I HC NNG

TRNG I HC K THUT INH MINH DIM

GIO TRNH

CNG NGH KIM LOI

TP 3

HN V CT KIM LOI

NNG, 2001
I HC NNG

TRNG I HC K THUT INH MINH DIM

GIO TRNH

CNG NGH KIM LOI

TP 3

HN V CT KIM LOI

NNG, 2001

CHNG I HN KIM LOI

1.1 KHI NIM CHUNG 1.1.1 Khi nim

Hn kim loi l mt phng php ni lin cc chi tit li vi nhau thnh mt khi khng th tho ri c bng cch: Nung kim loi vng hn n nhit nng chy sau khi ng dc ta c mi lin kt vng chc gi l hn nng chy; Hoc c th nung chng n nhit cao nh hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi (i vi kim loi do th c th khng nung) ri dng lc ln p chng dnh chc vo nhau gi l hn p lc; C th dng kim loi trung gian nng chy ri nh s ho tan, khuyt tn kim loi hn vo vt hn m to nn mi ghp gi l hn vy. Hin nay cn c th dng keo dn cc chi tit li vi nhau to nn cc mi ni ghp; Ngoi ra ta cn c th dung keo kim loi dn chung dnh chc vo nhau gi l dn kim loi.
1.1.2 NG DNG :

Hn kim loi dng mt vai tr rt quuan trng trong qu trnh gia cng, ch to v sa cha phc hi cc chi tit my.Hn khng ch th dng ni ghp cc kim loi li vi nhau m cn ng dng ni cc phi kim loi hoc hn hp kim loi vi phi kim loi. Hn c mt trong cc ngnh cng nghip, trong ngnh y t hay trong cc ngnh phc hi sa cha cc sn phm ngh thut,...
1.1.3 c im ca hn kim loi a. Tit kim kim loi So vi tn ri v, hn kim loi c th tit kim t 10 - 15 % kim loi (do phn

inh tn, phn khoa l) v cha k n bn kt cu b gim do khoan l.

H. 1-1 So snh mi ghp ni hn v tn riv So vi c : Tit kim khong 50 % kim loi do mi hn khi hn khng cn h thng u hi, u ngt, bn cnh chiu dy vt c ln hn vt hn,... Tit kim kim loi qu him : V d khi ch to dao tin ta ch cn mua vt liu phn ct gt l thp dng c cn phn cn ta s dng thp thng CT38 S c g thnh r m vn tho mn cc yu cu k thut. b. bn mi hn cao, mi hn kn, chu c p lc c. Thit b n gin, gi thnh h
2

d. Nhc im T chc kim loi vng mi hn khng ng nht, tn ti ng sut v bin dng sau khi hn.
1.2 - PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP HN P KG/mm2 III II I

IV

Tnc

T oC

H nh 1-2 S phn loi cc phng php hn I - Vng hn nng chy; II - Vng hn p lc, II Vng hn hn ch IV- Vng khng th to thnh mi hn c
Hn nng chy
HN KIM LOI

Hn h quang in, Hn kh, hn bng cc chm tia, Hn in x, Hn nhit,... Hn in tip xc, Hn siu m, Hn cao tn, Hn n, Hn ma st, Hn khuych tan, Hn kh - p Hn ngui

Hn p lc

Hn vy

...
Hnh 1-2 S phn loi cc phng php hn

CHNG 2 QA TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY

2.1 QU TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY 3

Khi hn nng chy nhit vng hn trung bnh l 1700 - 1800 oC. trng thi nhit cao kim loi lng chu s tc ng mnh ca mi trng xung quanh v cc nguyn t c trong thnh phn que hn v thuc bc que hn; Kim loi mi hn trng thi lng v mt phn bi bay hi. Trong vng mi hn xy ra nhiu qu trnh nh xy ho, kh xy, hon nguyn v hp kim ho mi hn, qu trnh to x v tinh luyn ,... Cc qu trnh phn no tng t nh nhng qu trnh luyn kim nn ngi ta gi qu trnh ny l qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nhng xy ra trong mt th tch nh v thi gian ngn.

X, thuc bc que hn: FeO, MnO, SiO2,... Mi trng

Cc nguyn t c trong vt hn v que hn : [Fe], [FeO], [Si], [Mn],...

Hnh 2 - 1 S nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng mi hn nh hng ca xy xy c trong cc mi trng xung quanh nh khng kh, hi nc, Co2, H2O, v trong cc it kim loi, trong lp x khi hn,... xy c tc dng mnh vi cc nguyn t : Fe, Mn, Si, C, ... kt qu s lm thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca kim loi mi hn. V d : Fe + O ----> FeO Fe + O2 ----> 2FeO Mt phn cc xit st nh trn s i vo x, mt phn s trn ln vi kim loi mi hn do khng thot ra ngoi kp. Mi hn c ln x s lm cho c tnh gim mnh. Trong mi trng xung quanh cng cn c nhiu cht kh c nh hng n cht lng mi hn nh hydro., Nit, lu hunh, pht pho,... Hydro: c trong hi nc, trong cc loi kh bo v hoc do b phn hu cc cht trong qu trnh hn s ho tan vo mi hn v gy nn r kh. i vi thp v hp kim nhm, hy dro l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn r kh. Lu hunh l cht gy nn nt nng cho mi hn Pht pho gy nn nt ngui cho mi hn Trong vng mi hn xy ra qu trnh kh xy. C th tm tt theo cc dng phn ng sau: [FeO] + (Si) --> [Fe] + (SiO2)
4

[ ] - Thnh phn cc cht i vo kim loi; ( ) - Thnh phn cc cht i vo trong x ; [FeO] + (Mn) --> [Fe} + (MnO2) [FeO] + (SiO2 --> (FeO.SiO2) FeS + Mn -- > MnS + Fe FeS + MnO --> MnS + FeO Fe3P + FeO ---> (P2O5) + 9 Fe CaO + P2O5 --> Ca3P2O8

C tnh ca vt liu
AH

AH % O2

Hnh 2 - 2 S nh hng ca o xy n c tnh mi hn [13]

nh hng ca mt s cht kh n c tnh mi hn (nh hnh 2 - 3) N2

%
O2 N2

Ak
O2 N2

O2

% O2 % N2

% O2 % N2 % O2 % N2

Hnh 2 - 3 nh hng ca mt s cht kh n c tnh mi hn [13]

2.2 VNG HN V C IM CA N.

Khi hn, di tc dng ca ngun nhit, vng kim loi nng chy to nn mt vng hn. Kim loi y l hn hp cc nguyn t ca kim loi c bn v kim
5

loi vt liu hn. Vng hn c chia ra 2 vng chnh: vng u v vng ui vng hn.

a/

b/

H. 2-4 S mi ghp hn (a) v tc dng ca ngun nhit khi hn h quang (b)

II I C H B

H. 2-5 S ng hn v v tr vng hn
I - Vng u vng hn; II - Vng ui vng hn 1 - Vng c nhit khng xc nh 2- Vng c nhit khong 1800 oC; 3 - Vng c nhit gn nhit nng chy (khong 1500oC) B - Chiu rng mi hn; C- Chiu cao mi hn; H - Chiu su ca mi hn Qu trnh kt tinh ca mi hn Mi hn kt tinh trong iu kin phn u vng hn lun b nung nng bi ngun nhit hn cn vng ui th c ngui dn. Kim loi vng hn lun chuyn ng; Th tch vng hn nh khong 0,2-0,4 cm3. Thi gian kim loi mi hn tn ti trng thi lng nh,; Tc lm ngui ln Vng tm mi hn c nhit cao d lm cho kim loi b qu nhit.

2.3. T CHC KIM LOI MI HN V VNG CN MI HN

Sau khi ng c, kim loi mi hn s c thnh phn khc so vi kim loi c bn. Di tc dng ca nhit chc kim loi mi hn cng c chia thnh nhiu vng khc nhau. T chc kim loi mi hn ph thuc phng php hn, kim loi vt hn, v ch hn. T chc kim loi vng mi hn v gn mi hn c chia ra 7 vng khc nhau : Vng mi hn, vng vin chy, vng nh hng nhit gm c cc vng : vng qu nhit, vng thng ho, vng kt tinh li khng hon ton vng kt tinh li, vng dn xanh. Vng mi hn (1) : C thnh phn kim loi hn hp giua vt hn, thuc hn v que hn. T chc c dng ko di v tm mi hn (theo hng kt tinh)Vng gn vin chy c t chc ht nh mn do tc tn nhit nhanh; vung trung tm c ln nhiu tp cht do kt tinh sau cng. Vng vin chy (2) : Vng ny kim loi nng chy khng hon ton. Thnh phn kim loi mi hn c ln cc nguyn t ca que hn v thuc hn. Do c s tc dng qua li gia pha long v pha c nn trong mi hn c th ln cc tp cht. Ht tinh th vng ny nh, c c tnh tt. Vng ny tn ti 2 pha lng c chhiu rng vng ny nh khong 0,1- 0,3 mm rt kh phn bit chng nn gi chung l vng vin chy. Vng nh hng nhit : L vng c nhit thp hn nhit nng chy nhng c t chc v tnh cht thay i di tc dng ca nhit . Chiu rng vng ny ph thuc chiu dy vt hn, ngun nhit, ch hn, phng php hn,... (xem bng 1.1) Bng 1 -1 Phng php hn Chiu Tng chiu rng vng Trong chiu rng dy (mm) nh hng nhit (a) mm vng qu nhit (mm) Hn kh 3 12-13 4-7 Hn kh 10 25 - 30 10 - 12 Hn in 10 3 - 5,5 1-2 o Vng qu nhit (3) T = 1100 ... 1200 C C t chc ht ln, c tnh gim nhiu, dn, d nt, ... y l vng thng gy nn cc vt gy nt ca mi hn. Vng thng ho (4) C T AC3 C nhit khong (880...1100 oC),c chiu rng khong 0.2 ... 5 mm c t chc ht nh, c tnh tt. Vng kt tinh li khng hon ton (5) : c nhit khong T = 720 ... 880 T l nm trong khong AC1 - AC3, nn c th xy ra qu trnh chuyn bin stenit v t chc pclt v martenxit cho nn c thnh phn ho hc v c tnh khng ng nht, c tnh b gim. Vng kt tinh li (6) : T = 500 ... 700 oC T chc kim loi ging vt hn nhng cng gim, tnh do tng Vng dn xanh (7) : c T = 100 ... 500 oC T chc kim loi t b thay i nhng do khng kh xm nhp vo nn c tnh gim, tn ti ng sut d, kim loi b ho gi, khi th ko mu hay b t vng ny.
7

I II

III
Hnh 2 - 6 S cc vng ca mi hn (I- Vng c nhit cao , II- Vng c nhit cao hn T nng chy, III- Vng c nhit nh hn nhit nng chy)
TOC

%C

Hnh 2 - 7 T chc kim loi vng mi hn v cn mi hn.

[13
8

CHNG 3 : HN H QUANG
3.1 H QUANG HN V CC C TNH CA N 3.1.1 H quang hn

Hin tng h quang in c pht minh t nm 1802, nhng mi ti nm 1882 mi c ua vo ng dng nung chy kim loi. Ngun nhit ca h quang in ny c ng dng hn kim loi v phng php ni ghp ny c gi l hn h quang. H quang l s phng in gia 2 in cc c in p trong mi trng kh hoc hi. H quang in c ng dng hn gi l h quang hn.
3.1.2 S s to thnh h quang hn:

a/

b/

c/

Hnh 3-1 S s to thnh h quang ca cc loi dng in a- Ni vi ngun in b- Ni nghch ( Cc dng ni vi que hn, m ni vi vt hn) c- Ni thun (Cc m ni vi que hn, cc dng ni vi vt hn) Khong h quang nm gia 2 in cc gi l ct h quang v chiu di ca n c gi l chiu di ct h quang (Lhq). Cu to ca h quang in c dng nh hnh 3-2

1 3 2

Lhq

1- Vng cn ant 2- Vng cn ka tt 3- Ct h quang

Hnh 3-2 S cu to ct h quang hn. in cc hn c ch to t cc loi vt liu khc nhau: Loi in cc khng nng chy : Vnfram (W), Grafit, than,... in cc nng chy : Ch to t thp, gang, cc loi kim loi mu,... Ngun in hn : Xoay chiu (tn s cng nghip, tn s cao,... chnh lu, mt chiu.

3.1.3 iu kin xut hin h quang hn. 9

Thc cht ca h quang l dng chuyn ng c hng ca cc phn t mang in (ion m, ion dng, in t) trong mi trng kh; trong d in t c vai tr rt quan trng. Trong iu kin bnh thng, khng kh gia hai in cc trng thi trung ho nn khng dn in. Khi gia chng xut hin cc phn t mang in th s c dng in i qua. V vy to ra h quang ta cn to ra mi trng c cc phn t mang in. Qu trnh gi l qu trnh ion ho. Mi trng c cha cc phn t ion ho gi l mi trng ion ho. Qu trnh cc in t thot ra t b mt in cc i vo mi trng kh gi l qu trnh pht x in t hay pht x electron. Nng lng lm thot in t ra khi b mt cc cht rn gi l cng thot electron. Cng thot electron ca mt s cht c th hin trong bng 3-1 Bng 3-1 Nguyn t Cng thot Nguyn t Cng thot electron electron K 2.26 eV Mn 3.76 eV Na 2.33 Ti 3.92 Ba 2.55 Fe 4.18 Ca 2.96 Al 4.25 Khi c in p, di tc dng ca in trng, cc in t trong mi trng s chuyn ng t ca tt (-) n ant (+) v pht trin vi vn tc ln. Vi s chuyn ng cc in t se va chm vo cc phn t, nguyn t trung ho truyn nng lng cho chng v kt qu lm tch cc in t khi nguyn t phn t v to nn cc ion. Nh vy thc cht ca qu trnh ion ho khng kh gia 2 in cc l do s va chm gia cc in t c tch ra t in cc vi cc phn t trung ho khng kh. Kt qu qu trnh ion ho l s xut hincc phn t mang in gia 2 in cc v h quang xut hin (ni cch khc l c s phng in gia 2 in cc qua mi trng khng kh). Nh vy mun c h quang phi to ra mt nng lng cn thit lm thot cc in t. Ngun nng lng ny c th thc hin bng cc bin php : 1. Tng in p gia 2 in cc nh b khuych i. 2. Tng cng dng in tng ngun nhit bng cch cho ngn mch.
3.1.4 Cc phng php gy h quang khi hn. Tng in p : Phng php ny d gy nguy him cho ngi s dng nn ngi ta

phi s dng b khuych i in p

Phng php cho ngn mch : Cho que hn tip xc vt hn v nhc ln khong

cch 1-3 mm v gi cho h quang chy n nh (xem hnh 3-3).

a. Cho chuyn ng thng ng

10

1- Que hn 2- Vt hn
Hnh 3-3 S qu trnh gy h quang khi hn
b. t nghing que hn v cho chuyn ng tip xc vi vt hn

1- Que hn 2- Vt hn

Hnh 3-4 S qu trnh gy h quang bng cch cho que hn tip xc vt hn

3.1.5 c im ca h quang hn :
o 2

Mt dng in ln (J - A/mm ); Nhit cao khong trn 3000 C v tp trung H quang ca dng in mt chiu chy n nh . H quang ca dng xoay chiu khng n nh nn cht lng mi hn km hn 36% Nhit catt khong 2100 oC. Ngun nhit to ra chim khong A nt 2300 --/-43% Ct h quang 5000-7000oC --/-21% S chy ca h quang ph thuc: in p ngu, Cng dng in; Tn s f=150-450 c h quang chy n nh); Vt liu lm in cc,... th biu din s ph thuc gia in th ca h quang v dng in h quang gi l ng c tnh tnh ca h quang. 1. ng c tnh ca h quang hn c dng :
Uhq d1 < d2 d1 d2

Hnh 3-5 ng c tnh ca h quang hn ph thuc ng knh in cc

11

Uhq

Lhq2 L1 < L2

L hq1

100

1000

I, (A)

Hnh 3-6 ng c tnh ca h quang hn ph thuc chiu di h quang Lhq Trong khong I < 100A (J,12A/mm ) U gim khi I tng. iu c th gii thch nh sau: khi I tng, din tch tit din ca ct h quang cng tng v th mt dng s gim (J = I/F s gim trong F l din tch tit din ca ct h quang) U = IR = I . ( .L)/F = J. .L ; m .L = const nn J gim khi U gim,. Trong khong I = 100- 1000 A, din tch ct h quang tng rt t v gn bo ho, nn dn in t b thay i, v th mt dng J gn nh khng i. on ny c s dng rt rng ri khi hn h quang.
2

d =2 mm d =4 mm d =10 mm Vi L hq1 =10 mm Vi L hq2 =2 mm

J<12

J = 12-80

J>80 (A/mm )

100
1- Lhq1 = 5 mmm

1000, I (A)
Lhq2 = 2 mm

Hnh 3-7 ng c tnh tnh ca h quang hn ph thuc dh v Lhq.

Trong khong J>80A/mm2. Khong ny c mt dng J ln nn thng s dng hn t ng. Khong ny c U tng v I ln, nhng tit din ct h quang hu nh khng tng; nn khi J tng m bo cho I tng th U phi tng). th trn ng vi cc ng c tnh tnh ca h quang khi chiu di ct h quang khng i. Khi thay i Lhq, ta s nhn c nhiu ng c tnh tnh tng t nh trn.
b. H quang ca dng in xoay chiu 12

Khi s dng ngun xoay chiu, dng in v hiu in th thay i theo chu k. Vi tn s cng nghip f = 50 Hz, ta c 100 ln thay i cc nn c 100 ln h quang b tt do I = 0. Khi nhit s gim, mc ion ho ca ct h quang s gim lm cho cho h quang chy khng n nh. Mun xut hin h quang tip theo th yu cu in p ngun phi t v ln hngi tr ti thiu gi l in p mi h quang. H quang s chy n nh khi U ngun > U mi h quang H quang s ttkhi U ngun < U mi h quang Khi hn h quang tay U mi h quang = (1,8 - 2,5)U hn U mi h quang = (60-80V)

Tt

U m hq

Hnh 3-8 S ng bin thin ca in p v dng in ngun v h quang dng xoay chiu
Ch :

Tt - Thi gian h quang tt

Thi gian h quang tt Tt ph thuc in p khng ti (Ukt); tn s (f) f tng th Tt nh. Ukt ln thi Tt nh nhng tng Ukt th kch thc my s ln, khng c li. Tng tn s th phi mc thm b khuych i tn nhng s lm phc tp thm mch in. Trong thc t lm n nh h quang ngun xoay chiu ngi ta mc thm cun cm lm lch pha gia dng in v in p. Dng in xut hin trong cun cm s c tc dng duy tr s chy ca h quang. Ti thi im I = 0 in p ngun t gi tr U mi h quang nn vn c h quang xut hin.
3.2 NH HNG CA IN TRNG I VI H QUANG HN.

Ct h quang c coi nh mt dy dn mm nn n s chu tc dng hng ca in t trng.

3.2.1 T trng ca ct h quang

Trong c h quang c 2 loi dng chuyn ng ca cc phn t mang in. l dng chuyn ng ca cc ion m v in t; dng chuyn ng ca cc ion dng. S biu din lc in trng tc dng ln ct h quang nh hnh 3-10
13

Vi F H H F Vi

Hnh 3-10 S biu din lc in trng tc dng ln ct h quang hn. Lc F ca tt c cc phn t mang in u hng vo tm ca ct h quang. Khi hn, lc tc dng ln ct h quang gm c : + Lc in trng tnh; + Lc in trng sinh ra bi st t ca vt liu hn. Lc ny lm cho h quang b thi lch nh hng n cht lng ca mi hn (xem hnh 3-11).
3.2.2 nh hng ca lc in trng Hnh 3-11 S biu din h quang hn b thi lch bi lc in trng.

a/

b/

c/

Khi ni dy nh hnh b/ h quang b tc dng ca in trng i xng nn khng b thi lch; khi ni dy nh hnh a/ v hnh c/ in trng tc dng ln ct h quang khng i xng nn h quang b thi lch. T pha dng in i vo c in trng mnh, mt ng sc dy hi pha i din nn h quang b thi lch v pha in trng yu hn.
3.2.3 nh hng ca gc nghing que hn.

nghing ca que hn cng nh hng n s phn b ng sc xung quanh quanh h quang, v th c th thay i hng que hn cho ph hp vi phng ca h quang nh hnh 3-12b.

14

Hnh 3-12 S biu din nh hng ca gc nghing que hn.

3.2.4 nh hng ca vt liu st t.

Vt liu st t t gn h quang s lm tng t thm ln hng ngn ln so vi khng kh xung quanh ( = 1000 10.000 ln). T thng qua st t c tr khnh nh, lc t trng t pha st t gim xung lm cho h quang b thi lch v pha st t.
1 Fe 2

Hnh 3-13 S biu din nh hng ca st t i vi h quang hn. 1- Que hn ; 2 - Vt hn Hin tng lch h quang c th xut hin cui ng hn. V lc c t thm pha vt hn ln hn nhiu so vi khng kh nn h quang b thi lch v pha bn trong mi hn. Khi hn gip mi ta phi ni cc ca ngun i vi 2 vt hn v 2 pha mi hn khng b thi lch h quang.

Hnh 3-14 Mt s bin php khc phc hin tng h quang b thi lch 1 - Vt hn 2 - Que hn
3.3 PHN LOI HN H QUANG 15

3.3.1 Phn loi theo in cc

Hn h quang bng in cc khng nng chy : nh in cc than, grafit, W , hp cht ca mt s nguyn t c kh nng pht x ion nh La, Th,... Hn bng que hn nng chy : c cc loi que hn thp ( que hn thp cc bon thp, que hn thp cc bon cao, que hn thp hp kim, ... ) que hn nhm, que hn ng,... Cc loi que hn ny c li v lp thuc bc. Chng c kh nng b sung kim loi cho mi hn v cc tc dng khc nh kch thch h quang, bo v mi hn, hp kim ho mi hn, ...
3.3.2 Phn loi theo phng php u dy Du dy trc tip : 1 2 3

Ngun in 1 pha

Hnh 3 - 5 S u dy trc tip 1 -in cc hn ( que hn) 2-H quang hn

3 - Vt hn

Khi hn dng mt chiu c th c hai phng php ni dy : n thun v ni nghch.

1 2 3

Ni thun

Hnh 3 - 16 S ni thun 1 - in cc hn ( que hn)2 - H quang hn; 3- Vt hn

1 2 3

Ni nghch
3 - Vt hn

Hnh 3-17 S ni nghch 1 - in cc hn ( que hn) 2 - H quang hn

u dy gin tip :

16

Ngun mt pha
1 1 2 3 Hnh 3 - 17 S u dy gin tip

1 - in cc hn ( que hn)
u dy hn hp (H quang 3 pha):

2 - H quang hn

3 - Vt hn

Ngun ba pha
1 3 2

Hnh 3 - 19 S u dy hn hp

2 - in cc hn 1 2 - in cc hn 2 3 - Vt hn ( in cc hn 3) C 3 ngn la h quang gia 3 in cc: h quang gia 1-3 gia 1-2 v gia 2 - 3.
3.4 NGUN IN HN V MY HN 3.4.1 Ngun in hn

Ngun in hn c th mt chiu, xoay chiu. My hn dng in mt chiu hay chnh lu cho cht lng mi hn cao, n nh nhng gi thnh t nn ch s dng khi c yu cu cao v cht lng. Hin nay my hn dng xoay chiu vn l ch yu. Nht bn gn 80% my hn dng xoay chiu, 95,6% my hn xoay chiu khi hn h quang tay.
3.4.2 Yu cu i vi ngun in hn

1. D gy h quang v khng gy nguy him cho ngi s dng. Khi nghin cu h quang ca dng xoay chiu ta thy rng d dang mi h quang th in p khng ti ca my hn phi cao hn lc h quang chy n nh. m bo an ton in in p khng ti thng nh hn 100 vn. Ukt 55 - 80 V ( i vi dng xoay chiu) Ukt 30 - 55 V , Uh = 16 - 35 V, ( i vi dng mt chiu) 2. Phi c dng in ngn mch hn ch khi lm h hng my. Ing.m. = (1,3 - 1,4) Ih. 3. Khi lm vic h quang phi chy n nh.
17

4. My hn phi iu chnh c cng dng in hn ph hp vi cc loi chiu dy, ng knh v v tr tng i ca mi hn trong khng gian. 5. Khi hn ngi ta thng mc thm cun cn to ra s lch pha ca dng in v hiu in th nn ch hn s n nh hn. 6. Quan h gia hiu in th ngun in v dng in hn c gi l ng c tnh ng ca my hn. Ta c cc loi ng c tnh ng nh sau:

Ukt1 Ukt2

Ing.m Ing.m.1
Hnh 3 - 20 ng c tnh ng ca my hn

Ih

U 1 Ukt 4 3 2

I
Hnh 3 - 21 Cc dng ng c tnh ng ca my hn
ng cong 1 - Dng u tng dng cho hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v. ng cong 2 - Dng U khng thay i (hu nh khng tng khi I tng) dng cho hn

in x, hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v. Bi v khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v, kim loi dy hn chy thnh dng to nn dng ngn mch lin tc, dng in hn tng nhanh lm nng chy day hn nhanh v lin tc. Ch ny ph hp vi lai dy c dh = 0,5 - 1,2 mm ng cong 3 - Dng cong dc thoai thoi dng cho hn t ng v bn t ng di lp thuc c tc cp dy hn khng i. Vic cp li dy hn theo nguyn l t ng iu chnh (tc l khi I tng, Uh gim lm cho nhit lng Q = UIt gim kt qu dy chy chm li, phc hi chiu di ct h quang.
18

ng cong 4 - Dng cong dc dng cho hn h quang tay v hn t ng di lp

thuc (khi m tc cp dy ph thuc ch hn. Khi U h thay i, nhng Ih thay i t nn ch hn n nh hn Kt hp cc dng c tnh ng v ng c tnh tnh ca h quang ta s thy chng giao nhau ti 2 im A v B (ti Ungun = Uh quang) Ti im B hiu in th cao gy h quang nhng v dng in nh khng u duy tr s chy n nh ca h quang. Thc vy nu v mt l do no lm cho dng in gim xung th hiu in th h quang s tng ln v lc Uhq > Ung, c ngha l hiu in th ca ngun khng gy h quang nn n tt. Ngc li, nu tng dng I th Ung > Uhq ; in th tha Ung - Uhq l nguyn nhn gy nn s tip tc tng dng in cho n khi t c gi tr im A. Nh vy khi I tng hoc I gim ti im A c s phc hi li iu kin n nh ca h quang (Uhq

= Ung)
U, V

A
I, A

Hnh 3-22 S biu din v tr h quang chy n nh Ta bit rng khi h quang chy, trongmch hn h, quang s sinh ra sut in ng cm ng.
eL = L dI dt

L - l h s t cm

U h = U hq = U nguon + e L
U h = U hq = U nguon + e L = U ng L
Ung-Uh

dI dt

= L dI dt

T biu thc trn ta nhn thy rng nu v mt l do no lm cho im dch chuyn v im A c in th U > Uh tc l : U-Uh > hay L. ta c U < Uh.
dI >0 dt

tc l

dI >0 dt

iu ny chng t I phi tng

im A tr v v tr im A. Ngc li khi A dch chuyn v im A

dI <0 dt

iu ny chng t I phi gim A tr v v tr im A -

v tr m h quang chy n nh.

19

Nh vy h quang chy n nh khi trong mch hn nanh chng phc hi trng thi cn bng : Uh = Uhq = Ung.
3.4.3 My hn h quang

My hn h quang thng c cc loi sau : My hn dng xoay chiu : my bin p c b t cm ring, my bin p hn c hn c t thng tn ln (dng c li t di ng), my bin p hn c cun dy di ng, ... My hn dng chnh lu My hn mt chiu : loi my pht hn chy bng ng c in, my pht hn c dng my n v cc dng my pht hn khc. Sau y ta ch xt mt s lai my hn thng dng.
a. My bin p hn

My bin p hn hay my hn xoay chiu l loi my h p. Nguyn l hot ng ca my tng t cc my bin p khc, ngha l da trn hin tng cm ng in t. U1, U2 - in p s cp v th cp W1, W2 - s vng dy cun s cp v th cp 1 - Tng t thng sinh ra cun s cp 1 - T thng chnh mc vng qua cun th cp t1 t2 - T thng tn qua khng kh trong cc cun dy s cp v th cp Khi t vo cun s cp ca my hn dng in xoay chiu hnh sin vi in p U1, dng in s chy qua cun s cp v to ra trong mch mt t thng chnh

W1

W2

3
Hnh 3-23 S my bin p W1 - Cun dy s cp; W2 - Cun dy th cp; 3 - Li t (gng t ca my bin p) Do mch t khp kn nn o.mc vng cun th cp v sinh ra t thng tn t2. Cc t thng trn sinh ra sut in ng trong cun s cp v th cp : Trong cun s cp : e1 = W1
d d = 1 dt dt

1 = o + t1 .

20

Trong cun th cp : Trong :

e2 = w 2

d 2 d =dt dt

1 = W1.0.= o + t1. 2 = W2.0.= o + t2. H s lin h t : Kt = +

o o t1

iu kin lm vic bnh thng th t1 rt nh nn Kt =1 Khi my bin p c t thng tn ln

t = t1 + t 2 + loitudidong

e1 & e 2 c tr s cc i l E1m = .W1. o. E2 m + .W2. o

Tr s hiu dng ca chng s l :

E1 = . W1. o
Tr s hiu dng ca chng s l :

U 1 = E1 + E t1 4,44. f .W1 .1 U W W 1 H s my bin p : K = 1 1 1 = 1. U 2 W 2 o W 2 K t

Kt =

f - tn s dng in

E1 4,44.fW1.o. E2 4,44.fW2.o.

Et1 4,44.fW1.t1. Et2 4,44.fW2.t2.

0 1

c im chung ca my bin p hn :

My bin p hn l my bin p h p. C in p th cp thp (Ukt < 100V) m bo an ton cho ngi s dng. Dng th cp ln cung cp ngun nhit cho qu trnh nung chy kim loi khi hn . My bin p hn c s vng dy cun th cp t hn cun s cp v tit din dy qun cun th cp ln hn tit din dy qun cun s cp. S vng dy cun th cp phi thay i c iu chnh cng dng in hn. Phi hn ch dng ngn mch trnh cho my khi b h hng. My bin p hn h quang tay c ng c tnh ngai cong dc. to ra loi ng c tnh ny ngi ta s dng my bin p hn c b t cm ring (my bin p hn c cun khng ngoi), hoc ch to mch t c t thng tn ln nh my hn c li t di ng,...
21

My bin p hn c b t cm ring.

Cc ch lm vic ca my Ch khng ti : khi mch ngoi h:

Ih = IKT = 0 Khi lm vic : Uh = U20 - Utc. Utc = Ih . (Rtc +Xtc)

Xtc = 2 . . f . L
trong f - tn s dng in L - H s t cm ca b t cm

U2 = Ukt = U20.

Rtc - in tr thun ca b t cm; Xtc - Tr khng ca b t cm.

W1

W2

que hn

B t cm ring
Hnh S nguyn l my bin p hn c b t cm ring

Vt hn

Khi dng in tng, t thng qua b t cm tng (ph thuc vo khe h ca mch t b t cm) lc hiu in th hn s gim.
Ch ngn mch :

I n.m =

U2

Rt

2 0,8. 2 f .10 8 Wtc

U 2 + U R+r

Rt -T tr ca b t cm R - in tr mch hn r - in tr cun th cp (R+r 0.001 m) U in th ri trn cun th cp Wtc - s vng dy ca b t cm B. My hn c li t di ng y l loi my hn xoay chiu c t thng tn ln. S nguyn l :
22

Hnh 3 - 24 S nguyn l my bin p c li t di ng 1- Gng t, 2- Li t di ng 3- Vt hn, 4- Que hn

Cc ch lm vic:

Khi khng ti

U1 U1 W . W1 = = 1 1 = U 2 U 20 W2 . 0 W2 .K t I h 0; X ba = .(W2)2Rm ;

I2=Ih=0

in p khng ti :
Khi c ti

= 2f

Rm - in tr mch t c t thng tn i qua F - Tn s dng in

U20

IH XBA

Uh

Khi ngn mch :

Uh = U20 - Et2 = U20 - Ih.Xba

Khi I tng s lm cho sut in ng E t2= U2 = U20. Nn Uh = 0

Inm = U20/Xba

(Xba = X1 + X2; X1,X2 ( Cm khng cun s cp v th cp) iu chnh cng dng in hn ngi ta thy i v tr ca li t di ng. Khi li t i vo gng t, t thng tn tng ln v lm gim dng in hn; ngc li khi li t i ra khi gng t th t thng tn gim, dng in hn s tng.
23

ng c tnh ngoi ca loi my ny rt dc nn ch ng dng cho loi my hn c dng khng ln.

Hnh 3 - 25 S nguyn l my hn c nhiu trm

3 2

Hnh 2 - 26 S nguyn l my hn 3 pha 1- my bin p hn 2 - Vt hn 3 - Que hn (in cc hn)

C. My hn mt chiu

My hn in mt chiu cng nh cc loi my in mt chiu khc c 3 b phn c bn: phn cm, phn ng v vnh i chiu.
Phn cm : l phn c nh, phn ny to ra t thng chnh ca my do

cun kch t. Phn ng : l phn quay c li thp hnh tr bt cht vo trc, trn b mt li thp c x rnh t cc dy qun phn ng. Thn my, cc t (phn cm), li thp hp thnh mch t ca my in mt chiu.
24

Vnh i chiu : gm cc l ng ghp thnh hnh tr, gia cc l ng c

lp cch in vi nhau v vi trc bng mt lp mica mng. Trn vnh i chiu c 2 chi than c gi c nh ti mth v tr v ni dy ra mch ngoi. Da vo phng php kch t my in mt chiu c cc loi : kch t c lp, kch t song song, kch t ni tip v kch t hn hp.
Phn loi my pht in hn mt chiu:

1. My pht in hn c cun kch t c lp v cun dy kh t (cun cn) mc ni tip. 2. My hn c cun kch t song song v cun kh t mc ni tip. 3. My hn mt chiu c c t lp ri. 4. My hn in mt chiu c nhiu trm. ... Da vo ng c tnh ngai ca my c cc loi cong dc, dc thoai thoi v loi c tnh cng.

a/

b/

25

c/ d/ Hnh 3 - 27 S nguyn l mt s my pht a/ S nguyn l my pht c cun kch t c lp b/ S nguyn l my pht c cun kch t mc ni tip c/ S nguyn l my pht c cun kch t mc song song d/ S nguyn l my pht c cun cc cun dy ni hn hp My pht in hn c cun kch t c lp v cun dy kh t (cun cn) mc ni tip.
Cun kch t

Cun cn

Hnh 3 - 28 S nguyn l mt my hn mt chiu kiu kch t c lp Cun cn to ra t thng cn nhm kh t v to ra ng c tnh ngoi cng v dc. c c tnh ngai ca my hn h quang tay bng dng in mt chiu c dng nh sau:

26

Thay i nh bin tr

Thay i nh ci chuyn mch

Hnh 3 - 29 ng c tnh ngoi . I t thng chnh do T thng sinh ra trong cun cn c hng chng li cun kch t sinh ra (chnh). Tng hp t thng ca my khi lm vic s l :

tng = chnh - c
Khi khng ti

c = 0 V cha c dng in i qua cun cn U kt = Cchnh chnh = (Ikt.Wkt)/ Rkhe h. Rkhe h - T tr ca cc khe h m t thng i qua (t tr ca mch t). Thay i v tr ca bin tr s thay i cng dng in kch t v t thay i hiu in th khng ti ca my. v tr u v v tr cui ca bin tr s ng vi in p khng ti Ukt max v Ukt min ca my. Khi c ti : Ih 0 Trong mch chnh c dng in hn i qua, cun cn xut hin t thng c c hng ngopc li vi t thng kt. Sut in ng sinh ra trong phn cm ca my ph thuc vo tng t thng c v ktv c tnh theo cng thc: E = C.tng = C.( kt - c) Hiu in th hn s l : Uh = E - Ih.Rm Rm = Rmy -in tr ca cun cn, phn cm v chi qut,...,... Uh = E - Ih.Rm = C.( kt - c) - Ih.Rm.

Ih

= 0,

c =

I h .Wcc Rt

Rt - T tr ca gng t m t thng i qua. c tng th Uhgim Nh vy ng c tnh ngai cong dc ca my hn c thit lp do c t thng ca cun cn mc ni tip.

27

Ch ngn mch : T thng thng ca cun cn c tng ln t ngt, lm cho

tng t thng tng = kt -c s rt nh . T thng ny kch thch phn cm sinh ra sut in ng ca ngun khng ln lm v n s b tiu hao trn cc in tr trong ca my pht. Hiu in th hn gim xung gn bng khng nn dng in ngn mch c hn ch.

I n.m =

E Rm.ng . + Rtr

Rm.ng- in tr mch ngo; Rm tr - in tr ca my pht (in tr mch trong) Dng in hn c iu chnh bng 2 cch : Thay i v tr ca bin tr lm thay i t thng cun kch t kt. Thay i s vng dy ca cun cn.
d.My hn dng chnh lu c im ca my hn chnh lu :

Khong iu chnh ch hn rng; Cht lng hn cao Khng c phn quay nn khng c ting n; t tn tht khi chy khng ti; Khi lng nh v c mngj hn; C th thay cc dy qun t ng bng dy nhm s c gi thnh r hn. Nhc im : Thi gian ngn mch di, c th lm cho it b hng Ph thuc vo in th ngun My hn chnh lu c 3 b phn : My bin p v cc b phn iu khin, ng ngt dng v in p; B phn chnh lu. B phn thay i dng in hn

Hnh 3-30 S nguyn l ca my hn mt pha chnh lu 2 na ch k

Ing
T T

28

a/

b/

Hnh 3 . 30 Bin thin ca dng in ngun (a) v dng chnh lu (b)

Hnh 3 - 31 S nguyn l my hn chnh lu 3 pha

Hnh 3- 32 th bin thin dng in chnh lu 3 pha

3. 5. IN CC HN 29

in cc hn l tn gi chung cho cc loi que hn nng chy v khng nng chy. Khi hn h quang ta c th s dng in cc nng chy (thng gi l que hn) v in cc khng nng chy. Trong thc t do quen nn thng gi chung l que hn. V vy trong hn h quang v hn kh ta s dng thut ng que hn ch in cc nng chy v khng nng chy. Que hn khng nng chy thng c ch to t than, graft. vnfram hoc cc vt liu trn kt hp vi cc cht d pht x electron (nh La, Ra, ...) Que hn nng chy l loi in cc m li lm bng kim loi (thp, gang, dng, nhm,...) bn ngoi c mt lp thuc bc. Khi hn que hn s b sung kim loi v tng cng mt s tnh cht c bit cho mi hn. Que hn nng chy c nhiu loi nh que hn thp cc bon, que hn thp inc, que hn thp hp kim, que hn ng, que hn nhm,...
3.5.1 Cu to ca que hn nng chy

2 Lo L

Hnh 3 - 33 S cu to que hn 1 - Lp thuc bc 2 - Li que hn bng kim loi dh (mm) < 3 3-4 5-6
3.5.2 Yu cu

Lo (mm) 20 - 25 20 - 25 20 - 25

Bng 3 - 2 L (mm) 250 350 - 400 450

m bo c tnh ca mi hn; m bo thnh phn ho hc cn thit ca mi hn; C tnh cng ngh tt ( d gy h quang, h quang chy n nh, nng chy u, c kh nng hn tt c cc v tr trong khng gian, mi hn khng c r, khng nt, x ni u v d bong ra, khng bn to nhiu. H s p cao; Khng sinh kh c hi nh hng n sc kho ca cng nhn; D dng ch to & gi thnh r;
3.5.3 Tc dng ca lp thuc bc que hn

Kch thch h quang v lm cho h quang chy n nh;

30

To kh & to x bo v mi hn; Lp x c tc dng lm cho mui hn ngui chm trnh hin tng ti ca mi hn; Kh xy hon nguyn kim loi; Tng c tnh v mt s tnh cht c bit ca mi hn;
3.5.4 K hiu tiu chun Vit Nam

N - 48-32 - N - Ch que hn ni thp; S tip sau - ch bn B . 107 (N/m2) Ch s tip theo - ch nhm thuc bc 1 - nhm axt; 2 - nhm baz; 3 - nhm x ti tan); Hn tt mi cc : 1 4 - Hn tt cc m : 2 5 - Hn tt cc dng : 3 6
3.5.5. Sn xut que hn

Que hn c th sn xut bng tay, bng my. Cc bc cn tin hnh l Chun b li, chun b thuc bc . Thuc bc que hn c th s dng cc cht sau y: Cht d gy h quang v n nh h quang (kim loi kim, kim loi kim th nh mica : KAl2[AlSiO3O10](OH)2 KnAl2O3.SiO2. MgO2, Na2CO3 (thu tinh lng) Cht sinh kh bo v Xen lu l, tinh bt, CaCO3.MgCO3 (Dolomide CaMg(CO3) ; C6H10O5)n // Destrin, Cht to x [qung st (Fe2O3 chim 90%)], Fe3O4, cm thch, CaCO3, hunh thch (CaF2), CaMgCO3, TiO2, NaAlSi3O5, (KNaAl2)3.6SiO2 ... Cht kh xy & hp kim ho mi hn : Fer hp kim, bt nhm , bt st, graft,... Cht to hnh : cao lanh Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O, ben t nht (nSiO2.m Al2O3), xenlul, Cht dnh kt : Thu tinh lng, krilt (NaAlF6,) Destrin (C6H10O5)n Cc loi que hn khng nng chy c ch to t graft, vnfram W, hoc t mt s hp kim dc bit khc . ng knh in cc vnfram trong khong t 1 ... 6 mm v c th ln hn. in cc than, graft c dh = 6 ... 30 mm , l < 300 mm.
3- 6 QU TRNH NNG CHY V DCH CHUYN KIM LOI QUE HN NNG CHY.

Khi hn h quang qu trnh nng chy v dch chuyn kim loi que hn xy ra qua nhiu giai on:

31

Hnh 3 - 34 S dch chuyn kim loi lng qua cc giai on 1, 2, 3, 4

Phn lc y ca kh sinh ra t thuc bc que hn R. R F F F lc in trng F Sc cng b mt

F F F F P Trng lc P

a/

b/

Hnh 3 - 35 S phn b lc tc dng ln git kim loi lng Giai on 1 : Hnh thnh lp kim loi lng trn b mt que hn v vt hn (1). Di tc dng ca lc in trng (to nn vng b co tht) v di tc dng ca trng lc git kim loi lng dch chuyn xung dn cho n khi tip xc vt hn. Giai on 2 : Di tc dng ca trng lc v s cng b mt git kim loi lng c hnh thnh. (2) Giai on 3 : Khi git kim loi lng tip xc vt hn th ngn mch, kt qu nhit tng t ngt lm cho git kim loi lng ln nhanh v tch ra khi que hn. (3) Kch thc v s lng git kim loi lng ph thuc vo cng dng in, cc in ni vi que hn , thnh phn v cc tnh cht khc ca que hn. Git kim loi lng c kch thc khong 1 - 4 mm ( i vi que hn khng c thuc bc); trn di 0,1 mm khi hn dng ln v que hn c thuc bc. Giai on 4 : Cc qu trnh trn c tip tc lp li theo cc trnh t trn (4) Git kim loi lng lun chu tc dng ca cc lc : trng lc, sc cng b mt, phn lc ca cc cht kh, lc in trng. Khi hn sp git kim loi lng lun ri v vng vng hn mt cch d dng. Khi hn trn (xem hnh b/) trng lc gy kh khn cho qu trnh dch chuyn kim loi i ln. Tuy nhin y vai tr ca sc cng b mt, lc y ca cc cht kh v lc in trng c vai tr rt quan trng lm cho git kim loi lng i ln t que hn vo vng hn. Lc in trng bao gm 2 lc : lc in trng tnh (lm co tht git kim loi lng) v lc in trng ng c chiu t que hn n vt hn c tc dng y git kim lo lng. V cng in trng ca que
32

hn (c mt dng ln) lun lun ln hn cng in trng ca vt hn (c mt dng nh). Nh vy khi hn trn cc lc
3.7 CNG NGH HN H QUANG 3.7.1 V tr cc mi ghp hn trong khng gian : c 4 v tr chnh

II III I

1 3 2

IV

Hnh 3 - 36 V tr cc mi hn trong khng gian. I - hn bng II - hn ngang , hn leo(hay hn ng) III - hn nga IV - hn trn. (hn trn l v tr hn c bit . ghi ch: 1- que hn 2-vt hn 3 - h quang
3.7.2 Cc loi mi ghp hn c phn ra:

Mi hn gip mi (a, c) tc l cc mp vt hn tip gip vo nhau; mi hn chng m (b); mi hn gc ( d ) mi ghp hn theo kiu ch T , L ...(e)

a/

c/ d/

b/

e/

Hnh 3 - 37 Cc loi mi ghp hn 3.7.3 Chun b cc loi mi hn.

to iu kin cho mi hn kt tinh (ng c) tt, trnh c mt s khuyt tt, ngi ta phi chun b cc mp hn trc khi hn:
Khu chun b bao gm cc bc :

Lm sch mp vt hn ; i vi thp mng cn gp mp ;

33

i vi thp c chiu dy ln cn phi vt mp.hnh dng v kch thc cn vt theo tiu chun . Chn khe h gia 2 vt hn; chiu dy chiu dy chiu dy S =1- 3 mm S =1- 6 mm S =4- 26 mm

Khi gp gc

Hnh 3 - 38 S cc loi mi gp hn
3.7.4 Chn loi que hn

Nguyn tc chn que hn c thnh phn gn tng t thnh phn kim loi c bn. Lu cn chn que hn c thnh phn cc bon thp hn mt t v chn loi c cc nguyn t hp kim tng c tnh cho mi hn.
3.7.5 Ch hn

Ch hn l tp hp cc thng s cng ngh v in c trng cho qa trnh hn nhm nhn c mi hn c cht lng theo yu cu k thut.cc thng s l: (mm) d h - ng knh que hn (A) I h - cng dng in hn (V) U h - hiu in th hn n - s lp cn hn m/h V h - vn tc hn; t h - th gian hn gi (h) Khi hn h quang tay, th dh v Ih l hai i lng quan trng nht .
a - Chn ng knh que hn ph thuc vo :

Chiu dy ca vt hn ; V tr mi hn trong khng gian : hn ngang / hn ng/ hn leo chn <=5mm hn trn th nn chn que hn c ng knh dh <=4mm . dh c th chn theo bng sau: Bng 3 - 3 S (mm) 1,5 - 2,0 3 4-8 9 - 12 16 - 20 dh (mm) 1,6 - 2,0 3 4 4-5 5-6
b - Cng dng in ;

dh

Chn theo gi tr cho php c ghi trn bao gi que hn . Tnh theo cng thc ;
34

Ih =

2 .d h

dh - ng knh que hn J - mt cng dng in hn thuc bc que hn : dh (mm) J A/mm2) J A/mm2)

Ch :

(A) ( tnh bng mm) (A/mm2); J -ph thuc vo nhm Bng 3 - 4 4 5 11,5 - 16,0 10,0 - 13,0 10,0 - 18,5 9,0 - 12,0

Nhm thuc bc axit, ti tan Baz

3 14,0 - 20,0 13,0 - 18,5

Khi hn nhng tm kim loi mng cn gim dng in xung 10 - 15 % Khi hn ngang ,hn ng cn gim I h 10 -2%; Khi hn trn , cn gim xung 15- 25 % so vi v tr hn bng . c Hiu in th hn : Uh chn trong khong : 30 -35 V dng mt chiu 20 -30 V dng xoay chiu
d - Tnh s lp cn hn n.

Khi hn thp c chiu dy ln, ta cn hn nhiu lp . - lp th 1 (Fo) : ta hn que hn nh , khong 3 mm - cc lp tip theo (Fn) ta hn bng que hn ln c ng knh 4 hoc 5 mm
Fn

Fo

Hnh 3 39 S mi hn nhiu lp
n= Fd Fo +1 Fn

d - Vn tc hn:

F - din tch tit din cn p ; FO - din tch tit din lp th nht ; Fn - din tch tit din cc lp tip theo; F = F1 + F 2 + F 3 + F4 - da vo kch thc ca mi hn theo tiu chun ta tnh F: mm2 FO = (6- 8) dh mm2 F n =( 8- 12) dh Vh = Lh/t h Lh chiu di ng hn th thi gian hn Mt khc Md = d.Ih.th.
35

Vh =

Lh Lh . Fd . Md = = . Fd . th th th . Fd .

Trong :

d .Ih . Fd d - (g/(A.h)) - (g/cm3) Fd - cm2.

Vh =

(cm/h) = Vh =

. Fd .3600

d . I h

(cm/s)

f - Thi gian hn

t = t h q + t ph t h q - thi gian h quang chy t ph - thi gian ph ( thi gian ng m my, thay que hn, chun b vt hn, di chuyn vt hn, i li, ... n gin ta tnh: t = t h q /K k l h s ph thuc trnh t chc sn xut k = 0, 5 - 0, 6 Trnh t chc sn xut kh k = 0, 3 - 0, 4 Trnh t chc sn xut trung bnh k <= 0, 3 Trnh t chc sn xut km - thi gian h quang chy. thq
. Fd . Lh (h) d .Ih tng nng sut khi hn ta nn chon ch sao cho t h nh nht. Hay nn cho I ln, chn que hn c h s hn p (d ) cao; chon que hn ln, hn bng h quang 3 pha hoc hn bng que hn nm, ... Bn cnh cn t chc sn xut tt gim thi gian ph
thq =
3. 8 K THUT HN H QUANG 3.8.1 Chn gc nghing que hn hp l

= 75 - 85 o.

Hnh 3 - 40 Gc nghing que hn Gc nghing que hn ph phuc chiu dy vt hn, phng php hn, v tnh cht vt hn. Khi hn vt hn c chiu dy ln th chn gc nghing ln; Vt hn c tnh dn nhit cao th chn gc ln, ... Khi gc hn , gc nghing ca que hn thay i cho mi hn u hai cnh
36

Khi hn leo

Hnh 3 - 41 S hn leo
Khi hn trn xung

Hnh 3 - 42
3.8.2 Chn lng dch chuyn que hn cho hp l :

Khi hn tm mng thi que hn dch chuyn theo ng thng.

Hnh 3 - 43 Nguyn tc dch chuyn que hn khi hn vt mng Khi hn vt dy v c mi hn rng th va tnh tin va chuyn ng qua li theo phng ngang.

Hnh 3 - 44 Nguyn tc dch chuyn que hn khi mi hn rng Khi hn nhiu lp th cn chun b k lp hn th nht. Chn th t hn cc lp tip theo hp l. Sau mi ng hn phi lm sch cc cht x, r, ...
37

Khi mi hn c chiu di ln th phi chia thnh tng on theo th t nh sau nhm chng nhng bin dng khi hn.

Hnh 3 - 45 Th t hn cc mi hn c chiu di ln Chuyn ng t gia ra (hn ra hai pha ) : khi mi hn nh , khng rng ng hn di Chuyn ng theo nhng ng trn : mc ch l tng chyu rng mi hn ng dng khi hn trn , hn ng Chuyn ng qua li : tng nng chy hai bn mp hn Chuyn ng nhiu v mt pha : khi hn mt tm dy v mt tm mng gim ng sut v bin dng khi hn ngi ta ngi ta thng hn theo tng on i vi ng hn ln . Khi hn trn v hn ngang , hn ng cn gim dng in i t 10 _ 20% (c khi 25% ).que hn t dao ng, chiu di h quang ngn, chn que c ng knh nh, chn que hn c thuc bc cng , kh chy ...
(HKHI_BV2.doc)

3.8 HN H QUANG BN T NG V T NG TRONG CC MI TRNG BO V 3.8.1 Hn bn t ng v hn t ng

a. Khi nim : Hn bn t ng l mt qu trnh hn m dy hn c cp t ng vo vng hn cn vic di chuyn m hn c thc hin bng tay ngi iu khin. Hn t ng l mt qu trnh hn m vic cp dy hn v di chuyn m hn theo mi hn c thc hin hon ton bng my. Hn bn t ng v bn t ng c th c hn trong cc mi trng bo v nh hn di lp thuc hoc hn trong cc mi trng kh bo v. Hn t ng v bn t ng trong mi trng khng kh hu nh khng c s dng na v cht lng mi hn km.
b. Phn loi

Hn bn t ng Hn bn t ng Hn t ng Hn t ng

trong mi trng kh bo v di lp thuc bo v trong mi trng kh bo v di lp thuc bo v

(kh tr, kh hot tnh, hn hp cc loi kh) (kh tr, kh hot tnh, hn hp cc loi kh)
38

Theo lp thuc bo v c. Vt liu hn : Thuc hn ( cho hn h quang v cho hn kh), dy hn h quang in v hn kh), kh bo v.
Thuc hn

Tc dng : to x lng bo v kim loi mi hn khi tc dng ca oxy, ni t trong khng kh. Thuc hn c dng ht hay bt. Thuc hn in c phn ra : Thuc hn nng chy; thuc hn bt ( khng nng chy : gm keramit, bt thiu kt, ... bao gm cc cht khong thin nhin vi hp kim ferro v thu tinh nc.
Theo chc nng s dng ngi ta chia ra :

Thuc cho hn thp cc bon v hp kim thp; Thuc hn thp hp kim; Thuc hn hp kim mu;
Theo thnh phn cc cht ngi ta chia ra :

Yu cu i vi thuc hn :

Loi c SiO2 cao ( 40 - 50 % SiO2 ) Loi SiO2 thp ( < 35 % SiO2 ) Loi khng c SiO2. Loi khng cha oxy X c tnh baz : CaO, MgO, FeO, ... X c tnh axit TiO2, SiO2,... X trung tnh cha Cl2 , F2.

Nhit nng chy ca thuc hn nh hn nhit nng chy cuat kim loi c bn khong 200 - 300 oC. Thuc hn phi c m thp v bn c hc nht nh. Thuc hn phi to iu kin cho h quang d chy v chy n nh. Thuc hn phi to iu kin cho qu trnh hnh thnh mi hn tt, c chc, khng c r kh, ngm x,... m bo kh cc tp cht v thot kh tt; loi tr cc khuyt tt nh r kh, ngm x, nt vng mi hn. Hp kim ho mi hn, m bo c tnh tt To mng mng bo v v d dng tch khi b mt mi hn. Khng sinh bi v kh c hi Gi thnh h
Kh bo v mi hn

Kh tr ( Inert gas ) : Ar, He Kh hot tnh ( active gas ) : CO2, N2, H2, Hi nc ( H2O )
Dy hn c cc loi :

Dy hn thp cc bon v hp kim thp, dy hn thp hp kim, dy hn hp kim cao Dy hn p; Dy hn bt ; Di kim loi ng knh dy hn : 0,3; 0,5; 0,8; 1; 1,2; 1,4; 1,6; 1,8; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 6,5; 8 mm
39

Khi lng mt cun : 1,5 - 30 kg c th n 80 kg ( c khung dy )

3.8.2. Hn h quang t ng v bn t ng di lp thuc bo v a. Khi nim

H quang h l h quang tip xc vi khng kh, nmg sut cao hn khi hn h quang tay nhng cht lng mi hn thp. H quang kn - l h quang chy di lp thuc hoc trong cc mi trng kh bo v khc.
b. S nguyn l hn t ng di lp thuc bo 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hnh 3 - 46 S nguyn l hn t ng di lp thuc bo v 1- Con ln cp dy hn; 2- Dy hn; 3- Thuc hn; 4- Lp x ng c; 5- Lp kim loi lng; 6- Lp kim loi mi kt tinh
c tnh ca hn h quang t ng di lp thuc.

t hao tn kim loi, h s hn p cao , tit kim c kim loi que hn. H s mt mt nhit thp do thuc hn khng dn nhit v dn in, Cho php hn vi dng in cao nn tc hn ln, nng sut hn cao. Vng nh hng nhit nh do th tch nng chy(Vh) nh. Cht lng mi hn cao; c tnh tt. iu kin lao ng tt do h quang kn. Cho php c kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh hn.
Nhc im :

Kh thc hin cc mi hn c hnh dng v qu o hn phc tp. Gi thnh thit b t. Yu cu khi g lp v chun b hn kh cng phu.
c. Cng ngh hn t ng di lp thuc.

Chun b vt hn ( tng t hn h quang tay ) Cc loi mi hn : Hn mt pha Hn 2 pha Hn c tm lt thp hay tm lt bng ng. Hn c m thuc Hn theo qu o thng v cong
40

Cc thng s mi hn. Hnh dng mi hn v cc h s ca n H s ngu :

ng =
B h
B S C h

B - chiu rng mi hn mm C - Chiu cao mm Hnh 3 - 47 Mt s kch thc c bn am i hn hcChi i h

ng = 0,8 - 4 ( Tt nht l 1,2 - 2 ) [ 14 ] Sebeko-1975-page 171) ng < 0,8 D b nt nng ng > 4 Tng bin dng v ngun nhit s khng c cung cp hp l. H s hnh dng mi hn : hd hd hd = 5 - 12 > 12 < 5
hd =
B C

( thng ly bng 7 - 12 ) Mi hn b lm Mi hn b tp trung ng sut

dd =
F ng B. h

H s in y ngu mi hn : H s in y li mi hn :

ddng =

H s hnh dng vng hn ( b hn ) : vh

F dl 0,73 B. C L = const . B

( h s ny khng i nu cc thng s ca ch hn khng i.tnh cht ca vt liu ng nht ).

L= Uh . Ih Q = K. 2. . . Tnc . Tnc

Q = 0,24.Uh.Ih.hq. ( cal ) Uh - in p hn(V); Ih.- Cng dng in hn hq. - H s hu ch ca ngun nhit ( h quang hn ) hq 0,98 K - h s K = 2,8 - 3,6 mm/(KVA) khi hn thp cc bon thp
(Page 107Hn ng 1962)

K = 1,7 - 2,3 mm/(KVA)

khi hn bng que hn c thuc bc dy.

Gi s tit din ngu ca mi hn l na hnh trn th B = 2 r (*); Tmax = T ( **) ta c r 2 =

2. q dv 2. Q 2 = . e. C. .Vh . r . e. c . r 2

(**)

2q dv . e. c. . Tnc
41

Trong :

C.
a=

(***)a- dn nhit C.
r=

- nhit dung ring - Khi lng ring ca vt liu - H s truyn nhit - Nhit dung ring th tch

( cal/oC) ( g/cm3) ( cal/(cm.s) ( cal/ ( cm3.oC ) ( cm2/s)

T (**) (***) ta c Ta c : q=Q/Vh.

vh =

2. Q 2q = Vh . . e. c. . Tnc . e. c. . Tnc

L Q = = A.U h I hVh = Const B 2. . .. Tnc . B S ph thuc ca hnh dng mi hn vo ch hn.

Hnh dng v kch thc ca mi hn ph thuc cng dng in hn ( Ih), mt cng dng in J = I/F ( A/cm2 ), in p hn ( Uh ) , Vn tc hn ( Vh ), loi dng in v cc ca n, in cc, kch thng dy hn,...
I1 I 2 > I1 I2

Hnh 3 - 49 S ph thuc kch thc mi hn vao cng dng in

U1 U2 > U2

Hnh 3 - 50 S ph thuc kch thc mi hn vo in p hn

Vh1 Vh2 >Vh1 Vh2

Hnh 3-51

Kch thc mi hn ph thuc ch hn

a/ Dng in tng th chiu su ca mi hn tng b/ in p tng lm cho chiu rng tng c/ Vn tc tng lm cho tit din gim v khng u n gin ho cho qu trnh tnh ton ta a ra 3 ng ng nhit ng vi cc ch hn khc nhau v c ngu tng dn t dng na ellip ngang n na na ng trn v dng na ellp ng ( xem hnh 3-52 ).
42

B1 B2 B3 h1 h2 h3

Hnh 3 - 52 S cc m hnh tnh ton kch thc mi hn Dng 1 : hnh ellp ngang c din tch tit din : B1 h1 B1 h1 h2 F1ng = . . h1 = . ng1 . = .
2 2 2 h1 2 4

Dng 2 : Na hnh trn : Dng 3 : hnh ellp ng :

F31ng = .

Fng 2 =

.B2 2
4

2 .h2

B3 h3 B3 h3 h2 . h3 = . 3 3 ng . = . 2 2 2 h3 2 4

S dng 1 hp l hn nn c th vit nh sau : T cc cng thc trn khi hn thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp chiu su ngu c th tnh gn ng theo cng thc : h1 = h = 0,0156
ng1
q dv

q dv

(mm)

Khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v chiu su ngu c tnh theo cng thc : h1 = h = 0,0165
ng1
d h .U h Ih

(mm)

( 15 )

H s ngu c th xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim :

ng = k .(19 0,01I h ).

( 16 )

K - h s ph thuc loi dng in. Dng xoay chiu K = k1 = 1 Nu J >= 120 A/mm2. Dng mt chiu ni thun K = k2 = 1,12 Dng mt chiu ni nghch K = k3 = 0,92 Nu J < 120 A/mm2. K = k2 = K = k3 = 0,367 . J 0,1925
2,82 J 0,1925

Dng mt chiu ni thun Dng mt chiu ni nghch

43

Xc nh chiu rng mi hn : Xc nh chiu cao mi hn : F=

B = ng. h C=

Fd 0,73. B

d . I h 3600. .Vh (cm / s) d . I h F= 3600. .Vh (m / h) Khi hn t ng di lp thuc Khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v Khi hn dng xoay chiu
70,2.10 3 . I h = 7 + d 1,035

( cm2) ( mm2) = ch. = ch + ch g/(A.h)

70,2.10 3 . I h d 1,035

Khi hn dng mt chiu ni thun = 6,3 + Khi hn dng mt chiu ni nghch

= 11,6 0,4

Tnh ton ch hn t ng di lp thuc k = ( 1 ... 3 ) mm h1 = S/2 + k = ( 80 - 100 ) h1. ( A ) h1 tnh bng mm Ih = h1/kh Ih Bng 3 - 5
dh mm 2 3 4 5 6 Xoay chiu 1,3 1,15 1,05 0,95 0,90 . d h2 J = 4 Kh 1 chiu ( thun) 1,15 0,95 0,85 0,75 1 chiu ( nghch) 1,45 1,30 1,15 1,10 -

Ih

dh J

mm A/mm
2

2 65-200

3 45-90

Bng 3 - 6 4 5 35-60 30-50

6 25-45

Xut pht t iu kin B = 2r ta c : vh = A.Uh.Ih.Vh = Const Uh Const Vh.Ih =A

Vh = A' Ih

Bng 3 - 7
dh A mm 1,2 (2-6).103

2 (5-8).103

3 (12-16).103

4 (16-20).103

5 (20-25).103

6 (25-30).103
44

Kinh nghim c th nhn : Vh = 2500 / Ih

Tnh hiu in th hn :

( Sebeko-page 174-1975)

Uh = Uo +

B. I h 1 d hn

Ga tr (+ 1) Khi hn gip mi Gi tr (- 1) khi hn gc Uo = 20 V nu dh = ( 2 - 6) mm

Tnh vn tc cp dy hn : Vn tc cp dy hn c tnh ton da theo iu kin cn bng khi lng kim loi cn p vi th tch dy hn.

KL .Vd = dh .Vdh dh .Fd .L = Fdh .Ldh . dh dh .Fd .L.t = Fdh .Ldh . dh .t

Fd .Vh = Fdh .Vdh Fd Vh Fdh
- Vn tc dy hn cm/s - Vn tc hn cm/s - Din tch cn p cm2. 2 - Din tch tit din dy hn cm . - Khi lng ring dy hn g/cm3. - Khi lng ring KL vt hn g/cm3.

Vdh =
n v tnh : Vdh Vh F Fdh dh KL

3.8.3 Hn trong mi trng kh bo v a- Gii thiu : Hn t ng v bn t ng trong cc mi trng kh bo v c ng dng kh rng ri trong thc t t nhng nm 1950-1952. Ch ring ngh ng tu ngi ta thy rng c khong 30 % cc kt cu hn bng tay, 42 % hn t ng v bn t ng di lp thuc, 25% hn t ng v bn t ng trong mI trng kh bo v. [ 6 ]

S nguyn l hn trong mi trng kh bo v

1 2 3 4 5

45

Hnh 3-52 S nguyn l hn trong mi trng kh bo v 1 Con ln cp li; 2 - Dy hn; 3 - u m hn; 4 - Kh bo v 5 - Vt hn

c - Phn loi cc phng php hn trong mi trng kh bo v Hn trong mi trng kh bo v

Kh hot tnh ( active gas )MAG in cc nng chy v khng nng chy

Kh tr (Inert gas) in cc nng chy v khng nng chy (MIG, TIG )

Hn trong CO2

Hn trong hn hp cc loi kh

Hi nc

Nit N2

Heli He

Argon Ar

Hn hp cc loi kh

Hnh 3-53 S phn loi cc phng php hn trong cc mi trng kh bo v.

d - c im hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v .

Kh hot tnh : CO2, N2, H2, Kh tr : Ar, He, Khi hn ngi ta c th s dng cc loi kh tr , kh hot ring bit hoc hp cht ca chng nh cc loi kh tr vi kh tr, kh hot tnh ny vi kh hot tnh khc hay kh tr vi kh hot tnh. Hn trong mi trng kh hot tnh dng cho thp cc bon, thp hp kim thp. Hn Hn trong mi trng kh tr dng cho cc loi thp hp kim, kim loi mu nh nhm, Ti,... Nit dng cho hn hp kim ng 1. Ngun in c th l 1 chiu ni nghch, ni thun, xoay chiu. H quang trc tip v h quang gin tip. C th s dng h quang 3 pha. H quang 3 pha thng dng dng xoay chiu . 2. C th dng in cc khng nng chy (Thanh, grafit, vnphram -W), thng dng nht l in cc vnfram ni trc tip , dng mt chiu ni thun ( cc m ni vi que hn, cc dng ni vi vt hn); cn khi hn dy hn th ni nghch ( cc dng ni vi dy hn). 3. C th dng in cc nng chy (dy hn nng chy). Khi hn dng mt chiu bng day hn nng chy thng c ni nghch ( cc dng ni vi dy hn, cc m ni vi vt hn). 4. Tc cp dy c th n nh v c th thay i tu theo in p.
46

5. Phng php hn trong mi trng kh bo v rt a nng. C th hn bt k v tr no trong khng gian; m bo c kh ho, t ng ho qu trnh hn; cht lng mi hn c nng cao; ... 6. Hn trong mi trng kh c ng dng nhiu trong ngnh ng tu. e - Hn trong mi trng kh CO2. 1. CO2 thng dng : loi 1 (99,5%CO2) Loi 2 (99%), Loi thc phm (98,5%). 2. CO2 thng dng trng thi lng v cho vo bnh c dung tch 40 lt v c khi lng khong 25 kg. 3. Trong ngnh ng tu thng dng dng mt chiu ni nghch. (P.7 Golochenko) . 4. Cho vo dy hn mt s cht (kim loi kim, kim th) s lm tng tnh n nh cho h quang hn v cho php hn c s dch chuyn dy hn nng chy theo dng nn lm gim s bn to. Dng xoay chiu thng lm cho h quang khng n nh v tng bn to. 5. Chnh v th m hin nay khi hn in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh CO2 thng dng dng mt chiu ni nghch. 6. Dy hn c cc loi theo tiu chun : 0,3 ; 0,5; 0,8; 1,0; 1,2; 1,6; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 mm ( trang d = 0,5 - 1,2 mm Dy hn ln d = 1,2 - 3,0 mm. Kch thc git 25- 1962). Dy hn nh kim loi lng khi hn c ngn mch ( dgit > 1,5 dh ) khi khng ngn mch l ( dgit > 0,8 dh ) v khi chy thnh dng l ( d git < 0,8 dh ). 7. c tnh dch chuyn kim loi lng vo vng hn ph thuc : loi kh bo v; ch hn (cc ngun in, dng in hn Ih, Hiu in th hn : Uh, Vn tc hn : Vh, ng knh dy hn : dh, Lng kh tiu hao :Qh v chiu di ca li dy hn tnh t u mt ca u m hn : Ld.) 8. Hn trong CO2 c th dng dng mt chiu ni nghch, ni thun hay hn bng dng mt chiu. Trong thc t khi hn trong CO2 thng dng dng mt chiu ni nghch (cc dng ni vi m hn, cc m ni vi vt hn). V khi ni nghch h quang s chy n nh, to nn mi hn c hnh dng hp l v m bo cc tnh cht cn thit ca mi hn. Khi hn vi in cc ni thun h quang s chy km n nh hn v c xu hng to r kh v gim s ngu vo kim loi c bn. Khi hn dng xoay chiu s lm cho h quang chy km n nh v lng bn to nhiu. iu chnh dch chuyn kim loi lng c th s dng dng in xung tn s 50 - 100Hz. 9. T nhng phn tch trn hin nay ngi ta thng s dng dng mt chiu ni nghch ( cc dng que hn, cc m vt hn) hn trong CO2. Dng hn ph thuc S, dh v J mt dng in hn . Thng nhn J = 60 - 150 A/mm2. 10. Cht lng mi hn c th tho mn c ngay c khi hn di nc. 11. Hn trong mi trng kh bo v CO2 cho php t ng ho d dng
Tc dng ca CO2 . 1. Bo v kim loi mi hn khi tc dng ca khng kh , ni t v oxy xung quanh vng h quang hn. 2CO2 2 CO + O2 => kh bo v khi tc dng ca oxy CO2 + [Fe] [FeO] + CO [FeO] + [ C ] [ Fe ] + CO Kh CO khng ho tan vo kim loi nng chy m s bay hi, v th d dng sinh ra r kh trong mi hn. Cc bin php chng CO : 1. Cho vo vng mi hn cc cht kh oxy ho CO : Si, Mn Cht lng bo v ph thuc cng ca dng kh bo v m c c trng bi lng kh tiu hao . 47

V d : Lng kh tiu hao Q = 900 lt/gi s c cng gp 1,5 ln so vi dng kh m c Q = 600 lt/gi. ( trang 23-1962). 2. Cho vo vng hn hoc dy hn cc nguyn t nhm kim loi kim hay kim loi kim th s c tc dng lm h quang chy n nh v to nn s dch chuyn kim loi lng chy thnh dng v lm gim s bn to khi hn.
Nhc im khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v CO2. 1. Lng kim loi bn to khi hn trong mi trng kh tr nh hn khi hn trong CO2 c bit khi hn vi ch dch chuyn kim loi lng dng git ln. gim bn to c th s dng hn trong mi trng hn hp cc loi kh : 95-99% Ar + 5-1 %O2; 75%Ar + 20% CO2 + 5% O2 ; 60-80 % CO2 + 20% O2. (Trang 9 My hn T+BT) 2. Nhc im ca kh bo v CO2 l kim loi mi hn b oxy ho. Cho nn cht lng mi hn ph thuc lng nguyn t cht kh nh Mn, Si trong thnh phn cc nguyn t ca dy hn. Lng Mn >= 0,9 % so vi 0,35 % Mn khi hn h quang tay; lng Si >=0,60% so vi 0,3 % ( trang 24 - 1962). 3. Chu nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh nh gi, bo,.... Khi hn v tr ngoI tri, cht lng mi hn b nh hng ca mI trng xung quanh: gi , ma, nhit ca mI trng, m, thi gian lao ng ngoI hin trng, mI trng n mn,...[ 6 ] Lc tc dng ca gi cs nh hng ln n qu trnh hn v c xc nh theo cng .V g 2 kg/(m.s2) thc: D = 2 Vg - Vn tc ca gi (m/s). - khi lng ring ca khng kh ( kg/m3 ). c tnh ca gi l s dao ng dang xung nh hnh 3-54 Vgio m/s 3 2 1

0 1 2 3 4 t ( phut ) Hnh 3-54 Dng xung ng ca gi

N% 0,03
0,02 0,01 1 2

Vgi, m/s
48

mI trng kh bo v s hn ch hm lng nit c trong mi hn (xem bng 3-7)

Hnh 3-55 nh hng cagi n thnh phn ca Nit trong mi hn Hm lng CO2.i vi dy hn:1 - dy hn Cb-082C; 2 - dy hn -IO8C [ 9 ]nHnf tron
Bng 3-7 [9]

Phng php hn nHnf bng que hn c thuc bc Hn bn t ng khng bo v Hn bn t ng c bo v

dh( mm ) 4,0 1,2 1,2

Lng nit tnh theo khi lng (%) 0,029 0,140 0,007

Chiu su v chiu rng mi hn ph thuc cng dng In hn v c dng nh hnh 3-55[ 9 ].

hh (mm)
5 3 2
1 100 200 300 400 500 Ih, (A)

Hnh 3-55 S ph thuc chiuu mi hn vo Ih.[ 9 ] [11]

( Cc ch s 1, 2, 3,4, 5 l ng knh dy hn)

S ph thuc chiu rng ca mi hn trong mI trng CO2[4] NGhin cu cc nh hng ta xc nh c ch hn hp l. Cc i lg ca ch hn : dh, Ih, Uh, Vh, hh,... f - Ch hn l nhn t nh hng ln n cc thng ca mi hn. Ch hn ti u phi tho mn : 1. m bo cho h quang chy n nh. 2. Nng sut cao 3. m bo mi hn ngu tt; 4. Mi hn c hnh dng v kch thc t yu cu 5. t bn to; 49

6. Cht lng mi hn cao . C th xc nh ch hn bng nhiu phng php: theo cng thc thc nghim, th, ... Cng dng In hn c th xc nh theo th sau y :[ 11 ] ( page 105)
Uh (V) Vng hn 30 20 100 200 300 400 I (A)

Vi dh = 0,5 - 3 mm

Hnh3-56 Vng ch hn ti u[9], [11].

Khi hn trong CO2, ng knh c th chn trong khong (0,5 - 4 mm) ng vi mtng loai chiu dy ca vt hn. (Thng l 0,5 - 2 mm) mm Khi chiu dy S = 1 - 5 mm ; dh = 0,8 - 1 mm Khi chiu dy S = 2 - 12mm ; dh = < 2 mm Khi chiu dy S = 14 - 30mm ; dh = 3 - 4 chn ch hn ta s dng cng thc tnh chiu su mi hn v kim tra cc thng s c th t c su khi hn.
B S C

Hnh 3-57 Cc thng s chnh ca mi hn H x100 [A] Kh H - Chiu su mi hn cn thit, mm; Kh - H s, mm/(A/100). Ih =
dh Kh mm 1,2 2,1 1,6 1,75 2,0 1,55

Bng 3-8 3,0 4,0 1,45 1,35

Bng 3-9

c tnh dh Ih mm A 0,5 25-70 0,8 50-130

ng knh dy hn 1,0 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,5 100-180 100-240 150-400 200-500 350-700

50

Vh =

A Ih

[m/h] Bng 3-10 2,0 3,0 4,0 15,5 14,5 13,5 Bng 3-11 (trang 108-62) ng knh dy hn

dh Vh

mm m/h

1,2 21

1,6 17,5

c tnh
2 2

Fd mm J min Ih min Ih max

mm A/mm2 A A

0,5 0,2 150 30 60

0,8 0,5 100 50 100

1,0 0,8 85 70 120

1,2 1,1 80 90 150

1,6 2,0 70 140 300

2,0 3,1 65 200 500

2,5 4,9 60 300 700

Lu : I hn tng lng bn to s gim do J tng l cho dng dch chuyn ca kim loi lng chuyn t git sang chy theo dng (trang 108-1962). Lng bn to l 10 % V d Khi Ih = 200 A Lng bn to l 3 % Khi Ih = 500 A

c tnh S dh V tr mi hn mm mm 0,8 - 3 0,5-1,2 Bt k

Bng 3-12 Hn bn t ng >=3 1,2 - 1,6 Tr hn trn >=4 1,6 - 2,0 S p

Hn t ng 2-4 Sp

dh mm Phm vi ng dng Ih A

0,5

0,8

1 1,2 Bn t ng 70180 1,6-2,0 15-25 100180

Bng 3-13 1,6 2

2,5 3 Hn t ng 350600 350700

25-70

50130 1-1,2 8-18

150400

200500

dh Lh max

mm mm

0,5-0,8 5-15

Bng 3-14 3 4
20-30 30-40

Ch han trong mi trng kh CO2 c tnh theo cac cng thc thc nghim : h I = h . 100 (A); va Kh Chiu su mi hn c th tnh :
51

hh = 0,0165.

Q Vh . ng

hh = 0,0165

0,24. I h .U h . ( cm ) ng

Kh ph thuc dh; ng - H s ngu; Ih - cng dng In hn (A); Uh - In p hn (V); - H s hu ch ca ngun In.

Qv - Nng lng n v ( Qv = Q/Vh) Vh - Vn tc hn - Hiu sut ngun nhit CO2 = 0,65 - 0,75 [Cal/cm] [Cm/s]

ng = K ' (19 0,01. I h ).

Vh = A ( m/h) Ih

d h .U h ; Ih

K - H s thc nghim

A - h s ph thuc ng knh que hn dh;

dh
A

mm

(2-4).103

0,8

(4-6).103

1,0

(6-8).103

1,2

(8-10).103

1,6

(10-12).103

Bng 3-15 2

(12-16).103

Chiu rng mi han B = ng . hh ; Chiu cao

(cm);

. I h F = ( cm) 0,73. B 3600. .Vh d .U ngu = K (19 0,01I h ). h h Ih

C=
K = 0,367. J 0,1925 K = 0,92

Trong

Nu J < 120 A/mm2. Nu J >= 120 A/mm2.

g - Hn trong mi trng kh tr : argon (Ar) v hli (He)

Hn bng dy hn nng chy gi l hn MIG ( Metal Inert Gas) Hn bng in cc vnfram gi l hn TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) ng dng : Hn nhm, ng , cc hp kim ca chng, thp inox, cc loi vt liu khc m c i lc ho hc mnh vi xy. c im : 1. Nhit si ca Ar = (-186 oC) O2 = (-183oC) N2 = (-196oC) im ho o sng ca Ar = (-50 C) 2. Kh argon ng dng hn c tinh khit cao Ar N2. 1. Mc A 99,99 % 0,01 %
52

Mc B 99,96% 0,04 Mc C 99,90 % 0,10 A rgon c cha m lm tng s xy ho v s bn to kim loi nng chy. Tp cht xy trong Ar lm tng xy ho, lm mt cc nguyn t hp kim v to nn cc xyt kim loi v d lm cho mi hn b ngm x. 6. Kh Ar nng hn khng kh nn thun li cho vic bo v mi hn 7. H quang chy trong mi trng bo v Ar c tnh n nh cao. 8. in p khi hn trong He cao hn trong Ar 1,5 - 2 ln cho nn nhit lng to ra khi hn trong He ln hn nhiu so vi khi hn trong Ar. 9. Gi thnh He cao v kh nng bo v ca He km hn Ar nn hn trong Ar c ng dng rng ri trong thc t. 3. Hn trong kh tr c th dng dng que hn nng chy v khng nng chy. Hn bng in cc W c th dng dng mt chiu v xoay chiu 4. Khi hn nhm thng dng dng xoay chiu v khi vt hn i thnh m cc th b mt n s b ph hu do hin tng ph hu katt 5. Bo v mi hn tt khi b mi trng xung quanh nh khng kh, hi nc, ... tc dng. 6. Cht lng mi hn tt. 7. Khng s dng mi trng Ar v He hn thp cc bon thp v thp hp kim thp v d b sinh r kh m nguyn nhn l do CO + FeO, N2 v H2 c trong argon tc dng vi kim loi mi hn ri sinh r kh hoc do dng kh bo v khng bo m nn N2, hi m trong kh bo v xm nhp vo vng hn. 8. Khi hn thp hp kim thp c th dng Cr v mt s nguyn t khc kh xy v gim kh nng r kh. 9. Khi hn thp cc bon bng dy hn c thnh phn gn nh kim loi c bn th r kh tng khi mt dng hn ( J ) tng. 10. Khi dng hn t gi tr nht nh th s xy ra s chy dy hn thnh dng. Gi tr gi l dng ti hn (xem hnh ).trang 20. 11. S bn to kim loi ph thuc vo thnh phn cc cht kh (xem hnh ) trang 21. 12. I h = (50 - 60) dh. (A)
Hn trong mi trng khi ni t N2. Ni t l sn phm cng thu c trong qu trnh sn xut xy t khng kh. tinh khit khi hn ng : Loi 1 : 99,5 % N2, tp cht xy <= 0,5 % Loi 2 : 99 % N2, xy < =1% Bnh cha N2 : dung tch 40 lt , p sut 150 t Nit khng ho tan trong ng (Cu), km (Zn), thic (Sn), ch (Pb) Ni ken (Ni) v st trong hp kim ng ho tan rt nhiu trong Cu v Al nn Fe v Ni khng tng tc vi nit trong khi hn. Khi hn thp ngi ta khng s dng kh ni t tinh khit v cht lng s khng m bo. Khi nhit cao ni t c i lc ho hc mnh vi st gy nn hin tng thm ni t v to nn cc nitrit Fe2N v Fe4N . cc nitrit ny tn ti trong mi hn dng ngm x. Tnh do gim mnh lm cho mi hn b dn ngui Ni t c s dng trong hn ng v hp kim ca n. Khi hn bng in cc W s to nn nitrit vfram lm cho in cc b ph hu Nn thng thng ngi ta hn dng mt chiu ni nghch vi que hn nng chy.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Hn trong mi trng cc hn hp kh :[11] (Golovchenko P.24). Hn hp cc cht kh :

53

Ar + CO2 Ar + CO2 + O2 Ar + O2 Ar + N2 Ar + He CO2 + O2 v mt s kh khc Khi hn thp cc bon trong mi trng CO2 c th cho thm 20-27 % O2. Hn bng que hn nng chy, dng mt chiu ni nghch.

54

CHNG 4 HN V CT KIM LOI BNG KH

4.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V HN KH

4.1.1 Khi nim Hn kh l phng php c xut hin t nhng nm 1895 ... 1906. Hn kh l mt qu trnh ni lin cc chi tit li vi nhau nh ngn la ca cc kh chy, chy trong xy k thut . Cc loi kh chy l C2H2, CH4, C6H6, H2, ... Hin nay hn kh c s dng rng ri v thit b hn n gin, gi thnh h mc d nng sut c thp hn so vi hn in h quang. Hn kh rt thun li cho nhng ni xa ngun in. Hp l nht l s dng phng php ny hn cc chi tit c chiu dy b, ch to v sa cha cc loi chi tit t vt liu: thp, ng , nhm, ... 4.1.2 S mt trm hn v ct kim loi bng kh
6 3 8

9 10

Hnh 4-1 S mt trm hn v ct kim loi bng kh 1 - Bnh cha kh, 2 - Bnh cha kh C2H2, 3 - Dy dn kh; 4- ng h o p sut trong bnh cha; 5 - ng h o p sut ra dy dn kh v ra m hn; 6- Van gim p bnh xy; 7- Van gim p bnh axetylen 8 - Tay nm; 9- u m hn 10 - Ngn la hn; 4.1.3 Vt liu hn kh : Bao gm cc loi que hn, thuc hn, cc loi kh chy, ... v xy k thut. a. Que hn : c th l cc dy thp, que ng, nhm, thic, ... Chng c tc dng b sung kim loi cho mi hn. b. Kh hn : xy k thut v cc loi kh chy khc : C2H2, CH4, ... c. Thuc hn : c tc dng ty sch mi hn, to iu kin cho qu trnh hn d dng, bo v mi hn v tng c tnh cho n. Yu cu i vi thuc hn : D chy, nhit nng chy ca thuc hn phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca
49

kim loi c bn, tc dng nhanh vi xyd kim loi to x, gii phng kim loi, x d bong; Khi lng ring ca thuc hn phi nh hn ca kim loi c bn & khng c tc dng xu i vi kim loi c bn & kim loi mi hn; Thuc hn phi nng chy u v bao ph kn b mt vng kim loi cn hn; Thuc hn c hai loi : c tnh a xid & baz. Loi c tnh a xid dng hn cc kim loi mu, Loi c tnh ba z thng dng hn gang; V d: thuc hn ng : Na2B4O7.10H2O, H3BO3. nhit cao chng s b phn hu v kt hp theo cc phn ng : Na2B4O7 ==> NaBO2 + B2O3 NaBO2 + B2O3 + CuO ===> (NaBO2)2.Cu(BO2)2 NaBO2 CuO 2P + + B2O3 + Na2B4 O7 ZnO ===> (NaBO2)2.Zn(BO2)2 ===> (NaBO2)2.2Na(BO2)2 c Tnc = < 1000 oC

+ 5 Cu2O

P2O5 + 3 Cu2O

===> P2O5 + 10 Cu ===> P2O5(CuO)3

Ghi ch : nhit nng chy ca : Tnc Cu = 1083 oC; Tnc Cu2O = 1235 oC Tnc CuO = 1336 oC Thuc dng cho hn gang Na2CO3, NaHCO3, K2CO3 Trong gang c cha SiO2 nn khi hn nng chy s xy ra phn ng : Na2CO3 + SiO2 ==> Na4SiO4 + 2 CO2 Thuc hn nhm : AlF3.3NaF Bng 4-1 NaCl 30 45 KCl 45 30 LiCl 15 10 KF 7 15 Na2SO4 3 Khi hn xy ra cc phn ng : LiCl + Al2O3 ==> 2AlCl3 + 3Li2O KCl + Al2O3 ==> 2AlCl3 K2O 2KOH + NaF + H2O ==> 2KAlO2 ==> 2KOH + AlF3 H2 + Na Al2O3 ==> + Al

Hi Na bay ln , chc thng lp xid nhm

50

4.2 KH HN

4.2.1 xy k thut Khi hn kh ta cn xy k thut c tinh khit cao ( 97 ... 99.5 %) cn li c th c ln cc tp cht nh Ar, N2, ... Nu tinh khit gim th tiu hao O2 tng ln . V d : tinh khit gim 0.5 % th lng tiu hao c th tng t (5 ... 12) % ( khi tinh khit ca n trong khong (97 ... 99.5) % . Cc phng php sn xut xy a. Phng php ho hc Dng cc phn ng ho hc gii phng xy . Phng php ny cho nng sut thp, khng kinh t , nn n ch dng trong cc phng th nghim. b. Phng php In phan nc Kt qu s thu c xy & hydro. C 2 m3 hydro s c 1 m3 xy ( trong c cha 0.7 % H2) c. Phng php chng ct xy t khng kh Bng 4-2 Thnh phn cc cht trong khng kh Thnh phn Theo th tch % Theo khi lng % 1 Nit 78.03 75.66 2 xy 20.93 23.13 3 Argon 0.93 1.286 4 CO2 0.03 0.046 5 Hi nc 0.0001 0.0001 6 Kr 0.0003 7 Xe 0.00004 8 H2 0.0000036 9 Ne 0.0012 p sut bnh thng cc cht kh xy, nit, argon trng thi lng c nhit si l : oC Nit (N2) - 195.8 oC Argon (Ar) - 185.7 oC xy (O2) - 182.96 Bng cch cho cc cht kh trn bc hi ta ln lt thu c chng. m bo tinh khit cao cn tin hnh chng ct nhiu ln. thu 1 m3 xy cn tiu tn khong ( 0,45 ... 1,6) KW.h Qu trnh thu nhn xy t khng kh c thc hin qua cc giai on: Lm sch khng kh khi cc tp cht ( bi, CO2, hi nc, ...) Nn khng kh t 6 ... 200 at;

51

Lm ngui s b khng kh nn, sau tch xy & nit. Trong qu trnh ny c khi cn thu c NH 3 dng cho my lnh. Gim p sut trong b phn ho lng khng kh ; ( khi gim 1 at th nhit gim 0.25 ... 0.5 oC ); Cho bay hi v tch cc cht kh ra khi hn hp;

Hnh 4-2 S nn & ho lng khng kh 1 - my nn kh; 2- b phn lm ngui s b; 3- B phn trao i nhit T = - 80 oC 4- Khng kh lng khong (5 ... 6) % Phng php chng ct xy ( sn xut bng phng php ngui lnh cho nng sut cao, tiu tn t nng lng, cn (0.45 ... 1.6) (KW.h) / 1m3 xy).
N2 ng dn kh lng

Khng kh ho lng

Hnh 4-3 S qu trnh tch cc cht kh Mt lt xy lng cho ta 860 lt xy dng kh. xy lng c rt nhiu tin li trong vic bo qun, vn chuyn; gim khi lng thng cha xung 10 ln; gim cc phng tin chuyn ch, v th gim c chi ph cho c s sn xut. m bo an ton hn v xy lng c p sut nh hn dng kh nn. Khi dng ngi ta mi cho ho hi xy nn lng hi nc trong n s t lm cho cht lng hn tt hn.
52

4.2.2

AXytylen C2H2

a. c tnh ca axetylen Axtylen l cht kh khng mu, trong n c cha cc tp cht PH3 ( pht phua hydro) H2S (sun phua hydro) nn c mi kh chu. p sut thng ca khng kh axtylen Ho lng nhit T = (- 82,4) - (-83.6) oC ng c T = (- 85) oC Khi trng thi ng c C2H2 d n khi va chm mnh . p sut P = 61,6 at (KG/cm2), T = 35,9 oC A xtylen s ho lng. Axtylen rt d b n c bit khi n dng lng & c nn cn phi thn trng trong khi bo qun v vn hnh. b. Cc tp cht trong axtylen: Khng kh l cht c hi v tng kh nng n ca n, lng khng kh cho php cha ( 0,5 ... 1,5) %. Hi nc lm gim nhit ca ngn la, ng thi n cn khuych tn vo vng hn lm gim nng sut , cht lng hn. Hi a xtn : khi nhit cng cao, p sut kh trong bnh cng thp , lng kh tiu th cng nhiu th lng a xtn c trong a xtn cng nhiu. Lng hi a xtn cho php l 45 ... 50 g/m3. Ni chung hi a xtn khng nh hng n qu trnh hn nhng tng n ln th khng kinh t v tn tht axtn ln. Lu mi ln np kh axtylen cn b sung axtn vo bnh. S ho tan ca axtyle vo axtn
o

C lt C2H2 / l lt axeton

-15 47

-10 42

-5 37

0 33

5 29

Bng 4-3 10 15 20 26 23 20

30 16

PH3 cht ny c to thnh khi phn hu CaC2, P2Ca3, P2Ca2 c cha trong t n v tc dng vi nc theo cc phn ng : P2Ca3 + 6 H2O ---> 2PH3 + 3Ca(OH)2 P2Ca2 + 4 H2O ---> PH3 + 2Ca(OH)2 nhit ( T = 100 - 200 oC ) PH3 d bt la, t chy nn d sinh ra n. Chnh v th lng PH3 cn phi hn ch trong a xtylen khong 0.09% . H2S l cht c hi cho nn cn hn ch trong khong 0.08 - 1.5 % c. S ho tan ca a xtylen trong mt s cht. Axtylen c kh nng ho tan trong 1 lt cht lng nh sau : 1 lt nc ho tan 1,15 lt C2H2
53

-/be zen -/4,0 -/-/- du ho -/5,7 -/-/CH3CO OCH3(mtyn xtt) 14,8 -/-/CH3COCH3 ( Axtn) 23,0 -/Khi iu ch kh a xtylen s i qua nc nn s ho tan C2H2 trong nc s khng c li. chng ta cn ch gim bt s ho tan . S ho tan kh axtylen trong axtn c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip nhm tng lng kh C2H2 trong bnh cha, bo qun, vn chuyn kh a xtylen p sut cao c an ton. tin hnh ho tan C2H2 ngi ta dng bt xp thm t axtn & cho vo bnh sau nn axtylen vo. Bt xp c tc dng ngn nga kh nng pht trin n; tng kh nng ho tan C2H2. d. Sn xut kh a xtylen * Phng php mt: sn xut a xtylen t t n. t n l cht rn mu xm c ch to t CaC2 (cacbua can xy) bng cch nu chy vi vi than cc trong l h quang in vi nhit khong 1900.2300 oC. Cng sut l 50 ... 30 KW. 1 tn CaC2 cn 1965 KWh ( theo l thuyt) . Trong thc t cn : 3200 ... 2800 KWh/tn i vi l 7500 ... 30 000 KW; 4000 ... 3200 -/1000 ... 7500 KW 7000 ... 4000 -/< 1000 KW 1 tn CaC2 cn 950 ... 1000 kg CaO 600 ... 610 kg than cc hoc than antraxit; 40 ... 70 kg khi lng in cc; CaO + 3C = CaC2 + CO - 108 Kcal /(g mol) 56.08 36.03 64.1 28.01 1 kg CaC2 cn 56.08/64.10 = 0.875 kg CaO cn 36.03/64.10 = 0.562 kg Cacbon C Trong cng nghip ccbua can xi CaC2 c cha : CaC2 = 65 ... 80 % ; CaO = 25 ... 10 % Cc tp cht gm c : C, SiO2, MgO, Al2O3, CO2,... Qa trnh phn hu t n xy ra theo phn ng: CaC2 + 2H2O = C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 + Q 64,1 36,03226,03674,096 Theo l thuyt 1 kg CaC2 cn 36.032 / 64.10 = 0.562 kg nc; 26.036 / 64.10 = 0.406 kg C2H2 74.096 / 64.10 = 1.156 kg Ca(OH)2
54

t n d b phn hu trong kh m, ht cng b v khng kh c m cng cao th n cng d b phn hu. Phn ng phn hu t n to nhiu nhit nn lm nng khu vc phn ng v lm chy CaC2 to thnh vi ti Ca(OH)2. V th trong thc t trnh hin tng qu nhit vng phn ng ngi ta cn dng lng nc nhiu hn so vi tnh ton trn. 1kg CaC2 cn 10 lt nc ch khng phi 0.562 lt. Theo l thuyt : 1 kg CaC2 thu c 372,5 lt C2H2 Thc t : 1 kg CaC2 thu c 235 - 285 lt C2H2 Ht cacbua can xy cng b th tc phn hu cng cao . Nhng lng axtylen to ra cng t v cc ht CaC2 b ph mt lp Ca(OH)2 . Cho nn khi sn xut CaC2 cn chn ht thch hp. Nu lng nc cha khong 20 % Ca(OH)2 th tc phn hu t n gim xung rt nhiu , c bit khi nhit cao. Cho nn trong qu trnh sn xut axtylen cn phi thay i nc, lun xo trn CaC2 v tch Ca(OH)2 ra khi vng phn ng . iu kin P = 1.5 at, T >= 500 oC axtylen d b n nn thng iu ch cn c p sut nh hn 1,5 at. Oxyd ng tng qu trnh phn hu n; Axtn + axtylen ch n khi p sut ln hn 10 at; Sn xut axtylen t ccbua can xy l phng php cng knh, t tin, tiu hao nhiu nng lng in. *Sn xut kh axtylen bng phng php nhit phn kh t nhin Thnh phn kh t nhin gm c : CH4 97,80 % C2H6C3H8 0,90 % N2, CO2, 1,3 % Nhit phn kh t nhin theo phn ng: 2 CH4 + Q ---> C2H2 + 3 H2 So vi phng php iu ch C2H2 t t n th y l phng php r hn (30 ... 40 %) m tnh cht ca kh C2H2 khng khc nhau my. c/ Sn xut kh C2H2 bng phn hu cc nhin liu lng : nh du la, du ho, du xng,... e. Cc loi kh chy khc & nhin liu s dng hn Bng 4-4 2700 ... 2900 oC Butan C4H10 chy trong xy cho nhit H2 -/2400 ... 2600 CH4 -/2400 ... 2700 Than cc -/2100 ... 2300 Kh du m -/2600 ... 2800

55

Cc loi kh trn do c nhit thp nn thng s dng gia cng b mt kim loi. 4.3 NGN LA HN 4.3.1 Cu to ngn la hn : Ngn la ca cc cht kh chy trong xy k thut to ra ngun nhit ln. Ngun nhit ny s dng gia cng & hn kim loi nn gi chung l ngn la hn. Ngn la hn c chia thnh 3 vng : Nhn ngn la, vng trung tm, vng ui ngn la.

Hnh 4-4 Cu to ca ngn la hn 1 - Nhn ngn la 2 - Vng trung tm 3 - Vng ui ca ngn la Hnh dng, kch thc v cc loi ngn la hn ph thuc vo t l kh xy vi cc loi kh chy khc.

=
VO2 V KC

Vo 2 Vkhichay

VO 2 VC 2 H 2

- Lng kh xy tiu hao ; - Lng kh chy tiu hao ;

VC2H2 - Lng kh axtylen tiu hao; Tu thuc va h s m ta c cc loi ngn la hn khc nhau. 4.3.2 Cc loi ngn la hn : a. Ngn la bnh thng C ti liu
VO 2 = 1,10 - 1,2 VC 2 H 2 V = O 2 = 1,05 - 1,2 VC 2 H 2

Vng nhn ngn la khi hn xy ra cc phn ng: C2H2 ----> 2C + H2 2C2H2 ----> CH4 + 3C Khi T > 800 oC CH4 ----> C + H2 Khi T > 1000 oC

56

Vng ny c nhit sng chi , nhit thp. Sn phm phn hu c cha nhiu cc bon nn khng dng hn thp v mt s kim loi khc v mi hn d b thm cc bon tr nn dn. Vng trung tm ( y l vng chy khng hon ton) C2H2 + O2 ----> CO +H2 + O + Vng ny c mu sng xanh; nhit cao; ( gn 3200 oC); + Sn phm chy ca vng ny l CO, H2, c tnh hon nguyn nn s dng n hn thp . Vng ui ca ngn la (Vng chy hon ton) Sn phm chyca vng trung tm s tip tc chy vi xy ca khng kh theo phn ng : 2CO + H2 + 3/2 O2 ----> 2CO2 + H2O + Q + y cc bon b chy hon ton nn gi l vng chy hon ton. + Sn phm chy cha cc cht CO2, H2O nn c tnh xy ho v v th gi l vng xy ho. + Vng ny c mu vng tm ( nu sm) nhit thp. b. Ngn la xy ho : =
VO 2 > 1.2 VC 2 H 2

Khi hn xy ra cc phn ng : C2H2 + 3/2 O2 ----> 2CO + H2 + 1/2 O2 Sau chy tip vi xy ca khng kh v to nn: 2CO + H2 + 1/2 O2 + O2 ----> 2CO2 + H2O - Vng gia ca ngn la c cha 6 - 7 % O2 & 5% CO2 . y l nhng cht c tnh xy ho nn gi ngn la ny l ngn la xy ho. - Nhn ngn la nh & ngn ; - Vng gia cha nhiu CO2 + H2, kh phn bit vi vng ui; - Vng ui nh li v c mu sng xanh; - Loi ngn la ny s dng hn ng thau (Cu + Zn) , ct gt, lm sch b mt . c. Ngn la cc bon ho = C (tha cc bon) nn gi l ngn la cc bon ho. - Nhn ngn la ko di , nhp vi vng gia ; - Hnh dng ngn la khng n nh , kh phn bit gia vng gia & vng nhn .
VO 2 VC 2 H 2 < 1,05 - 1,1

vng gia xy b chy ht . Sn phm chy cha nhiu cc bon

57

- Vng ui c kch thc ln; - ng dng hn gang, ti b mt, hn thp dng c, thp cao tc, v cc hp kim cng. 4.3.3 S phn b nhit ca cc ngn la
T oC 1 2 3

L, (mm)

Hnh 4-5 S phn b nhit ca cc loi ngn la L - Khong cch t u m hn n vng tm ca ngn la c nhit cao nht

2 L

3
58

Hnh 4-6 Hnh dng cc loi ngn la hn 1 -ngn la xy ho; 2- ngn la bnh thng; 3-ngn la cc bon ho; 4.4 THIT B HN KH Thit b hn kh gm c : Bnh cha kh xy, bnh cha kh axetylen hoc bnh ch kh axetylen hoc cc bnh cha kh chy khc (bnh cha kh metan, ...). Van gim p bnh xy, van gim p bnh axetylen, kho bo him cho bnh ch kh axetylen, m hn, m ct, ng dn kh v mt s dng c km theo.

4.4.1 Bnh cha kh

Bnh cha kh c ch to t thp cc bon hay t thp hp kim bng phng php dp (dng cho cc loi bnh p sut cao) hoc hn dng cho bnh c p sut thp (bnh cha kh C2H2, NH3. Bnh cha kh thng c dung tch 40 lt. Bnh cha kh xy c p sut 100, 150 v 200 t . Cc loi kh chy nh hydro, mtan, nit, khng kh nn c th cho vo bnh p sut cao (100, 150, 200 t) ring bnh cha kh axetylen, amnic NH3 phi cho vo bnh c p sut thp. Bnh cha kh C2H2 thng c dung tch 40 lt v p sut ti a l 19 t, bn trong c cha bt xp v than hot tnh c tm axetol nhm chng n bnh (mt bnh cha khong 290 - 320 gam than, 225 - 230 gam axeton cho 1 lt bnh cha). S cu to mt s bnh cha kh v bnh ch kh c th hin trn hnh .

4.4.2 Bnh ch kh :
L loi thit b dng iu ch kh axetylen. Bnh ch kh c dng nh hnh 4-8 Bnh ch kh A XTYLEN

4.4.3 Van gim p Cng dng ca van gim p Van gim p c cng dng gim p sut t bnh cha xung p sut khi lm vic v lm n nh p sut trong sut thi gian lm vic. Phn loi van gim p : van gim p xy, van gim p axetylen, ... Theo nguyn l tc dung : c van giam p tc dng nghch v tc dng thun; Theo s bung c loi 1 bung, 2 bung v nhiu bung,...

59

60

Hnh 47 S cu to cc loi bnh cha kh 1- Bnh cha kh xy; 2, 3- Bnh cha khi axetylen 4 - Bnh cha kh Prropan C3H8

61

Bnh iu ch kh axtylen

1 11 12 1 C2H2

1 15

32 31 16 30

17 2 18 19 2 20

27

26

25

24

22

62

Hnh 4-8 S nguyn l cu to bnh iu ch kh C2H2

Cc b phn chnh ca bnh ch kh C2H2: (xem hnh 4-8) 1. Van mt chiu khng cho khng kh i ngc vo bung phn ng. 2. Van bo him (P < 1,5 at) 3. Vt vn 4. Thanh ngang gi np bnh 5. Van x kh 6. Np y 7. ng h o p sut trng bnh 8. Ming ng nc vo bnh 9. Bung cha kh axetylen 10. Kho ng m kh Axetylen 11. Van gim p 12. Np y v mng bo him 13. Kho bo him 14. Van m kh i ra m hn 15. Van kim tra mc nc an ton cho kho bo him lm vic bnh thng 16. Van tho nc 17. ng dn; 18. Mc nc trong bung phn ng; 19. Vch ngn gia 2 bung; 20. Kh k p nc Van kim tra mc nc trong kh p k nc; 21. Np tho nc vi; 22. Mc treo gi cc bua khi khng lm vic 23. Thanh ngang ca gi cc bua can xi CaC2; 24. C di (mc di) ca n by khi h xung; 25. C cu nng h gi ng cc bua can xi 26. n by; 27. Ming ng thi nc; 28. Van kim tra mc nc trong bnh cha kh; 29. Gi cha cc bua can xi (t n); 30. Quai cm ca gi cha cacbua can xi CaC2; 31. Bung phn ng; 32. ng dn kh t bung phn ng ra bung cha; c tnh k thut ca bnh cha : 1. Khi lng cc bua can xi trong mi ln np 2. Kch thc ht cc bua can xi (CaC2) : 3 kg : d = 50 - 80 mm

63

3. p lc kh 4. Nng sut khi sn xut lin tc 5. Nng sut ln nht

: P = 1,5 at : Q = 2000 lt/gi : Q = 2000 lt / gi

S nguyn l van gim p kiu nghch

2
Kh ra t bnh

3 Kh ra m hn 4 5 6
Hnh 4-11 S nguyn l van gim p kiu nghch 1 - ng h o p sut trong bnh cha 2 - ng h o p sut ra m hn, 3 - l xo gi np van 4 - Mng n hi 5 - l xo iu chnh mng n hi 6 - Vt iu chnh v tr mng ng hi

S nguyn l van gim p kiu thun (chiu ra ca kh cng chiu vi chiu m van)
Kh ra t bnh cha Kh ra m hn

Hnh 4-12

S nguyn l van gim p kiu thun

64

4.4.3 Kho bo him

a. Hin tng va p ngc hay hin thng chy qut li ca ngn la. Ngn la hn chy n nh s m bo s nung nng v lm nng chy u kim loi, qu trnh vn hnh s an ton. S chy n nh ca ngn la ph thuc vo tc i ra ca hn hp vi tc chy. Nu tc chy ln hn tc i ra ca hn hp (khi p sut trong bnh ch nh hn bn ngoi) th ngn la c th chy qut li vo pha trong m hn n ng dn kh v vo n bnh ch kh; lc c kh nng gy n bnh e do trc tip tnh mng ngi s dng. Hin tng gi l hin tng chy qut li ca ngn la hay hin tng va p ngc. nguyn nhn c th l khi s dng bnh ch kh c th c hin tng p sut trong bnh ch kh gim v c th xy ra trng hp nh hn p sut bn ngoi m hn, hoc do u m hn b nung nng v chy mn rng ra, ... kt qu l p sut gim , tc ra nh hn tc chy. Khi s dng bnh cha kh th p sut trong bnh lun ln hn p sut bn ngoi nn ngn la hn lun nm ngoi m hn nn khng cn s dng kho bo him. Yu cu i vi kho bo him : m bo ngn cn v dp tt hin tng chy qut li ca ngn la, c bn cao chu p sut cao do qu trnh chy, d quan st, d vn hnh bo qun v sa cha, tiu hao t nc,... Kho bo him c nhiu loi h, kn, kh, ... S nguyn l kho bo him kiu kn (xem hnh 4-9, 4-10 ) Khi lm vic bnh thng, kh chy (C2H2) i t bnh ch kh qua van 5 ra m hn. Khi c hin tng va p ngc p sut trong kho bo him tng ln lm ng van 5 li, kh chy khng i vo c; khi p lc do kh chy trong kho bo him cao th mng 8 s b thng to iu kin cho kh chy thot ra ngoi (xem hnh 47, 4-9).
C2H2 C2H2 Ngn la chy qut li

65

Hnh 4-9 S nguyn l cc loi kho bo him kiu t.

C2H2

C2H2 Hnh 4-10 S nguyn l cc loi kho bo him kiu kh

4.4.4 M hn kh M hn kh l b phn to nn ngn la hn. Cng sut, hnh dng, kch thc ca ngn la c th iu chnh theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. M hn c nhiu loi & c phn loi theo mt s c im sau : Theo nguyn l truyn kh chy trong bung hn hp : - m hn kiu ht; - m hn kiu ng p; Theo s ngn la : Loi mt ngn la v loi nhiu ngn la; Theo cng sut ngn la : - loi nh 10 ... 400 lt/ h kh C2H2 - Loi va 400 ... 2800 -/- Loi ln 2800 ... 7000 -/Theo phng php s dng : bng tay; bng my; Theo chc nng : - vn nng ( hn , ct, hn vy, hn p, t nng, ...) - Chuyn mn ho ( ch hn, hoc ch t nng, ... ) - Theo loi kh chy c s dng : ( C2H2, H2, cht lng, ... a/ M hn kiu ng p L loi m hn c p sut kh xy v axetylen i vo m hn nh nhau. S nguyn l ca m hn ( xem hnh 4-13 )

O2

66

Hnh 4-13 S nguyn l m hn kiu ng p

1
1- u m hn

2
2- Tay nm

C2H2

b/ M hn kiu ht S nguyn l ca m hn ( xem hnh 4-14 ) Nguyn tc lm vic : kh i vo bung hn hp vi p sut d t 1 ... 4 at. dng xy chuyn ng vi vn tc ln to nn trn thnh ng u m hn c p sut nh. A xtylen i vo t ng 2 chy quanh bung 3 v b bung chn khng ht vo bung 7. hai loi kh ho vo nhau di ra m hn . Khi hn p sut xy khong 1...4 at, axtylen > 0.01 at. Khi hn bng m hn nay m xy trc. khi tt th tt C2H2 trc.

67

Hnh 4-14S nguyn l m hn kiu ht v u m ct

4.4.5 ng dn kh Yu cu: c bn cao, chu p sut cao, khng b gy gp khi vn hnh.

68

Ch to : bng vi lt cao su . S lp vi v chiu dy lp cao su ph thuc p sut kh khi hn. i vi kh chy P < 3 at ( p sut d); P O2 < 10 at ng knh trong : d = 5.5 ; 9.5; 13; mm ngoi : D = 17.5 ... 22 mm Chiu dy lp cao su bn trong S > 1 mm
S

Hnh 4-15 Hnh dng ng dn kh hn bng cao su lt vi

4.5 Cng ngh hn kh 4.5.1 Cc v tr ca mi hn trong khng gian : ( tng t nh khi hn h quang). 4.5.2 Cc loi mi hn : ( Nh khi hn h quang). 4.5.3 Chun b vt hn v vt liu hn : * Vt mp theo yu cu, lm sch mp hn,... * Chun b thuc hn, kh hn, chn que hn hp l v kch thc v thnh phn ho hc, ... Hn nh mp cn hn vi khong cch L = 300 ... 500 mm, * chiu di mi hn l = 20 ... 30 mm

Mi hn nh

Hnh 4-16 S hn nh vt hn

4.5.4 Cc phng php hn kh

69

a - Phng php hn phi

1 2 Vhn 3 4

Hnh 4-17 Phng php hn phi 1 - Que hn; 2 - u m hn; 3 - Ngn la hn; 4- Vt hn Que hn chuyn dch sau m hn, qu trnh hn dch chuyn t tri qua phi nn gi l hn phi. Khi hn ngn la hng v mi hn cung cp nhit b sung cho n nn tc ngui chm ngn cn s tc dng ca khng kh xung quanh. Chnh v vy m cht lng hn tt . Phng php nay ph hp cho loi mi hn c chiu dy S > 5 ... 6 mm. b/ Phng php hn tri.

2 3
Vhn

4 5

Hnh 4-18 S nguyn l phng php hn tri 1 - Que hn; 2 - u m hn ; 3- Ngn la hn; 4 - Vng mi hn; 5 - Kim loi c bn; Hng hn t phi qua tri ; que hn chuyn dch trc m hn, kim loi c bn c lm ngui s b, vng kim loi mi hn khng c bo v, tc ngui nhanh; theo di qu trnh hn,nn thun li cho hn cc chi tit mng ( v cn chuyn ng chnh xc. Phng php ny hao ph nhiu kim loi do bn to nhiu m khng c b sung.

70

4.5.5 Ch hn kh : Gm gc nghing m hn, ng knh que hn,cng sut ngn la, gc nghing que hn . Gc nghing m hn c nh hng rt ln n cng sut ngn la, cht lng mi hn. Gc nghing m hn ph thuc chiu dy vt hn, tnh dn nhit ca kim loi hn, nhit nng chy ca kim loi hn. V d : ng c tnh dn nhit cao nn gc nghing m hn vo khong 60 - 80 . Ch d chy nn gc nghing m hn t khong 10 . a - Gc nghing m hn khi hn thp
80o, S> = 15 mm 60o, S< =7-150o, S< =5-7mm 40o, S< =3-5mm 30o, S<1-3mm 45o 20o, S<1mm

Hnh 4-19 S s ph thuc gc nghing m hn vi chiu dy vt hn. S - l chiu dy ca vt hn. b/ Gc nghing que hn : khong 45 c/ ng knh que hn : S <= 15 mm d = S/2 + 1 mm ( hn tri) d = S/2 (hn phi) S >= 15 mm d = 6 ... 8 mm d/ Cng sut ngn la ph thuc chiu dy v tnh cht vt hn & c tnh bng lng kh axtylen tiu hao cho qu trnh hn. Khi hn thp : V C2H2 = ( 120 ... 150 ). S lt/ h hn phi
71

= ( 100 ... 120 ). S -/- hn tri Khi hn ng c tnh dn nhit cao: phi) VC2H2 = = 4.5.6 K thut hn kh trnh hin tng cc bon ho, khi hn khng nn cho vt hn tip xc vi nhn ngn la. trnh xy ho lc u cn iu chnh ngn la c h s : = 1.05 ... 1.1 Phng php chuyn ng que hn v u m hn ph thuc v tr mi hn trong khng gian, chiu dy vt hn, v cc kiu gp hn. 4.6 CT KIM LOI BNG KH Ct kim loi bng kh l s t chy kim loi bng dng oxy ct to nn cc xyd , di tc dng ca p sut dng oxy ct cc xyd ny b thi i v to thnh rnh ct. 4.6.1 Phn loi cc phng php ct: cong , bt k Ct tch ri Ct KL bng kh thng, theo mu Ct b mt Bng tay Khoan, khot, lm sch b mt; Bng my bo , gt,tin, tin ngoi, Bng my theo ng Bng tay Theo ng thng, theo ng ( 150 ... 200).S ( 120 ... 150).S lt/ h ( khi hn

lt/ h ( khi hn tri)

2/ S qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh

72

O2 C2H2

Hnh 4-20 S nguyn l qu trnh ct kim loi bng ngn la hn kh 1- Vt ct 2- u m ct 3 - Dng xy ct

Cc giai on ct kim loi bng kh: Giai on mt nung kim loi n nhit chy; Cho dng xy ct i vo , qu trnh xy ho xy ra mnh lit v to nn lp vy st. Di tc dng ca p sut dng xy ct 5 ... 14 at cc sn phm chy ( cc xyd ) b thi i v to nn rnh ct. 3- iu kin ct kim loi bng kh Nhit nng chy ca kim loi vt hn phi ln hn nhit chy ca kim loi ; Nhit nng chy ca kim loi phi nh hn nhit nng chy ca xid kim loi nu khng th to thnh xid kh chy, khng c chy long, cn tr s chy v s ct; xid kim loi phi c tnh chy long cao d dng b thi i v to thnhrnh ct. Nhit lng sinh ra khi kim loi chy trong dng xy ct phi duy tr qu trnh chy lin tc; v d : Khi ct vt c S = 5 mm th 2/3 ngun nhit sinh ra do ngn la; 1/3 -/do phn ng xy ho kim loi Khi ct vt c S = 30mm th 1/3 ngun nhit sinh ra do ngn la kh 2/3 -/do phn ng xy ho kim loi S = 100 mm 10% -/do ngn la;

73

90% -/do phn ng xy ho S phn b nhit nh sau: 23 % nung nng x; 36 % tn tht nhit; 41 % nung nng kim loi c bn Cn hn ch mt s cht gy cn tr qu trnh ct ( v d nh to ra nhng xyd kh chy, st, d nt, ...(Cc bon, Cr to nn Cr2O3,Si to nn SiO2 kh chy,...) V d khi : C > 0.3 % mp ct d b ti, cng tng, c th b nt nu khng nung nng s b trc kh ct. Khi C > 0.7 % th qu trnh ct rt kh khn. Mn <= 6 % khng nh hng n qu trnh ct; Si <= 4 % -/Cr > 6% cn s dng thuc ct; Ni < 35% nu C , 0.5% th ct d dng; Hn ch mt s cht tng tnh ti ca thp ( Mo, W, ...) Nh vy ch c thp cc bon l m bo cc iu kin trn nn d ct nht. i vi thp hp kim,thp cc bon cao,thp crm, gang, nhm, ng,... trc khi ct cn phi nung nng hoc dng thuc ct c d dng. Nhit chy ca mt s cht: Fe 1155 oC Thp 0.90 %C 1320 oC Thp Ct3 1350 oC Thp 0.25 %C 1210 oC Bng 4-5 Kim loi Al V W Fe Co Si Mn Cu Nhit nng chy ca mt s cht Tnc Oxid Kim loai Tnc 658 Al2O3 2050 1750 V2O3 1970 V2O4 1637 V2O5 658 1277 3370 WO2 1473 WO3 1533 FeO 1370 Fe3O4 1527 Fe2O3 1565 1490 CoO 1810 1414 SiO2 1710 1785 1250 MnO 1560 Mn3O4 1080 Cu2O 1230 CuO 1336

74

Mo Ni Cr Ti Mg

2622 1452 1550 1727 680

MoO3 NiO Cr2O3 TiO2 MgO

795 1990 990 775 2800

4 - Thit b ct kim loi bng kh: Thit b ct kim loi bng kh cng ging nh hn kh, ch thay m hn bng m ct m thi. S cu to m ct c th m t trn hnh 4-14 Yu cu i vi m ct m bo ct c tt c cc hng; Phi c t l thch hp gia kch thc l hn hp nung nng v dng xy ct; M ct phi c khong cch thch hp n tay cm m bo an ton khi lm vic C th iu chnh c dng xy ct v cng sut ngn la ; 5 - Cng ngh ct kim loi bng kh Qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh v cht lng ct ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y: Khu chun b b mt vt ct; tinh khit ca xy; Cng sut ngn la ( lng kh xy tiu hao cho qu trnh ct); Kt cu m ct; Nhit nung nng s b; Khong cch t m ct n b mt vt ct; a. Chun b b mt vt ct Lm sch cht bn,du m, g, oxid,... bngcch dng ngn la nung nng lm sch. Nu thp ti th phi nhit luyn trc khi ct( ram : nung n 600 oC sau lm ngui gim ng sut bn trong) nu khng nhit luyn th ng sut khi ti cng vi ng sut khi ct s lm cho KL b nt. i vi thp cc bon thp th khng cn nung nng s b i vi thp hp kim hoc cc bon cao cn nung nng s b vi nhit c tnh theo cng thc : T nnsb = 500. Ct ( 1 + k.S ) - 0.45 (oC) Trong : T nnsb- nhit nung nng s b Ct - lng cc bon tng ng; S - Chiu dy vt ct mm; k - h s tnh n nh hng chiu dy ca vt k = 0.0002 C t <= 0.45 -khng cn nung nng

ct;

75

C t > 0.45 cn nung nng Ct = %C + 0.155(%Cr +%Mo) + 0.11(%Mn +%V) + 0.11%Si +0.45(%Ni +%Cu) b- Lng kh tiu hao c th tham kho theo bng sau Bng 4 - 6 S mm 3-5 5-25 25-50 50-100 100-200 200-300 Q m3 /h 3 6 10 15 26 40 Lng kh tiu hao ph thuc chiu dy ct, trng thi b mt vt ct, tinh khit ca dng xy. c- Khong cch t m ct n vt ct h

Hnh 4 - 21 S biu din khong cch t u m ct n vt ct (h)

Khi ct vt c chi dy b : h = (L + 3) mm; ( ti vng ny c nhit cao max) L - chiu di nhn ngn la; Khi ct thp dy trnh s qu nhit v s bn to ca kim loi lng vo u m ct ; khong cch h cn phi ln hn h = L + ( 5 ... 6 ) mm ( h = 5 + 0.05 S mm) d - Tc ct : - C nh hng nhiu n cht lng mi ct; - Tc ct phi tng ng vi chiu dy vt ct (tc xy ho kim loi theo tc chy ca kim loi). - Khi ct bng tay kh xc nh vn tc ct v tc khng n nh; - khi ct bng my vn tc ct Vc c tnh theo cng thc : Vc = 16.6/ t mm/s Vc = 1000/ t mm/pht t = 1.25 + 0.025 S Thi gian ct mt mt vt ct tnh bng pht, S- chiu dy vt ct tnh bng mm) 6 K thut ct kim loi bng kh a - Nung nng & lm sch vt ct bng ngn la hn.
76

b - Chn gc nghing m ct khi bt u qu trnh Khi ct vt dy ta phi ct dn cho n khi ct thng Khi ct vt theo ng trn trn tm thp cn t hoc khoan l trc tao nn rnh ct . Khi ct vt c tit din trn th phi thay i hng ct nh hnh v 4-20

2 1
H-4-22 K thut ct vt trn

7 - Hin tng tr ca qu trnh ct . Khi ct kim loi bng kh do s truyn nhit khng ng u nn to thnh rnh ct khng u t mt trn n mt pha di ca tm kim loi . sai lch theo hng ct gi l s tr ca qu trnh ct.

Hnh 4-21 S tr khi ct bng kh

6 - Mt s ch khi ct kim loi bng kh Khi ct kim loi c S < 2.5 mm mp ct thng d b chy nn khong cch t vt ct n m ct phi ln hn; Khi ct kim loi c chiu dy ln p sut dng xy ct phi ln 12 ... 14 at phi nung nng s b t 250 - 300 oC hoc 300 - 500 oC; Khi ct thp c chiu dy S < 30 mm m ct nen nghing mt gc 20 ... 30 so vi phng thng dng; Nu S >= 30 mm gc nghing khong 5 ... 10

77

78

CHNG 5 HN IN TIP XC 5.1 QU TRNH HNH THNH MI HN KHI HN P LC 5.1.1. Cu to b mt kim loi hai hay nhiu chi tit lin k li vi nhau th cn p lc ln p cho khong cch gia cac kim loi bng mt thng s mng, c ngha l to nn mi lin kt gia cc nguyn t ca kim loi ny lin kt vi nguyn t ca kim loi kia nh lc ht v lc y gia chng. Song trong thc t iu ny thc hin rt kh v cu to b mt kim loi rt phc tp, g gh, khng phng, thm vo c nhiu cht bn

2 1

Hnh 5-1 S cu trc b mt kim loi 1. B mt th; 2. B mt t vi (micro); 3. B mt siu nh (Ultramicro)

Lp nguyn t dng t do cha cn b Lp hi nc b kim loi ht vo Lp khng kh b kim loi hp th Lp oxyd kim loi Lp b kim loi b bin dng

Hnh 5-2 Cu to lp b mt kim loi

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5.1.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh mi lin k hn khi hn tip xc Hn tip xc l mt trong cc phng php hn p lc. Thc cht qu trnh hn tip xc l mt qu trnh dch chuyn cc phn t kim loi ny tin st vo kim lkoi kia cho n khi khong cch gia chng bng mt thng s mng a = (3 - 5) x 10 -8 cm. Chng ta bit cu trc ca kim loi l cu trc mng tinh th. Kh khong cch gia chng bng mt thng s mng th gia 2 kim loi s xut hin lc tc dng tyng h gia chng to nnb mi lin kt kim loa bn chc. S hnh thnh mi lin kt ny c th m t theo 3 giai on sau: Giai on 1 : Chi tit 1 v chi tit 2 khng hon ton tip xc vi nhau trn ton b b mt m ch xy ra tyi mt s im no . Giai on 2 : Khi c ngun nhit nung nng th cc cht bn b ph hu, ng thi vi lc p tng ln s lm tng tit din tip xc; xut hin nhng ht tinh th chung , hay ni cch khc bt u c nhng mi lin kt kim loi. Giai on 3 : Khi lc p tng t gi tr nht nh th din tch tip xc tng ln gn bng 100 %, khi kim loi t mi lin kt bn chc.

P1

P2 Hnh 5-3 a - Giai on 1; S s hnh thnh mi lin kt khi hn tip xc b. giai on 2; c. Giai on 3 P2 >P1

5.3 c im ca hn in tip xc 1. Hai kim loi lun tip xc nhau nn bo v khng cho khng kh bn ngoi xm nhp vo vng mi hanf, v vy cht lng mi hn cao.

80

2. in tr tip xc gia kim loi - kim loi, kim loi - in cc nh (khong 0,005 - 0,1 m). 3. Thi gian hn yu cu phi nh (c vi giy) 4. Ngun nhit cung cp cho vng hn c tnh theo cng thc : Q = 0,24 I 2 Rt (cal) I - cng dng in tnh bng A R - in tr vng tip xc (m) t - thi gian hn tnh bng giy 5. in p hn nh Uh = 1 - 5 vn 6. Cng sut ca my hn ln (n 1000 KVA 7. Dng in hn ln c th n 50.000 n 100.000 ampe 8. C th c kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh hn nn nng sut cao 9. Nhc im l my hn phc tp v gi thnh cao 5.4 Phn loi hn tip xc Theo dng mi hn : Hn tip xc im Hn tip xc ng Hn tip xc gip mi Theo ngun in My hn dng xoay chiu My hn dng 1 chiu My hn dng in xung My hn dng tn s cao My hn dng tn s thp Theo in cc My hn 2 in cu My hn nhiu in cc My hn inc cc gi
5.5 Hn tip xc gip mi

Lc kp cht P2

Lc kp cht P2
P

Lc p khi hn

Hnh 5-4 S nguyn l my hn tip xc gip mi Khung trong ca my hn bao gm cc b phn : * Ngun in hn (1) H thng iu khin cng tc t (2), Cng tc (3) * C cu thay i in p hn (4), My bin p hn (5)
81

6 - Khung ngoi ca my hn bao gm cc phn : * Cun th cp; * B phn kp chi tit (to lc P2. * B phn to lc p khi hn 5.6 Cc phng php hn in tip xc gip mi : Hn in tr Hn p - chy (hn p chy lin tc, hn p chy gin on) 5.6.1 Hn in tr Qu trnh hn c thc hin theo thc t : 1. p s b cho 2 chi tit tip xc nhau; 2. Cho dng in c cng ln i qua b mt tip xc, nh c dng in m vng mi hn c nung nng n trng thi do (nhit nh hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi c bn). 3. Giai on dp - tc dng lc mnh 2 chi tit dnh chc vo nhau. 4. Gi nguyn trng thi p, ngt in v lm ngui. Ch : Do thi gian hn nh th = 0,5 - 10 giy nn tit din chi tit hp l vo khong <= 1000 mm2. p lc dp khi hn khong 1,5 - 3 KG/mm2 i vi thp cc bon thp

tnung T p s b Thi gian hn Thi gian p

T, thi hgian

Hnh 5-5 S biu din cc chu k hn 5.6.2 Hn p chy lin tc

82

Qu trnh hn c thc hin theo th t 1. Cho dng in i qua b mt tip xc v nung nng vng hn n nhit cao (s c nng chy cc b) 2. Tng dn p lc cho n khi hnh thnh mi hn; Ch : Phng php ny khng cn nung nng kim loi; n ch ph hp vi cc chi tit c tit din nh
I P I P

Thi gian hn

T, thi hgian

Hnh 5-6 S biu din dng in v p lc khi hn p chy lin tc 5.6.3 Hn p chy gin on

1 Hnh 5-7 S nguyn l qu trnh hn p chy gin on

1- Lp kim loi nng chy trn b mt khi kim loi tch xa nhau 2- Lp kim loi nng chy khi kim loi tip tc tip xc nhau 3- Lp kim loi bn to C 3 giai on trong qu trnh hn : Giai on nung nng vt hn Giai on nng cha u mt lp trn b mt mi hn Giai on dp - p
83

a. Giai on 1 : 2 chi tit tip xc nhau, nh c dng in nn chi tit c nung nng n nhit cao thm ch nng chy ti mt s im trn b mt chi tit. Sau tch 2 chi tit ra xa nhau ri li cho chng tip xc nhau. lc ny cc cht bn s bn to v bay ra khi vng hn. Qu trnh ny lp i lp li cho n khi nung nng chy b mt vng mi hn. b. Giai on 2 : Xut hin mt lp kim loi lng trn b mt vt hn. Lp cht bn ny s b bn to v bay i khi vng hn; to iu kin cho vt hn tip xc tt. c. Giai on 3 : dp - p lc ny ngun nhit tng ln t ngt, lp kim loi lng b p v bn to ra ngoi mang theo cc cht bn v lp oxit trn b mt vt hn to iu kin cho qu trnh lin kt bn chc. c im : 1. Khng cn lm sch vt hn trc khi hn; 2. Cho php hn cc chi tit c tit din ln; 3. Nhc im : * Kh kim tra cc qu trnh nung nng, hn, .... * Hao tn nhiu kim loi do qu trnh bn to * Kh t ng ho; * Khi hn cc kim loi khc nhau s c cc cht lng khng tt do nung nng khng ng u. 5.6.4 Cng ngh hn tip xc gip mi a. Chun b vt hn : Chn tit din vng tip xc gia 2 chi tit cho hp l, khng c s chnh lch qu ln gy nn ng sut,... Lm sch chi tit trc khi hn. b. Chn ch hn : Cng dng in hn (Ih) Lc p khi hn (lc dp) (P) Thi gian hn(t) Chiu di vt liu b ngn li hay chiu di chn (L) Bng 5-1 Din tch Mt t L P tit din dng in J mm2 A/mm2 s mm KG/mm2 25 200 0,6 3+3 1-2 50 160 0,8 4+4 100 140 1,0 5+5 250 90 1,5 6+6 1-2 500 60 2,5 9+9 1000 40 4,5 12 + 12 Lc chn : Pdp = K. S. ch.
84

S - Din tch tit din mm2. K - H s tnh n trng thi ng sut v bin dng K = 1,2 - 1,3

ch - Gii hn chy ca vt liu KG/mm2.

5.7 HN TIP XC IM

Khi nim : Hn tip xc im l phng php hn p lc m cc chi tit c hn ni vi nhau theo tng im ring bit. Phn loi : Hn im c th c cc phng php Phn loi : Hn tip xc dim 1 pha; hn tip xc im 2 pha v hn tip xc im bng in cc gi. 5.7.1 S nguyn l hn tip xc im a.

b.

c.

Hnh 5-8 S nguyn l cc phng php hn im b - S hn im 1 pha a - S hn im 2 pha c - S hn im bng in cc gi; 5.7.2 Qu trnh hn im thng din ra qua 4 giai on : a S hn im: Giai on cc chi tit c p s b nhm gim in tr, tng cng dng in, tng nhit nung nng, trnh qu nhit v s bn to ca kim loi vng im hn. Giai on ny nung kim loi n khi hnh thnh nhn ca im hn nng chy. Giai on 2 : tng lc p, din tc tip xc tng, kch thc ca nhn im hn tng ln; lp hn hp im loi nng chy b xo trn v c s phn b li; qu trnh bin dng do tip uc xy ra.
85

Giai on 3 : Ngt dng in nhng vn duy tr p lc thm mt thi gian m bo cho mi hn dnh chc Ngt p lc v ly vt hn ra. C th c cc phng php ng ngt dng v p lc p nh sau :

P, I I P t

Hnh 5-9

S ng ngt dng in v lc p.

Ngun nhit khi hn : Q = 0,24 I2Rt R = 2 x R C-KL + 2 RKL + R TX. R KL = .

IH =

1 S

R C-KL = 0,2 R TX.

( RTX l i lng ln nht trong s 3 i lng trn.

Q 0,24 R. t . m

m =1 - 1, 1 Khi hn thp; m = 1,2 - 1,4 khi hn nhm m - l h s tnh n s thay i in tr trong qu trnh hn. Tng ngun nhit Q c tnh theo cng thc : Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4. Q1- Nhit lng nung nng im hn vi kch thc bng kch thc mt tip xc ca in cc vi vt hn. Q2 - Nhit lng nung nng vng xung quanh im hn Q3 - Nhit lng nung nng in cc Q4 - Tn tht nhit do bc x v truyn nhit ra xung quanh.
IH = (120 170) DDH

DDH - Kch thc ( ng knh) im hn (mm) DDH = 2 S + 3 mm S Chiu dy kim loi hn T - in tr sut ca kim loi vt hn b. Bng mt s ch hn c trng : Bng 5-2
86

Vt liu

S mm 0,8+0,8 1,2+1,2 1+1 3+3 1+1 3+3

J A/mm2

I A 24.000 27.000

P SB p s b KG/mm

th s

Pdp KG/mm

td s

ua-ra AMr6 CT31 CT38

2.760 880 700 200

35 21 22 15

0,08 0,20 0,14 0,26

72 51 30

0,02 0,04 0,06

Ch : Khi hn c dng in nh th gi l ch hn mm, lc ny thi gian hn ln. Khi Ih nh th gi l ch hn cng, thi gian hn nh. Nu Thn < Tnc, th trong t chc ht kim loi khng c r kh v nhng khuyt tt nh thiu ht, ... nhng t chc ht ln, c khi b ngm x nn lm cho mi hn km do. i vi hn c nhn nng chy th sau khi kt tinh s c lm co. Lc dp c tc dng cho mi hn c chc, cht, nn sau khia ngt dng in chng ta cn gi p lc thm mt thi gian na cho kim loi kt dnh chc hn. c. in cc hn : a. Yu cu phi cng, bn nhit, chu nhit v chng n mn ; dn in v dn nhit tt. b. Vt liu in cc c ch to t hp kim ng:Cu+Sn, Cu + Cr + Cd + Sn. c. Khi lm vic yu cu phi lm mt m bo bn cn thit cho in cc khi lm vic nhit cao v p lc cao. d. S cu to ca in cc :

Nc lm mt

Hnh 5-10 S cu to in cc ca my hn im

Cc dng u in cc khi hn im

87

Hnh 5-11 S cu to mt s loi in cc ca my hn im

5.8 Hn ng : 5.8.1 Khi nim : L mt phng php hn tip xc tng t hn im nhng cc im hn c ni lin nhau to thnh ng hn nn gi l hn ng. Khi hn ng , in cc hn uc thay th bng bnh xe in cc v ln theo ng hn. 5.8.2 Phm vi ng dng hn cc chi tit mng, cc kt cu trong cng ngh ch to t, thng du, ... t cc loi vt liu khc nhau nh thp, ng nhm, manh, ... 5.8.3 S nguyn l my hn ng

2 Hnh 5-12 S nguyn l my hn ng 1 - Ngun in hn 2 - H thng iu khin chu k hn 3 - Cng tc t; 4 - Cc phch cm thay i in p cung s cp; 5 - My bin p hn 6 - Khung ngoi ca my hn yng bao gm : cun th cp, dy dn in vt hn, c cu kp chi tit, bnh in cc hn. 5.8.4 Phn loi cc phng php hn ng : Hn lin tc : Vt hn chuyn ng lin tc vi vn tc khng i. Lun cho dng in i qua vng mi hn; Phng php ny n gin nhng chi tit b nung lu nn d b qu nhit, in cc chng mi mn v h hng.
88

Hn gin on : Chi tit dch chuyn lin tc; Dng in i qua vng mi hn gin on theo tng khong thi gian nht nh (1/10 giy, 1/100 giy, ... y l phng php hn kh ph bin Hn bc : Chi tit hn c dch chuyn gin on; Ti nhng v tr bnh xe dng th ta cho dng in i qua vng mi hn. Bc hn ph thuc chiu dy (S), lc p . Mt s thng s c trng : ng knh in cc D = 40 - 350 mm Bc hn h = 1,5 - 4,5 Vn tc hn Vh = 0 - 3,0 m/ph

89

Chng 6

Khuyt tt ca mi hn v cc phng php kim tra

6.1 Cht lng ca mi hn

6.1.1 - Nhng yu t c trng cho cht lng ca mi hn:

C tnh ca mi hn ( bn, do, dai va p, cng, ...) tin cy ( chc chn); S lng khuyt tt c trong mi hn; T chc kim loi vng mi hn & vng cn mi hn; Kh nng chng n mn ; Kh nng vn hnh;

6.1.2 hn .

Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng mi

Yu t cng ngh Vt liu hn Thit b Khu chun b Yu t kt cu v vn hnh Kim loi c bn Hnh dng mi hn iu kin vn hnh Phng php v h thng

Qu trnh hn kim tra

nh mc nh gi Cht lng mi hn tin cy Khuyt tt

chc chn Hnh 6-1 bn v kt cu kim loai S nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng mi hn

Kh nng lm vic

6.2 Khuyt tt ca mi hn

6.2.1. Khuyt tt mang tnh luyn kim (Chy, phn lp kim loi, nt, ... ) Nguyn nhn do nung nng
khng u , ng sut khi hn, do vt hn c tnh hn xu , do vt liu hn km phm cht ( que hn, thuc hn ...) , do b n mn .

6.2.2- Khuyt tt do lp rp :
Gc vt qu to hoc qu nh, gc vt khng u , ... Mp hn khng u, phn nh ca mi hn qu ln hoc qu b... Khe h qu ln hoc qu b; Hai mp tm kim loi t lch nhau; Lm sch mp hn khng tt , c nhng vt lm, vt ct, vt xc ...

6.2.3 - Khuyt tt do sai lch hnh dng v kch thc :

Khng m bo kch thc ca mi hn : phn li ca mi hn khng m bo; Chiu rng ca mi hn khng u; Cnh ca mi hn gc khng u;

6.2.4

Khuyt tt bn ngoi mi hn:

Khng ng kch thc bn v; Khng tho mn yu cu k thut nht l tit din mi hn; B mt mi hn khng bng phng theo chiu di v chiu rng, ni vy sn si, cong vnh, ... Kim loi chy trn ra cc pha v khng ngu ; (xem H. 6-2)

Hnh 6-2 C vt lm kim loi mi hn; ( xem H. 6-3)

Hnh 6-3 Chy thng gia ng hn (xem hnh 6-4).

105

Hnh 6-4 Khng nng chy u mp hn theo chiu di, theo hai pha ca mi hn (xem H. 6-5).

Hnh 6-5 Mp hn b lch; mi hn khng ngu (H. 6-6) .

Hnh 6-6 Khuyt tt y v mt i din mi hn (khng ngu, khng u,...;

Hnh 6-7

6.2.5- Khuyt tt bn trong mi hn:

R kh ( xem H.6-8) R kh ri rc (a)v r kh tp trung thnh nhm

(b) Hnh 6-8 a/ R kh ri rc b/ R kh tp trung

Ngm x : (xem H. 6- 9 )

Hnh 6-9 Mi hn b nt ngang, dc, theo chiu su , ...

106

Hnh 6-11 6.2.6 Thnh phn v t chc kim loi mi hn khng t yu cu; Nguyn nhn : Khng tun th ng quy trnh cng ngh; Khng chn ng vt liu hn; Khng chn ng phng php hn v ch hn; Khng bo qun vt liu hn tt nn cht lng vt liu hn km; (b m t,...) 6.3 Cc phng php kim tra khuyt tt mi hn

6.3.1 Kim tra bng phng php khng ph hu .

1- Kim tra bn ngoi bng mt nhn, bng o c kch thc, ... 2- Kim tra quy trnh cng ngh . 3- Kim tra cht lng chun b hn ( Vt hn, que hn, thuc hn, kh hn, my hn) 4- Kim tra khuyt tt bn trong mi hn bng cc my d khuyt tt :
Dng my d khuyt tt bng siu m ; Dng tia , X chp nh; Kim tra bng bt c nhim t , Kim tra bng thp o phng x ...

5 - Kim tra kn ca mi hn : Kim tra bng kh nn cng vi giy th ; hoc bm kh nn vo ri th xung nc vi p sut P = 4at; t = 5 .. 10 pht. Kim tra bng nc; nc cng cc cht thm thu nh phn ... Kim tra

NH3 1% Kh nn 99% Giy th

Hnh

6-12 S kim tra mi hn bng giy th hoc bt phn

bng du hoc cc cht thm thu khc; thi gian ph thuc chiu dy vt hn . Kim tra bng thu lc c P = (1-2 ) Plv (p sut lm vic ) vi t = 30... 60 pht

107

 Kim tra bng siu m. Phng php ny ng dng cho chi tit c chiu dy S >= 20 mm. Sng siu m trong mi trng n hi c cc gi tr f = 0.8; 1.8; 2.5; 3.5; mHz to ra sng siu m ngi ta dng tinh th thch anh SiO2 titant bari, mui mui st in xe-g nhe-to-vai-a. Cc cht ny bin dao ng in sang dao ng c hc mt cch tc thi v ngc li . Di tc dng ca xung in tm titannt bari s xut hin sng n hi. Sng siu m c sng dc (sng b p nn) & sng ngang (sng nhy ) . Sng dc c th b kch thch trong tt c cc mi trng. Sng ngang ch c th b kch thch trong cht rn. Sng kim tra mi hn l sng ngang c gc an pha = 29 ...70 . Sng i song song & phn ngc li khi gp mi trng khc ; Lp khng kh ( r, vt nt bn trong mi hn ) c tc dng lm phn li sng ny nn ta ng dng n kim tra . Sng ny phn li 90% nng lng m n pht ra. Nu dng sng truyn thng th phi c b thu pht . Loi my phn li c hai loi c b thu ring & khng c b thu ring. S kim tra bng siu m nh hnh :
Cc phng php kim tra khuyt tt bng bc x nhit (tia X, tia gamma, tia beeta, chm n tron, Php o phng x, bc x, php nghim phng x (th hin trn mn hnh)

Chiu dy

S = 1 ... 500 mm

Ngun pht xung in My khuych i sng

Hnh 6-13 S nguyn l kim tra bng siu m Kch thc khuyt tt min = 0.01 ... 0.02 mm 6.3.2 Kim tra bng phng php ph hu: 1- Kim tra bng cch khoan xc sut tng on xem xt; 2- Kim tra t chc t vi; 3- Kim tra t chc kim tng; ct thnh tng mu kim loi ,
mi , nh bng, sau soi cc t chc di knh hin vi.

4- Phn tch thnh phn ho hc; kim tra bng quang ph, ... 5- Kim tra bng phng php th ko, nn, va p,

108

6.4 Cc phng php gim ng sut cho mi hn. Trc khi hn phi thit k kt cu hn hp l, gim cnh ca mi hn gc, gim ngun nhit trn n v chiu di Q/Vh. To ng sut ngc du ; Chn th t hn hp l; Gim lng bin dng trong qu trnh nung nng, gim lng kim loi nng chy; gim bin dng do co rt. B tr cc mi hn i xng kh b ng sut ln nhau; Dp p ngay sau khi hn; Nhit luyn mi hn : Phn b li ng sut bng cch nung nng cc b ; Ram mi hn; ( khi ram cao th gim khong 80-90 % ng sut d; T = 550 ... 680 oC Tc nung = vi trm / gi ( cho vt do) Thi gian nung = 2...3 gi ( cho thp cc bon + HKim thp) ng dng phng php c nhit , nung bng ngn la hn n 150 ... 200 oC

109

Vt nt ca mi hn 1/ Hn thp hp c c s nn l Cr-Ni - Vt nt xy ra trong qu trnh hn vng mi hn & cn mi hn; sut cao, nh hng xu ; - Vt nt c th c cc loi : + Ngang, dc; + Bn trong, bn ngoi mi hn, + Kch thc ln, nh ; - S to thnh vt nt ph thuc :
110

-/-/-/-

nhit luyn; vn hnh nhit cao,p trong mi trng c

+ Lc tc dng, + Cc nhn t luyn kim : Nhit phn b khng u khi nung nng v khi lm ngui; + Do co ngt kim loi ; + Do kim loi nm trong min dn lu T= 1400 ... 1200 oC , = 0; 1260 = (0.5 ... 0.6 ) b;

+ Mt cc bon do to thnh cc bt; + Vt nt do tp trung ng sut ; ( khi hn c tm m, khi hn gip mi m khng ngu, khi hn vi cc tm gp,

1- Bin php khc phc khi hn thp Cr-Ni Gim Fe, Lm sch

MnS, S,

NiS Pb,

l nhng cht d chy;

Sn, trong li que hn; 250 ... 300 oC trong 1

Sy que hn vi nhit gi; Cn chn que hn c pha %; Cc bt Ti, Nb

phert

khong (2 ... 5)

cho php tng kh nng chng n

mn trong thp

Cr-Ni

III -

Chun b mu cho kim tra th nghim :

111

 CNG MN MN HC : CNG

NGH KIM LOI

TP 3 HN V CT KIM LOI ( 40 tit)

Bin son: TS.GVC. inh Minh Dim I NI DUNG: Trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v s hnh thnh cc mi hn nng chy v mi hn p lc. Cc nhn t nh hng v cc bin php cng ngh nhm nhn c mi hn t cht lng cao. Gii thiu cc phng php hn cn thit thit ph hp vi yu cu sn xut thc t hin nay. Kim tra nh gi cht lng hn v cc bin php nng cao cht lng mi hn. II. MC CH : Trang b cc kin thc chuyn ngnh rng lin quan sn xut c kh. Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn thit v l thuyt v kh nng thc hnh cc phng php hn. III KHI LNG S trang in khong 110 - 120 trang kh A4.
IV TI LIU THAM KHO :

1 g Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986. 2 Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi, NXB. H & THCN. 1974, 3 Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm nang hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998 Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998. 4. .. 4 . . 1971 5. . . . . 1974 6. - . . 1975 7. - - 1 - . - . 1973 8. - - 2 - . - . 1973 9. . . . . x x x x - . . - 1972 10. .. x - - 1981

11. .. x x x - . . 1972 12. . x - . . 1974 13. .. .. x - . . 1970 14. .. x - .

. 1975

15. .. - . . 1977

V- NI DUNG CNG CHI TIT Chng I : HN KIM LOI 1.1 Kkhi nim chung 1.1.1 Khi nim

1.1.2 ng dng 1.1.3 c im ca hn kim loi 1.1.4 Phn loi cc phng php hn kim loi Chng II: QU TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY 2.1 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nng chy 2.2 Vng hn v nhng c im ca n 2.3 T chc kim loi mi hn v vng cn mi hn Chng III HN H QUANG 3.1 H quang hn v nhng c tnh ca n 3.1.1 H quang hn 3.1.2 S s to thnh h quang hn. 3.1.3 iu kin xut hin h quang 3.1.4 Cc phng php gy h quang 3.1.5 c im ca h quang hn 3.2 nh hng ca in t trng n h quang hn. 3.3 Phn loi hn h quang . 3.3.1 Phn loi theo in cc 3.3.2 Phn loi theo phng php u dy 3.3.3 Phn loi theo dng in 3.4 Ngun in hn v my hn 3.4.1 Ngun in hn 3.4.2yu cu i vi ngun in hn. 3.4.3 My hn h quang a. My bin p hn b. My bin p hn c b t cm ring c. My bin p hn c li t di ng d. My hn mt chiu e. My hn dng chnh lu 3.4 in cc hn . 3.5.1 Cu to ca que hn nng chy 3.5.2 Yu cu 3.5.3 Tc dng ca lp thuc bc que hn 3.5.4 K hiu que hn theo TCVN 3.5.5 Sn xut que hn 3.6 Qu trnh nng chy v dch chuyn kim loi que hn nng chy 3.7 Cng ngh hn h quang 3.7.1 V tr cc mi hn trong khng gian 3.7.2 Cc loi mi ghp hn , 3.7.3 Chun b cc loi mi hn 3.7.4 Chn loi que hn 3.7.5 Ch hn a. Chn ng knh que hn Chn cng dng in hn.

b. Tnh cng dng in hn c. Tnh s lp cn hn d. Tnh vn tc hn. e. Tnh thi gian hn. 3.8 K thut hn h quang tay 3.8.1 Chn gc nghing que hn 3.8.2 Chn ng dch chuyn que hn 3.8 hn h quang bn t ng v t ng trong cc mi trng bo v 3.8.1 Hn bn t ng v bn t ng 3.8.2Hn t ng di lp thuc 3.8.3 Hn tong mi trng kh bo v a. S nguyn l b. Phn loi cc phng php hn trong mi trng kh bo v c. c im d. Ch hn Chng 4 HN V CT KIM LOI BNG KH 4.1 Khi nin chung v hn kh 4.1.1 Khi nim 4.1.2 S nguyn l mt trm hn v ct kim loi bng kh ; 4.1.3 Vt liu hn kh 4.2 Kh hn 4.2.1 Oxy k thut 4.2.2 Axtylen 4.3 Ngn la Hn 4.3.1 Cu to ngn la hn 4.3.2 Cc loi ngn la hn 4.3.3S phn b nhit ca cc ngn la 4.4 Thit b hn kh 4.4.1 Bnh cha kh 4.4.2 Kho bo him 4.4.3 Van gim p 4.4.4 M hn v ct kh 4.5 Cng ngh hn kh 4.5.1 V tr cc mi hn trong khng gian 4.5.2 Cc loi mi hn 4.5.3Chun b vt hn v vt liu hn 4.5.4 Cc phng php hn kh 4.5.5 Ch hn kh 4.5.6 K thut hn kh 4.6 Ct kim loi bng kh 4.6.1 Phn loi cc phng php ct bng kh 4.6.2 S qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh 4.6.3 iu kin ct kim loi bng kh

4.6.4 Thit b ct kim loi bng kh 4.6.5 K thut ct kim loi bng kh 4.6.6 Hin tng tr ca qu trnh ct 4.6.7 Mt s ch khi ct kim loi bng kh Chng 5 HN IN TIP XC 5.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh mi hn khi hn p lc 5.1.1 Cu to b mt kim loi 5.1.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh mi lin kt hn khi hn tip xc 5.3 c im ca hn in tip xc 5.4 Phn loi hn in tip xc 5.5 Hn tip xc gip mi 5.5.1 Hn in tr 5.5.2 Hn p chy lin tc 5.5.3 Hn p chy gin on 5.5.4 Cng ngh hn tip xc gp mi 5.6 Hn tip xc im 5.6.1 Khi nim v phn loi 5.6.2 S nguyn l hn tip xc im 5.6.3 Qu trnh hn tip xc im 5.6.4 in cc hn 5.7 Hn ng 5.7.1 Khi nim 5.7.2 S nguyn l 5.7.3 Phn loi Chng 6 KHUT TT CA MI HN V CC PHNG PHP
KIM TRA CHT LNG MI HN

6.1 - Cht lng mi hn 6.1.1 Nhng yu t c trng cho cht lng ca mi hn 6.1.2 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng mi hn 6.2 Khuyt tt ca mi hn 6.3 Cc phng php kim tra khuyt tt mi hn 6.3.1 Cc phng php kim tra khng ph hu 6.3.2 Cc phng php kim tra ph hu. 6.3.3 cc bin php gim ng sut cho mi hn

Phn Hn & ct kim loi

Trang Chng I : Hn kim loi $1 Gii thiu chung v mn hn kim loi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2 Phn loi cc phng php hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng II Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nng chy $1 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2 Vng hn & nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3 T chc kim loi mi hn & vng cn mi hn . . . . . . . . . . Chng 3 Hn h quang tay $1 - H quang hn & nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2 - nh hng ca in t trng i vi h quang khi hn $3 - Phn loi hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4 - Ngun in hn & my hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5 - in cc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6 - Qu trnh nng chy & dch chuyn kim loi khi hn $7 - Cng ngh hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8 - K thut hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 4 Hn & ct kim loi bng kh $1 - Gii thiu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2 - Vt liu hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I - Kh xy k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II - Kh Axtylen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III - Cc loi vt liu khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3 - Cc loi ngn la hn kh & ng dng ca chng . . . . . . . $4 - Dng c & thit b hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $5 - Cng ngh & k thut hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6 - Ct kim loi bng kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 5 Hn tip xc $1 - S hnh thnh mi hn khi hn tip xc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2 - Hn tip xc gip mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3 - Hn im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4 - Hn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 6 Hn vy $1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $2 - Vy hn & thuc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $3 - Cng ngh hn vy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 7 Kim tra cht lng mi hn

1. .. 4 . . 1971 2. . . . . 1974 3. - . . 1975 4. - - 1 - . - . 1973 5. - - 2 - . - . 1973 6. . . . . x x x x - . . - 1972 7. .. x - - 1981 8. .. x x x - . . 1972 9. . x - . . 1974 10. .. .. x - . . 1970 11. .. - . . 1977 ea. w w er e ea a

1 2 3

4 5 6 7

Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986, 326 trang. Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi, NXB H & THCN. 1974, Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm nang hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998 Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998, 280 trang Amigut D.Z. S tay th hn kh, 1974 . (ting Nga) Phrolop V.V. Teoriaticheskie osnovuw svarki, NXB Vishaia Skla, Moskva, 1970 Petrov, G.L Sumarev A.S. Teoria Svarochnuwk prosexov , Moskva, Vhaia Skola 1977. (ting Nga) Patn B.E. Technologia Electricheskoi Svarki plavlenia, NXB mashinostroienie M, 1974, 768 trang. (ting Nga)

M C L C Ni dung Trang

Li ni u 1 Chng I : HN KIM LOI 1.1 Khi nim chung v hn kim loi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Phn loi cc phng php hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chng II QU TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY 2.1 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Vng hn & nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 T chc kim loi mi hn & vng cn mi hn . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 3 HN H QUANG TAY 3.1 - H quang hn v nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 - nh hng ca in t trng i vi h quang khi hn 3.3 - Phn loi hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 - Ngun in hn v my hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 - in cc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 - Qu trnh nng chy & dch chuyn kim loi khi hn 3.7 - Cng ngh hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 - K thut hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 . Hn h quang bn t ng v t ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 6 7 9 10 15 18 20 33 35 38 43 45

49 Chng 4 HN V CT KIM LOI BNG KH 4.1 - Gii thiu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 - Vt liu hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.1 Kh xy k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.2 Kh axtylen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2.3 Cc loi vt liu khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 - Ngn la hn kh & ng dng ca chng . . . . . . . . . 4.4 - Thit b hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 - Cng ngh v k thut hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 - Ct kim loi bng kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chng 5 HN TIP XC 5.1 - S hnh thnh mi hn khi hn tip xc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 - Hn tip xc gip mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 - Hn im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 - Hn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

91

Chng 6 KHUYT TT MI HN V CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA 6.1 Cht lng ca mi hn 6.2 Khuyt tt ca mi hn 6.3 Cc phng php kim tra 6.3 Cc bin php gim ng sut cho mi hn TI LIU THAM KHO M C L C

104 104 107 108 109 110

92

IV TI LIU THAM KHO : 1 g Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986. 2 Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi, NXB. H & THCN. 1974, 3 Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm nang hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998 Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998. 4. .. 4 - . . 1971 5. . . . - . 1974 6. - . - . 1975 7. - - 1 - . - . 1973 8. - - 2 - . - . 1973 9. . . . . x x x x - . . - 1972 10. .. x - - - 1981 11. .. x x x - . - . 1972 12. . x - . - . 1974 13. .. .. x - . - . 1970 14. .. x - . - . 1975 15. .. - . . 1977

90

Tc gi v tn sch

S TT 1 2

Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986, 326 trang. Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi, NXB H & THCN. 1974, Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm nang hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998 Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998, 280 trang Amigut D.Z. S tay th hn kh, 1974 . (ting Nga) Phrolop V.V. Teoriaticheskie osnovuw svarki, NXB Vishaia Skla, Moskva, 1970 Petrov, G.L Sumarev A.S. Teoria Svarochnuwk prosexov , Moskva, Vhaia Skola 1977. (ting Nga) Patn B.E. Technologia Electricheskoi Svarki plavlenia, NXB mashinostroienie M, 1974, 768 trang. (ting Nga) Vainbim D.I. Avtomatichkaia i poluavtomaticheskaia Dugavaia svarka. NXB Sudostroienie, 1966, 434 trang . (ting Nga) Vnchenko V.N. Kim tra cht lng mi hn, NXB

4 5

7 8

Machinstroienie, 1975, 328 trang. (ting Nga) 10 OOB IEbKO B.C, HIIKOHOB A.B CBAPKA CYOBbIX KOHCTPYKUIIII B 3AIIIIITHbIX A3AX, 1972 HOBO JKIIOB H.M. OCHOBbI METAYPIIII YOBOII CBAPKII B AKTIIBHbIX A3AX, 1972 12 I E3bAX . K. CBAPKA HA OTKPbITIbX OIIIAKAX B

11

91

CYOCTPOEHIIII II CYOPEMOHTE, 1974

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