ELE B7 Power Systems

ELE B7 Power Systems

Engineering
Engineering
Balanced (Symmetrical) Faults
Balanced (Symmetrical) Faults
Fault Analysis
Fault?
When the insulation of the system breaks down or a
conducting object comes in touch with a live point, a short
circuit or a fault occurs.
Sources?
This breakdown can be due to a variety of different factors
lightning
wires blowing together in the wind
animals or plants coming in contact with the wires
salt spray or pollution on insulators
Fault Types
There are two classes of faults
Balanced faults (symmetric faults): A Fault involving all the three
phases
system remains balanced;
these faults are relatively rare, but are the easiest to analyze so
well consider them first.
Unbalanced faults (unsymmetric faults): A fault involving only one
or two phases
The majority of the faults are unsymmetrical.
system is no longer balanced;
very common, but more difficult to analyze
The most common type of fault on a three phase system is
the single line-to-ground (SLG), followed by the line-to-
line faults (LL), double line-to-ground (DLG) faults, and
balanced three phase faults
Fault Types
IFb
Transformer
IFa
IFc
IF
Transformer
IF
Single Line to Ground Fault
IF
IF
IF
Transformer
IF
Line to Line Fault
IF
IFb
Transformer
IF
IF
IF
IFc
Double line to ground Fault
Three Phases Fault (Balanced Fault)
Fault Analysis
Fault Analysis involve finding the voltage and current
distribution throughout the system during fault condition.
Fault currents cause equipment damage due to both
thermal and mechanical processes
Why do we need that?
To adjust and set the protective devices so we can
detect any fault and isolate the faulty portion of the
system.
To protect the human being and the equipment during
the abnormal operating conditions.
need to determine the maximum current to insure
devices can survive the fault
Symmetrical Faults
(Balanced Faults)
It is the most severe fault but can be easily calculated
It is an important type of fault
The circuit breaker rated MVA breaking capacity is
selected based on the three phase short circuit MVA.
A Fault involving
all the three phases.
Transformer
Three Phase
Short Circuit
Symmetrical Faults
(Balanced Faults)
It is the most severe fault but can be easily calculated
It is an important type of fault
The circuit breaker rated MVA breaking capacity is
selected based on the three phase short circuit MVA.
A Fault involving
all the three phases.
Transformer
Three Phase
Short Circuit
1. Synchronous machines are represented by a constant
voltage sources behind subtransient reactances. The EMF
of all generators are 1 per unit making zero angle.
o
V 0 1Z =
The following assumptions are made in three phase fault
calculation :
This means that the system voltage is at its nominal
value and the system is operating at no-load conditions
at the time of fault.
Therefore, All the generators can be replaced by a single
generator since all EMFs are equal and are in phase.
2. Transformers are represented by their leakage reactances
Winding resistances, shunt admittances and -Y phase
shifts are neglected
3. The shunt capacitances of the transmission
Lines

are neglected.
4. The system resistances are neglected

and only
the inductive reactance of different elements are
taken into account.
Symmetrical
Fault Calculation
Transformer
Three Phase
Short Circuit
Simple Circuits
Load Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Simple Circuits
Load not Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Find Pre-fault voltage
Large Circuits
Construct
The Bus Impedance Matrix
Three Phase Fault
Calculation
2
3
1
1. Simple Circuits and Load is ignored
1. Draw a single line diagram for
the system.
The Calculations for the three phase fault are easy because the
circuit is completely symmetrical and calculations can be done
for only one phase.
T1
T2
G1
G2
1
2
3 phase
fault e
Steps For Calculating Symmetrical Faults:
2. Select a common base and find
out the per unit reactances of all
generators, transformers,
transmission lines, etc.
4. Reduce the single line reactance diagram by using
series, parallel and Delta-Why transformations
keeping the identity of the fault point intact. Find the
total reactance of the system as seen from the fault
point (Using Thevenins

Theorem)
3. From the single line
diagram of the system
draw a single line
reactance diagram showing
one phase and neutral.
Indicate all the reactances,
etc. on the single line
reactance diagram.
GG
15 . 0 j
20 . 0 j
16 . 0 j
10 . 0 j
23 . 0 j
GG
0 1Z
0 1Z
23 . 0 j
5. Find the fault current and the fault MVA in
per unit.
Convert the per unit values to actual values.
6. Retrace the steps to calculate the voltages
and the currents throughout different parts
of the power system
T1
T2
G1
G2
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
1
2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
100 MVA, 11/132 kV
10% Reactance
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
200 km
3 phase
fault e
Example:
A three phase fault occurs in the system as shown in the Figure.
Find the total fault current, the fault level and fault current
supplied by each generator.
Step 1: Draw a single line diagram for the system.
The single line diagram for the system is given in the
example as shown.
Solution:
T1
T2
G1
G2
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
1
2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
100 MVA, 11/132 kV
10% Reactance
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
200 km
3 phase
fault e
Step 2: Select a common base and find the per unit reactances of all
generators, transformers, etc.
Select the common base as:
100 MVA (100,000 kVA)
11 kV for Transformer low voltage side (LV)
132 kV for Transformer high voltage side (HV)
T1
T2
G1
G2
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
1
2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
100 MVA, 11/132 kV
10% Reactance
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
200 km
3 phase
fault e
kV V
Base
11 =
kV V
Base
132 =
T1
T2
G1
G2
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
1
2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
100 MVA, 11/132 kV
10% Reactance
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
200 km
3 phase
fault e
kV V
Base
11 =
kV V
Base
132 =
G1
G2
15 . 0
1
j XG = The per unit reactance
2 . 0
50
100
* 1 . 0
2
j j XG = =
The per unit reactance
1 . 0
1
j XT = The per unit reactance
16 . 0
50
100
* 08 . 0
2
j j XT = =
The per unit reactance
23 . 0
) 132 (
100
) 200 * 2 . 0 (
2
j
kV
MVA
j
Z
X
X
Base
LINE
LINE
= O = =
The per unit reactance
T1
T2
TL
From the single line diagram of the system draw a single line reactance diagram
showing one phase and neutral. Indicate all the reactances, etc. on the single line
reactance diagram.
T1
T2
G1
G2
1
2
3 phase
fault e
G
15 . 0 j
20 . 0 j
16 . 0 j
10 . 0 j
23 . 0 j
G
0 1Z
0 1Z
23 . 0 j
G
25 . 0 j
36 . 0 j
G
0 1Z
0 1Z
115 . 0 j
Find the total impedance

(reactance) of the system as seen from the
fault side.
25 . 0 j
36 . 0 j
115 . 0 j
pu j X
j
j j
j j
X
Total
Total
2625 . 0
115 . 0
36 . 0 25 . 0
36 . 0 * 25 . 0
=
+
+
=
pu j
j
I
F
8095 . 3
2625 . 0
0 1
=
Z
=
A I
side kV Base
4 . 437
132 * 3
1000 * 100
) (
132
= =

A j I
o
Actual F
90 27 . 1666 4 . 437 * 8095 . 3 ) ( Z = =
0 1Z
2625 . 0 j
LL Base
Base
L base
V
S
I
| | 3
| |
| |
3|
=
Base pu F Actual F
I I I * ) ( ) ( =
The Fault Level is:
100 ) ( =
Base
MVA
95 . 380 100 * 8095 . 3 ) ( = =
Level Actual
MVA
pu MVA
Level
8095 . 3 ) ( =
T1
T2
G1
G2
X=0.2 ohm/phase/km
1
2
50 MVA,
11 kV
10% Reactance
100 MVA,
11 kV
15% Reactance
100 MVA, 11/132 kV
10% Reactance
50 MVA, 11/132 kV
8% Reactance
200 km
3 phase
fault e
1
) (
G F
I
2
) (
G F
I
F
I
kV V
Base
132 =
kV V
Base
11 =
The Fault Current at 11 kV side supplied by the two generators is:
A I
side kV Base
8 . 5248
11 * 3
1000 * 100
) (
11
= =

A j I
o
Actual F
90 19995 8 . 5248 * 8095 . 3 ) ( Z = =
At 11 kV Side:
G
15 . 0 j
20 . 0 j
16 . 0 j
10 . 0 j
23 . 0 j
G
0 1Z
0 1Z
23 . 0 j
Total F
I ) (
1
) (
G F
I
2
) (
G F
I
kV V
Base
132 =
kV V
Base
11 =
1 11 , 2
) ( ) ( ) (
G F kV T F G F
I I I =
A
j j
j
I
G F
90 3 . 11800
25 . 0 36 . 0
36 . 0
) 90 19995 ( ) (
1
Z =
+
Z =
A I
G F
90 7 . 8194 ) (
2
Z =
G
25 . 0 j
36 . 0 j
G
0 1Z
0 1Z
115 . 0 j
T1
T2
G1
G2
1
2
1
) (
G F
I
2
) (
G F
I
1
) (
G F
I
2
) (
G F
I
Total F
I ) (
A
j j
j
I I
kV T F G F
90 3 . 11800
25 . 0 36 . 0
36 . 0
) ( ) (
11 , 1
Z =
+
=
Example:
Consider the single-line diagram of a power system shown below.
The transient reactance of each part of the system is as shown
and expressed in pu on a common 100 MVA base.
G1
G2
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
8 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
Bus 1
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 5
Assuming that all generators are
working on the rated voltages, when a
three-phase fault with impedance of
j0.16 pu occurs at bus 5. Find: The fault
currents and buses voltages.
G1
G2
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
8 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
Bus 1
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 5
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
8 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
Bus 1
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 5
16 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
8 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 5
16 . 0 j
5 . 0 16 . 0 34 . 0 j j j Z
TH
= + =
pu 0 . 2 j
5 . 0 j
1
) I (
0
5 Bus F
= =
Z
pu j
j j
j
I I
F G F
2 . 1
4 . 0 6 . 0
6 . 0
) (
1
=
+
=
pu j
j j
j
I I
F G F
8 . 0
4 . 0 6 . 0
4 . 0
) (
2
=
+
=
16 . 0 j
Bus 5
34 . 0 j
F
I
16 . 0 j
Bus 5
34 . 0 j
F
I
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
16 . 0 j
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 5
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
F
I
1 FG
I
2 FG
I
16 . 0 j
Bus 5
6 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
F
I
2 FG
I
1 FG
I
0 V & 0 1 V
: Voltages Prefault
Ground
o
BUS
= Z =
pu
V prefault V
Voltage Fault
o
76 . 0 24 . 0 0 1
:
3 3
= Z =
A + =
pu
j j
j I V
is Fault During Variation Voltage
G
24 . 0
) 2 . 1 ( ) 2 . 0 ( 0
) 2 . 0 ( 0
:
1 3
=
=
= A
68 . 0
) 0 . 2 )( 16 . 0 ( 0 1
:
5
=
+ Z = A j j V
Fault during Variation Voltage
o
pu
V prefault V
Voltage Fault
o
32 . 0 68 . 0 0 1
:
5 5
= Z =
A + =
NOTE: If the fault impedance is zero.
0 . 1 ) I )( 0 . 0 j ( 0 1 V
: Fault during Variation Voltage
F
o
5
= + Z = A
pu 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 1 V prefault V
o
5 5
= Z = + = A
and
1 G
I
2 G
I
F
I
o
0 1Z
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
16 . 0 j
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 5
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
+
_

A
+
5
V
+
A

3
V
G1
G2
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
8 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
Bus 1
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 5
Problem:
For the network shown in the figure, find the current flowing between
buses 3 and 4 during symmetrical three phase fault at bus 5 as in the
previous example.
16 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
8 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
Bus 1
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 5
pu
j j prefault
V prefault V
pu
V prefault V
Voltage Fault During
o
o
68 . 0 32 . 0 0 1
) 8 . 0 )( 4 . 0 ( 0
76 . 0 24 . 0 0 1
:
4 4
3 3
= Z =
+ =
A + =
= Z =
A + =
pu j
j j
j
I I
F G F
2 . 1
4 . 0 6 . 0
6 . 0
) (
1
=
+
= pu j
j j
j
I I
F G F
8 . 0
4 . 0 6 . 0
4 . 0
) (
2
=
+
=
pu j
j
V V
I
F
1 . 0
8 . 0
) (
4 3
34
=

=
4 . 0
) (
5 3
35
j
V V
I
F

=
4 . 0
) (
5 4
45
j
V V
I
F

=
and
2 . 0 j
2 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
8 . 0 j
4 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
1 . 0 j
Bus 1
Bus 3
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 5
16 . 0 j
1 G
I
2 G
I
34 F
) I (
45 F
) I (
35 F
) I (
+

4
V A
+

5
V A
Symmetrical
Fault Calculation
Transformer
Three Phase
Short Circuit
Three Phase Fault
Calculation
Simple Circuits
Load Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Simple Circuits
Load not Ignored
Use Thevenin's Equivalent
Find Pre-fault voltage
Large Circuits
Construct
The Bus Impedance Matrix
2
2. Symmetrical Faults Considering the load current
Generally, the fault currents are much larger than the load currents. Therefore, the
load current can be neglected during fault calculations.
The pre-fault voltage and the Z
TH
are used in calculating the fault current.
The fault current represents two components:
1. The Load Current
2. The Short Circuit Current
There are some cases where considering the load current is an essential factor in
fault calculations. Superposition technique is proposed for such cases to compute the
fault current.
For such case, it is necessary to compute the terminal voltage at fault location
before fault takes place. This terminal voltage is known as the pre-fault voltage.
Connecting the load to the system

causes the current to flow in the network. Voltage
drop due to system impedance cause the voltage magnitude at different buses to be
deviated from 1.0 pu.
Consider a load (synchronous Motor) connected to a synchronous generator through
a transmission line. The circuit model of the network could be represented as shown
in the Figure
M
I
G
I
jXG jXM
G
M
jXL
F
I
G
M
FM
I
FG
I
jXL
jXG jXM
Normal Operation Condition:
L M G
I I I = =
Fault condition at Load terminal:
L G F G
I I I + = ) (
L M F M
I I I + = ) (
M F G F F
I I I ) ( ) ( + =
During fault condition in the system, the generator as well as the load (synchronous
motor) will supply the faulted terminals with power from the energy stored in their
windings.
The Motor is drawing 40 MW at 0.8 pf. Leading with terminal
voltage of 10.95 kV.
Calculate the total current in the generator and motor during 3
phase s.c.
Example
100 MVA, 11 kV
Generator
0.25 pu
sub-transient
reactance
50 MVA, Motor
0.2 pu
sub-transient
reactance
0.05 pu. Reactance
On 100 MVA Base
3 phase
fault
G
M
A
kV
MVA
Curret Base
kV kV Base
MVA MVA Base
88 . 5248
) 11 ( 3
100
11
100
= =
=
=
Solution:
The network could be represented as
shown in the Fig.
A 4 . 2636
) 8 . 0 )( kV 95 . 10 ( 3
MW 40
Curret Load The = =
pu j I
j I
I
L
L
L
) 301 . 0 402 . 0 (
) 6 . 0 8 . 0 ( 502 . 0
) 8 . 0 ( cos 502 . 0
1
+ =
+ =
Z =

pu I
pu L
502 . 0
88 . 5248
4 . 2636
) ( = =
Under Normal Operation Condition (Prefault condition)
leading 0.8 is factor power The
25 . 0 j 4 . 0 j
G
M
05 . 0 j
M
I
G
I
Consider the motor terminal voltage as a reference.
pu voltage) terminal (Motor
pu
995 . 0
11
95 . 10
= =
pu ) 0201 . 0 j 9799 . 0 ( V
995 . 0 ) 050 . 0 j )( 301 . 0 j 402 . 0 ( V
V ) 050 . 0 j ( I V
G
G
M L G
+ =
+ + =
+ =
pu ) (V
o
pu M
0 995 . 0 Z =
Using KVL, calculate the pre-fault voltage
at the generator terminal.
Find the equivalent reactance as seen
from the fault terminals.
pu j X
j j
j j
X
TH
TH
1607 . 0
) 45 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 (
) 45 . 0 )( 25 . 0 (
=
+
=
25 . 0 j 4 . 0 j
05 . 0 j
TH
X
25 . 0 j 4 . 0 j
G
M
05 . 0 j
M
V
Calculate the fault current
pu j ) (I
j
j
) (I
X
Voltaege fault pre
) (I
pu F
pu F
TH
pu F
) 09 . 6 125 . 0 (
1607 . 0
0201 . 0 9799 . 0
=
+
=

=
pu (I)
pu j (I)
j j (I)
I ) (I (I)
o
G
G
G
L G F G
4 . 82 64 . 3
) 609 . 3 482 . 0 (
) 301 . 0 402 . 0 ( ) 91 . 3 08 . 0 (
Z =
=
+ + =
+ =
Fault Current from Generator Side
pu j ) (I
pu j j ) (I
) (I ) (I ) (I
M F
M F
G F pu F M F
) 18 . 2 045 . 0 (
) 91 . 3 08 . 0 ( ) 09 . 6 125 . 0 (
=
=
=
Fault Current from Motor Side
Current from Generator Side:
pu j ) (I
j0.25 j0.45
j0.45
) (I ) (I
G F
pu F G F
) 91 . 3 08 . 0 ( =
+
=
pu (I)
pu j (I)
j j (I)
I ) (I (I)
o
M
M
M
L M F M
8 . 261 505 . 2
) 48 . 2 357 . 0 (
) 301 . 0 402 . 0 ( ) 18 . 2 045 . 0 (
Z =
=
+ =
=
Current from Motor Side:
25 . 0 j 4 . 0 j
G
M
05 . 0 j
F
I
G
(I)
M
(I)
Consider the system shown
in the Figure.
The two generators are
supplying the buses 1, 2, 3
and 4.
Let the pre-fault voltage
between bus 2 and ref. Bus
be (V
f
).
3 - Symmetrical Fault Calculation Using Bus Impedance
Matrix
3
T1
T2
G1
G2
1
2
4
f
V
If a 3 phase short circuit
occurs a bus 2.
A huge current
will run in the system
during the fault
condition.
"
f
I
3
2
1
4
"
f
I
3
T1
T2
G1
G2
1
2
4
f
V
3 phase
fault e
If the pre-fault voltage
between bus 2 and ref. bus is
V
f
, then the voltage during
fault is zero.
Then, the system can be
analyzed using the reactance
circuit.
During the three-phase fault, the voltage between bus 2 and the
reference becomes zero. Therefore, the 3 phase fault at bus 2 can be
simulated by making the voltage between bus 2 and Ref. is equal to
zero during the fault condition.
3
2
1
4
"
f
I
f
V
f
V
This is simulated by inserting
a source with a magnitude
equal to
Therefore, the voltage
between bus 2 and reference
is zero and fault current
runs in the system.
) (
f
V
This means that, the Fault current during the three-phase short
circuit results from the voltage source
"
f
I
) (
f
V
Therefore, to compute the
short circuit current, we have
to find the current entering
bus 2 due to only ) (
f
V
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(

4
3
1
V
V
Vf
V
A
A
A

BUS
Z
44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

0
0
I
0
' '
f
=
The Nodal Impedance Equation
during the fault is:
Note:
is the voltage difference between node i and the reference node
due to the current .
i
V A
"
f
I
Ignoring all other currents entering
other buses (ignore sources).
3
2
1
4
"
f
I
f
V
Or
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(

4
3
1
V
V
Vf
V
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(

' '
f 42
' '
f 32
' '
f 22
' '
f 12
I Z
I Z
I Z
I Z
=
=
And from the second row, the fault current is:
22
' '
Z
V
I
f
f
=
Substituting in the previous equation:
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
A
A
A
A
(
(
(
(

4
3
1
V
V
Vf
V
A
A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

f
22
42
f
22
32
f
f
22
12
V
Z
Z
V
Z
Z
V
V
Z
Z
=
=
Assuming no load is connected in the system, no current will flow
before fault and all bus voltages are the same and equal to the pre-
fault voltage ) V (
f
Using Superposition, then during the fault:
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
A
A
A
A
f
V
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

22
42
22
32
22
12
Z
Z
1
Z
Z
1
0
Z
Z
1
=
+
i ) voltage fault Pre ( f ) voltage i Bus ( i
V V V A + =

i
V A
is the voltage change in bus i due to fault current in bus 2.
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
(
(
(
(
(

f
f
f
f
V
V
V
V
=
Example:
A three-phase fault occurs at bus
2 of the network shown in the
Figure.
Determine:
1. the sub-transient current
during the fault,
2.the voltages at all the buses
3.The current flow during the
fault from buses 3-2, 1-2 and 4-2.
Consider the pre-fault voltage at
bus 2 equal to 1 pu. and neglect
the pre-fault currents.
3
T1
T2
G1
G2
1
2
4
f
V
3 phase
fault e
Solution:
Construct the reactance circuit
under normal operation condition.
pu 2 . 0 j pu 1 . 0 j
pu 125 . 0 j
pu 25 . 0 j
pu 4 . 0 j
pu 25 . 0 j
up 2 . 0 j
3
2
1
4
pu 2 . 0 j pu 1 . 0 j
Construct the bus impedance
Matrix (Z
BUS
)
(
(
(
(
(

=
1954 . 0 j 1046 . 0 j 1506 . 0 j 1456 . 0 j
1046 . 0 j 1954 . 0 j 1494 . 0 j 1544 . 0 j
1506 . 0 j 1494 . 0 j 2295 . 0 j 1938 . 0 j
1456 . 0 j 1544 . 0 j 1938 . 0 j 2436 . 0 j
Z
BUS
NOTE:
Constructing Z
Bus
will be discussed later.
Since there are no-load currents, the pre-fault voltage at all the buses is equal to
1.0 pu. When the fault occurs at bus 2,
pu 357 . 4 j
2295 . 0 j
0 . 1
Z
V
I
22
f
' '
f
= = =
f
V
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

22
42
22
32
22
12
Z
Z
1
Z
Z
1
0
Z
Z
1
=
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
f
V
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

22
42
22
32
22
12
Z
Z
1
Z
Z
1
0
Z
Z
1
=
(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
V
V
V
V
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

2295 . 0 j
1506 . 0 j
1
2295 . 0 j
1494 . 0 j
1
0
2295 . 0 j
1938 . 0 j
1
(
(
(
(

343 . 0
349 . 0
0
155 . 0
=
(
(
(
(
(

=
1954 . 0 j 1046 . 0 j 1506 . 0 j 1456 . 0 j
1046 . 0 j 1954 . 0 j 1494 . 0 j 1544 . 0 j
1506 . 0 j 1494 . 0 j 2295 . 0 j 1938 . 0 j
1456 . 0 j 1544 . 0 j 1938 . 0 j 2436 . 0 j
Z
BUS
3
T1
T2
G1
G2
1
2
4
f
V
3 phase
fault e
The current flows from bus 1 to bus 2 is:
125 . 0 j
V V
I
2 1
12

=
pu 2448 . 1 j I
12
=
125 . 0 j
1556 . 0
I
12
=
pu 2 . 0 j pu 1 . 0 j
pu 125 . 0 j
pu 25 . 0 j
pu 4 . 0 j
pu 25 . 0 j
pu 2 . 0 j
3
2
1
4
"
f
I
pu 2 . 0 j pu 1 . 0 j
The current flows from bus
3 to bus 2 is:
25 . 0 j
V 3 V
I
2
32

=
pu 396 . 1 j I
32
=
pu 719 . 1 j I
42
=
The current flows
from bus 4 to bus 2 is:
The current flows from
bus 3 to bus 1 is:
25 . 0 j
V V
I
1 3
31

= pu 7736 . 0 j =