khi ng tr tin chng t ca b n bn xut trnh
ti Tokyo, nhng chi ph chuyn tin do bn hng li th tn dng ny chu
Vic tr tin b chng t ca ngi bn c th c tin hnh ti chi nhnh ngn hng
chng ti ti Hng Kng.
Chng ti cam kt tr tin cho nhng ng i hng li th tn dng ny vi iu kin rng
b chng t phi c xut trnh trong vng 5 ngy lm vic k t sau ng y giao hng v
sau khi c s ng tr tin ca ngi xin m th tn dng ny.
Cho tin tng
DAIICHI, LTD TOKYO - JAPAN
Gim c
( k)

115

Bi tp 4.3
Anh/chi hy kim tra b chng t c xut trnh di y v ch ra nhng bt hp l. Ti
sao li l nhng bt hp l? (Nguyn Ninh Kiu. 1995. Trang 156-161)
Name of Issuing Bank:
Banko Binko
Panam, Republic of Panama

Irrevocable
Documentary Credit

Number
1234

Place and date of Issue: Panama, May 29, 1994

Expiry date and Place for Presentation of

Documents:
Expiry date: June 17, 1994
Place for Presentation: Hong Kong
Applicant:
Reference No:
Beneficiary:
Asian International Bank and Trust Co. Hong Electronic Distributor Associates
Kong
217 Des Voeux Road, Central Hong Kong
Amount:
Approximately USD 110,000 (US dollars one hundred
and ten thounsand only
Partial shipment

allowed

Transhipment

allowed

Insurance covered by buyers

not allowed
not allowed

Credit available with Nominated Bank: freely

negotiable
by payment at sight
by dellered payment at
by acceptance of drafts at
by negociation

Shipment as defined in UCP 500, article 46

Against documents detailed herein
From Port of Hong Kong
and Beneficiary's draft(s) drawn on:
For transportation to Puerto Armuelles, Panama
Banko Binko
Not later than June 9, 1994
Panama, Republic of Panama
Signed commercial invoice
Certificate of origin
Full set of clean ``on board`` ocean bills of lading consigned to Transitorios Panama.
Covering: Televisions, VCRs, Video Recorders and spare parts of Japanese origin and 10,000 VHS
cassettes of Chinese origin as per purchase order 1741-X, CFR Puerto Armuelles, Panams, INCOTERMS
2000
Draft to be marked ``Drawn under Banko Binko, Panama Documentary Credit 1234 issued on May 29,
2001
Name and signature of the issueing Bank
Banko Binko, Panama, Rep. of Panama

DRAFT
USD122,500
Hong Kong, June 18, 1994
Pay to the order of Electronic Distributing Associates
One hundred twenty-two thounsand five hundred US dollars
For value Received and charge same to account of
To:
Banko Binko
Panama

(Signature)
Electronic Distributing Associates

116

ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTING ASSOCIATES

June 17, 1994
Sold to: Importadora Electronica S.A.
Panama, Rep. of Panama

Terms: Documentary Credit

Invoice No: 741

Package
1 container

Contract No 1741
Description
Price (USD)
Televisions, VCRs, Video
100,000
Recorders
VHS cassettes
5,500
FOB Factory
105,500
Handling
150
Freight
16,850
Total C & F Panama
122,500
In words: US dollars one hundred twenty - two thounsand five hundred only
(Signature)
Electronic Distributing Associates
Hong Kong Consolidators Inc., as agents

117

For multimodal transport or port to port shipment

Consigner:

No HK 764187

Electronic Distributing Associates

Hong Kong Consolidators, Inc., as agents
Consignee:
Banko Binko
Panama, Rep. of Panama

Original

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN
Country of Origin:
JAPAN

Transport details:
Ocean
MV Altamares

The undersigned authority certifies that the goods described above originate in the
country shown above.
PANAMANIAN-HONGKONG CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Place and date of issue, name and signature of competent authority
June 9, 1994, Hong Kong
(Signature)
Panamanian-Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce

118

For multimodal transport or port to port shipment

...No
Shipper:
Voyage No
Electronic Distributing Associates
59E
7
Hong Kong Consolidators, Inc., as agents
Shipper`s reference:
EDA-PA 4576
Consignee:
Carrier:
LHK Lines
Transitarios Panama
Notify address (carrier nor responsible for Place of receipt (Applicable only when
failure to notify:
document used for MULTIMODAL
Importador Electronicos S.A.
transport):
147, Avenida San Jose
Panama, Rep. of Panama
Place of delivery (Applicable only when
document used for MULTIMODAL
transport):
Ocean Vessel:
Port of loading:
M/V Altamares
Hong Kong
Port of discharge:
Puerto
Armuelles
Panama
Number & type of Gross weight (kg)
package, description
of goods
1 container
TVs, VCRs, Spare
Parts and Cassettes

Measurements

ON BOARD
June 9, 1994
ABOVE
PARTICULARS
AS SHIPPERS
DECLARED BY
Total
No
of Shipper declared
containers/Packages
value
received
by
the USD 122,500
carriers: 1
Mouvement:
Collect
Freight and charge
Collect
Freight payable at:
Place and date of
USD 16,800
issue:
Number of origin Hong Kong - June 9,
1994
issue
1
Signature
XYZ Company as
agents

119

4.7. Cu hi n tp chng 4
1. Cho bit cn lu nhng g khi la chn phng thc thanh ton quc t?
2. K tn cc loi chng t ch yu trong thanh ton quc t.
3. Trnh by khi ni m phng thc chuyn tin, cc b n tham gia trong phng th c ny v
trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton chuyn tin.
4. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc chuyn tin. Nu nhn xt v phng
thc thanh ton ny trn gc l ngi chuyn tin v ngi hng li..
5. Trnh by khi ni m phng thc ghi s, cc b n tham gia trong phng th c ny v trnh
t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc ghi s.
6. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc ghi s. Nu nhn xt v phng thc ny
trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
7. Trnh by khi nim phng thc nh thu trn, cc bn tham gia trong phng th c ny v
trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc nh thu trn.
8. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc nh thu trn. Nu nhn xt v phng
thc ny trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
9. Trnh by khi nim phng thc nh thu km chng t, cc bn tham gia trong phng
thc ny v trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc nh thu km chng t.
10. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo ph ng thc nh thu km chng t. Nu nhn xt v
phng thc ny trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
Trnh by khi nim phng thc tn dng chng t, cc b n tham gia trong phng thc ny
v trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc nh tn dng chng t.
11. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc tn dng chng t. Nu nhn xt v
phng thc ny trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
12. Trnh by nhng ni dung c bn ca bn Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng
chng t, bn s 500 do Phng Thng mi quc t ban hnh nm 1993 (Bn UCP 500 ca
ICC).
4.8. Ti liu c thm (dnh cho sinh vin)
Ph lc 4.1: UCP 500
4.9. Ti liu tham kho chng 4
1. Trm Th Xun Hng. 2006. Thanh ton quc t. NXB Thng k, TP. H Ch Minh.
2. Nguyn Ninh Kiu. 1995. Nhng tnh hung c bit trong thanh ton quc t. NXB
Thng k.
3. Nguyn Trng Thu. 2003. Ton tp UCP 500. Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng
chng t. The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits. NXB Thng k.
4. inh Xun Trnh. 1996. Gio trnh Thanh ton quc t trong ngoi thng. NXB Gio
dc, Trng i hc Ngoi thng H Ni.

120

Ph lc chng 4
Ph lc 4.1
Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng chng t
bn s 500, ca Phng Thngmi Quc t
Hiu lc k t ngy 01/01/1994
The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits - UCP 500, ICC
A. QUY NH CHUNG V NH NGHA
iu 1:
p dng quy tc v thc hnh thng nht:
Quy tc v thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t, Ph ng Thng mi Quc t n phm
s 500, s p dng cho tt c cc tn dng chng t (trong chng mc m chng c th c
p dng, bao gm c cc tn dng d phng khi chng c ghi kt hp trong ni dung ca
tn dng. Chng rng buc tt c cc b n tham gia tr phi c qu y nh r rng khc trong tn
dng.
iu 2:
ngha ca tn dng:
Nhm phc v cc mc ch ca nhng iu khon ny, nhng thut ng "Tn dng chng
t" v "Th tn dng d phng" (sau y c gi tt l "Tn dng", c ngha l bt c s dn
xp no, d cho c gi hoc m t nh th no, theo mt ngn hng (Ngn hng pht
hnh) hnh ng theo yu cu v ch th ca mt khch hng (ngi yu cu m Tn dng)
hoc trn danh ngha ca chnh mnh.
i.Phi tin hnh thanh ton cho hoc theo lnh ca mt bn th ba (Ngi th hng), hoc
phi chp nhn v thanh ton Hi phiu do ngi th hng k pht hoc
ii. y nhim cho ngn hng khc tin hnh vic tr tin nh vy, hoc chp nhn v tr tin
Hi phiu nh vy, hoc
iii. Cho php m t ngn hng khc chit khu, trn chng t d' quy nh, min l cc iu
khon v iu kin ca tn dng phi c tun theo.
Nhm mc ch thc hin nhng iu khon ny, cc chi nhnh ca mt ngn hng cc
nc khc s c xem nh l mt ngn hng khc.
iu 3:
Cc tn dng da trn cc hp ng
a. Cc tn dng, bn cht ca chng, l nhng giao dch ring bit vi cc hp ng bn
hng hoc cc hp ng khc, m nhng hp ng ny c th dng lm c s v cc ngn
hng khng h lin quan n hoc khng b r ng buc bi cc hp ng nh vy, cho d
c bt k iu dn chiu n o lin quan n cc hp ng nh vy c ghi vo trong tn
dng. Do , s cam kt ca ngn hng v vic tr tin, chp nhn v thanh ton cc hi
phiu hoc chit khu chng t v /hoc hon thnh bt k ngha v no khc theo th tn
dng, khng ty thuc vo yu sch hoc bin bch ca ng i yu cu m tn dng xut
pht t nhng mi lin h vi ngn hng pht hnh hoc ngi th hng.
b. Trong bt k trng hp no, mt ngi th hng khng c li dng nhng quan h
hp ng ang c gia cc ngn hng hoc gia ngi yu cu m Tn dng vi ngn
hng pht hnh.

121

iu 4:
Chng t i vi hng ha/dch v/cc cng vic khc:
Trong cc nghip v Tn dng, tt c cc b n lin h cho giao dch c n c trn chng t ch
khng cn c vo hng ha, cc dch v v/hoc cng vic khc m cc chng t c th lin
quan n.
iu 5:
Ch th v vic pht hnh/tu chnh cc Tn dng
a. Nhng ch th v vic pht hnh Tn dng, bn thn Tn dng , nhng ch th tu chnh
Tn dng v bn thn nhng tu chnh phi y v chnh xc.
phng mi s ln ln v hiu lm, cc ngn hng phi ngn cn bt k mi khuynh
hng no sau y:
1. a qu nhiu chi tit vo Bn Tn dng hoc bt k bn tu chnh no
2. a ra cc ch th pht hnh, thng bo ho c xc nhn mt Tn dng bng cch dn chiu
mt Tn dng pht hnh trc (Tn dng tng t) m Tn dng trc ny c cc
tu chnh c chp nhn, v/hoc cc tu chnh khng c chp nhn.
b. Tt c cc ch th i vi vic pht hnh mt Tn dng v bn thn Tn dng, khi c th p
dng c, tt c cc ch th cho mt bn tu chnh v bn thn tu chnh phi nu mt
cch chnh xc cc chng t phi c xut trnh vic tr tin, chp nhn hoc chit
khu c thc hin.
B. HNH THC V THNG BO TN DNG
iu 6:
Cc tn dng kh hy v bt kh hy:
a. Cc tn dng c th thuc loi:
i.
kh hy hoc
ii.
bt kh hy
b. V vy tn dng nn ghi r l kh hy hay bt kh hy.
c. Trong trng hp khng c ghi r nh vy th tn dng s c xem l bt kh hy.
iu 7:
Trch nhim ca ngn hng thng bo:
a. Mt tn dng c th c thng bo cho ng i th h ng thng qua mt ngn hng khc
(ngn hng thng bo) m khng c cam k t g v phi Ngn hng thng bo ny, nh ng
ngn hng , nu quyt nh thng bo tn dng, phi kim tra cn thn v tnh xc thc
b ngoi ca tn dng m ngn hng thng bo. Nu ngn hng quyt nh khng
thng bo tn dng, th phi bo ngay cho Ngn hng pht hnh khng c chm tr.
b. Nu Ngn hng thng bo khng th kim tra c s xc thc b ngoi nh vy, ngtb
phi bo li khng c chm tr cho ngn hng m t nhng ch th xem nh nhn
c, rng ngn hng thng bo khng th kim c s xc thc ca tn dng v tuy
nhin nu ngn hng quyt nh s thng bo tn dng th phi bo cho ngi th
hng bit rng ngn hng khng th kim c s xc thwc ca tn dng .
iu 8:
S hy b mt tn dng:
a. Mt tn dng kh hy c th c tu chnh hoc hy b bi ngn hng pht hnh vo bt
k lc no v khng cn bo trc cho ngi th hng.
b. Tuy nhin ngn hng pht hnh phi:
122

i. Bi hon li cho mt ngn hng khc m ti mt tn dng th kh hy c thc hin

bng cch tr tin ngay, bng chp nhn hoc chit khu - i vi bt k s tr tin, chp nhn
hoc thng lng no c thc hin bi ngn hng - trc khi nhn c thng bo
tu chnh hoc hy b, trn c s cc chng t m th hin trn b mt l ph hp vi cc iu
khon v iu kin ca tn dng.
ii. Bi hon li cho mt ngn hng khc m ti mt tn dng kh hy c thc hin
bng cch tr tin sau, nu mt ngn hng nh vy trc khi nhn c thng bo tu chnh
hoc/hy b, nhn c cc chng t m th hin trn b mt ph hp vi cc iu khon
v iu kin ca tn dng.
iu 9:
Trch nhim ca cc ngn hng pht hnh v xc nhn:
a. Mt tn dng bt kh hu l mt cam kt chc chn ca ngn h ng pht hnh mt khi cc
chng t quy nh c xut trnh cho ngn hng c ch nh hoc ngn hng pht hnh
v cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng c thc hin ng:
i. Nu tn dng quy nh tr tin ngay - th phi tr ngay
ii. Nu tn dng quy nh vic tr tin sau - th phi tr vo ngy o hn c xc nh theo
cc quy nh ca tn dng.
iii.
Nu tn dng quy nh vic chp nhn:
- Bi ngn hng pht hnh - th chp nhn Hi phiu do ng i th hng k pht cho ngn
hng pht hnh v n hn phi tr, hoc
- Bi mt ngn hng khc c ch nh thanh ton - th chp nhn v tr tin khi n hn
phi tr cc hi phiu c k pht bi ngi th hng cho ngn hng pht hnh trong
trng hp ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton hi phiu quy nh tng tn dng th
khng chp nhn cc hi phiu k pht cho h, hoc thanh ton cc hi phi u c
chp nhn nhng khng c tr tin bi ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton hi phiu
nh vy khi n hn;
iv.
Nu tn dng quy nh vic chit khu - th thanh ton mi n truy i nhng ngi k
pht v/hoc ngi cm phiu trung thc, cc hi phiu do ngi th hng k pht
v / hoc cc chng t c xut trnh theo tn dng. Mt tn dng s khng cho php
pht hnh cc hi phiu k pht cho ngi yu cu m tn dng. Tuy nhin nu tn
dng i hi cc hi phiu k pht cho ngi yu cu m tn dng cc ngn hng s
xem cc hi phiu nh vy l cc chng t b sung.
b. Mt s xc nhn ca tn dng bt kh hy bi mt ngn h ng khc (ngn hng xc nhn)
da trn s y quyn hoc yu cu ca ngn hng pht hnh, to nn s cam kt chc chn
v pha ngn hng pht hnh, vi iu kin l cc chng t quy nh c xut tr nh cho
ngn hng xc nhn hoc bt k ngn hng c ch nh no khc v cc iu kon v
iu kin ca tn dng phi c tun theo.
i.
Nu tn dng quy nh tr tin ngay th tr tin ngay;
ii.
Nu tn dng quy nh tr tin sau th phi tr tin vo ngy ng hn quy nh trong
tn dng;
iii.
Nu tn dng quy nh phi chp nhn:
- Bi ngn hng xc nhn th phi chp nhn tr tin hi phiu do ng i hng li k pht
i tin ngn hng xc nhn v phi tr tin khi hi phiu n hn, hoc
- Bi ngn hng tr tin khc th chp nhn v tr tin cc hi phiu n hn do ngi'
hng li k pht i tin ngn hng xc nhn, trong trng hp ngn hng quy nh
trong tn d ng t chi chp nhn hi phiu i tin n hoc phi tr tin hi phiu m n
chp nhn nhng khng tr tin khi hi phiu n hn tr tin.

123

iv.

c.
i.
ii.
d.
i.
ii.

iii.

iv.

Nu tn dng quy nh chit khu th phi chit khu hi phiu do ngi' hng li k
pht v/hoc cc chng t c xut trnh theo tn dng vi iu kin l min truy i
li ngi k pht hi phiu v/hoc nhng ngi chn thc nm hi phiu. Mt tn
dng khng c quy nh hi phiu k pht i tin ngi yu cu m tn dng. Tuy
nhin, nu tn dng quy nh hi phiu k pht i tin ngi yu cu m tn dng th
cc ngn hng s coi hi phiu nh l mt chng t ph.
Nu mt ngn hng khc c ngn hng pht hnh yu cu hoc y nhim xc nhn
mt tn dng m khng sn sng lm vic th phi thng bo ngay cho ngn hng
pht hnh bit.
Tr khi ngn hng pht hnh quy nh mt cch khc trong y nhim hoc yu cu
xc nhn tn dng, ngn hng thng bo c th thng bo tn dng cho ngi hng
li m khng cn ghi thm xc nhn ca mnh vo tn dng.
Tr khi c quy nh ngc li vi iu 48, mt tn dng bt kh hy khng nhng
khng c sa i m cn khng c hy b nu khng c s ng ca ngn
hng pht hnh, ngn hng xc nhn (nu c) v ngi hng li.
Ngn hng pht hnh s b rng buc vo nhng iu sa i tn dng tnh t ngy
tin hnh sa i tn dng .
Mt ngn hng xc nhn c th xc nhn mt sa i v b rng buc tnh t ngy
thng bo s sa i . Tuy nhin, ngn hng thng bo c th thng bo sa i cho
ngi hng li m khng phi xc nhn sa i v nu nh th, n phi thng bo
cho ngn hng pht hnh v ngi hng li mt cch khng chm tr.
Cc iu kin ca mt tn dng gc (hoc ca mt tn dng cu th nh t s sa i
c chp nhn trc ) vn c hiu lc n v ngi hng li cho n khi ngi
hng li thng bo s chp nhn ca mnh n v sa i n ngn hng thng
bo sa i . Ngi hng li phi thng bo s chp nhn hoc t chi sa i .
Nu ngi hng li khng thng bo nh vy th vic xut trnh n ngn hng ch
nh hoc ngn hng pht hnh cc chng t m ph hp vi tn dng v cc sa i
cha c chp nhn th s c coi l thng bo chp nhn sa i ca ngi hng
li v thi im sa i c tnh t khi tn dng c sa i.
Chp nhn sa i tng phn c ghi trong cng mt thng bo sa i s khng
c php v do , s khng c gi tr thc hin.

iu 10
Cc loi tn dng
a. Tt c tn dng phi ch r hoc l tr tin ngay, hoc l tr tin sau, hoc l chp nhn
hoc l chit khu.
b.
i.
Tr khi tn dng quy nh ch c thc hin ti ngn hng pht hnh, tt c cc tn
dng phi ch nh r ngn hng (ngn hng ch nh) c y quyn tr tin, cam kt
tr tin sau, chp nhn hi phiu hoc chit khu. i vi tn dng chit khu t do th
bt c ngn hng no cng c th lngn hng ch nh. Chng t phi c xut trnh
cho ngn hng pht hnh hoc ngn hng xc nhn (nu c) hoc bt c ngn hng ch
nh no khc.
ii.
Chit khu c ngha l nh gi v tr tin hi phiu v/hoc chng t bi mt ngn
hng c y quyn thc hin. Vic kim tra n thun cc chng t m khng c
nh gi tr v tr tin hi phiu hay chng t th khng coi l chit khu.
iii.
Tr khi ngn hng ch nh l ngn hng xc nhn th vic ch nh ca ngn hng
pht hnh khng to nn bt c mt s cam kt no ca ngn hng ch nh phi tr
124

tin, cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn hi phiu hoc chit khu. Tr khi c sj ng
r rng ca ngn hng ch nh v truyn t iu cho ngi hng li th vic
ngn hng ch nh tip nhn v/hoc kim tra, v/hoc chuyn chng t khng lm
cho ngn hng phi chu trch nhim tr tin, cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn hi
phiu hoc chit khu.
c. Khi ngn hng pht hnh ch nh mt ngn hng, hoc ch cho php t n dng c chit
khu bi bt k ngn hng no hoc khi cho php hay yu cu mt ngn hng khc ghi
thm s xc nhn vo tn dng th c ngha l ngn hng pht hnh cho php ngn hng
tr tin, khi c xut trnh cc chng t th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi
cc iu kin ca tn dng v cam kt hon li tin cho ngn hng theo ng cc quy
nh ca iu khon.
iu 11
Tn dng chuyn tin bng in v thng bo s b
a.
i. KHi mt ngn hng pht hnh ch th bng in chuyn cho ng n hng thng bo thng
bo mt tn dng hoc sa i mt tn dng th bc in chuyn ny s c coi nh l mt
vn bn thc hin tn dng hoc mt vn bn thc hin sa i v khng cn phi c xc nhn
bng vn bn gi n bng th.
Ngc li, nu vn bn xc nhn bng th gi n, n s khng c gi tr v ngn hng thng
bo s khng c trch nhim kim tra cc vn bn xc nhn so vi cc vn bn tn dng v
vn bn sa i tn dng gi qua con ng in tn.
iii.
Nu in chuyn ghi r "cc chi tit y gi sau", (hoc nhng t c tc dng
tng t) hoc ghi bng th xc nhn s l vn bn c hiu lc ca tn dng hoc tu
chnh c hiu lc th in chuyn s khng c xem nh l vn bn tn dng c hiu
lc hoc tu chnh c hiu lc. Ngn hng pht hnh phi gi khng chm tr vn bn
chi tit c hiu lc ca tn dng hoc ca tu chnh cho ngn hng thng bo nh th.
b. Nu mt ngn hng s dng cc dch v ca ngn h ng thng bo thng bo tn dng
cho ngi hng li th phi s dng cc dch v ca chnh ngn hng thng co
cc tu chnh.
c. Mt thng bo s b v vic pht hnh hoc tu chnh mt tn dng khng hy ngang (s
bo) ch c gi i bi mt ngn hng pht hnh nu ngn hng chun b pht hnh
tip theo tn dng c hiu lc hoc tu chnh th tn dng c hiu lc thc hin. Tr
khi tng s bo ca ngn hng pht hnh ghi khc i, ngn hng pht hnh giao mt s
bo nh vy s phi b r ng buc mt cch bt kh hy pht hnh hoc tu chnh khng
chm tr tn dng theo cc iu khon khng mu thun vi s bo.
iu 12
Cc ch th khng y hoc khng r rng
Nu nhn c cc ch th khng y hoc khng r rng thng bo, xc nhn hoc tu
chnh mt tn dng th ngn hng c yu cu thc hin nhng ch th nh vy c th s bo
cho ngi hng li bit m thi v khng ch u trch nhim g c. S bo ny phi ghi r
rng rng thng bo c cung cp ch bit v ngn hng thng bo khng chu trch
nhim g c. Trong mi trng hp, ngn hng thng bo p hi thng bo cho ngn h ng pht
hnh v hnh ng thc hin v yu cu ngn hng pht hnh cung cp thng tin cn thit.
Ngn hng pht hnh phi cung cp khng chm tr thng tin cn thit. Tn dng s c
thng bo s c xc nhn hoc s c tu chnh, ch khi cc ch th y v r rng
c nhn v nu ngn hng thng bo khi sn sng thc hin cc ch th.

125

C. NGHA V V TRCH NHIM

iu 13
Tiu chun cho vic kim tra cc chng t
a. Cc ngn hng phi kim tra tt c cc chng t c quy nh trong tn dng vi s thnj
trng hp l xc nh cc chng t c th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi
cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng hay khng. S ph hp trn b mt ca cc
chng t c quy nh theo cc iu khon v cc iu kin ca tn dng phi c xc
nh bng tp qun ngn hng theo tiu chun quc t nh c phn nh trong cc iu
ny. Cc chng t th hin trn b mt ca chng mu thun vi nhau s c xem nh
khng th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi c c iu khon v iu kin ca tn
dng.
Cc chng t khng c quy nh trong tn dng s khng c cc ngn hng kim tra.
Nu cc ngn hng nhn c cc chng t nh vy, h phi tr li cho ngi xut trnh
hoc chuyn i tip m khng chu trch nhim g c.
b. Ngn hng pht hnh, ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, hoc mt ngn hng c ch nh
hnh ng thay mt h, ,i ngn hng nh vy s c mt thi gian hp l, nhng khng
vt qu by ngy nhn chng t, kim tra cc chng t v quyt nh s nhn hay t
chi cc chng t v thng bo cho bn m t ngn hng ny nhn cc chng t
c bit quyt nh .
c. Nu tn dng cha ng cc iu kin m khong ghi chng t phi c xut trnh ph
hp theo , th cc ngn hng s xem nh cc iu kin nh vy l khng c ghi ra v
s khng quan tm n chng.
iu 14
Cc chng t bt hp l v thng bo
a. Khi ngn hng pht hnh cho php mt ngn hng khc thanh ton hay cam kt thanh ton
chm, chp nhn hi phiu, hoc chit khu trn c s cc chng t, xem chng c th
hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng, th
ngn hng pht hnh v ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, b rng buc phi:
i. Bi hon cho ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton hay cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn
hi phiu hoc chit khu.
ii.
Nhn cc chng t
b. Khi nhn c cc chng t, ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c,
hoc ngn hng c ch nh hnh ng thay mt h, phi xc nh r trn c s ch
ring cc chng t, xem chng c th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi cc iu
khon v iu kin ca tn dng, th cc ngn hng nh vy c th t chi khng nhn cc
chng t.
c. Nu ngn hng pht hnh xc nh r rng cc chng t th hin trn b mt ca chng
khng ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng, ngn h ng ny c th theo
kin ring ca mnh tip xc ngi xin m tn dng v vic chp nhn bt hp l. Tuy
nhin iu ny cng khng ko di hn thi gian nu trong mc 9b ca i 13.
d.
i.
Nu ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn hoc mt ngn hng c ch
nh hnh ng thay mt cho h, quyt nh t chi cc chng t th gi thng bo
vic y bng vin thng hoc nu khng th c th bng cc phng tin nhanh
chng khc, nhng cng khng chm hn thi im kt thc ca ng y lm vic ngn
hng th by k t ngy nhn cc chng t. Thng bo nh vy s c gi cho ngn
hng m t h nhn c cc chng t hoc gi tho ng i hng li nu h
nhn c cc chng t trc tip t ngi ny.
126

ii.

Thng bo nh vy phi nu tt c nhng im bt hp l m theo ngn hng t

chi cc chng t v cng phi ghi r ngn hng c ang gi b chng t hay khng
ty quyn s dng ca ngi xut trnh hoc ang tr chng li cho ngi xut
trnh.
iii.
Ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, s c quyn i ngn hng
chuyn chng t hon tr tin vn cng vi li, v bt c khon bi hon no m
mnh thc hin tr cho ngn hng .
e. Nu ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, khng hnh ng theo
ng vi qui nh ca iu ny v/hoc khng gi cc chng t li ty quyn s dng
ca ngi xut trnh hoc tr chng cho ngi xut trnh. Ngn hng xut v hoc ngn
hng xc nhn, nu c, s b mt quyn khiu ni l cc chng t khng ph hp vi cc
iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng.
f. Nu ngn hng chuyn chng t lu ngn hng pht hnh v/ho c ngn hng xc nhn,
nu c, v bt k im bt hp l trong chng t hoc thng bo cho ngn hng nh vy
rng mnh thanh ton, cam kt thanh ton sau, chp nhn hi phiu, hoc chit
khu vi s bo l u hoc vi s bo m v nhng im bt hp l, ngn h ng pht hnh
v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, s khng phi v th m c min bt c cc ngha
v no ca h theo bt c qui nh no ca iu ny. S bo lu hoc bo m nh vy
ch c lin quan n mi quan h gia ngn hng chuyn chng t v c bo l u hoc
vi ngi ng ra hay ngi c ngi khc thay mt mnh ng ra bo m.
iu 15
T b trch nhim v gi tr hiu lc cc chng t
Cc ngn hng khng c ngh a v hoc chu trch nhim v h nh thc, s hon b, tnh chnh
xc, tnh chn thc, s gi mo hoc hiu lc php l ca bt c cc chng t no hoc v
nhng iu kin chung v/hoc ring c quy nh trong cc chng t hoc c ghi
thm vo, cc ngn hng cng khng chu trch nhim g v s m t hng ha, s lng,
tng lng, trng thi, bao b , vic giao hng, tr gi hoc s tn ti ca h ng ha m bt c
chng t no i din, hoc v thin ch hoc hnh vi v/hoc v nhng thiu st, kh nng
thanh ton, vic thc hin ngha v hoc tn nhim ca nhng ngi gi hng, nhng ngi
chuyn ch, nhng ngi giao nhn, ngi nhn hng hoc nhng bo him hng ha hay ca
bt c ngi no khc.
iu 16
T chi trch nhim trong vic chuyn cc th t thng bo.
Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v khng ch u trch nhim v nhng hu qu pht sinh do
s chm tr v hoc mt mt trn ng vn chuyn bt k cc thng ip, cc th t hoc
cc chng t hoc v s chm tr, ct xn hoc do cc sai st khc xy ra trong vic chuyn
in vin thng. Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v trch nhim v cc sai st trong dch
thut v hoc gii thch cc thut ng chuyn mn, v ginh quyn chuyn m khng cn phi
dch cc iu khon tn dng.
iu 17
Trng hp bt kh khng
Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v khng ch u trch nhim v nhng hu qu pht sinh do
vic gin on nghip v do thin tai, nhng ri lon, nhng cuc dn bin, nhng cuc ni
dy, nhng cuc chin tranh hoc bt c nguyn nhn no khc ngoi kh nng kim sot ca
h, hoc do bt c cc cuc nh cng hay b xng. Tr khi c php r rng, khi cc ngn
hng bt u hot ng kinh doanh tr li, cc ngn hng s khng thanh ton, khng cam kt
127

tr tin sau, chp nhn cc hi phiu hoc chit khu theo cc tn dng ht hiu lc gia
lc hot ng ca ngn hng b gin on nh vy.
iu 18
T b trch nhim v hnh ng ca bn c ch th
a. Khi s dng cc dch v ca mt hay nhiu ngn hng khc thc hin ch th ca ngi
m tn dng th ngn hng u lm vic cho v vi ri ro do ngi m tn dng chu.
b. Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v chu trch nhim nu nhng ch th do h truyn t
khng c thc hin, ngay c khi bn thn h ch ng la chn cc ngn hng khc .
c.
i. Bn ch th cho pha b n kia thc hin cc dch v phi chu trch nhim v bt c ph tn
no, bao gm hoa hng, ph, chi ph, ph tn pht sinh cho bn nhn c cc ch th lin quan
ca h.
ii.
Khi tn dng qui nh rng cc chi ph nh vy c chu bi mt bn khc hn bn ra
ch th, m cc ph tn khng th thu c, th cui cng pha bn ra ch th vn c bn
phn phi thanh ton li cc chi ph .
d. Ngi m tn dng b rng buc v chu trch nhim bi thng cho cc ngn hng v
nhng hu qu c th xy ra do mi ngha v v trch nhim c p t bi php lut v
tp qun nc ngoi.
iu 19
Cc tha thun bi hon gia cc ngn hng vi ngn hng
a. Nu ngn hng pht hnh c nh rng khon tin bi hon m ngn hng thanh ton,
ngn hng chp nhn hoc ngn hng chit khu c hng s thu c bi ngn hng
(Ngn hng i tin), bng vic i tin mt bn khc (Ngn hng bi hon) th ngn
hng pht hnh phi cung cp c ho ngn hng b i hon vo ng thi im vi cc ch
th thch hp hoc cho php thi hnh cc yu cu bi hon .
b. Cc ngn hng pht hnh khng c yu cu ngn hng i tin cung cp mt s xc
nhn chng t ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng cho ngn hng bi
hon.
c. Phong ph s khng c min tr bt c ngha v n o ca mnh v vic bi ho n v khi
khon bi hon khng c ngn hng i tin nhn c t ngn hng bi hon.
d. Ngn hng pht hnh s phi chu trch nhim vi ngn hng i tin v bt k thit hi
no v tin li nu khon bi ho n khng c ngn hng bi hon cung cp ngay t lc
c yu cu u tin hoc theo bt k cch n o khc c qui nh trong tn dng hoc do
i bn tha thun, ty trng hp.
e. Cc chi ph ca ngn hng bi hon s c tnh cho ngn hng pht hnh. Tuy nhin,
trong nhng trng hp m cc chi ph c tnh cho phi b n khc, th trch nhim ca
ngn hng pht hnh l ch nh r iu trong th tn dng gc v trong lnh cho php
bi hon. Trong cc trng hp m cc chi ph ca ngn hng bi hon c tnh cho mt
bn khc, chng s c thu t ngn hng i tin khi m tn dng khng c k pht
(khng c s dng) cc chi ph ca ngn hng bi hon vn cn l ngha v ca ngn
hng pht hnh.
D. CC CHNG T
iu 20
Nhng trng hp khng r ngha v ngi lp cc chng t

128

a. Khng nn dng cc t nh "hng nht", "ni ting", "c tnh a phng" v nhng t
tng t miu t t cch ca ngi lp bt c chng t no xut trnh theo tn dng.
Nu nhng thut ng c c a vo tn d ng cc ngn hng s chp nhn chng t c
lin quan c xut trnh, vi iu kin l cc chng t ny th hin trn b mt ca
chng t ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin khc ca tn dng v khng phi l do
ngi hng li cp pht.
b. Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng cng s chp nhn nh l cc
bn chnh chng t c lp hoc th hin l c lp:
i.
Bng phng php sao chp, t ng hoc in ton.
ii.
Bng bn than vi iu kin l chng c nh du l bn gc v khi cn thit chng
t phi c ch k. Chng t c th c k bng tay, bng ch k qua Fax, bng con
du, bng k hiu hoc bng bt c ph ng php chng thc no bng my hoc in
t.
c.
i.
Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn l cc bn sao,
cc chng t c nh du l bn sao hoc khng c nh du l bn gc cc bn
sao khng cn phi c k.
ii.
Cc tn dng yu cu chng t c lm thnh nhiu bn nh "lm thnh hai bn",
"gp hai ln", "hai bn sao" v nhng t tng t nh vy c th xut trnh mt bn
chnh, cn s bn cn li l bn sao, tr khi bn thn chng t th hin khc i.
c. Tr khi c s quy nh khc trong tn dng, mt iu kin ca tn dng quy nh i vi
chng t phi c nhn thc, c hiu lc, c th thc, c chng thc hay qui nh
tng t s tho mn bng bt k ch k, nhn hiu, k hiu no trn cc chng t ,
min l xt trn b mt ca chng t th hin l p ng vi cc iu kin ni trn.
iu 21
Khng quy nh ngi lp v ni dung ca cc chng t
Tr cc chng t vn ti, bo him v ha n thng mi, khi cc chng t c yu cu
xut trnh th tn dng phi nu r cc chng t do ai lp v ni dung s liu ca cc chng
t . Nu tn dng khng qui nh nh vy, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc chng t nh
xut trnh min l ni dung s liu khng mu thun nhau.
iu 22
Ngy pht hnh v ngy tn dng
Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t c ghi
ngy pht hnh n trc ngy m tn dng min l cc chng t phi c xut trnh trong
thi hn qui nh trong tn dng v trong cc iu khon ny.
iu 23
Vn ti n ng bin/hng hi
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, nu mt tn dng yu cu mt vn n t
cng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t d c gi tn nh th no, m:
i.
Trn b mt ca vn n ghi r tn ca ngi chuyn ch v k tn hoc c
chng thc.
- Bi ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi i l ch danh hoc i din ca ngi chuyn ch,
hoc
- Bi thuyn trng hoc mt ngi i l ch danh hoc i din thuyn trng.
Bt c ch k hay chng thc no ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ca thuyn trng phi c
nhn bit h ch thc l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng. Ty tng trng hp mt
129

ngi i l khi k t n hoc chng thc thay cho ng i chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng cng
phi ghi r tn v nng lc ca h l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng, m ngi i l
thay mt hnh ng
V
ii. Ghi r hng ha c bc ln tu hoc c giao ln mt con tu ch danh.
Bc hng ln tu ho c giao hng ln mt con tu ch danh c th c th hin bng mt t
in trc trn mt vn ti n v phi ch r rng hng bc xong ln tu hoc giao trn mt
con tu ch danh. Trng hp ny ngy pht hnh vn n c coi l ngy bc hng ln tu
v l ngy giao hng.
Trong tt c cc tr ng hp khc, bc h ng ln mt con tu ch danh phi c chng minh
bng mt s ghi ch trn vn ti n v ngy ghi ch bc hng ln con tu ch danh c coi
l ngy giao hng.
Nu vn ti n c ghi :con tu d nh" hoc mt t tng t c lin quan n tu chuyn
ch, vic bc hng ln con tu ch danh phi c ghi ch trn vn ti n, ngoi vic ghi r
ngy m hng c bc ln tu cn phi ghi tn ca con tu , thmj tr c ngay khi hng
ha c bcs ln mt con tu gi l "con tu d nh".
Nu vn ti n ghi nhn hng hoc ni nhn hng gi khc vi cng bc hng, vic ghi
ch hng bc ln tu cng phi ghi r cng qui nh trn tn dng v tn tu nhn hng,
thm tr ngay c khi hng ha c bc xong tr n con tu c ghi tn vn ti n. iu
khon ny cng c p dng ngay c khi tr n vn ti n in trc ch hng bc xong
ln tu,
V
iii.
Ch r cng bc v cng d hng trong tn dng, d cho:
- Vn n ghi ni nhnj hng gi khc vi cng bc h ng v/hoc ni hng n cui cng
khc vi cng d hng v/hoc
- Vn n ghi ch "cng d nh" hoc mt t t ng t c lin quan n cng bc v/hoc
cng d hng, minx l chng t cng phi ghi cng v /hoc cng d hng qui nh trong
tn dng,
V
iv.
Ch r mt vn n chnh hoc, nu s vn ti n pht hnh nhiu bn chnh, th phi
gm trn b y vn n chnh c lp,
V
v.
Th hin tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt v i iu kin chuyn ch bng
cch dn chiu n mt ngun hay mt chng t khng phi l vn ti n (vn n
rt gn hoc vn n trng lng); cc ngn hng s khng kim tra ni dung ca cc
iu kin ,
V
vi.
Khng c ghi rng, chng t ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu v/hoc khng c ghi l
tu ch hng chy bng bum
V
vii.
Cn cc mt khc phi p ng cc quy nh trong tn dng
b. Nhm phc v cho iu khon ny, chuyn ti c ngha l d hng xung v bc li hng
t con tu ny sang con tu khc trong mt hnh trnh vn ti bin t cng bc hng ti
cng d hng qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Tr khi cc iu kin ghi trong tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc
vn n c ghi hng ha s c chuyn ti, min l ton b hnh trnh chuyn ch ng
bin ch c dng cng mt vn ti n.
d. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt vn n, trn :

130

i.
ii.

C ghi l s chuyn ti chng no m nhng hng ha lin quan c chuyn ch

bng container, cc moc v/hoc cc s lan LASH ghi trn vn ti n, min l
ton b hnh trnh ng bin ch dng cng mt vn ti n m thi, v/hoc
C ghi iu khon ngi chuyn ch c quyn chuyn ti.

iu 24
Giy gi hng c bin khng chuyn nhng c.
a. Nu tn dng yu cu non-negotiable sea waybill t cng ti cng, tr khi c qui nh
khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc chng t, d c gi tn nh th
no, m:
i.
Trn b mt ca chng t phi ghi r tn cu ngi chuyn ch v h k tn v
c chng thc bi:
- Ngi chuyn ch hoc hng i l ch danh ca (hoc) i din cho ngi chuyn ch,
hoc
- Thuyn trng hoc hng i l ch danh ca (hoc) i din cho thuyn trng.
Bt c vic k hoc chng thc no ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ca thuyn trng phi xc
nh r h ch thc l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn tr ng ty trng hp c th. Vic k
ca hangg i l hay vic chng thc ca ng i chuyn ch hay thuyn trng cng phi ghi
r tn v nng lc ca h, tc l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng m hng i l c
y quyn.
ii.
Ch r rng hng ha c bc ln tu hoc bc xong trn mt con tu ch danh.
Bc hng ln tu hoc bc xong tr n mt con t u ch danh c th c ghi r bng cch in
trc trn non-negotiable sea waybill chng minh rng hng c bc l n tu c a con
tu ch danh, hoc bc xong trn con tu ch danh trong trng hp ny, ngy pht hnh sea
waybill c coi l ngy bc xong hng ln tu v l ngy giao hng.
Trong tt c cc trng hp khc, bc hng ln con tu ch danh phi c chng thc b mt
ghi ch trn sea waybill v ngy m hng ha c bc xong ln tu, trong trng hp
ny, ngy ghi ch hng bc xong ln tu c coi l ngy giao hng.
Nu sea waybill c ghi ch "con tu d nh" hoc mt t tng t ch con tu ch hng
th vic bc hng xong ln con tu ch danh phi c ghi ch hng bc xong trn sea
waybill v ngoi vic ghi ngy bc xong, cn phi ghi r tn tu chuyn ch, ngay c khi
hng ha c bc xong trn mt con tu gi l "d nh".
Nu sea waybill ghi ni nhn hng v ni nhn hng gi khc vi cng bc h ng, th vic
ghi ch hng bc xong cng phi ghi r tn cng bc c quy nh trong tn dng, tn con
tu chuyn ch hng ha, ngay c khi hng ha c bc xong trn con tu ghi r trn sea
waybill. iu khon ny cng p dng i vi sea waybill m trn in sn ch hng
bc ln tu, v
iii.
Ghi tn cng bc v cng d hng trong tn dng, mc d chng t:
- Ghi ni nhn hng gi khc vi cng bc hng v/hoc ni hng n cui cng khc
vi ni d hng xung, v/hoc
- C ghi t "d nh" hoc mt t tng t c lin quan n cng bc hoc cng d h ng,
min l trn chng t vn phi ghi r cng bc v/hoc cng d hng qui nh trong tn
dng; v
iv.
Gm ch mt bn sea waybill chnh hoc nu pht h nh nhiu hn th gm trn b sea
waybill chnh c lp, v
v.
Th hin tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt vi iu kin chuyn ch bng
cch dn chiu tn mt ngun hoc mt chng t khng phi non-negotiable sea
waybill (loi rt gn hoc trng lng), cc ngn hng s khng kim tra cc ni dung
ca cc iu kin , v

131

vi.

Khng ghi l chng t ph thuc v o hp ng thu tu v/hoc khng ghi ch l tu

ch chy bng bum, v
vii.
Cn cc mt khc th phi p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Nhm phc v cho iu khon ny, chuyn ti c ngha l d hng xung v bc hng t
con tu ny sang con tu khc trong m t hnh trnh vn ti bin t cng bc hng ti cng
d hng qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Tr khi c cc iu kin ghi trong tn dng l cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn
non-negotiable sea waybill trn ghi hng ha c chuyn ti, min l ton b hnh
trnh chuyn ch ch dng cng mt sea waybill m thi.
d. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt sea waybill:
i.
Trn ghi s c chuyn ti chng no m hng ha lin quan c chuyn ch
bng container, cc moc v/hoc s lan LASH m sea waybill ghi r, min l ton
b hnh trnh vn ti bin ch dng cng mt non-negotiable sea waybill, v/hoc
ii.
C iu khon ghi ngi chuyn ch c quyn chuyn ti.
iu 25
Vn ti n hp ng thu tu
a. Nu tn dng yu cu hoc cho php mt vn n theo hp ng thu tu, th cc ngn
hng, tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, s chp nhn mt vn n ny, d c
gi tn nh th no, m:
i.
C ghi l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu, v
ii.
Th hin trn b mt ca chng t l c k tn hoc c chng thc bi:
- THuyn trng hoc hng i l ch danh ca (hoc) thay mt thuyn trng, hoc
- Ch tu hoc hng i l ch danh ca hoc thay mt ch tu.
Bt c vic k hoc xc nhn thuyn trng hoc ch tu phi c chng minh r l ca
thuyn trng hay ch tu ty mi trng hp. Vic k ca hng i l hoc vic xc nhn
ca thuyn trng hoc ch tu cng phi ghi r tn v nng lc ca h, tc l ghi r l
thuyn trng hoc ch tu m hng i l ca h c y quyn
iii.
Ghi r hoc khng ghi tn ca ngi chuyn ch.
iv.
Ni r hng ha c bc ln tu hoc bc xong ln mt con tu ch danh. Bc
hng ln tu hoc bc xong trn con tu ch danh c th c ch r bng ch in
trc trn vn ti n l hng c bc ln con tu ch danh hoc c giao
ln con tu ch danh, trong trng hp ny, ngy pht hnh vn ti n c coi l
ngy bc hng v l ngy giao hng.
Trong tt c cc tr ng hp lhc, bc h ng ln mt con t u ch danh phi c chng thc
bng mt ghi ch trn vn ti n v ngy ghi ch bc hng ln con tu hc danh c coi l
ngy giao hng, v
v.
Ghi r cng bc v cng d qui nh trn tn dng, v
vi.
Gm ch mt vn n chnh, ho c nu pht hnh nhiu vn n, th gm trn b y
vn n chnh c lp, v
vii.
Cn cc iu kin khc th phi p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Ngay c khi tn dng yu cu xut tr nh mt hp ng thu tu c lin quan n vn n
theo hp ng thu tu, th cc ngn hng s khng kim tra hp ng thu tu , nhng
s chuyn n cho ngi nhn hng m khng chu trhc nhim g.
iu 26
Chng t vn ti lin hp
a. Nu tn dng yu cu mt chng t vn ti dng cho t nht ca hai phng thc vn ti
(vn ti lin hp), tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt
chng t, d cho n c gi nh th no, min l:
132

i.

Ghi r tn ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp v c k hoc

c chng thc bi:
- Ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp hoc h ng i l ch danh hot
ng thay mt hoc nhn danh ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ca ngi khai thc vn ti
lin hp, hoc
- Thuyn trng hoc hng i l ch danh ca thuyn trng.
Bt k ch k hay chng thc no ca ngi chuyn ch, ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp,
ty tng trng hp hoc thuyn trng phi c nhn bit l ch th ngi chuyn ch,
ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp, ty tng trng hp. Mt ngi i l khi k tn hoc
chngs thc thay cho ngi chuyn ch, ngi khai thc vn ti li n hp hoc thuyn tr ng
cng phi ch r tn v nng lc ca h, tc l ngi chuyn ch, ngi khai thc vn ti lin
hp, hoc thuyn trng m hng i l thay mt cho h hot ng. V
ii.
Ghi r rng hng ha c gi i, nhn gi hoc c bc ln tu.
Gi hng, nhn gi hoc bc h ng ln tu c th c ghi ch bng ch tr n chng t vn
ti lin hp v ngy pht hnh chng t c coi l ngy gi hng, nhn hng gi hoc
bc hng ln tu v l ngy giao hng.
Tuy nhin, nu c ng bng du hoc mt cch khc th ngy gi hng, ngy nhn hng
gi hoc ngy bc hng ln tu c coi l ngy giao hng. V
iii.
a. Ghi ni nhn hng gi qui nh trong tn dng c th l khc vi cng, sn bay, hoc
ni bc hng v ni hng n cui cng qui nh trong tn dng c th l khc vi cng
sn bay hoc ni hng n, v/hoc
b. C t "d nh" hoc mt t tng t c lin quan n tu v/hoc cng bc hng v/hoc
cng d hng, v
iv.Gm ch mt bn chnh chng t vn ti li n hp hoc nu pht h nh lm nhiu bn chnh
th gm trn b y cc bn chnh .
v.Th hin tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt vi iu kin nh th c dn chiu n
mt ngun hoc mt chng t khng phi l chng t vn ti lin hp (bn rt gn hoc trng
lng), cc ngn hng s khng kim tra cc ni dung ca cc iu kin . V
vi.Khng c ghi l ph thuc vo mt hp ng thu tu v/hoc khng c ghi l tu ch chy
bng bum, v
vii.Cn tt c cc iu kin khc u p ng cc iu kin qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti
lin hp trn ghi r chuyn ti s hoc c th tin hnh, min l ton b hnh trnh
chuyn ch ch s dng mt chng t vn ti lin hp.
iu 27
Chng t vn ti hng khng
a. Nu tn dng yu cu mt vn ti n hng khng, tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn
dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt vn n, nu nh trn :
i.
Ghi r tn ca ngi chuyn ch v k hoc chng thc bng cch khc bi:
- Ngi chuyn ch, hoc
- Hng i l ch danh ca ngi chuyn ch.
Bt c vic k hoc mt chng thc ca ng i chuyn ch phi c ghi r l ngi chuyn
ch. Mt ngi i l khi k tn hay chng thc thay ngi chuyn ch cng phi ghi r tn
v nng lc ca h, tc l ngi chuyn ch m mnh thay mt hot ng, v
ii.
Ghi r hng ha nhn chuyn ch. V
iii.
Nu tn dng yu cu ghi r ngy gi hng thwc t th phi qui nh rng trn vn
n hng khng phi ghi ch r rng v ngy gi hng v coi ngy l ngy giao
hng.
133

 thc hin mc ch ny, cc thti ghi trong khung ca vn n hng khng (nh ch dng
cho ngi chuyn ch hoc mt t tng t) dn chiu n nag v s chuyn bay s khng
c coi l s ghi ch c th v ngy gi hng .
Trong cc trng hp khc, ngy pht hnh vn n hng khng s khng c coi l ngy
giao hng.
iv.
Ghi r sn bay khi hnh v sn bay n c qui nh trn tn dng. V
v.
Ghi r vn n chnh cho ngi gi hng, ch hng ngay c khi khi tn dng qui nh
mt b y cc bn chnh hoc mt t tng t, v
vi.
Ghi r tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt s iu kin chuyn ch c tham
chiu n mt ngun hoc mt chng t khng phi l chng t vn ti hng khng,
cc ngn hng s khng kim tra cc ni dung ca cc iu kin , v
vii.
Cn tt c cc iu kin khc u p ng qui nh trong tn dng.
b. nhm mc ch phc v iu khon ny, chuyn ti c hiu l s d hng xung v
bc li hng ln t mt my bay sang mt my bay khc trong mt h nh trnh chuyn ch
t sn bay khi hnh ti sn bay hng n qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn vn n hng khng
trn ghi chuyn ti s hoc c th c tin hnh, min l ton b hnh trnh chuyn
ch cng chung mt vn n hng khng.
iu 28
Cc chng t vn ti c sng hoc ng st, ng b.
a. Nu tn dng yu cu vn n ng sng, ng b, ng st, tr khi c qui nh khc,
cc ngn hng s chp nhn vn n cc loi ni trn, nhng phi:
i.
Ghi r tn ca ngi chuyn ch, c k hoc c chng thc bng cch khc
ca ngi chuyn ch, hoc hng i l ch danh i din cho ngi chuyn ch,
v/hoc th hin bng con du tip nhn hoc mt chng ch tip nhn khc ca ng i
chuyn ch hoc hng i l hot ng cho hoc nhn danh ngi chuyn ch.
Bt c ch k, chng thc, con du tip nhn hoc mt chng ch tip nhn no ca ngi
chuyn ch phi do chnh ngi chuyn ch thc hin. Mt hng i l khi k tn hoc chng
thc thay ngi chuyn ch phi ghi r tn v nng lc ca h nh l ngi chuyn ch, m
hng i l hot ng nhn danh ngi chuyn ch. V
ii.
Ghi r hng c nhn ch, gi hoc chuyn ch hoc mt chng t t ng.
Ngy pht hnh cc chng t vn ti c coi l ngy giao hng tr khi trn chng t
vn ti ng con du nhn hng, trong trng hp ny, ngy ng du c coi l
ngy giao hng. V
iii.
Ghi r theo tn dng ni gi hng v ni hng n. V
iv.
Cn cc iu kin khc u p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Nu trn vn n khng ghi s lng bn pht hnh th cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc
chng t vn ti xut tr nh nh l mt b y . Cc ngn h ng s chp nhn cc chng
t vn ti l bn chnh d cho c c ghi l chnh hay khng.
c. Nhm phc v cho mc ch ca iu khon ny, chuyn ti c hiu l d hng xung
v bc li hng ln t mt phng tin vn ti ny sang mt phng tin vn ti khc
trong mt hnh trnh chuyn ch t ni gi hnh n ni hng n theo qui nh trong tn
dng.
d. Ngay c khi tn dng ngn cm vic chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc vn n
ng sng, ng st, ng b trn ghi r chuyn ti s hoc c th xy ra, min l ,
ton b hnh trnh chuyn ch ch dng chung mt vn n v trn cng mt phng thc
vn ti.
iu 29
134

Bin lai bu in
a. Nu tn dng yu cu bin lai bu in hoc giy bin nhn bu in, th tr khi c qui
nh ngc li, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt bin lai bu in hoc giy bin nhn bu
in, trn :
i.
ng du hoc chng thc bng cch khc v c ghi ngy ti ni m tn dng
qui nh hng ha phi c giao hoc gi i ngy c coi l ngy giao hng hoc
ngy gi hng, v
ii.
Tt c cc iu khc u p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Nu mt tn dng yu cu mt chng t do b u in hoc cng ty dch v giao h ng pht
hnh chng minh nhn hng ha gi i tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng,
cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t, nu trn ghi r:
i.
Tn ca bu in/cng ty dch v v c ng du, k hoc c chng thc
bng cch khc bi bu in/cng ty dch v (tr khi tn dng qui nh c bit mt
chng t do bu in/cng ty dch v ch danh pht hnh ra cac ngn hng s chp
nhn mt chng t do bt c bu in/cng ty dch v no pht hnh). V
ii.
Ghi r ngy ly hoc nhn hng hoc mt t t ng t, ngy c coi l ngy giao
hng hoc ngy gi hng i.
iii.
Cn cc iu kin khc phi p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
iu 30
Chng t vn ti do ngi giao nhn pht hnh
Tr khi c s y quyn khc qui nh trong tn dng cc ngn hng s ch chp nhn mt
chng t vn ti do ngi giao nhn pht hnh, nu nh trn b mt ca chng t ghi
r:
i.
Tn ca ngi giao nhn vi t cch l ngi chuyn ch hoc l ngi vn ti lin
hp v c k hoc c chng thc bng cch khc ca ngi giao nhn vi t
cch l ngi chuyn ch hoc l ngi vn ti lin hp, hoc
ii.
Tn ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi vn ti lin hp v c k hoc c
chng thc bng cch khc ca ngi giao nhn vi t cch mt hng i l ch danh
hot ng cho hoc nhn danh ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi vn ti lin hp.
iu 31
"Trn boong", "Ngi gi hng bc v m", Tn ca ngi gi hng
Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti m:
i.
Trong trng hp chuyn ch bng ng bin hoc bng nhiu phng tin vn ti,
trong c chuyn ch bng ng bin, khng ghi l hng ha c xp hoc s d'
xp trn boong.
Tuy nhin, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti c ghi iu khon ni rng hng
ha c th chuyn ch trn boong, min l chng t khng ghi c th l hng ha c
hoc s c xp trn boong, v/hoc
ii.
C ghi mt trc iu khon nh "m v xp hng ca ngi gi hng" hoc
"ngi gi hng khai gm c" hoc nhng ni dung tng t, v/hoc
iii.
C ghi rng ngi gi hng l mt ngi khc khng phi l ngi hng li tn
dng.
iu 32
Cc chng t vn ti hon ho
a. Chng t vn ti ho n ho l mt chng t khng c iu khon hoc ghi ch ni r rng
tnh trng c khuyt tt ca hng ha v/hoc ca bao b.
135

b. Cc ngn hng s khng chp nhn cc chng t vn ti c ghi cc iu khon hoc ghi
ch nh vy, tr khi tn dng qui nh r nhng iu khon v ghi ch no c th c
chp nhn.
c. Nu mt chng t vn ti p ng cc yu cu ca iu khon ny v ca cc iu 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28 v 30 th cc chng t s c cc ngn hng coi l ph hp vi cc yu
cu ca mt tn dng i hi chng t vn ti phi c iu ghi ch "hon ho bc
hng".
iu 33
Cc chng t vn ti cc ph s tr/tr trc
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, hoc tr khi c s mu thun vi bt c chng
t no c xut trnh theo tn dng, cc ngn h ng s chp nhn nhng chng t vn ti
c ghi l cc hoc cc ph vn ti (di y gi chung l cc ph) cha c tr.
b. Nu mt tn dng qui nh rng chng t vn ti phi ghi r l cc ph c tr hoc
c tr trc, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti trn ch ghi r
rng l cc ph c tr hoc c tr trc bng cch ng du hoc bng cch
khc trn chng t vic tr hoc tr tr c cc ph c th hin bng cch khc. Nu
tn dng qui nh chi ph b u in phi c thanh ton hoc thanh ton tr c, cc ngn
hng cng s chp nhn chng t vn ti do b u in hoc cng ty dch v giao hng pht
hnh trn ghi rng vic thanh ton ph ny tnh vo ngi gi hng.
c. Nhng t "cc ph c th tr tr c" hoc "cc ph phi tr tr c" hoc nhng ni dung
tng t, nu c ghi trn chng t vn ti s khng c chp nhn l bng chng ca
vic thanh ton cc ph.
d. Cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc chng t vn ti c dn chiu n bng cch ng du
hoc cc chc khc cc ph ph thm vo cc ph nh: cc chi ph hoc cc khon chi tr
lin quan n bc d hng hoc n cc nghip v tng t, tr khi cc iu kin ca tn
dng r rng cm vic dn chiu ny.
iu 34
Cc chng t bo him
a. Cc chng t bo him phi do cng ty bo him hoc ng i bo him hoc i l ca h
pht hnh v k.
b. Nu chng t bo him ch r rng n c pht hnh nhiu bn chnh, th tt c cc bn
chnh phi c xut trnh, tr khi c s qui nh ngc li trong tn dng.
c. Cc phiu bo him tm thi do ngi mi gii bo him cp s khng c chp nhn
tr khi c s cho php c th trong tn dng.
d. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt giy chng
nhn bo him hoc t khai bo him bao do cng ty bo him hoc ng i bo him hoc
i l ca h k trc. Nu tn dng yu cu giy chng nhn bo him hoc t khai
bo him bao, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt n bo him thay th cho cc chng t
.
e. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng hoc tr khi cc chng t bo him qui nh
rng bo him c hiu lc chm nht k t ngy bc hng rng bo him c hiu lc chm
nht k t ngy bc hng ln tu hoc t ngy gi hng hoc t ngy nhn hng gi,
cc ngn hng s t chi mt chng t bo him tr n ghi ngy pht hnh sau ngy b c
hng ln tu hoc gi hng hoc nhn hng gi nh ghi trn chng t vn ti.
f.
i.
Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, loi tin ghi trn chng t bo him phi l
loi tin ghi trn tn dng.

136

ii.

Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, s tin ti thiu ghi trn chng t bo him
phi theo gi CIF (gi hng, ph b o him, cc ph cng n qui nh) hoc gi CIP
(cc ph v bo him tr ti ni hng n qui nh) ca hng ha, ty tng trng
hp, cng vi 10%, nh ng ch khi no gi CIF ho c CIP c th nh r trn chng t.
Ngc li, cc ngn hng s chp nhn s tin ln hn gia 110% ca s tin phi tr,
chp nhn hoc chit khu vi 110% ca tng s tin ha n thng mi coi nh l
s tin ti thiu .

iu 35
Loi bo him
a. Cc tn dng u phi qui nh loi bo him phi mua v nu cn gm c nhng ri ro
ph phi mua bo him. KHng nn dng cc t khng r rng nh "ri ro thng thng"
hoc "ri ro tp qun". Nu nhng t y c dng th cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc
chng t bo him nh xut trnh m khng chu trch nhim v bt c ri ro n o khng
c bo him.
b. Nu trong tn dng khng c nhng ch th c th, cc ngn h ng s chp nhn cc c hng
t nh xut trnh m khng chu trch nhim v bt k ri ro no khng c bo
him.
c. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn chng t bo
him ghi r bo him c mc min bi thng c tr hoc mc min bi thng khng
c tr.
iu 36
Bo him mi ri ro
Trong trng hp tn dng qui nh "bo him mi ri ro", cc ngn hng s chp nhn chng
t bo him c bt k ghi ch hoc iu khon "mi ri ro" d c hay khng c ghi tiu
"mi ri ro" ngay c khi c ghi l mt s ri ro n o khng c bo him m khng ch u
trch nhim v bt k ri ro no khng c bo him.
iu 37
Ha n thng mi
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ha n thng mi:
i.
Phi th hin trn b mt ca chng l c pht hnh bi ngi hng li c ghi
r trong tn dng (tr trng hp c qui nh trong iu 48), v
ii.
Phi c lp ra ng tn ngi xin m tn dng (tr iu 48 mc b), v
iii.
Khng cn thit phi k
b. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng c th t chi cc ha n
thng mi ghi s tin vt qu s tin ghi trong tn dng cho php. Tuy nhi n, nyu mt
ngn hng c php tr tin, cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn hi phiu hoc chit khu
theo mt tn dng ang chp nhn ha n , th quyt nh ca ngn hng ny s rng
buc tt c cc bn, min l ngn hng ny khng tr tin, khng cam kt tr tin sau,
khng chp nhn cc hi phiu hay chit khu vi s tin vt qu s tin tn dng cho
php.
c. M t hng ha trong ha n thng mi phi ph hp vi m t hng ha trong tn
dng. Trong tt c cc chng t khc, h ng ha c th c m t mt cch chung chung
khng mu thun vi m t hng ha trong tn dng.
iu 38
Cc chng t khc

137

Nu mt tn dng yu cu phi c s nhn thc hoc chng nhn trng lng trong trng
hp khng pah l chuyn ch bng ng bin, th cc ngn hng s chp nhn con du trng
lng hoc li khai trng lng m ngi chuyn ch hay i l ca ngi ny ghi ln chng
t vn ti, tr khi tn dng qui nh r rng l vic nhn thc hoc s chng nhn trng l ng
phi c lp bng mt chng t ring bit.
E. CC IU QUI NH KHC
iu 39
Dung sai s tin, s lng v n gi trong tn dng
a. Nhng t "vo khong", "c chng", " chng" hoc nhng t tng t c dng
ni v s tin ca tn dng hoc s l ng hoc n gi ghi trong tn dng phi c hiu
l cho php mt s x dch hn km khng qu 10% so vi s tin hoc s lng hoc
n gi m nhng t y ni n.
b. Tr khi mt tn dng qui nh khng c giao hng nhiu hn hay t h n s lng hng
qui nh, th mt dung sai 5% hn hoc km c th chp nhn c, min l lc no s
tin ca cc ln thanh ton khng vt qu s tin ca tn dng. Dung sai ny khng p
dng khi tn dng qui nh s lng tnh bng mt s n v bao kin hoc mt s n v
chic.
c. Tr khi mt tn dng cm giao hng tng phn c qui nh ngc li hoc tr khi iu ph
"b" trn c p dng th cho php m t dung sai 5% gim bt ca s tin thanh ton s
c p dng, min l nu tn dng qui nh s lng hng ha phi c giao v nu
tn dng qui nh mt n gi th gi khng c chit gi. iu khon ny khng p
dng cc t nu trong iu ph "a" trn c s dng trong tn dng.
iu 40
Tr tin/giao hng tng phn
a. Tr khi tn dng qui nh ngc li, thanh ton v giao hng tng phn c php p
dng.
b. Cc chng t vn ti ghi r hng ha c chuyn ch trn cng nhiu phng tin vn
ti v cng chung mt hnh trnh chuyn ch min l c cng mt ni hng n khng
c coi l giao hng khc nhau v/hoc cc cng bc hng, cc ni giao nhn hng
gi hoc cc ni gi hng khc nhau.
c. Nhng vic gi hng bng bu in hoc bng ng th s khng c coi l giao hng
tng phn, nu bin lai bu in hoc bin lai ca ngi chuyn ch, giy nhn gi bu
in hoc giy gi hng c ng du hoc c k hoc c xc nhn bng cch
khc cngf mt ngy ti ni m tn dng qui nh hng ha phi c gi i t .
iu 41
Tr tin/giao hng nhiu ln
Nu tn dng qui nh thanh ton v/hoc gi hng lm nhiu ln trong nhng thi k nht
nh m mt ln no khng thanh ton v/hoc khng gi hng trong thi k dnh cho ln
th tn dng khng cn c gi tr i vi cc ln tip theo, tr khi tn dng qui nh khc.
iu 42
Ngy ht hn v ni xut trnh cc chng t
a. Tt c cc tn dng phi qui nh ngy ht hn v ni xut trnh chng t thanh ton,
chp nhn hoc qui nh ni xut trnh chng t chit khu, tr trng hp tn dng
c chit khu t do. Ngy ht hn thanh ton, chp nhn hoc chit khu c hiu l
ngy ht hn xut trnh chng t.

138

b. Tr trng hp c qui nh trong iu 44-a, chng t phi c xut trnh trong hoc
trc ngy ht hn hiu lc tn dng .
c. Nu ngn hng pht hnh qui nh tn dng coa hiu lc trong "mt thng" hoc "su
thng" ... nhng khng qui nh tnh t ngy no, th ngy pht hnh tn dng s c xem
nh ngy bt u tnh thi hn hiu lc . Cc ngn hng nn ngn chn cch qui nh
thi hn hiu lc nh vy.
iu 43
Gia hn v ngy ht hn
a. Nu ngy ht hiu lc ca tn dng v /hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut tr nh chng
t qui nh trong tn dng hoc c xc nh r rng tnh t ngy giao hng m trong
thi hn chng t vn ti phi c xut trnh ph hp vi cc iu kin ca tn dng.
Nu khng qui nh mt thi hn nh vy, cc ngn hng s t chi cc chng t c
xut trnh cho ngn hng sau 21 ngy k t ngy giao hng. Trong b t c trng hp no,
cc chng t khng th c xut trnh sau ngy ht hn hiu lc ca tn dng.
b. Trong trng hp p dng iu 40-b, ngy giao hng s c coi l ngy gi hng chm
nht ghi trn bt c chng t vn ti no c xut trnh.
iu 44
Gia hn ca ngy ht hn
a. Nu ngy ht hn hiu lc ca tn dng v/hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut trnh
chng t qui nh trong tn dng hoc c xc nh trong iu 43 trng vo ngy m m
vo ngy ngn hng ngh vic v l do khng phi l l do ni iu 17, th ngy ht
hn hiu lc c qui nh v/hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut trnh chng t k
t ngy giao hng ty trng hp, s c gia hn cho n ngy lm vic u tin tip sau
.
b. Ngy giao hng chm nht s khng c gia hn bi l do gia hn ngy ht hn hiu lc
v/hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut trnh chng t tnh t ngy giao hng qui nh
iu ph (a) trn. Nu ngy giao hng chm nht khng qui nh trong tn dng hoc
trong cc sa i tn dng th cc ngn hng s t chi cc chng t vn ti trn ghi
ngy giao hng sau ngy ht hn hiu lc ca tn dng qui nh trong tn dng hoc trong
sa i tn dng.
c. Ngn hng m chng t c xut trnh vo ngy lm vic u tin sau ngy ngh vic
nh vy phi ghi vo chng t li xc nhn l cc chng t c xut trnh trong thi
hn gia hn theo iu 44 (a) ca bn UCP sa i 1993, ICC xut bn s 500.
iu 45
Gi xut trnh
Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v phi nhn cc chng t ngoi gi lm vic ca mnh
iu 46
Cc t chung v cc ngy giao hng
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc t "gi hng" c dng ch ngy gi
hng sm nht v/hoc ngy gi hng chm nht s c hiu l bao gm cc t nh "bc
hng ln tu", "gi hng", "nhn hng gi", "ngy bin lai b u in", "ngy nhn hng
gi bu in" v cng gii thch nh vy trong trng hp tn dng yu cu cc chng t
vn ti lin hp v t "nhn hng gi i".
b. Cc t "nhanh", "ngay lp tc", "cng sm cng tt" v nhng t tng t s khng c
s dng. Nu s dng, cc ngn hng s khng xem xt n.

139

c. Nu t "vo ngy hoc vo khong ngy" v nhng t tng t c s dng, th cc

ngn hng s gii thch chng l vic giao hng phi c thc hin trong thi gian 5
ngy trc n 5 ngy sau ngy qui nh phi giao hng bao gm c ngy u v ngy
cui.
iu 47
Cc t v ngy dng cho thi hn giao hng
a. Nhng t "n ngy", "cho n ngy", "t ngy" v nhng t tng t c dng ni
v bt c ngy hoc thi hn no qui nh trong tn dng ni v ngy giao hng s
c hiu l bao gm c ngy .
b. T "sau ngy" s c hiu l khng tnh ngy .
c. Nhng t "na u", "na cui" ca mt thng s c hiu tng ng l k t ngy 1
n ngy 15 v tq ngy 16 n ngy cui ca thng , bao gm c ngy .
d. Nhng t "u", "gia" hoc "cui" mt thng s c hiu tng ng l t ngy 1 n
ngy 10, t 11 n 20 v t ngy 21 n ngy cui ca mt thng.
F. TN DNG CHUYN NHNG
iu 48
Tn dng chuyn nhng
a. Mt tn dng chuyn nhng l mt tn dng m ngi hng li (ngi hng li u
tin) c th yu cu ngn hng thc hin vic tr tin, cam kt tr sau, chp nhn hay chit
khu (ngn hng chuyn nhng) hoc trong trng hp tn dng chuyn nhng t do,
ngn hng c y quyn trong tn dng l ngn hng chuyn nhng, chuyn nhng
ton b hay mt phn s tin cho mt hay nhiu ngi hng li khc (cc ngi hng
li th hai).
b. Mt tn dng ch c th c chuyn nhng khi no ngn hng pht hnh ch r l "c
th chuyn nhng c". Nhng t nh "c th chia nh", "c th chia nhiu phn", "c
th chuyn nhng" v "c th chuyn" khng th lm cho tn dng c th chuyn nhng
c. Nu nhng t c s dng, ngn hng s khng xem xt n.
c. Ngn hng chuyn nhng s khng c ngha v tin hnh vic chuyn nhng , tr
khi ngn hng ny ng mc v phng thc chuyn nhng.
d. Trong thi gian yu cu chuyn nhng v trc khi chuyn nhng tn dng, ngi
hng li th nht phi ch th cho ngn h ng chuyn nhng c hay khng c quyn bo
lu t chi vic cho php ngn hng chuyn nhng thng bo cc sa i chuyn
nhng cho cc ngi hng li th hai. Nu ngn hng chuyn nhng ng chuyn
nhng theo iu kin nh th, khi chuyn nhng n phi thng bo cho cc ngi
hng li th hai ch th ca ngi hng li th nht v cc sa i lnh chuyn nhng.
e. Nu mt tn dng c chuyn nhng cho nhiu ngi hng li th hai, vic t chi
sa i chuyn nhng ca mt hay nhiu ngi hng li th hai khng c gi tr chp
nhn vi nhng ngi hng li th hai khc. i vi ngi hng li th hai m t
chi sa i th tn dng vn gi nguyn, khng sa i.
f. Ph ngn hng chuyn nhng v vic chuyn nhng tn dng bao gm hoa hng, l ph
hoc cc chi ph s do ngi hng li th nht thanh ton , tr khi c s tha thun khc.
Nu ngn hng chuyn nhng tha thun chuyn nh ng tn dng, n s khng c ngha
v thc hin vic chuyn nhng, chng no cc chi ph cha c thanh ton.
g. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, mt tn dng ch uyn nhng ch c th c
chuyn nhng mt ln. V vy, tn dng khng th c chuyn nhng theo yu cu
ca ngi hng li th hai cho bt k ngi hng li th ba no. thc hin dikhi
ny, cho php ti chuyn nhng cho ngi hng li th nht.
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Nhng phn ca mt tn dng chuyn nhng (khng c vt qu tng s tin ca tn

dng) c th c chuyn nhng ring r, min l khng ngn cm vic giao hng v/hoc
thanh ton tng phn v tng s cc ln chuyn nhng nh th s c coi nh l mt ln
chuyn nhng tn dng.
h. Tn dng ch c th c chuyn nhng theo cc iu kin qui nh trong tn dng gc,
ngoi tr:
- S tin ca tn dng
- n gi ghi trong tn dng
- Thi hn hiu lc
- Ngy chm nht phi xut trnh chng t theo qui nh ca iu 43
- Thi hn gi hng
Tt c hoc bt c cc ngoi tr n u trn c th gim bt i. T l phi c bo him c th
tng ln t ti s tin bo him qui nh trong tn dng gc hoc trong cc iu khon
ny. Ngai ra, tn ca ngi hng li th nht c th thay th cho ngi yu cu m tn
dng, nhng nu tn dng gc i hi tn ca ngi yu cu m tn dng phi c ghi trn
bt c chng t no, tr ha n, th yu cu phi c thc hin.
i. Ngi hng li th nht c quyn thay cc ha n v cc hi phiu ca mnh cho cc ha
n v cc hi phiu ca ngi hng li th hai vi s tin khng c vt qu s tin gc
qui nh trong tn dng v vi n gi gc nu c ghi trong tn dng v khi thay ha n
(v hi phiu) nh vy, ngi hng li th nht c th thanh ton phn ch nh lch, nu c,
gia s tin trong ha n ca mnh vi s tin trong ha n ca ngi hng li th hai.
Khi mt tn dng c chuyn nhng v ngi hng li th nht phi cung cp ha n
(v hi phiu) ca ngi hng li th hai, nh ng khng lm nh vy ngay khi c yu cu
ln u, th ngn hng chuyn nhng c quyn giao cho ngn hng pht hnh cc chng t
nhn c theo tn dng gm c ha n (v hi phiu) ca ngi hng li th hai m
khng chu trch nhim g na i vi ngi hng li th hai.
i. Ngi hng li th nht c th y u cu thanh ton hoc chit khu cho cc ng i hng
li th hai ti ni m tn dng c chuyn nhng n cho n ht hn hiu lc ca tn
dng, tr khi tn dng gc qui nh rng khng c php thanh ton hay chit khu ti
ni khc hn l ni m tn dng qui nh. iu ny khng lm phng hi ti quyn
ca ngi hng li th nht thy th ha n (v hi phiu) ca mnh cho ha n v hi
phiu ca ngi hng li th hai v i tr mi khon chnh lch m mnh c hng.
G. NHNG TIN THU C
iu 49
Chuyn nhng tin thu c
Vic mt tn dng khng c ghi l c th chuyn nhng khng nh hng n quyn ca
ngi hng li c chuyn nhng mi khon tin m mnh thu c hay c th nhn
c theo nh tn dng cn c vo nhng qui nh ca lut p dng. iu khon ny ch
lin quan ti vic chuyn nhng s tin thu c ch khng lin quan ti vic chuyn
nhng quyn thc hin bn thn tn dng.

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