Moo-Young 1 Elise Moo-Young Professor Presnell English 1103 30 Oct. 2013 Evaluative Works Cited: Procrastination Bowes, Caroline.

E-mail interview. 20 Oct. 2013. This email interview is about Carolines experience with procrastination. She writes about her pride in procrastination and explains why she procrastinates. For her, the biggest cause of procrastination is struggling to begin the assignment. She uses the comparison of getting out of bed on a school day and how its difficult to wake up, but once a couple of minutes go by of moving around, its not as bad. She says that her procrastination style is a combination of being the crisis-maker and the worrier depending on the situation that she is in. Caroline believes that there are some benefits of her procrastinating and thinks that she is an active procrastinator. She also writes about her small regrets and downfalls because of procrastination and then gives ways of how she has tried to overcome it. Caroline ends the email interview by giving her opinion on the statistic of how 80%-95% college students procrastinate, particularly when it comes to coursework. I had fun email interviewing Caroline because I knew that she would be the best person to talk to regarding this matter. Even though she is not an expert on the subject, I consider Caroline the definition of procrastination because of her daily habit of procrastinating. I made the right decision in interviewing Caroline because she gave clever and witty, but realistic and relatable responses. I thought it was funny that Caroline admitted that she is a crisis-maker because she doesnt even pretend that she is going to work on it ahead of time, but rather,

Moo-Young 2 intentionally puts it off. One of the questions that I asked both in my survey and interview was whether or not they believe that everyone procrastinates sometimes even if it is unintentional. All of my responders said yes and Caroline gives the reason that there are many ways for procrastination to occur, offering new insight that I never really thought of up to that point. Carolines procrastination story on submitting her college application to UNC Chapel Hill one minute before it was due gave me chills because it made me realize that there are some serious procrastinators out in the real world. Had she not been able to submit her application, Caroline would not be where she is today- a Tarheel at Carolina. Overall, Carolines responses to my questions were helpful as it allowed me to see procrastination in somewhat of a more positive perspective. Caroline has procrastinated ever since she was in middle school. If there is anyone who has had success with procrastination and knows all about it, its her. For an example, she was the high schools salutatorian in spite of her putting off all of her work until the very last minute. Carolines experiences with procrastination makes the interview credible because it is personable and allows it to reach out to others.

Moo-Young 3 Chun Chu, Angela, and Jin Choi. "Rethinking Procrastination: Positive Effects of "Active" Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes And Performance." Journal of Social Psychology. 145.3 (2005): 245-264. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Oct. 2013. This scholarly journal discusses two types of procrastination: passive procrastination and active procrastination. After addressing the differences between passive procrastinators and active procrastinators definition-wise, Chun Chu and Choi compare the differences between the two distinct procrastinators through their time use and perception, self-efficacy, motivational orientation, stress-coping strategy, and personal outcomes by conducting a study. 230 undergraduate students participated in the experiment where they filled out a questionnaire, ultimately answering the questions that Chun Chu and Choi sought about whether or not there are in fact different types of procrastinators. This study exemplifies that active procrastinators are more likely to experience positive results just like the non-procrastinators because of the similar characteristics between the two groups. Aside from finding similarities between nonprocrastinators and active procrastinators, the study also shows that active procrastination is a true positive form of procrastination. I thought that this was my most confusing source out of all five of them. Part of the reason has to deal with the fact that I did not understand the statistic table given for the results of the study conducted. Aside from the math used in this scholarly journal, I learned how active procrastination actually can result into positive outcomes. Just like in the article from Smithsonian Magazine, Chun Chu and Choi list a couple of benefits from procrastination. This scholarly journal relates to my inquiry question as I am able to write about how procrastination may not necessarily be bad if active procrastination is used by a person versus passive procrastination. I wasnt surprised to learn that passive procrastinators exhibited a higher level of

Moo-Young 4 extrinsic motivation than the active procrastinators, proving hypotheses 3a and 3b to be incorrect because after reading that one of the causes of procrastination is due to the lack of rewards, I figured that the cause came from mainly the passive procrastinators. After reading the potential limitations of the study, I felt that there should have been a wider variety of the samplenot just college students. Because college students were the only ones that took part in this study, I thought that the outcomes could only be applied to university students. This scholarly journal is credible because I found it in the library database at UNC Charlotte. Angela Hsin Chun Chu is a credible author because she was a doctoral student at Columbia University from the Department of Organizational Psychology at the time she wrote this scholarly journal. Jin Nam Choi is credible as well because she has her PhD and is a business professor at Seoul National University in South Korea and has published 17 other scholarly journals.

Moo-Young 5 Gambino, Megan. "Why Procrastination Is Good for You." Smithsonian. 13 July 2012: 1-3. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. This magazine article begins by introducing Frank Partnoy, a former investment banker and corporate lawyer who decided to become a professor of finance and law at the University of San Diego. In his book, Wait: The Art and Science of Delay, Partnoy argues that we should wait for the last possible second to make a decision because then it will result into success and us living a happier life. The rest of the article is based upon a question and answer session with Partnoy. He talks about his experience with procrastination and how he has procrastinated ever since he was a young boy. As the Q&A session continues, Partnoy argues that we should embrace procrastination because it leads to success. The negative view of procrastination has been triggered by Jonathan Edwardss sermon opposing procrastination. However, Partnoy refutes the argument saying that managing delay is an essential tool for human beings to learn. He also gives advice on how people can learn how to manage delay more effectively. Other questions that Partnoy answers in his interview include how everyone can benefit from his message, what his next big question is, what questions he has for Gambinos next interview subject, and what he wishes he had more time to do if he had the chance. I enjoyed reading this magazine article because Partnoy fully embraces the whole concept of procrastination. Unlike the responses I got from the survey I conducted, Partnoy sees the benefits of procrastination which includes the fact that it can lead to triumph. For an example, just like my friend Caroline, who I interviewed about her experience with procrastination, I see that both she and Partnoy are similar in the sense that they are both successful despite their constant procrastination. After reading this article, I have a more optimistic view on procrastinationspecifically active procrastination. The benefits that I have read about in this

Moo-Young 6 source and my other sources are mainly based off of the idea of active procrastination, not passive procrastination, which makes me wonder if I should change part of my inquiry question to the benefits of active procrastination instead of finding the benefits of procrastination in general. I think its interesting that Partnoy finds that delayed apologies are more effective because I have always been taught to apologize immediately when I do something wrong. The article has offered me a new, unique insight on procrastination because of Partnoys great explanation in his answers. Megan Gambino is an online reporter at Smithsonian Magazine. She covers science, travel, history, and the arts for Smithsonian Magazine. I also found that she has a degree in English from Middlebury College, Vermont. She founded the Collage of Arts and Sciences, a blog where the studio meets the research lab. Smithsonian Magazine is a credible source itself because it has been in the business since about 1970. It is a publication of Smithsonian Institution, the worlds largest museum and research complex, which exemplifies how credible Smithsonian Magazine is itself.

Moo-Young 7 Moo-Young, Elise. "Responses about Procrastination." Survey. SurveyMonkey. Web. 28 Oct. 2013 This survey illustrates different aspects concerning procrastination. Questions included in the survey include if a person is a procrastinator, how often they procrastinate, why they procrastinate, what their style of procrastination is, what type of procrastinator they are, whether or not they believe that everyone procrastinates even if it might not be intentional, and what are some ways that they have used to overcome procrastination. I liked conducting this survey because I was able to see different peoples opinions regarding procrastination. It was interesting for me to see all the individual responses, but there were some responses that made me question why they would say one thing, but then it contradicted another answer. For an example, one person said that their style of procrastination is the perfectionist, but they choose to procrastinate because they believe that it can get finished at the last minute. This logic doesnt make sense because perfectionists have a difficult time submitting an assignment because they tend to overthink ways on how the assignment can meet their high standards. Their high standards wouldnt/shouldnt fall into the category of them finishing at the last minute. In truth, if a person finishes an assignment at the last minute, I think the work will exhibit a persons poor performance. This survey is credible because I was able to get honest responses from people. Not only did I post my survey to Facebook, but I also posted my survey to other websites that would give a variety of people to do my survey. I understand that my survey has only 49 responses, but it is not for real research purposes. Instead, my main goal is to confirm some of the information that I have already found regarding the causes and benefits of procrastination and the strategies to overcome it. I can happily say that my research corresponds with the responses from my survey.

Moo-Young 8 "Why People Procrastinate." Undergraduate Students Academic Skills Workshop. UIC College of Liberal Arts & Science, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2013. This article begins with two rhetorical questions of do we procrastinate and why we do it. The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Liberal Arts & Sciences gives credit to a section of Dr. Burnss book, The Feeling Good Handbook by writing ten reasons for why people procrastinate as well as tips to overcome procrastination. According to the article, the most common reason why people procrastinate is due to their lack of interest in completing the actual task. The first step in overcoming procrastination is to identify the reason of procrastination on a certain task. I thought this article taken from Dr. Burnss book was simple yet informative because it lists in bolded phrases the reasons why people procrastinate and then elaborates on those reasons. It was a good idea for Dr. Burns to juxtapose the causes of procrastination to strategies in overcoming it because it allows people to make a decision as to whether or not they want to keep on procrastinating or change their ways. After reading the ten reasons why people procrastinate, I have concluded that I have procrastinated unintentionally through the cause of perfectionism and the fear of failure. Whenever I am assigned a writing assignment, I have trouble putting my thoughts on paper because I want it to be the best it can be, yet I fear that when I submit it, Ill end up getting a bad grade on the assignment. I agree that one great way to overcome procrastination is through rewards once a task is completed. For an example, every week I am assigned math WebWork. Even though I am given two full weeks to complete this assignment, I know it has to get done no matter what unless I want my grade to suffer, so I work on it the day that the WebWork opens up and then reward myself by watching one hour of a television show that I enjoy whether it is Greys Anatomy, One Tree Hill, Glee, or Pretty Little Liars. This article

Moo-Young 9 also lists passive aggressiveness as one of the reasons why people procrastinate, which I never knew was a cause. The other causes that are listed on the website agree with my survey that I conducted as the results show that many people procrastinate because they lack the motivation and desire to begin the task. Another way that my survey corresponds with the information given on the website is that people who have taken my survey, list different strategies that they have used to try to overcome procrastination. Some of these strategies such as using a reward system and setting goals and priorities are also tips that are listed on the website. This is a credible source because it comes from the official website of University of Illinois at Chicagos College of Liberal Arts & Sciences. Dr. Burns is credible himself because he works as a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. In addition to him being a professor, he has written numerous of self-help books. Not only does this contribute to his credentials on the information he provides about procrastination, but I also learned that he is credible because he has earned many awards and is certified by the National Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.