Geometric Proofs:

Angle Chasing
ERHS Math Club 1. Angles in circles The measure of an arc is efine as the measure of the central angle that subten s the arc: A 6 ,

C a. The measure of an inscribe angle is one!half the measure of the subten e arc. Pro"e this in the case abo"e. #Hint: use e$ual ra ii an isosceles triangles% b. Pro"e that in a c&clic $ua rilateral the sum of the measures of o''osite angles e$uals 1()*. c. +et A,C- be a c&clic $ua rilateral. Sho. that /A,- 0 /AC-. . 1ote the con"erses of b an c are also true. #Can &ou 'ro"e it2% 3. Special Centers and Special Angles! +abel A++ angles in the 'ictures belo.4 in terms of A4 ,4 an C5 a. Circumcenter #Assume A,C is acute% A

b. Orthocenter #Assume A,C is acute% A

E 7

i. Pro"e that the orthocenter is the incenter of triangle -E7. c. Incenter

. Excenter The e8circle o''osite A is the circle tangent to si es A,4 AC an si e ,C. The e8center is the center of this circle.

e. +et 9 be the incenter of A,C4 9A be the e8center o''osite A4 an M the mi 'oint of arc ,C #not inclu ing A% in the circumcircle. Pro"e that ,4 94 C4 an 9A lie on a common circle centere at M. :. Miquels Theorem for Triangles a. +et A,C be a triangle. Points ;4 <4 = are on ,C4 CA4 an A,4 res'ecti"el&. -ra. the circumcircles of A<=4 ,=;4 an C;<. >hat o &ou con?ecture2 b. Pro"e that the circumcircles of triangles A<=4 ,=;4 an C;< meet at a common 'oint. Hints: i. @se point redefinition. TaAe a.a& one circle4 an ?ust looA at the remaining t.o. TaAe the intersection 'oint of4 sa&4 A<= an ,;=4 an call it P. ii. 1o. label some angles an sho. the other circle 'asses through P as .ell. c. 9n triangle A,C4 'oints < an = are on AC4 A,4 res'ecti"el&. P is a 'oint on the circumcircle of A<=4 on arc <= not inclu ing A. The circumcircles of ,=P an C<P intersect at 'oint ; other than P. Pro"e that ; lies on si e ,C. B. Miquels Theorem for Complete Quadrilaterals and Spiral Similarity A com'lete $ua rilateral consists of the B lines #si es of a $ua rilateral% an the C intersections etermines b& 'airs of the lines. 9n the figure belo. A,C-E7 is a com'lete $ua rilateral. a. -ra. the circumcircles of E,C4 EA-4 7C-4 an 7,A. >hat o &ou notice2 E ,

7 b. Pro"e that these B circles intersect at one 'oint. Hint: i. +iAe in D:4 let P be the intersection 'oint of 3 of the circles. Sho. that this 'oint lies on the other 3 circles. c. A spiral similarity is the com'osition of a rotation an a ilation about the same 'oint. Sho. that triangle PA, is similar to triangle P-C. Conclu e that P is the center of a s'iral similarit& that taAes segment A, to -C. . >hat other 'airs of similar triangles can &ou fin 2 e. Construct the center of the s'iral similarit& taAing A- to C,. Eustif& &our ans.er. f. Pro"e that the circumcenters of E,C4 EA-4 7C-4 an 7,A4 an P4 all lie on the same circle. F. The Simson ine a. +et P be a 'oint on the circumcircle of triangle A,C. +et -4 E4 7 be the feet of the 'er'en iculars from to A,4 ,C4 an CA4 res'ecti"el&. >hat o &ou notice about -4 E4 72 A

b. Pro"e &our con?ecture. Hint: i. Right angles gi"e lots of c&clic $ua rilaterals. 9n fact4 there are : more. c. G9S+ 1HHIJ +et be a triangle. is a 'oint on the si e . The line meets the circumcircle again at . is the foot of the 'er'en icular from to 4 an is the foot of the 'er'en icular from to . Sho. that the line is a tangent to the circle on iameter if an onl& if . Some 'roblems: 1. A,C- is a c&clic $ua rilateral. The center of its circumcircle4 64 is on A,. 9ts iagonals AC4 ,- intersect at E. +et P be the circumcenter of CE-. Pro"e that /6CP0H)*. 3. !ermat point +et A,C be an acute triangle. Erect e$uilateral triangles A,CK4 ,CAK4 an CA,K out.ar s on the si es of A,C. a. Pro"e that the circumcircles of A,CK4 ,CAK4 an CA,K meet at a 'oint. b. Pro"e that AAK4 ,,K4 an CCK are concurrent. The& intersect at the 7ermat 'oint P4 the 'oint .here PA L P, L PC is minimal. :. +et P be a 'oint insi e triangle A,C an M a 'oint insi e A,C such that /PAC0/MAC4 /P,C0/M,A4 /PCA0/MC,. #M is calle the isogonal con?ugate of P% +et the feet of the 'er'en iculars from M to A, an AC be - an E. Sho. that AP is 'er'en icular to -E. B. 7or a 'oint P insi e A,C4 the 'e al triangle of P .ith res'ect to A,C is PAP,PC4 .here PA4P,4PC enote the 'ro?ections of P onto si es ,C4 CA4 an A,4 res'ecti"el&. +et PAKP,KPCK enote the 'e al triangle of P .ith res'ect to PAP,PC an PAKKP,KKPCKK the 'e al triangle of P .ith res'ect to PAKP,KPCK. Sho. that A,C an PAKKP,KKPCKK are similar. F. GHMMT 3))(J A,C is a triangle .ith incenter 9. +et -N EN 7 enote the 'oints .here the incircle of A,C touches si es ,CNCANA,4 res'ecti"el&. +et lines ,9 an E7 meet at O. a. Sho. that 9NONENCN- are conc&clic. b. +et M be the mi 'oint of ,C an 1 the mi 'oint of AC. Sho. that O lies on line M1.

6l&m'ia Problems
All 'roblems are from actual contests5
G,alAan 3))CP3J +et be a triangle an a line .hich intersects the si es an at interior 'oints an 4 res'ecti"el&4 an intersects the line at a 'oint such that lies bet.een an . The 'arallel lines from the 'oints 4 4 to the line intersect the circumcircle of triangle at the 'oints 4 an 4 res'ecti"el& #a'art from 4 4 %. Pro"e that the lines 4 an 'ass through the same 'oint. G@SAM6 3))FP:J +et be an acute!angle triangle4 an let an be t.o 'oints on its si e . Construct a 'oint in such a .a& that the con"e8 $ua rilateral is c&clic4 4 an the 'oints an lie on o''osite si es of the line . Construct a 'oint in such a .a& that the con"e8 $ua rilateral is c&clic4

4 an the 'oints an lie on o''osite si es of the line Pro"e that the 'oints 4 4 4 an lie on a circle.

GTST 3))IP1J Circles an meet at an . Segments an are chor s of an res'ecti"el&4 such that segment an ra& meet at . Ra& an segment meet at . Point lies on such that . Point lies on such that . Pro"e that 'oints are collinear. GTST 3))IPFJ Triangle is inscribe in circle . The tangent lines to at an meet at . Point lies on ra& such that . Points an lie on ra& #.ith in bet.een an % such that . Pro"e that triangles an are similar to each other. G@SAM6 3))CPCJ +et be a $ua rilateral4 an let an be 'oints on si es an an at an 'ass 4 4

an res'ecti"el&4 such that Ra& meets ra&s res'ecti"el&. Pro"e that the circumcircles of triangles through a common 'oint.

GChina 3))(J +et be a triangle4 line cuts its si es at res'ecti"el&. -enote b& the circumcenters of triangle res'ecti"el&. Pro"e that the orthocenter of triangle lies on line .

7urther Stu & QPo.er!of!a!Point Concurrency and Collinearity QRa ical a8is4 ra ical center QS'ecial centers #incenter4 centroi 4 circumcenter4 QPtolem&Ks TheoremP 9ne$ualit& orthocenter4 H!'oint center4 +emoine 'oint4 Gergonne QA'ollonius circle 'oint4 1agel 'oint% Transformations QCe"aKsPMenelausKs Theorems QRotation CarnotKs Theorem QS'iral Similarit& QEuler line QHomothet& #-ilation% +emoine line @sing 'ro?ection #onto a line%Rsee Er Ss!Mor ell Pa''usKs Theorem ine$ualit& QPascalKs Theorem Pro?ection #onto a 'lane% ,rianchonKs Theorem Pole!'olar transformation QSimson line Harmonic i"ision4 harmonic $ua rilateral 7ermat #Toricelli% 'oint ,utterfl& Theorem ,rocar 'oints Computational" Analytic Q9sogonals4 isogonal con?ugates Q+a. of SinesPCosines Si8!'oint Theorem Ste.artKs Theorem QS&mme ians ,rahmagu'taKsP HeronKs formula -esargueKs Theorem Pe al Triangles SteinerKs Theorem +agrangeKs Theorem QGauss +ine #techni$ue! using areas to 'ro"e EulerKs formula collinearit&% ,ar&centric coor inates Circles @sing com'le8 numbers QC&clic $ua rilaterals @sing "ectors Q1ine!'oint circle TucAerKs circle #ecommended $oo% QMi$uelKs Theorem Geometr& Re"isite b& Co8eter