H ENNOIA KAI H HAPAITAIH THI HAHPO4OPIAI ITON YHOAOFIITH

2.1 H svvoo tq nhqpoopo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.1.1 Asosvo - Hlqpoopio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.1.2 Kkloq tqq nlqpoopioq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2 H oqooo tq nhqpoopo otqv ko6qspvq mq . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.1 O unoloytotqq - To ootk spyolsio snsspyooioq kot
ono0qksuoqq sosvuv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3 H nopotooq tmv sosvmv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.1 H kutkonoiqoq tuv sosvuv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4 Ap6qtk ouotqoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4.1 To skotk ootqo opi0qoqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4.2 To uotk ootqo opi0qoqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4.3 To oktotk ootqo opi0qoqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4.4 To skosotk ootqo opi0qoqq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5 O op6o otov unohoyotq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.5.1 Kutkoq opt0uv BCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.5.2 Ms0oot nopotooqq opt0uv otov unoloytotq . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6 O kmks opoktqpmv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.6.1 Kutkoq ASCll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.6.2 Kutkoq EBCDlC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.6.3 Kutkoq Unicode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.7 Mo6qotkq hoykq - Ahyspo BooIe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.7.1 Aoytksq npotostq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.7.2 Alyspo Boole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.8 Aoyks nhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.8.1 Aoytk kukluoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Avoksohomoq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Epmtqos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Fhmoopo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Evospouos ko pqos su6vos tou Aoktou . . . . . 76
Bhoypoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2
46
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
to npoqyosvo ksloto yvupioos sptksq on ttq sopoysq
tou unoloytotq otqv ko0qsptvq (uq. Zttq sopoysq outsq o uno-
loytotqq pqotonotsitot oov svo spyolsio, oto onoio stopsouv
ototsio, to onoio snsspy(stot kot sntotpsst knoto llo uq
onotslsoo tqq snsspyooioq outqq.
An to ototsio nou sntotpsovtot:
K llo pqotonotovtot soo kot ouvq0uq oq nlqpoopov yto ktt,
n.. noo pqoto npsnst vo nlqpuoous oto tosio tou nolukoto-
otqotoq, kot
K llo ono0qksovtot yto sllovttkq pqoq, n.. to on0so tuv npot-
vtuv otqv ono0qkq tou nolukotootqotoq st ttq tksq oq oyopsq.
Ztq ouvssto 0o ovosp0os os o ootksq svvotsq, to sosvo kot ttq
nhqpoops.
Av nopotqpqoous npooskttk to o oqoto, 0o tontotuoous tt, svu
nsptsouv to ito okptuq ototsio, sv oq ivouv tqv ito nlqpoopio. To
nputo oqo s tqv otoio tuv ototsiuv tou sv oq ivst knoto nlqpoo-
pio, svu to stspo oq nlqpoopsi yto tq ooltkq sniooq svq o0qtq.
An out to onl nopstyo, nopos vo tontotuoous tt, ov npou-
s to tonopto ototsio tou nputou oqotoq kot to ouostioous sto-
touq sits s to ovottoq sits s to optosvq oponoiqoq os svo
2
47
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
2
o
AYKElO TAEH A
EAEFXOZ EHlAOZHZ
tou o0qtq AEONlAA HETPOY
O uns0uvoq
tqq tqq
MAOHMATA BAOMOI
OPHZKEYTlKA 18
NEA EAAHNlKA 20
APX. EAAHNlKA 19
MAOHMATlKA 16
lZTOPlA 19
4YZlKH 17
XHMElA 17
BlOAOFlA 18
HAHPO4OPlKH 19
FYMNAZTlKH 20
EENH FAOZZA 18
KAAAlTEXNlKA 17
AHOYZlEZ 12
svtuno -nuq o nopott0ssvoq nivokoq svq slsyou ooltkqq sniooqq-
nopov vo oq uoouv to nlqpoopio.
Ztotsio, nuq out oto nputo oqo, to onoio sv oq nlqpoopov yto
ktt ouykskptsvo, onotslov to sosvo (data), svu ototsio nuq out
tou nivoko, to onoio nposkuov on io snsspyooio sosvuv, uots lo
o(i vo onotslsoouv loytksq skpostq kotovoqtsq on tov v0puno, ono-
tslov tqv nhqpoopo (information).
Zqottk nopos vo uoous outq tq totkooio s to oklou0o t-
ypoo:
Hollsq opsq to nlqpoopio nopsi vo pqotonotq0si os vso snsspyo-
oio yto tqv soyuyq vsoq nlqpoopioq, onts tts tls yto kkho tq
nhqpoopo. Zqottk nopos vo uoous tov nlqpq kklo tqq nlq-
poopioq s to oklou0o typoo:
H nlqpoopio sivot onopoitqtq os louq touq tosiq tqq ov0puntvqq oks-
qq kot os louq touq tosiq tqq ov0puntvqq npqq. Eivot onopoitqtq t-
oo oto sovusvo too oo kot otqv kotvuvtkq oo.
O v0punoq pst(stot tqv nlqpoopio:
K yto tqv sntiuoq tou -nsptllov, klio, tpoq, kivuvot, k..
K yto tqv opyvuoq tqq ko0qsptvqq (uqq -kotpq, poolyto lsuo-
psiuv, uppto kotootqtuv, to0q, tpons(tkoi loyoptoooi, k..
K yto tqv opyvuoq tuv onouuv tou -novsntotqto, o0qoto, o0q
ntuiou, k..
K yto tq tooksooq tou -o0lqttksq ouvovtqostq, 0sotptk spyo, ktvqo-
toypotk spyo, tqlsonttk npypoo, ouvoulisq, k..
kot yto nollsq okq pootqpttqtsq tou.
Enioqq, otouq opyovtooq kot ttq sntstpqostq, ot totkqostq pst(ovtot
nlqpoopisq yto tqv sykupq kot sykotpq lqq ouotuv onoosuv.
Av kot ot okonoi nou unqpstov kot ot otot nou snttukouv ot topot op-
yovtooi kot unqpsoisq tospouv, ot ootksq lsttoupyisq touq -nou nspt-
lovouv ostoo kot opyvuoq- sivot nspinou itsq kot oopov to sp-
yo tqq toikqoqq. Fto lsq outsq ttq lsttoupyisq q nlqpoopio sivot ktt no-
ponvu on onopoitqtq.
2
48
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
* O opt0q 500.000
onotslsi sosvo.
* H poq O to0q
tou Ftvvq sivot
500.000 p. ono-
tslsi nlqpoopio.
Ms tq ouyksvtpuoq kot tqv snsspyooio sosvuv o v0punoq lovst
ttq nlqpoopisq nou pst(stot. To nolottspo pvto ot svspystsq outsq yi-
vovtov s to spt kot opytspo s stpokivqtsq qovsq. Zqspo ot s0oot
outsq sv nopov vo ovtonssl0ouv ottq onottqostq tqq snoqq oq.
Anottqostq tou oypovou ov0punou, nuq:
K o tspottoq ykoq sosvuv nou pst(stot vo snsspy(stot kot vo
ono0qksst
K q snovlqq tunonotqsvuv spyootuv
K q ovykq yto syoltspq totqto kot okpisto otqv snsspyooio
K ot ov0stsq snsspyooisq,
sv sivot uvot vo ovttstuntotov upiq tq oq0sto unoloytotq.
Ttot, svu o unoloytotqq skivqos uq spyolsio tuv
sntotqovtkuv sopoyuv, nspoos oty-oty kot
os snoptksq sopoysq kot ltoto otqv snoq
oq onotslsi spyolsio ko0qsptvqq pqoqq, kupi-
uq yto tqv snsspyooio kot tqv ono0qksuoq tuv
sosvuv.
Z` out soto ouvtslsos kot q uvottqt
tou vo npoypooti(stot. Fto vo lsttoupyq-
ost pst(stot o kupiuq ototsio:
o) to ostp on svtolsq, to npypoo,
nou oqyov tov unoloytotq qo qo yto to nuq 0o kvst to ouyks-
kptsvq snsspyooio, kot
) to sosvo nou 0slous vo snsspyootsi, to onoio nopsi vo noptot-
vouv topo ototsio tqq ko0qsptvqq oq (uqq, nuq ypoto, opt0-
oq, lsstq, oolo, stkvsq, qouq.
Fto nopstyo, otqv Ensspyooio Kstsvou to npypoo sivot o Enssp-
yootqq Kstsvou kot to npoq snsspyooio sosvo sivot to ksisv oq,
nou onotslovtot on ypoto, opt0oq, oolo, k..
Onuq ovospos oto npoqyosvo, s tov unoloytotq yivstot snsspyooio
sosvuv, nou nopsi vo oopov opt0oq, ksisvo, qouq, stkvo, k..
O unoloytotqq uq tostpi(stot kupiuq qlsktptk oqoto. Mltoto yto ts-
vtkoq lyouq -oql kotoq kotooksuqq qlsktpovtkuv kuklutuv,
ono0qksuttkuv souv, k..- npsnst to oqoto out vo skp(ouv vo o
kotootostq. Zto topo tqoto tou unoloytotq ot o outsq kotoot-
ostq nopsi vo skp(ovtot on:
K o toopsttksq qlsktptksq tostq
K o toopsttkqq svtooqq oyvqttk nsio
K nopq q ovunopio onttkqq soqq.
Ttot npokntst q ovykq to sosvo vo kutkonotovtot os opq ovttlq-
ntq on to unoloytottk ootqo, s tq pqoq vo o ototsiuv.
2
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
49
Fto tqv kutkonoiqoq tuv sosvuv otov unoloytotq, pqotonotos uq
ovo ovonopotooqq to uok gqo q bit -ovoooio nou npospstot
on tq ovtqoq tuv oyyltkuv lssuv binary digit- to onoio nopsi vo n-
pst vo o ttsq, to 0 kot to 1.
H kmkonoqoq sivot q ovttotoitoq ko0svq oulou nou 0slous vo no-
pootqoous -n.. to ypo A, to 0ouoottk ! q to oolo tou opt0o
8- s to okolou0io on 0 kot 1. Tvo ovolo ovttototiosuv sto ou-
luv kot okolou0tuv uotkuv qiuv lsystot kmko.
Ztqv opq ot kotooksuootsq unoloytotuv qtov liyot kot o ko0svoq ovsntuo-
os kot tqpoos to tk tou kutko. Ouq, s tqv ovsptqtq ovntuq tqq
tsvoloyioq on topouq kotooksuootsq kot tqv nopllqlq ovykq to-
ovsoqq kot ovtolloyqq sosvuv sto tuv unoloytottkuv ouotq-
tuv, ytvtov olosvo kot nto snttokttkq q ovykq tunonoiqoqq tuv s0uv
kot tuv ouotqtuv kutkonoiqoqq, os ts0vsq sninso. Ttot ovont0qkov
topo -s0vtk q ts0vq- nptuno kutkonoiqoqq kot nptunot kutksq.
Ot kutksq outoi nopov vo uptotov os o sylsq kotqyopisq:
K touq kmks op6mv kot
K touq kmks opoktqpmv.
Enstq lot ot kutksq ooi(ovtot oto oolo 0 kot 1, to onoio onotslov
kot tq oq tou uotko opt0qttko ouotqotoq, 0supos oknto vo
ovosp0os nputo oto opt0qttk ouotqoto, ivovtoq nsptootspq s-
ooq oto uotk.
H ovykq tou ov0punou yto stpqostq oqyqos otqv sntvqoq tuv opt0uv,
kotntv otqv sntvqoq ouluv yto tqv nopotooq touq kot tsloq otq q-
toupyio tuv opt0qttkuv ouotqtuv. Ztqv nopsio tqq ssltqq tou nolttt-
oo pqotonotq0qkov topo ouotqoto opi0qoqq -skotk, usko-
tk, sntotk, uotk, oktotk, skosotk, k..- kot topo oolo
yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv.
To voo svq ouotqotoq opi0qoqq npospstot on tov opt0 tuv q-
iuv nou pqotonotsi to ootqo yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv.
O opt0q outq ovo(stot oq (base) tou ouotqotoq. Fto nopstyo:
2
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|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
Fto tqv nopotooq
tuv opt0uv pqot-
onotos kot llo
oolo:
Ehhqvkq ypoq:
o, , y, ,s, ot,...
Pmokq ypoq:
l, ll, lll, lV, V, Vl,...
K65tks
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F 16 Askosotk
0,1 2 Auotk
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 8 Oktotk
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 10 Askotk
4qo Boq Ovoooo
Ztqv ko0qsptvq (uq sntkptqos to skotk ootqo opi0qoqq, svu yto
tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv oto ootqo out pqotonotq0qkov to opot-
k qio 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 9.
Ms to ootqo out ot opt0qttksq npstq yivovtot s sylq suspsto
on tov v0puno, snstq out to ootqo o0oivst on tkpq qltkio.
Tvoq opt0q oto skotk ootqo ovolstot nuq oivstot oto oklou-
0o nopstyo:
2568
(10)
= 2 X 10
3
+ 5 X 10
2
+ 6 X 10
1
+ 8 X 10
0
Ot sk0stsq tou 10 nopov vo snskto0ov kot otouq opvqttkoq okspoiouq,
ov o opt0q sivot klooottkq. Fto nopstyo:
573,23
(10)
= 5 X 10
2
+ 7 X 10
1
+ 3 X 10
0
+ 2 X 10
-1
+ 3 X 10
-2
To uotk ootqo opi0qoqq sivot to nto tososvo ootqo otouq
unoloytotsq. To qio nou pqotonotovtot yto to oqotto uotkuv
opt0uv sivot, nuq ovospos, o, to 0 kot to 1.
O tpnoq nou oqoti(ovtot tootkoi uotkoi opt0oi sivot ovloyoq s
outv tuv skotkuv, vo nou, ovti yto sksq, skotovtsq, tltsq
k.o.k., sous usq, tstpsq, oktsq k.o.k.
Zto ootqo out svoq opt0q ovolstot s tpno nopoto s outv nou
nsptypstot oto skotk ootqo, vo nou ovti yto uvstq tou 10 pq-
otonotos uvstq tou 2. Fto nopstyo:
10011,01
(2)
= 1 X 2
4
+ 0 X 2
3
+ 0 X 2
2
+ 1 X 2
1
+ 1 X 2
0
+ 0 X 2
-1
+ 1 X 2
-2
2
51
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
Av 0slos vo nopo-
otqoous touq
opt0oq otov uno-
loytotq s to sko-
tk ootqo opi0-
qoqq, 0o snpsns
vo kotooksuoous
svo uotk soo
nou vo nsptotvst
10 toopsttksq ko-
tootostq. Aut si-
vot nol nto oko-
lo kot onovqp
on svo uotk s-
oo nou noptotvst
o kotootostq.
1011 11
1010 10
1001 9
1000 8
111 7
110 6
101 5
100 4
11 3
10 2
1 1
0 0
AYAAIKOI AEKAAIKOI
Ot ootksq npstq, npo0soq kot nollonlootooq, oto uotk ootqo
yivovtot s tpno ovtiototo s outv tou skotko ouotqotoq, sovtoq
unq ttq npstq sto tuv qiuv tou uotko ouotqotoq.
Onuq oivstot kot otov noponvu nivoko, tov npoo0stous 1 kot 1 to o-
notslsoo -o (2) oto skotk- ypstot otq uotkq opq 10, qloq
1 uo kot 0 ovsq.
Hopstyo:
Zto oktotk ootqo opi0qoqq to qio nou pqotonotovtot yto tqv
nopotooq tuv opt0uv sivot oktu (8) to 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.
H ovluoq svq opt0o oto oktotk yivstot nuq npoqyousvuq.
Hopstyo:
573
(8)
= 5 X 8
2
+ 7 X 8
1
+ 3 X 8
0
Zto skosotk ootqo opi0qoqq yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv pq-
otonotovtot to yvuot 10 qio tou skotko ouotqotoq 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9 kot to nputo 6 ksoloio ypoto tou lottvtko oloqtou A,
B, C, D, E, F.
Hopstyo:
2AC8
(16)
= 2 X 16
3
+ 10 X 16
2
+ 12 X 16
1
+ 8 X 16
0
2
52
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
1x1=1 1x0=0 0x1=0 0x0=0 nohhonhoooo
1+1=10 1+0=1 0+1=1 0+0=0 npo6soq
F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 AEKAEEAAIKO
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 AEKAAIKO
Ot nputot unoloytotsq siov uq ootkq onootolq tqv sktslsoq opt0qttkuv
npsuv. Ztq oqsptvq snoq, nop` lo nou ot unoloytotsq pqotonoto-
vtot kot yto to stpto q opt0qttkuv ototsiuv, q ovykq yto sktslsoq s-
ylou ykou opt0qttkuv npsuv sokolou0si vo unpst.
O tpnoq s tov onoio ot unoloytotsq ono0qksouv touq opt0oq kot skts-
lov ttq opt0qttksq npstq sopttot on tov tno tou unoloytotq. Ouq,
ot ootksq opsq ovttstuntoqq tuv opt0uv on touq kotooksuootsq ult-
ko kot loytotko sv lloov kot nol on to skivqo tuv unoloytotuv
spt oqspo kot on ,tt oivstot ots yto to opot sllov npolsnstot
knoto poottkq olloyq.
Fto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv otov unoloytotq -s tq pqoq tuv qiuv
0 kot 1- souv npoto0si topot kmks kot s6oo nou tsukolvouv kot
tqv sktslsoq tuv opt0qttkuv npsuv.
Ot kutksq nou pqotonotovtot yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv otov uno-
loytotq lsyovtot op6qtko kmks. Ot kutksq outoi ooi(ovtot oto uo-
tk ootqo opi0qoqq kot o nto tososvoq sivot o kutkoq BCD (Bi-
nary Coded Decimal - Auotkq Kutkonoiqoq Askotkuv 4qiuv).
Fto tqv ovonopotooq svq qiou tou skotko ouotqotoq s tov kut-
ko out pqotonotovtot tsoospo uotk qio. To qio tou skotko
ouotqotoq souv, nuq oivstot kot otov nivoko nou okolou0si, tqv ito
nopotooq s outqv nou souv kot oto uotk ootqo.
2
53
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
Askok gqo Auokq tq
Auokq kmkonoqoq
skokmv gqmv
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 10 0010
3 11 0011
4 100 0100
5 101 0101
6 110 0110
7 111 0111
8 1000 1000
9 1001 1001
Ayu tqq nopotooqq outqq o kutkoq BCD lsystot kot kmko 8-4-2-1
(uvstq tou 2), on tqv oio tuv tsoopuv uotkuv qiuv nou pqot-
onotsi.
Fto vo nopootqoous svo skotk opt0 s tq uotkq kutkonoiqoq s-
kotkuv qiuv, opksi k0s qio tou vo ovttkotooto0si s tqv ovtiototq
nopotooq otov kutko out.
Fto nopstyo o opt0q 5479
(10)
yivstot:
O kutkoq outq nopouot(st knoto stovsktqoto nuq:
o) To sylo qkoq tuv kutkonotqsvuv opt0uv yto tqv nopotooq tuv
skotkuv opt0uv.
o) Fto nopstyo o opt0q 125
(10)
noptotvstot otov kutko BCD uq 0001
0010 0101, svu, ov pqotonotqoous to uotk ootqo, 0o sous
tqv nopotooq 1111101
(2)
.
) Auokolio otqv sktslsoq tuv opt0qttkuv npsuv.
Fto vo sktslsotov npstq s opt0oq nou souv kutkonotq0si s tov ku-
tko out ouvq0uq:
o) q pqotonotovtot sttk qlsktpovtk kukluoto,
o) q stotpsnovtot ot opt0oi oto uotk ootqo opi0qoqq.
Fto tqv nopotooq svq opt0o otov unoloytotq pqotonotovtot n uo-
tk qio (bit), nou to n sivot oto0sp yto k0s unoloytotq kot ouvq0uq
nopootvst to qkoq tqq lsqq tou unoloytotq, nuq 0o 0ous kot oto
snsvo ksloto.
Ms tov kutko BCD sv sivot skolo vo nopooto0ov npooqoosvot oks-
potot opt0oi q npoyottkoi. Ft` outoq unpouv llsq s0oot nopoto-
oqq, ttq kupttspsq on ttq onoisq ovospous otq ouvssto.
Fto vo nopooto0si svoq tstotoq opt0q, pst(stot vo skpootsi too q
onlutq ttq tou, oo kot to npoq tou s 0 q 1.
Fto to npoqo pqotonotsitot to nputo on optotsp uotk qio tqq
lsqq, svu oto unlotno n-1 tono0stsitot q onlutq ttq tou opt0o os
uotkq opq.
Av o opt0q sivot 0sttkq, to npoqo noptotvstot s to 0, svu ov sivot
opvqttkq, s to 1. Ttot ov to n=6, o opt0q +13 noptotvstot s to
001101, svu o opt0q -13 s to 101101.
2
54
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
Ms tov tpno out
o sytotoq okspot-
oq nou nopsi vo
nopooto0si s n bit
sivot o +(2
n1
1) kot
o sltotoq sivot
(2
n1
1).
1001 0111 0100 0101
Auokq kmkonoqoq
skokmv gqmv
9 7 4 5 Askok op6
Av kot outq o tpnoq nopotooqq sivot osttk onlq, sv sunqpstsi otq
osiooq tuv kuklutuv nou onottovtot yto ttq opt0qttksq npstq.
Ttot souv sntvoq0si kot llsq s0oot nopotooqq tuv okspoiuv, nuq q
s0ooq tou ounhqpmoto m npo 1 (1`s complement) kot q s0ooq
tou ounhqpmoto m npo 2 (2`s complement), ottq onoisq 0o ovosp-
0os otq ouvssto. Kot ottq o outsq nopootostq to optotsptspo bit o-
op to npoqo, qloq 0 0sttkq, 1 opvqttkq.
Hopotooq ounhqpmoto m npo 1
Zuvo s tq s0oo outq, yto tqv nopotooq svq 0sttko uotko o-
pt0o tono0stsitot oto nputo on optotsp bit to 0 kot oto unlotno q o-
nlutq ttq tou on st npoq to optotsp. Av o opt0q sivot opvqttkq
noptotvstot s to ounlqpuo uq npoq 1 tou ovtiototou 0sttko opt0o.
To ounlqpuo uq npoq 1 svq uotko opt0o piokstot ov ovttkoto-
oto0ov lo to 0 s 1 kot lo to 1 s 0 (ounsptloovosvou kot tou npo-
oqou). Fto nopstyo, otov snsvo nivoko oivstot nuq npokntst to ou-
nlqpuo uq npoq 1 tou opt0o 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Ttot q nopotooq, s tq s0oo tou ounlqpuotoq uq npoq 1, tou opt0-
o +11 s 6 bit sivot q snsvq
kot tou opt0o -11 sivot q
Ms tq s0oo outq kot s tq pqoq 8 bit nopov vo nopooto0ov opt0oi
on to -127 suq 127 q olltuq on to -(2
7
-1) suq 2
7
- 1.
H nopotooq ounlqpuotoq uq npoq 1 0supsitot onqpotosvq kot sst
nlsov sykotolst0si.
2
55
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
Ms tq s0oo ou-
nlqpuotoq uq
npoq 1 o sytotoq
okspotoq nou no-
psi vo nopooto0si
s n bit sivot o
+(2
n1
1)
kot o sltotoq sivot
(2
n1
1).
Mstovsktqo: to 0
noptotvstot s
o tpnouq:
oov 00000...000 q
oov 11111...111
Hopotooq ounhqpmoto m npo 2
Autq q s0ooq nopotooqq sivot ito s tqv npoqyosvq, vo nou, ovti
yto to ounlqpuo uq npoq 1 svq opt0o, pqotonotsitot to ounlqpu-
o uq npoq 2.
To ounlqpuo uq npoq 2 svq uotko opt0o piokstot ov ps0si npu-
to to ounlqpu tou uq npoq 1 kot os out npoots0si to 1. Fto nopsty-
o otov snsvo nivoko unoloyi(stot to ounlqpuo uq npoq 2 tou opt0-
o 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1.
Ttot q nopotooq, s tq s0oo tou ounlqpuotoq uq npoq 2, tou opt0-
o +27 s 8 bit sivot:
kot tou opt0o -27 sivot:
Ms tq s0oo outq kot s tq pqoq 8 bit nopov vo nopooto0ov opt0oi
on to -128 suq 127 q olltuq on to -2
7
suq 2
7
- 1.
To nlsovsktqo tuv s0uv ounlqpuotoq uq npoq 1 kot 2 sivot tt o
unoloytotqq sv pst(stot vo to0stst sttk kukluoto yto tqv ooipsoq,
to kot yto vo ootps0si svoq opt0q on svov llo opksi vo npoots0si oto
stutso to ounlqpuo uq npoq 2 q npoq 1 tou ootpstsou. Mltoto, to
kukluoto nou pqotonotovtot yto tqv ovttotpoq tuv uotkuv qiuv
kotooksu(ovtot nol nto skolo on out tqq ooipsoqq.
Fto nopstyo, ov 0slous vo ootpsoous tov opt0 +12 on tov +17
s tq pqoq 6 bit, sous:
o) Aoipsoq
2
56
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
Ms tq s0oo ou-
nlqpuotoq uq
npoq 2, o sytotoq
okspotoq nou no-
psi vo nopooto0si
s n bit sivot o
+(2
n1
1) kot o sl-
totoq sivot 2
n1
.
) Ms0ooq ounlqpuotoq uq npoq 2
Fto tqv nopotooq tuv npoyottkuv opt0uv, sktq on to npoqo kot tqv
onlutq ttq, pst(stot vo nopooto0si kot q 0soq tqq unotootolqq.
H onlootspq nopotooq npoyottkuv opt0uv sivot outq tqq oto6spq u-
noootohq (fixed point number). Zs outqv o opt0q onotslsitot on oto0s-
p opt0 uotkuv qiuv kot yto to okspoto kot yto to klooottk spoq.
Zto npoqyosvo nopstyo pqotonotovtot 5 bit yto to okspoto spoq
kot 3 yto to klooottk.
Fto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv outuv toouv ysvtk oo souv ovosp0si
kot yto touq npooqoosvouq okspoiouq. Kot otqv nspintuoq outq, to t-
otqo opt0uv nou nopsi vo nopooto0si sivot tkp.
Enstq, lotnv, q nopotooq nol syluv q nol tkpuv opt0uv, ou-
vo s oo sous ovospst noponvu, sivot ovotq, pqotonotsitot to
llq s0ooq nopotooqq, nou lsystot s6oo kvqtq unoootohq
(floating point).
H s0ooq nopotooqq tuv opt0uv ktvqtqq unotootolqq (floating point
numbers) otqpi(stot otqv tunonotqsvq opq tuv opt0uv nou pqoto-
notsitot oto Mo0qottk. Zto skotk ootqo opi0qoqq svoq okspotoq q
skotkq nopsi vo yposi s toopsttksq opsq, nuq oivstot oto no-
pstyo nou okolou0si:
2345 8945,67
234,5x10
1
894,567x10
1
23,45x10
2
89,4567x10
2
2,345x10
3
8,94567x10
3
0,2345x10
4
0,894567x10
4
0,02345x10
5
0,0894567x10
5
2
57
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
At6o
oro6sq
uno5toorokq
At6o
ktvqrq
uno5toorokq
An to noponvu sivot ovsp tt:
K unpouv nstpsq opsq sk0sttkqq nopotooqq svq opt0o
K tov stoktvsitot q unotootolq to 0soq optotsp, tts ouvstot o
sk0stqq tqq oqq kot io ovo. To ovti0sto ouoivst tov q uno-
tootolq stoktvsitot to 0soq st.
H sk0sttkq opq svq opt0o, nou to nputo q qsvtk qio sivot os-
ouq st tqv unotootolq, ovo(stot kovovkq (normalized). Zto nopon-
vu noposiyoto q kovovtkq opq sivot:
0,2345 X 10
4
kot 0,894567 X 10
4
H svvoto tqq sk0sttkqq nopotooqq kot tqq kovovtkqq sk0sttkqq opqq
snsktsivstot kot otouq uotkoq opt0oq. Fto nopstyo:
Fto tqv nopotooq tuv npoyottkuv opt0uv otov unoloytotq pqoto-
notsitot q kovovtkq touq opq.
Ttot o opt0q 110011 nopsi vo nopooto0si s tq opq:
O opt0q upi(stot os o spq:
K to nputo spoq 0110011 nou lsystot ouvtshsotq (mantissa) kot
K to stspo spoq 0110 nou lsystot sk6stq (exponent).
Ot opt0oi nou noptotvovtot s tq opq outq lsyovtot op6o kvqtq u-
noootohq.
Ot npstq otq opq outq yivovtot nuq kot oto Mo0qottk, qloq:
K otqv npo0soq kot otqv ooipsoq tpononotos touq opt0oq uots
vo souv tov ito sk0stq, onts, yto vo pos to onotslsoo, kvou-
s ttq npstq oto klooottk spoq kot oqvous tov ito sk0stq
K otov nollonlootoo -q tq toipsoq- nollonloot(ous -q totpos-
to klooottk spq kot npoo0stous -q ootpos- touq sk0stsq.
110011
11001,1 x 2
1
1100,11 x 2
2
110,011 x 2
3
11,0011 x 2
4
1,10011 x 2
5
0,110011 x 2
6
0,0110011 x 2
7
2
58
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
Oui(ous tt otqv
tunonotqsvq outq
opq k0s opt0-
q ypstot uq
ytvsvo svq
npoyottko opt0-
o sto 1 kot 10
kot toq kotllq-
lqq voqq tou
10.
H..
300.000 = 3x10
5
25600000 = 2,56x10
7
0,0000006 = 6x10
-7
0,0000000123=1,23x10
9
H opq tqq ktvqtqq unotootolqq ivst onotslsooto tuv topuv nps-
uv s syoltspq okpisto on` ,tt q opq oto0spqq unotootolqq kot pq-
otonotsitot kupiuq yto tqv ovttstuntoq sntotqovtkuv npolqtuv.
Otov stoyovtot q ono0qksovtot opoktqpsq otov unoloytotq, pqoto-
notovtot sttkoi kutksq yto tqv nopotooq touq.
H kutkonoiqoq yivstot s tq pqoq ouvuoouv tou 0 kot tou 1, onts k-
0s opoktqpoq ovttototi(stot s to ovotkq toopsttkq okolou0io uo-
tkuv qiuv. Hopllqlo q okolou0io outq oto uotk ootqo noptot-
vst to opt0qttkq ttq. H ttq outq, nou nopsi vo skpootsi sktq on to
uotk kot oto oktotk, oto skotk q oto skosotk ootqo opi0q-
oqq, lsystot tq tou kmko (code value).
Ot kupttspot kutksq opoktqpuv nou pqotonotovtot sivot:
O ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) qtoupyq-
0qks pq otqv unootqptq tou E0vtko Asptkovtko
lvotttotou Hpotnuv ANSl (American National Stan-
dard Institute), os to npoon0sto vo unpst svoq
kotvq kutkoq yto tqv ovtolloyq tuv sos-
vuv sto unoloytotuv ko0uq kot yto tqv
ono0qksuoq touq. Ft` out to lyo sst uto-
0stq0si osv on louq touq kotooksuo-
otsq tkponoloytotuv kot pqotonotsi-
tot suptoto.
Aptk otov kutko ASCll pqotonotovtov 7 bit
yto tqv nopotooq tuv opoktqpuv kot svo bit, to 8o, yto slsyo op0tqtoq
kot tq stoop ototsiuv. To bit out ovootqks gqo ooto (par-
ity bit). Ms tqv kutkonoiqoq outq ivstot q uvottqto vo nopootqoous
128 (=2
7
) toopsttkoq opoktqpsq, uq onotslsoo tuv 128 toopsttkuv
ouvuoouv on 0 kot 1.
2
59
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
tuv 8 bit
ASCll
EBCDlC
tuv 16 bit Unicode
7qo ro0 ku|ko 4SC//
Zto nputo otto tqq sopoyqq tou o kutkoq ASCll pqotonotq0qks yto
tqv nopotooq:
K sttkuv opoktqpuv slsyou
K topuv ouluv
K opt0qttkuv qiuv
K ns(uv kot ksoloiuv ypotuv tou lottvtko oloqtou,
nuq oivstot kot on tqv oklou0q ooonoiqoq.
2
60
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
rko|kp t|p Xopoktppo rko|kp t|p Xopoktppo rko|kp t|p Xopoktppo
32 64 @ 96 '
33 ! 65 A 97 a
34 " 66 B 98 b
35 # 67 C 99 c
36 $ 68 D 100 d
37 % 69 E 101 e
38 & 70 F 102 f
39 ' 71 G 103 g
40 { 72 H 104 h
41 ) 73 I 105 i
42 * 74 J 106 j
43 + 75 K 107 k
44 , 76 L 108 I
45 - 77 M 109 m
46 . 78 N 110 n
47 / 79 O 111 o
48 0 80 P 112 p
49 1 81 Q 113 q
50 2 82 R 114 r
51 3 83 S 115 s
52 4 84 T 116 t
53 5 85 U 117 u
54 6 86 V 118 v
55 7 87 W 119 w
56 8 88 X 120 x
57 9 89 Y 121 y
58 : 90 Z 122 z
59 ; 91 { 123 (
60 < 92 \ 124
62 = 93 ] 125 ]
62 > 94 ^ 126 ~
63 ? 95 _ 127 _
Ms tqv npoo tou pvou kot sottioq tqq tspuvoqq tqq pqoqq tuv
unoloytotuv nou qtopyqos tqv ovykq yto nsptootspo oolo, pqot-
onotq0qks kot to 8o bit yto tqv nopotooq opoktqpuv, onts sytvs uvo-
t vo nopooto0ov 256 (=2
8
) toopsttkoi opoktqpsq. Ot topot koto-
oksuootsq pqotonoiqoov tq vso nsptoq (128-255) yto tqv kutkonoiqoq
sttkuv ouluv kot ypotkuv opoktqpuv q yto tqv nopotooq ypo-
tuv lluv oloqtuv, toopsttkuv tou lottvtko, n.. sllqvtko, olot-
ko, k.. O vsoq kutkoq nou nposkus ovootqks snsktstosvo km-
ko ASCII (Extended ASCll) q ASCII - 8.
Fto to Ellqvtk olqto sst uto0stq0si on tov Ellqvtk Opyovto Tu-
nonoiqoqq (EAOT) o kutkoq EAOT 928 o onoioq onotslsi snsktooq tou
ASCll oto 8 bit. Ztov kutko out ot nputot 128 opoktqpsq sivot osv
otot s touq ovtiototouq tou ASCll, svu otouq snsvouq 128 souv to-
no0stq0si to ypoto tou Ellqvtko oloqtou (ksoloio, ns(, tovos-
vo) kot llo oolo.
Tvoq lloq tososvoq kutkoq sivot o kutkoq EBCDIC (Extended Bina-
ry-Coded Decimal Interchange Code -Atsupusvoq Auotkq Kutkoq Asko-
tkuv yto tqv Entkotvuvio). O kutkoq outq qtoupyq0qks on tqv lBM kot
pqotonotsitot otouq sylouq unoloytotsq tqq (mainframes). Ztov kutko
EBCDlC pqotonotovtot 8 bit yto tqv nopotooq svq opoktqpo, onts
unpst q uvottqto yto 256 toopsttkoq opoktqpsq.
An touq opoktqpsq outoq oot souv kutkoq on 0-63 kot 250-255 si-
vot q sktunuotot.
Ztov nivoko nou okolou0si nopos vo os svo tqo tou kutko
EBCDlC.
2
61
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
KOAIKOI EIAOI IYMBOAOY
0-31 Xopoktqpsq slsyou
32-47 Zolo
48-57 Apt0qttk qio
58-64 Zolo
65-90 Ksoloio lottvtk ypoto
91-96 Zolo
97-122 Hs( lottvtk ypoto
122-127 Zolo
O kutkoq Unicode sivot svoq ts0vqq kutkoq nou pqotonotsitot yto tqv
nopotooq tuv opoktqpuv otouq unoloytotsq. Enstq o opt0q tuv o-
poktqpuv nou nopos vo nopootqoous s tov kutko ASCll kot touq l-
louq kutksq tuv 8 bit sivot nsptoptosvoq -to nol 256-, qtov snttokttkq q
ovykq vo qtoupyq0si svoq kutkoq o onoioq vo ivst tq uvottqto yto
tqv nopotooq tuv ypotuv luv tuv yluoouv.
Ttot ostotqks o kutkoq Unicode, otov onoio pqotonotovtot 16 bit yto
tqv nopotooq tuv opoktqpuv, onts nopov vo nopooto0ov 65.536
(=2
16
) toopsttkoi opoktqpsq.
Ms tov kutko out sivot uvotv vo nopooto0ov ot opoktqpsq nou pq-
otonotovtot os lo to olqto tou koou -Aottvtk, Ellqvtk, Epotk,
Kuptlltk, Apotk, k..-, okq kot to tsoypoto nou pqotonotovtot
otqv Kopsottkq, tqv Ktvs(tkq kot tqv lonuvtkq yluooo. To nptuno Unicode
nsptlovst oko topo tokptttk, o0qottk kot tsvtk oolo,
slq, oqsio otiqq, k.. Aivst snioqq tq uvottqto vo nopooto0ov tovo-
svo ypoto.
2
62
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
To ouoltk vo-
o Unicode (Uni-
code) pqotonotq-
0qks yto vo skp-
ost ttq tpsiq oot-
ksq tttqtsq tou:
o) Hoykotoq - ot-
kousvtkq (Uni-
versal). Zstotq-
ks yto vo kolst
lsq ttq yluoosq
tou koou.
) Movotkq (Uni-
que). K0s opo-
ktqpoq sst okpt-
uq io ttq.
y) Ootopoq -
svtoioq (Uniform).
K0s opoktqpoq
sst oto0sp qkoq
(16 bit).
" 127
= 126
Z 233 z 169 ' 125
Y 232 y 168 @ 124
X 231 x 167 # 123
W 230 w 166 : 122
V 229 v 165
U 228 u 164 ? 111
T 227 t 163 > 110
S 226 s 162 _ 109
R 217 r 153 % 108
Q 216 q 152 , 107
P 215 p 151
O 214 o 150 / 97
N 213 n 149 - 96
M 212 m 148
L 211 I 147 ; 94
K 210 k 146 ) 93
J 209 j 145 * 92
I 201 i 137 $ 91
H 200 h 136 ! 90
G 199 g 135 & 80
F 198 f 134 79
E 197 e 133 + 78
D 196 d 132 { 77
C 195 c 131 < 76
B 194 b 130 . 75
A 193 a 129 bIank 64
Xopoktppo . t|p Xopoktppo . t|p Xopoktppo . t|p
Zs k0s opoktqpo tou kutko Unicode ovttototsi svoq opt0q qkouq 16
bit, o onoioq ovo(stot ttq tou kutko (code value). H ttq outq noptot-
vstot s to np0so U+ okolou0osvo on tq skosotkq opq tqq. Fto
nopstyo:
Zs k0s tstoto ttq ovttototsi kot to ovoooio yto to opoktqpo nou nopt-
otvst. Fto nopstyo:
H kutkonoiqoq opi(st on tqv ttq U+0000 kot tslstuvst otqv ttq
U+FFFF.
O kutkoq Unicode sst kot kutkoq ot onoiot ko0opi(ouv tq ts0uvoq tou
kstsvou, qloq:
Olo out kotolovouv oto nptuno Unicode osv 39.000 0sostq, svu
unpouv 18.000 ksvsq 0sostq yto sllovttkq snsktooq. Enioqq unpouv s-
osusvsq nvu on 6.000 0sostq ot onoisq toti0svtot yto ttuttkq pqoq.
Mnopsi, qloq, onotooqnots vo pqotonotqost touq kutkoq outoq yto
vo nopootqost touq tkoq tou opoktqpsq kot to tk tou oolo.
O unoloytotqq, sktq on opt0qttksq npstq, sst tq uvottqto vo skts-
lsi kot ouykpiostq, qloq vo snsspy(stot loytk sosvo. To sosvo
out nopsi vo sivot onlsq q ov0stsq loytksq npotostq.
Mto nptooq lsystot hoykq, tov nopsi vo opoktqptotsi olq0qq q su-
qq. Tvoq tstotoq opoktqptoq toq nptooqq lsystot tq ohq6so q
onl tq tqq nptooqq. Fto nopstyo:
K O opt0q 4 sivot pttoq opt0q - olq0qq nptooq.
K Tq vto lnst o qltoq - suqq nptooq.
K O opt0q 3 sv sivot (uyq opt0q - olq0qq nptooq.
Av to ksisvo ypstot on optotsp npoq to st, nuq n.. to Ellq-
vtk q on st npoq to optotsp, nuq n.. to Apotk.
Ot nputsq ttsq ovttototov otouq opoktqpsq tou kutko ASCll kot o-
kolou0ov ot opoktqpsq tou Ellqvtko, tou Kuptlltko, tou Epotko,
tou Apotko, tou lvtko kot lluv oloqtuv.
Ztqv ttq U+0043 ovttototsi kot q ovoooio latin capital letter c - lottvt-
k ksoloio ypo c
H ttq U+0043 noptotvst to opoktqpo C.
2
63
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
Ot nto tosos-
vsq tsvtksq yto tqv
nopotooq tuv s-
osvuv otov uno-
loytotq sivot:
o) yto to opt0qtt-
k sosvo
K o kutkoq BCD
K q s0ooq ou-
nlqpuotoq uq
npoq 2
K q s0ooq ktvq-
tqq unotooto-
lqq
) yto touq opo-
ktqpsq, ot kutksq
K ASCll
K EBCDlC
K UNlCODE.
Zto noponvu noposiyoto ot o nputsq npotostq opoktqpi(ovtot uq
onhs loytksq npotostq, ytoti svo tqo touq sv sivot opkst yto vo optotsi
to vso loytkq nptooq. H tpitq nptooq opoktqpi(stot ov0stq, ytoti ov
ootps0si svo tqo tqq -to pto sv- npokntst nlt loytkq nptooq.
K0s loytkq nptooq nou sv sivot onlq opoktqpi(stot uq ov6stq.
Hoposiyoto ov0stuv loytkuv npotosuv:
Fsvtk, ov stooqotioous to loytkq nptooq s tq pqotonoiqoq tqq
lsqq sv q ov ouvsoous npotostq s tq pqotonoiqoq tuv lssuv
kot, q, ov ...., tts ...., qtoupyovtot vssq npotostq. Autsq ot tot-
kooisq oqottoo vsuv npotosuv lsyovtot hoyks nps.
O nputoq nou totnuos touq ootkoq kovvsq s touq onoiouq ot loytksq
npotostq nopov vo nopouotootov s o0qottk oolo, qtov o Ay-
yloq o0qottkq George BooIe otqv spyooio tou The Mathematical Analy-
sis of Logic - H Mo0qottkq Avluoq tqq Aoytkqq, to 1847.
Ot kovvsq outoi onotslov tqo tqq Ahyspo Aoykq - q Ahyspo
BooIe npoq ttqv tou sylou outo o0qottko- kot pqotonotovtot yto
vo sntlous loytk npolqoto. Ztqv Alyspo Boole unpouv vo o si-
q npotosuv, outsq nou sivot olq0siq kot outsq nou sivot susiq. Aqloq
ot stolqtsq nou pqotonotovtot otqv lyspo outq nopov vo npouv
vo o ttsq. Zttq ttsq outsq nopos vo ovttototioous ttq usq:
Enioqq otqv Alyspo Boole opi(ovtot kot ot loytksq oto0spsq. Aoykq oto-
6sp ovo(stot to nptooq nou sivot nvtots olq0qq q nvtots suqq
kot tospst on tq hoykq stohqtq, q onoio sivot to nptooq nou no-
psi vo sivot llots olq0qq kot llots suqq.
Hoposiyoto:
K Mst tov lovto okolou0si o loltoq. - Aoytkq oto0sp, olq0qq, yto-
ti tost nvtots.
K H npoqyosvq on tqv Hopooksuq spo ovo(stot Zoto. - Ao-
ytkq oto0sp, suqq, ytoti sv tost.
K O ovoqtoq uotkq opt0q sivot syoltspoq on to 6. Aoyt-
kq stolqtq, ytoti llots sivot olq0qq, tov x=7 q 8 q 9 kot llo-
ts suqq, tov o x noipvst ttq ttsq 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.
K Av o Kuotoq sivot notspoq tou Aqqtpq, tts o Aqqtpqq sivot ytoq
tou Kuoto.
K To 6 totpsitot okptuq on to 3 kot to 6 totpsitot okptuq on to 2.
K Zqspo 0o psst q sv 0o psst.
O opt0q 3 sivot (uyq opt0q - suqq nptooq
2
64
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
0 Not (N) Alq0qq (A) Yes (Y) True (T)
1 Ot (O) 4suqq (4) No (N) False (F)
O Boole, st ttq loytksq stolqtsq kot oto0spsq, ptos kot touq kovvsq
nou ko0opi(ouv ttq ootksq loytksq npstq. Fto vo opiost ttq npstq outsq,
pqotonoiqos nivoksq otouq onoiouq nsptlovovtot lot ot uvotoi ouv-
uoooi tuv ttuv nou nopov vo npouv ot loytksq stolqtsq ko0uq kot
to onotslsooto nou npokntouv on outoq touq ouvuoooq. Zto sn-
svo lsnous ttq ootksq npstq tqq Alyspoq Boole.
Ms tqv sopoyq tqq pvqoqq os to loytkq nptooq ovttotpsstot q olq-
0sto tuv ttuv tqq, qloq to 1 stotpsnstot os 0 kot to 0 os 1. Fto nop-
styo:
H npq outq lsystot kot ovtotpoq q ounhqpmo kot ouoli(stot s A
-
.
Ms tqv npq tqq o(suqq ouv0stous o npotostq s tq lsq kot,
onts oqoti(stot to vso nptooq, q onoio sivot olq0qq vo tov kot ot
o optksq sivot olq0siq. H..
H npq outq lsystot kot hoyk nohhonhoooo kot ouoli(stot s
A * B.
Ms tqv npq tqq t(suqq ouv0stous o npotostq s tq lsq q, on-
ts oqoti(stot to vso nptooq, q onoio sivot olq0qq tov toultotov q
io on ttq o optksq sivot olq0qq. H..
H npq outq lsystot kot hoykq npo6soq kot ouoli(stot s A + B.
2
65
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
Zqspo sv 0o psst Zqspo 0o psst
NOT A A
A B A OR B
To 12 tot-
psitot on
to 6
To 12 tot-
psitot on
to 5
To 12 totpsitot on to
6 q to 12 totpsitot o-
n to 5
Hvoko ohq6so
A NOT A
olq0qq suqq
suqq olq0qq
Hvoko ohq6so
A B A AND B
olq0qq olq0qq olq0qq
olq0qq suqq suqq
suqq olq0qq suqq
suqq suqq suqq
To 12 totpsitot on to
6 kot to 4 sivot totps-
tqq tou 8
To 4 sivot
t ot pstqq
tou 8
To 12 tot-
psitot on
to 6
A AND B B A
suqq suqq suqq
olq0qq olq0qq suqq
olq0qq suqq olq0qq
olq0qq olq0qq olq0qq
A OR B B A
Hvoko ohq6so
2
66
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
Ms tqv npq tqq onoklstottkqq t(suqq ouv0stous o npotostq (o-
vtoq to to(sukttk sits npoot os ko0sio, onts oqoti(stot to vso,
q onoio sivot olq0qq vo tov q io on ttq optksq sivot olq0qq kot q l-
lq suqq.
H npq outq ouoli(stot s A B.
Ot npstq o(suq, t(suq kot onoklstottkq t(suq, sop(ovtot kot
yto nsptootspsq on o loytksq stolqtsq.
Ot ouvoptqostq nou sovtot uq siooo loytksq stolqtsq kot ivouv uq
soo to onotslsoo loytkuv npsuv kolovtot hoyks ouvoptqos.
Hoposiyoto loytkuv ouvoptqosuv:
Z=f(A,B)=A * B
Z=f(A,B)=A * B
-
+ B * A
-
Onuq sios, ottq npstq tqq Alyspoq Boole pqotonotovtot stolq-
tsq nou noipvouv o vo ttsq kot ivouv uq onotslsoo nlt ittsq s-
tolqtsq. To 1938 o C. Shannon ssts tt q Alyspo Boole nopoos vo
sopootsi otqv onlonoiqoq kot otq osiooq tuv qlsktpovtkuv kuklu-
tuv, nuq, yto nopstyo oto tqlsuvtk kukluoto. Apytspo pqoto-
notq0qks yto tq osiooq tuv kuklutuv tuv unoloytotuv.
To qlsktpovtk kukluoto nou sktslov ttq ootksq npstq tqq Alyspoq
Boole kolovtot hoyks nhs. K0s tstoto nlq sstot otqv sioo tqq
oqoto s tq opq uqlqq q oqlqq qlsktptkqq toqq kot ivst otqv so-
tqq svo ovotk loytk onotslsoo s tq opq uqlqq q oqlqq
qlsktptkqq toqq. Zuvu(ovtoq kotllqlo loytksq nlsq qtoupyovtot
nto ov0sto kukluoto nou nopov vo sktslov loytksq npstq.
Aptk yto tqv ulonoiqoq tuv loytkuv nuluv pqotonotq0qkov tokptt
qlsktpovtk ototsio. Zqspo oto oloklqpusvo kukluoto unpst svo
sylo nlq0oq sntspouq kuklutuv, to onoio s tq ostp touq onotslo-
vtot on nlq0oq loytkuv nuluv.
Ets to 12 totpsitot o-
n to 6 sts to 12 tot-
psitot on to 5
To 12 tot-
psitot on
to 5
To 12 tot-
psitot on
to 6
A XOR B B A
suqq suqq suqq
olq0qq olq0qq suqq
olq0qq suqq olq0qq
suqq olq0qq olq0qq
A XOR B B A
Hvoko ohq6so
Ot ootksq nlsq on ttq onoisq kotooksu(ovtot to loytk kukluoto si-
vot:
Aoykq nhq OXI - NOT
Ylonotsi tq loytkq npq Apvqoq. Tst to siooo kot
to soo. Otov q sioooq sivot 1 q sooq sivot 0, svu
tov q sioooq sivot 0 q sooq sivot 1, qloq ovttotps-
st tqv oio tqq stoou.
Aoykq nhq KAI - AND
Ylonotsi tq loytkq npq Z(suq. Tst o stoouq
kot to soo. H sooq sivot 1, tov lsq ot siooot si-
vot 1.
Aoykq nhq 1 - OR
Ylonotsi tq loytkq npq At(suq. Tst o stoouq
kot to soo. H sooq sivot 1, tov toultotov to si-
oooq sivot 1.
Aoykq nhq Anokhsotk 1 - XOR
Ylonotsi tq loytkq npq Anoklstottkq t(suq. Tst
o stoouq kot to soo. H sooq sivot 1, tov ot tt-
sq ottq stoouq sivot toopsttksq sto touq.
Mnopos vo qtoupyqoous nto nolnloksq loytksq nlsq
K sits npoo0stovtoq nsptootspsq stoouq
K sits ouvu(ovtoq ttq onlsq s tqv nlq OXl (NOT).
2
67
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
ZYMBOAO
ZYMBOAO
ZYMBOAO
ZYMBOAO
Hopoktu lsnous to oolo kot tov nivoko olq0stoq tqq loytkqq nlqq
KAl s tpstq stoouq:
Ao okq nlsq nou pqotonotovtot suptoto sivot:
Aoykq nhq OXI-KAI {NAND)
Anotslsitot on to nlq AND kot to nlq NOT kot ou-
oli(stot s A

. Tst soo 0, tov lsq ot siooot si-

vot 1, svu os k0s llq nspintuoq sst soo 1.
Aoykq nhq OXI - 1 {NOR)
Anotslsitot on to nlq OR kot to nlq NOT kot ouo-
li(stot s A

. H soq tqq sivot 1, tov kot ot o sioo-

ot sivot 0, svu os k0s llq nspintuoq sst soo 0.
Olsq ot ootksq nlsq nopov vo ulonotq0ov s ttq nlsq NOR q NAND.
Aut, os ouvuoo s to ysyovq tt q pqoq tuv nuluv outuv onlonotsi
tq totkooio kotooksuqq tuv oloklqpusvuv kuklutuv, snttpsnst otouq
kotooksuootsq touq vo qtoupyov kukluoto to onoio ouvq0uq nspts-
ouv vo nlsq NOR q vo NAND.
Fto nopstyo:
2
68
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
ZYMBOAO
ZYMBOAO
ZYMBOAO
To kukluoto nou qtoupyovtot s tq pqoq nolluv ootkuv nuluv no-
pov vo uptotov os o kotqyopisq:
To ouvuootk. Eivot sksivo nou q soq touq sopttot vo on ttq tt-
sq stoou touq.
Hopstyo:
To okohou6ok kukhmoto. Eivot sksivo nou q soq touq sivot ouvptq-
oq tuv ttuv stoou oll kot tqq npoqyosvqq kototooqq tou kukluo-
toq. Tvo tstoto ototstusq kkluo kolsitot fIip-fIop. To flip-flop ouvs-
svo kotllqlo qtoupyov pqoto okolou0tok kukluoto, nou no-
pov vo ono0qksoouv npoouptv uotkq nlqpoopio, qloq onotslov
svo sioq vqqq nou ulonotsitot on kukluoto.
Zto snsvo oqo oivstot to flip-flop kotqyopioq Set / Reset. Z` out no-
pos vo nopotqpqoous tt k0s nlq NOR sst io siooo sutsptkq ol-
l kot io soutsptkq, q onoio sst tqv ttq nou qtoupyq0qks on tqv npo-
qyosvq kototooq tou flip-flop.
2
69
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
Avoksohomoq
H nhqpoopo sivot nol oqovttkq os louq osv touq tosiq tqq ko0q-
sptvqq oq (uqq kot npokntst on tqv snsspyooio tuv sosvmv. O
unoloytotqq onotslsi to ootk spyolsio yto tqv snsspyooio kot tqv ono-
0qksuoq tuv sosvuv.
To sosvo kutkonotovtot s tq oq0sto tuv uotkuv qiuv (bit) kot
noptotvovtot s okolou0isq on 0 kot 1.
Ztov unoloytotq pqotonotos kupiuq to oklou0o ouotqoto opi0-
qoqq:
K uok
K oktok
K skosok.
Fto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv nopos vo pqotonotqoous:
K tov kutko yto tq Auokq Kmkonoqoq Askokmv 4qmv (Binary
Coded Decimal - BCD)
K ttq s0ouq nopotooqq tuv opt0uv otov unoloytotq - s0oot tou
ounhqpmoto 1 kot 2, s0oot oto6spq kot kvqtq unoooto-
hq.
Ot nto oqovttkoi kmks nou pqotonotos yto tqv kutkonoiqoq tuv o-
poktqpuv sivot ot oklou0ot:
K tuv 8 bit, ASCII, EBCDIC
K tuv 16 bit, Unicode.
Ztotsio tqq Mo0qottkqq Aoytkqq kot tqq Alyspoq Boole piokouv sop-
oyq oto kukluoto tuv unoloytotuv sou tuv loytkuv nuluv.
Bootksq loytksq nlsq sivot ot:
K OXl (NOT)
K KAl (AND)
K T (OR)
K Anoklstottk T (XOR)
K OXl-KAl (NAND)
K OXl - T (NOR)
Bootksq kotqyopisq loytkuv kuklutuv sivot:
K to ouvuootk kot
K to okohou6ok.
2
70
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
Epmtqos
11. Tt sivot q nlqpoopio kot noto sivot q oqooio tqq otqv ko0qsptvq (uq;
12. Tt sivot sosvo;
13. Hts tls yto kklo nlqpoopioq;
14. No ovttototiosts to nsptssvo tqq nputqq otqlqq s out tqq stspqq.
15. No ovospsts sptksq onottqostq tou oypovou ov0punou, nou sv nopov vo
ovttstuntotov tkovonotqttk s q qlsktpovtksq s0ouq ono0qksuoqq kot
snsspyooioq.
16. Ftoti sivot onopoitqtq q kutkonoiqoq tuv sosvuv otov unoloytotq;
17. No ovospsts noposiyoto ittuv kotootosuv nou nopsi vo skp(ovtot
ottq ovsq tou unoloytotq.
o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. Zunlqpuots ttq lsstq nou lsinouv.
o) H kutkonoiqoq sivot to ouuvio ovttotoitoqq ko0svq oulou nou 0slou-
s vo nopootqoous s ...................................................
) Tvo ovolo ovttototiosuv sto ouluv kot okolou0tuv uotkuv qiuv
lsystot ..................................
19. Ztqv kutkonoiqoq uq ovo nopotooqq pqotonotos to uotk qio.
#Not
#'Ot
10. H oq svq opt0qttko ouotqotoq sivst to nlq0oq tuv qiuv nou pqoto-
notos yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv os out to ootqo.
#Not
#'Ot
2
71
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
120 *
to pto totqtoq tuv *
sntottkuv outoktvq-
tuv otqv s0vtkq o
sivot 120 l/upo
* nlqpoopio
nls *
q sllqvtkq oqoio sst *
puoto nls kot onpo
* sosvo
11. Zto uotk ootqo o oktsq oq kvouv to tstpo.
#Not
#'Ot
12. Zto skosotk ootqo q oq sivot to 2.
#Not
#'Ot
13. Zto oktotk ootqo q oq sivot voq tou 2.
#Not
#'Ot
14. Zunlqpuots ttq lsstq nou lsinouv.
o) Ot kutksq nou pqotonotos yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv otov unoloyt-
otq lsyovtot ..........................
) Ot kutksq outoi ooi(ovtot oto uotk ootqo opi0qoqq kot o nto toso-
svoq sivot o kutkoq ....................................... .......................
15. No ovospsts ttq ootksq s0ouq nopotooqq tuv opt0uv otov unoloytotq.
16. No ovospsts touq ootkoq kutksq opoktqpuv.
17. O kutkoq Unicode os k0s opoktqpo ovttototsi svov opt0 qkouq 8 bit.
#Not
#'Ot
18. O kutkoq Unicode sst kot kutkoq ot onoiot ko0opi(ouv tq ts0uvoq tou ksts-
vou.
#Not
#'Ot
19. Hoto on to nopoktu ovospovtot os kutksq unoloytotuv;
#ASCll
#o0vq unoloytotq
#bit
#ootqo CAD
#okolou0isq qiuv 0 kot 1
#ootqo CAE
#tqlstoksq
2
72
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
20. No ovttototiosts to nsptssvo tqq nputqq otqlqq s out tqq stspqq.
21. Hts to nptooq lsystot:
o) loytkq
) loytkq stolqtq
y) loytkq oto0sp.
22. No ovospsts ttq ootksq loytksq npstq.
o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. Hoto sivot q toop sto loytkuv stolqtuv kot loytkuv oto0spuv;
24. No ounlqpuosts oto ovtiototo nloioto to voo tqq loytkqq npqq nou nopt-
otvst to stkovito.
25. Hotsq sivot ot ootksq kotqyopisq loytkuv kuklutuv;
2
73
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
BCD *
* Kutkoq opoktqpuv nou pqot-
onotsitot nol on touq koto-
oksuootsq tkponoloytotuv
ASCll *
* Kutkoq opoktqpuv nou q-
toupyq0qks on tqv lMB
EBCDlC * * Kutkoq opoktqpuv tuv 16 bit
UNlCODE * * Kutkoq opt0uv
Fhmoopo
2
74
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
Akohou6ok kkhmo Aoytk kkluo nou q soq tou sivot ouvptqoq tuv ttuv sto-
ou, oll kot tqq npoqyosvqq kototooqq tou.
Ahyspo BooIe Asq Alyspo Aoytkqq.
Ahyspo Aoykq Xpqotonotsitot yto vo nopouotootov ot loytksq npotostq s o-
0qottk oolo.
Ap6qtko kmks Ot kutksq nou pqotonotovtot yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv
otov unoloytotq.
Ap6 kvqtq uno-
ootohq
Apt0q nou noptotvstot s o tqoto, to nputo onotslsi to
skotk spoq kot to stspo tov sk0stq.
Boq O opt0q nou ivst to nlq0oq tuv qiuv nou pqotonotovtot
yto tqv nopotooq tuv opt0uv os svo opt0qttk ootqo.
Asosvo Ztotsio on tqv snsspyooio tuv onoiuv syovtot ot nlqpoopi-
sq.
Auokq kmkonoqoq
skokmv gqmv
Apt0qttkq kutkoq yto tqv nopotooq tuv skotkuv qiuv,
nou yto ko0svo on out pqotonotovtot 4 uotk qio.
Kmko O nivokoq nou nopouot(st tqv otovooqovtq onstkvtoq k0s
oulou os io vo okolou0io on 0 kot 1.
Kmko ASCII Kutkoq tuv 8 bit nou pqotonotsitot yto tqv nopotooq opoktq-
puv.
Kmko EBCDIC Kutkoq tuv 8 bit nou pqotonotsitot yto tqv nopotooq opoktq-
puv kot qtoupyq0qks on tqv lBM.
Kmko Unicode Kutkoq opoktqpuv tuv 16 bit.
Aoykq stohqtq H loytkq nptooq nou nopsi vo sivot llots olq0qq kot llots
suqq.
Aoykq nptooq Hptooq nou nopsi vo opoktqptotsi olq0qq q suqq.
Aoykq nhq Anl qlsktpovtk ototsio nou pqotonotsitot yto tqv npoyoto-
noiqoq ootkuv npsuv otov unoloytotq.
Aoykq nhq Anokhs-
otk H
Aoytkq nlq s o stoouq kot to soo. H sooq sivot 1, tov
ot ttsq ottq stoouq sivot toopsttksq sto touq.
Aoykq nhq H Aoytkq nlq s o stoouq kot to soo. H sooq sivot 1, tov
toultotov to sioooq sivot 1.
Aoykq nhq KAI Aoytkq nlq s o stoouq kot to soo. H sooq sivot 1, tov
lsq ot siooot sivot 1.
Aoykq nhq OXI - H Aoytkq nlq nou onotslsitot on to nlq OR kot to nlq NOT.
Aoykq nhq OXI -KAI Aoytkq nlq nou onotslsitot on to nlq AND kot to nlq NOT.
Aoykq nhq OXI Aoytkq nlq s to siooo kot to soo, nou ovttotpsst otqv so-
o tqv oio tqq stoou.
Aoykq oto6sp H loytkq nptooq nou sivot nvtots olq0qq q nvtots suqq.
2
75
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
Mto oo on 8 bit. 4qohsq {Byte)
Kkluo nou q soq tou sopttot vo on ttq ttsq stoou
tou.
Iuvuootk kkhmo
To onotslsoo tqq snsspyooioq tuv sosvuv. Hhqpoopo
Hivokoq nou onstkovi(st ttq ttsq olq0stoq toq loytkqq stolqtqq. Hvoko ohq6so
Evospouos ko pqos su6vos tou Aoktou
2
76
|;couoc |\oo;oo|s - Yo\o|Jt|
http://www.unicode.org/
H |s000toq ro0 opyot|oo0 no0 ooo/s|ro| s rot ku|ko opokrqput Un|code.
http://www.brookdaIe.cc.nj.us/fac/engtech/aandersen/eIt242/binary.htmI
Zrqt |oroos/|o o0rq nops|rs to s|rs nu nop|oroto0s ro sosto orot 0no/oy|orq s rq oq0s|o
rut q|ut ro0 0o|ko0 o0orqoro.
http://www2.echo.Iu/oii/en/chars.htmI
Zrqt |oroos/|o o0rq nops|rs to nopsrs n/qpoop|s y|o ro o0to/o opokrqput ro0 0no/oy|orq.
http://www.asca.com/unicode.htmI.
Zrqt |oroos/|o o0rq nops|rs to nopsrs n/qpoop|s y|o rot ku|ko opokrqput Un|code.
http://webster.ucr.edu/Page_asm/ArtofAssembIy/CH01/CH01-1.htmI
Zrqt |oroos/|o o0rq nops|rs to s|rs kso/o|o ro0 |/|o0 s r|r/o 4r| o/ 4ssemo|j ro0 Randa|| Hjdes.
Ynopo0t otoops y|o rqt nopoorooq rut sostut orot 0no/oy|orq ko0u ko| y|o ro op|0qr|ko o0-
orqoro.
http://www.aIbany.edu/Iibrary/internet/booIean.htmI
Zrqt |oroos/|o o0rq nops|rs to s|rs r| oo|ks stto|s rq 4/yspo Boo|e.
http://www.txdirect.net/users/uswatson/codemethods.htm
|s000toq s ro0 ytuororspo0 ku|ks.
http://www.bbsinc.com/symboI.htmI
|s000toq y|o rot ku|ko 4SC//.
http://www.iscs.nus.sg/~sf100/c5ov.htm
|s000toq no0 nsp|ss| oro|s|o y|o /oy|ko k0k/uoro.
Bhoypoo
2
77
| c||o|c sc| cocJtcJ t \oo;oo|c Jto| vo\o|Jt
4p|0qr|ko o0orqoro, q nopoorooq rut op|0ut orot 0no/oy|orq, o| ku|ks opokrqput, o| /oy|ks
n0/s, k.o.
Avtuvq Bottktutq, Hhsktpovko unohoyots, A0qvo
4/yspo Boo|e, /oy|ks n0/s.
N. Kuvotovtq, F. Zpqq Tsvohoyo qhsktpovkmv unohoyotmv, OEAB
Ku|ks 0no/oy|orut.
Apoitq Honoytovvonolou, Hpoomnko unohoyots, Ekostq Nubis
H nopoorooq rut sostut oro0 0no/oy|ors.
Pat Heathcote Kevin Bond, A-LEVEL COMPUTING.
H nopoorooq rut n/qpoop|ut orot 0no/oy|orq, op|0qr|ko o0orqoro.
l.K. Koupo, Opyvmoq ouotqtmv sv pqotq, To I, Klstpt0oq, A0qvo 1991
|/qps notsn|orq|oko o0yypoo s sooq oro /oy|ko k0k/uoro ko| orqt otonr0qq ro0.
M. H. Mnskkoq, Aptsktovkq unohoyotmv ko tsvohoyo nophhqhq snsspyooo, Ek-
ostq Ztoolqq, A0qvo 1994
M.H.Mnskkoq-A.N.Kootovt, 4qok ouotqoto, Ekostq Ztoolqq, A0qvo 1994
|sp|ypos| nu 0/ono|s|ro| q op|rskrot|kq sto 0no/oy|orq sou rut |ooput /oy|kut k0k/uorut.
W. Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, Prantice Hall (1996)
|opo0o|os| r| stto|s ko| r| ops /oy|kq os|ooq rut q|okut o0orqorut
Zro ||o nts0o s ro npoqyo0sto o0yypoo.
J. Hayes, Computer Architecture and Organization, Edison (1990)
B|/|o no0 ons000tsro| os opop|o0 orqt op|rskrot|kq 0no/oy|orut.
H. Stone, Introduction to Computer Architecture
B|/|o 0q/o0 sn|nso0 0oko/|o no0 ons000tsro| os npoupqsto0 oro otr|oro|o 0soro.
H. Stone, High performance Computer Architecture
|sp|ss| n/qpq nsp|ypoq rq op|rskrot|kq sto 0no/oy|orq ko0u ko| rq nopo//q/q snsqspyoo|o.
Hwang and Briggs, Computer Architecture and ParaIIeI Processing
B|/|o no0 |onpoyors0sro| ko| 0soro onu o| n/qpoop|s, ro sosto, q snsqspyoo|o sos-
tut, k.o.
Dick Davies, Information TechnoIogy at work