Tm hiu thm v Android Runtime (ART) trong Android 4.

4 v li ch ca n khi thay th Dalvik

Trong sut 5 nm ra i v pht trin, hu ht mi thnh phn ca Android u t nhiu c thay th, cp nht mi hay thm ch l thay i hon ton. Tuy nhin, c mt th cc k quan trng, l b my o Dalvik dng chy ng dng Android th vn c gi nguyn gn nh so vi ban u. Gi y, trong Android 4.4 KitKat, Google ra mt mt gii php thay th cho anh chng Dalvik gi ci, chnh l Android Runtime (ART). Trong bi ny, mnh s gii thiu thm cho cc bn nhng thng tin v ART v li ch ca n vi Android l g. Dalvikv ARTl g? Hin nay, cc ng dng Java sau khi vit xong ch c bin dch (compile) mt phn bi lp trnh vin. Phn m bin dch ny sau s phi i qua mt trnh phin dch khc tr thnh m my (native code) ph hp vi CPU v thit b ca ngi dng. Qu trnh ny tn thi gian hn v khng thc s hiu qu, nhng b li lp trnh vin c th vit app ch mt ln v em n ln nhiu my chy.

Trn Windows, Mac hay Linux, chng ta c mt th gi l Java Virtual Machine thc hin cng vic trn. Cn vi Android, Dalvik chnh l trnh bin dch v n c m t t! nhng bui u m h iu hnh ny ra i. Dalvik do k" s Dan Bornstein lm ra v n c t tn theo mt lng chi Iceland. #y thc ch$t l mt phn mm m ngu%n m v n n&m trong khu vc bao g%m cc th vin ct li cn Android chy. Ngoi ng dng th vi thnh phn khc ca Android c'ng phi dng n Dalvik. Chnh nh Dalvik m chng ta ch c mt app duy nh$t nhng vn c th chy trn smartphone, tablet, Smart TV, thit b nhng... vi nhiu loi CPU khc nhau v t! cc hng khc nhau (t$t nhin vic ti u ha giao din, tnh nng l cu chuy n khc, nhng c bn l chy c). V$n vi vic dch b&ng Dalvik l n chm! Chnh s xu$t hin ca n thng lm cho hiu nng ng dng th$p hn so vi cc phn mm dng trc tip m c bin dch s(n. Trong nhiu trng hp, nh$t l vi nhng CPU hin i c

sc mnh x) l tt th s khc bit ny khng ng k. Tuy nhin, vi nhng phn mm n ng th chng ta s th$y n mt cch r rt. Android hin nay chm chp c'ng mt phn l do Dalvik. V vic bt vi x) l chy lu hn c'ng l nguyn nhn khin h thng tiu th nhiu in hn. AndroidRuntime ART Google bit v Dalvik, t$t nhin, l l do m hng pht trin nn mt gii php thay th mang tn Android Runtime (ART) trong sut hai nm v!a qua. Mt phin bn th) nghim ca ART c nhng trong Android 4.4 v bn c th tm th$y n trong phn Settings > Developer Options > Select Runtime (mt s my dng ROM cook c th khng c, v vic kch hot n ln c th khin h thng v ng dng g p li $y nh).

ART s) dng mt cch x) l r$t khc so vi Dalvik. Hin nay, cc ng dng Android

c phin dch ra m my thi im m chng ta chy chng ln. Dalvik thc hin iu ny b&ng mt b my gi l "Just-In-Time" (JIT) conpiler. Ch Just-InTime dch sang ting Vit th c ngh"a l "v!a kp lc", tc l ch on m no cn thit mi c dch v ch dch khi cn. Cn vi ART, n xi b my "Ahead-Of-Time" (AOT) phin dch m bytecode ca ng dng thnh m my thi im bn ci n vo thit b. #iu ny %ng ngh"a vi vic khi bn chy app ln, n t%n ti s(n dng m my v thit b ca chng ta c th m thc thi app. Li ch ca ART Li ch ln nh$t ca ART l n cho php lp trnh vin Android tip tc vit phn mm theo nh cch m h lm t! trc n nay, phn mm ca h c'ng vn c th chy trn nhiu loi CPU v thit b khc nhau, nhng vi tc nhanh hn ng k. Cm gic my s mt m hn. Vi cc phn mm cn nhiu sc mnh tnh ton, v d app chnh s)a nh hay video th li ch s cng r rng hn na. Cha ht, hin nay hu ht thit b Android u s) dng vi x) l a nhn (hai, bn, tm...). S c m t ca ART c th gip ng dng cn phi kch hot t nhn hn Dalvik lc phin dch, t! dn n vic tit kim pin hn. Chng ta c'ng c th th$y c ART l mt trong nhng l do m Google tuyn b l Android 4.4c th dng tt cho nhng thit b vi RAM ch 512MB. V c phin dch trc nn khng cn hin tng Dalvik chim l$y RAM v b nh ny s c s) dng hon ton cho cc ng dng. Hn ch ca ART T$t nhin, ART s cn thi gian lu hn dch lc m chng ta mi v!a ci ng dng xong, tuy nhin li ch lu di l ng dng s ti v chy nhanh hn. Bn hy th) ngh" xem, chng ta ch cn app c mt ln nn ch lu hn h%i trc mt cht th c'ng khng v$n g, trong khi tc dng app v sau nhanh hn th c'ng ng b p. Thc ch$t, vi nhng ng dng nh* th khong thi gian ART dch c'ng r$t ngn, ch vi nhng app ln th chng ta mi th$y r s khc bit. Hin nay, vi nhng chic Nexus, lc bn chuyn t! Dalvik sang ART th ton h thng c'ng ch m$y c vi pht dch s(n ht ton b app ci trong my. Ngoi ra, mt hn ch khc l m my sau khi c dch s(n sng th s chim dung lng lu tr ln hn l m bytecode. L do l v mt k t trong bytecode thc ch$t c biu di+n b&ng nhiu lnh ca m my nn to hn l chuyn d+ hiu. Mc ln hn th cao nh$t l khong 10-20% ty app. Con s ny nghe c v, ln nhng tp tin thc thi li khng chim dung lng ln trong app nn vic tng ln nh th s khng gy nhiu nh hng. V d, c file APK ca ng dng Google+ mi c dung lng n 28,3MB, nhng phn m chy ch l 6,9MB m

thi.

S chnh lch v dung lng ng dng gia Dalvik v ART ARThin ch mi l bn th nghims khai Xin ni li r&ng bn ART ang c m t trong Android 4.4 KitKat ch mi l bn th) nghim, do tc cha tht s ngon nh bn ch$t ca n. Theo bi kim tra ca anh @vuhai6 th ART thm ch cn chm hn Dalvik khi m mt s ng dng,

nhng y ch mi l nhng bui u m thi. Cha r bao gi th Google s ra mt chnh thc ART, nhng trong bi cnh hng pht trin n hng nm tri v th) nghim trn Android 4.4, c th chng ta s sm th$y n c p dng rng ri. Nhiu kh nng l trong Android 4.5 hay 5.0 th Google s tch hp ART. Vy ti c nnchuynsangdngART thi im hin ti hay khng? Theo khuyn co ca Google th khng. Nh ni trn, do ART mi l bn th) nghim dnh cho lp trnh vin trn Android 4.4 nn c mt s ng dng c th khng tng thch vi trnh phin dch ny. V d: Titanium Backup, WhatsApp, Call of Duty: Strike Force. Bn c th chuyn li Dalvik khi cn xi cc app ny, nhng iu li qu b$t tin cho bn so vi nhng g m ART mang li. Nu mun tri nghim th bn c th th) i sang ART, nhng nu cn s n nh th hy c dng Dalvik nh. Ni tm li, ART tuy l gii php mi nhng v c bn th Android vn cn phi thng qua b my phin dch trc khi chy ng dng nn kh c th l gii php lu di nu mun h thng tht s ngon lnh nh cc nn tng i th. Trong tng lai, Google vn cn mt th g kh nng tng tc h thng ln cao hn na, v d nh thay ton b phn nhn h thng ch-ng hn. Chng ta hy ch xem sao. Ngun: Google, ExtremeTech, Android Police (1)