Tesis DR Pablo Garcia UPComillas

!!!

! "
## # "
# $
%
"

#
& ' ( )

"
" * + & "

*
"

, + &
)
#
# !
' $

)
-) ) '
.
$ #
/ 0
1
2 $
/ 1 .

&( 3&
(4
2
)

( #"

5 6
78 " " 9

:: 0# :
:; ;
:< =
:> - 2 ?

;: @ ::

;; ' A1 :;
;< 0 ) A1 :B
;> 0 A1 :C
;= 0 $
;:
;B . " # ) ;<
;B: # ) ;>
;B; $ #

) ;?
;D 0 $
;C
;? 0 A1 <:
;?: ( $ <:
;?; ( <;
;?< 0 <<
;C 0 A1 <<
;C: ( $ <>
;C; ( <=
;C< 0 :
<;: * >;
<;; >>
<;< @ >=
<;> ' , ) >=
<;= ' , F >D
<;B ' , ) >C
<< =E
<<: ' $ =:
<<; ' $
) =;
<<< ' , ==
<> ) =?
<>: $ # ) =?
<>; # BE
<>< ) B>
<>> B=
<= * D<

!"
>: @ D=

>; DD
>;: % DC
>;; 2 % F
?<
>< $ A1 ?>
>> * % ! ?C
>= # % #
C?
>B :E<

>D * % :EB
>? * ::>
" #$
%&%'
!
=: @ ::D

=; $..-0 ::?
=< $ $..-0 :;:
=> ) ! 2 :;:
=>: 0 :;;
=>; :;=
== * % :;?
=B * :<>
( )

*

!
B: @ :<D

B; ' :<?
B;: ' :<?
B;; ' $ :>:
B;< ' $..-0 :><
B< @ :>>
B<: ' GH :>>
#
B<; @ :>B

B> $ :>D
B= * :>C
! + $

"
D: @ :=:

D; * 2 A1 :=:
D;: $ :=;
D;; . # ) :=>
D;< - % A1 :B=
D;> . :BC
D< * 2 $..-0 :D;
D<: . # ) :D<
D<; - :DC
D> * :?;
, #- &

&

./

,"
?: @ :?=

?; :?D
?< $ :??
?<: # :?C
?<; # A1

:C:
?> * :C<
?= * :C?

0

C: @ :CC

C; 0 IJ ;EE
C< ' ;E;
C> * .* ;E=
C= * $..-0 ;ED
CB * ;EC
CD * ;:<
1
2

"
:E: @ ;:=

:E; ;:=
:E;: 0 A1 ;:=
:E;; 0 $..-0 ;:C
:E;< ( ;;E
:E< $ ;;:
& 34

#

5 .

6

*

) 7

"
': * # ;>=

'; 0 K ( ;>B
'< ) ;>C
#
#

;: ( ! A1 " "
:<
;; ( ! A1 "
" :>
;< ) )! # ) ;B
;> $ ;?
<: ' $ =D
<; ( $ "
" BB
<< $ # BD
<> (# #
) BC
<= #
# DE
: 34 " 34 ! D?
>; DC
>< ' ?;
>> ( ?>
>= ( ! A1 ?=
>B $ A1 $ F
# ?D
>D ( A1 " " ?C
>? '

$ CE
>C * A1 C;
>:E ' L
C<
>:: F
C>
>:; F
) ! C=
>:< F
) ! CB
>:> * A1
CD
>:= ( ! # CC
>:B ( ! # ? # :E:
>:D 1 A1 :E;

>:? . # ) F
) :E>
>:C (# # :E>
>;E . ) ! F
:E?
>;: F
) ! :EC
>;; . ) ! F
::E
>;< F
) ! :::
>;> ) A1 F
::;
>;= ) A1 F
) ! ::<
>;B ) # ) ) # ::=
=: " $..-0 ::C
=; ( $..-0 :;;
=< F
! 2 :;B
=> ' L !
2 :;D
== ( $..-0
" :;C
2
=B . # ) F
! 2 :<:
=D . # ) F
! 2 :<;
=? . # ) F
:<<
=C .
:<=
B: A1 ( :>E
B; 34 ( ! A1
34 1 # :>;
B< 0 # $ :> $..-0 :>>
B= ' H
:>=
BB ' L !
:>?
D: . JM
JM
JM
JM JM
# ) JK :==
D; . JM
JM
JM
JM JM
# ) JK :=B
D< . JM
JM
JM
JM JM
# ) JK :=D
2
D> 2 3 4
! 3 4 '
JM JM JK :=?
D= . JK
JK JK
JM :BE
DB . JK
JK JK
JM :B:
DD * JM JM
JK :B;
D? * JK JK
JM :B>
DC $ A1
G JM ( JM JK:BB
D:E ' L F
" 3

4:BD
D:: ' L 2 F
# ) "
3

4 :B?
D:; ( K K
JM JK :DE
D:< ( K K
JM JK :D:
D:> . JK JK JK JK (

! 2 :D>
D:= . JK JK JK JK (
F
! 2 :DB
2
D:B # F
:DD
D:D . # ) $..F
-0 JK JK ( F

! 2 :D?
D:? - # ) G JK
JK :?E
D:C - # ) G JK
JK :?:
?: ( ! :?D
?; ) A1 :?C
?< # )
A1 :CE
?> ' L
$
A1 :C;
?= # )
A1 :C<
?B A1 :C=
?D A1
:CB
?? A1
:CD
C: ' I (@ ;E:
2#
C; ! I A@( ;E<

C< ( ;E>
C> ( ! .* ;E=
C= ;EB
CB ( .* ;ED
CD $..-0 ;E?
C? K ) ;:E
CC K ) ;::
C:E K ) ! ;:;
': @# ) ;>D
'; K # ;>?
2#
2#

;: $ )
# ;E
;; #
# "
<:
>: # A1 C:
=: $..-0 :<E
B: ) 2
:>:
D: A1
A1 :=<
D; $
! :=>
D< $..-0 &
,
:D;
D> $..-0 &
,
:D<
?: ' A1

) :C>
': 0 # ;>B
'; . # ;>D
2#

0

. , ,

0
0 F
$
F
#
0 # #

0 # #

$
#
A1

$..-0
0 #

0 # #

)
0

! )F

"

0 #

#
#

)
K ! $
1 A1 .F

! 2 $..-0

1

1 F

0 )
) "

0 #

0 # #

0 # #

!

22

!

! .*

@# #

#

0
0
0 #
0 #

0 # F

0 # F

0 #

0 $

0 # F
$

0 # F

$

$ # 2 A1 . F
.*

! 2

$..-0
22

@
#

#

2 A1
#
0 # #

N #
# F

.
A1 3
4
# 2 A1
# $..-0
0 ! J
#

# 2 A1
# $..-0

# $..-0
* #

2 A1 $

* ! 2

* $..-0

*

#
22

* # 2 A1

#

"

2

0 ) $ = IF

0 #

# #

.

#
. 2 .* $..-0

. ! 2 $..-0
. )
!
. A1

$..-0
!
K !
!"
. !
!
. !

!
. A1

$..-0
!
K !
0 #
22

0 # #

$

$

0

$
* #
#
* O (
# #
* "

#
#
* ! 2 $..-0
#
* O *
@
@
$
@
0
0 #

$
0
0 F

22#
*

I
A1 F
$

*

I
)2 A1
. # !
%
%

%
) #
%
%
$ $ .

#
%
%
#

)
%
%
%
# F

"
%
%
%
# F

%
. # !
%
%

%
) #
%
%
$ $..F

-0 . #
%
%
%
#

"
%
%
%
#

K #

"

K F

$

K #

)
22#

K #

"

K F

&%
K #
&%
K #
"
1 '
"
1 .

$M0
"
. $M0
'
( !

$

.
2 A1 3 F
$ 4

K $

)

$

22#

)

*

"

$

) $

* $
#

$

"

$

K

"

K

$ "
&(
K "
&(
K #

$ #
)
&(
K #

&(
K
22#
&(
K $
P #

,

(

)
$

! J
, ,

N # .

#
*
*
*
*
F

* A1

$ F

) "

2 F

. 2
$..-0

! 2

! 2

) ) "
22#

$..-0

2

*

$..-0

# ! 2
$ F

2

* $

# F

#

$
# )

* # ) A1

# )

$..-0 2
# ) $

2

* # ) $ F

$..-0
+
$ # F

+
K !
.

.
222
,
,
(

$
,
,
$ $
,
,
(

,
,
$

K
.
. A1

$..-0

F

)
.

)

F

"

F

" ! 2

"

A1

$..-0
222
K #
.

)

F

"

K

# #

# # $

# #

# # #F
#
&
K

&
&

&
K -

. /
#F

0
# #
0
# # #F

#
K
1
1
K

#
$

1
$ , L : I
222
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

222
$ , L < I

) #
#

K #
K # #

K #
K #

K #

K # $
K #
$
K #
$
K # #

K # )
K #
K
K #

K

2
O .*
O # $

# 2 A1
0 #

0 #

0 # )

#

#

0 #

$
#

0 #

0 # F

$

0 # F

$
4
4
4
4
(

#
' " F

3) 4 .
) " F

222
' $

"
' 2 $..-0

#
N #

5

! # 3 #F

4
O ) !

-./
6
O #

$
6
O #
6
0" 6
6
O #

+ )
N #

1 # #

#

$

# F

# F
' # " #
8
K F
222#

0

0 F
#

0 )

0

0 F
$
F
#

0 $

#
' )

:
:
:
:
(

#
'

# # $
)

K #

) "
0 # 3 # F

4

K )

"
0

# #
222#

, ,

, ,

K #

0

0
0 #
@
NF;
@#
-

# -
-

# -

-
@ # -
K #
222#

( I "

" #
# $ # # 2 #
$
2
#

( " )

$
F
" #
"

)2 2
F
" "

2 #
) 2 # " )
$
# ) " "
" ) "

& # 1.$ 3

F
I 2 " 4
# " ) 3 F
4 ! .
) ) " " 3
2
) 4 ) F
# ' #
I # # "

2
)
) ) ) "

!#
& 1.$
$ #
# # #
" "

1.$
3G
:CC<4
3G
:CC=4 30

:CC=4 30
:CC=4%
" 2)F

"
# # "

" )

#
* #

,
"
& # 1.$ # # 1.$ # #F

3/
:CC;4 3/
:CC<4
" F
( ! 3 # 1.$
# # 1.$ #4 F
3 ! 4 & #
1.$ #

' # #
3
4 # $ F

# 1.$ # # 3
# # 4 #

3/
:CC>4
( 3(
:CCD4 / . 1.$ @(((
! " # 1.$ (
! 2
"% 34
34
34 2
& # 1.$ # F
)
) ) (

F

# !
) " " 3 #
" ) 4 $
# F

<

#

# "

3
4

#

"
) F "

" 3 $$* 3
:C?<44
, )
(

! &
( $$* F
#
# )

(
# 1.$ # F
# #

#
) ) 2 ) & #
# "
(
F
#
# , )
! #
# )

# ! )
" "
& # 1.$ # F
# ( F
" ( 3$ L
:CCB4 # #%

( #

2
# "

I #
>
(
# # 1.$ #
# %
N #

& #
2 , #
A # ! # "
# ! )

"
$ ) )
) ) " "

( A1 3

! I 4
3(
:CCD4 # 1.$ ) ()
#
2 2

3 4
. ) )
# # " %

) $ # #
# 1.$
)
) 3/
:CC;4
3/
:CC<4 3/
:CC>4

( # # A1 $
) 2 3G
:CC<4
3/
:CC;4
3/
:CC<4 3/
:CC>4
#
( # 1.$ ,

# % # #
# )
"

# & #
A1

2
#

8

# 1.$

!
#

8 7
& A1

# $

#
( #
3$
:CC?4 3/
:CCD4%

)
# I F
&
)
" ' ) 2
A1
" #
( I #
# 2 A1 &
# ( I
)

) I

"

!!" #
#$ % ##%"

&$

' (

)
*
+,
,
-.. "

" )
3/
:CC=4
I A1
& ) 3/
:CC=4

F
! & 3*
:CCB4
3
:CCB4 31
:CC?4
) # #
2 A1 $

) #
# ' #
)2
#
# )

F
! 3& $
:CCB4
30J + J
:CCC4
31
:CCC4 3*
:CCB4

2
A1
I

#
%
0 A1

- )
# ) 2
A1
A1 '
! # )

A1 2 #
) , $ / $ / /

' , #

A1
( 2 #
) A1 $ Q "
# Q 3 #
:CCB4 Q ! #Q
3

4 3J
:CCB4 )
! # 3 2 4 $
#

) !" #
# 1.$ 3J
:CCB4 #
) (
3G /
:CCC4 #
# 1.$
! # "

( # " $
"
2
"

( " ; A1 )
, #
A1

)
" # )
0
, $ 0

$, 1 $

/ $ $
, ,

$

2 , 1 / *

$

* 3
$ / , 1 4

(5 6
/, 5,
1 *

$ /
$
( " < $

) # )
2 A1 A1 &
)
$

( " > A1 ( F

& $
$ F
3 A14

#
( "
A1
( " = ) # 1.$ 2 %
$..-0 3 !"#
()
* # 2 4 3(
:CCD4 ( $..-0 F
A1 F
# $ # F
)
"
)
)
( " B ,
2 ( #
A1 $..-0 . 2
A1 $..-0

( " D 2
A1 $..-0 )

) A1
#
# ) "
"
)
& "

# ( # " #
# A1 $..-0
2 # # 1.$ ( " ? A1

2
2 #
2 ( " C $..-0
&
# 1.$
.* 3

* . 4
# #
#

" :E

"

( I #
# ) (
L 2
# #
3 4 (
"
'
# 2
:E

A1 ,
) ( " #

) #

, A1
3-
:CC<4
3& $
:CCB4
3F
0HH J
:CCB4

( 3J
:C?>4 #
) # ) & #
# # )
# & "
, 3$ 0
:CC<4
3$
:CCD4
3/

:CC=4 3*
:CCB4
#

( $ ;; A1
( $ ;< ) A1
2" # ) #
#
$ ;>
#
( $ ;=
J A1 #

( $ ;B
# )
#
) I "
# )
#
2 $ ;D
;?
$ ;C A1
# ,
!

"

#$%
( 1 ;: A1
" 3
$ # 4 ( A1

# )
3
4 ( # 3# 4 ) "
# 3
4 ( # 3# 4 ) " #
3 4 !
2 ( ! 2 #
A1 #
# )

( 1 ;; ! A1
" &
A1 #

#
:;
Nudo
emisor
UPFC
Linea de transporte
PCC
Nudo
receptor
T2
Filtro de
conexin
Serie
I2
Paralelo
I1
T1
1 ;:% ( ! A1 " "

3 4
3R
:CC<4 &

A1 "

& #
34 # "

A1 & #

(
A1 !

& #
) ) & %
# " #
3 4 %
# # &
#
S
)

! 2
3 < 4
:<
UPFC
vE
R1
L1
RT2 LT2
R2
PCC
v
is
L2
vR
i
iP
RF
pe
LF
RT1
LT1
+vC
C
0
pep
eP
1 ;;% ( ! A1 "

"
:>
A1 #

$
(
$ #

#
! 2
)
( $ A1 $
# #
2
#

$
I
! !
!

#

#

! !

!
!

!
#
3;:4
3;;4

!
!
K !

# #

' #

( ) )

* 3 (, G4
&
# #
A1 0 $
I " N

)

:=
(

) $
" ( ! $
#
(
"

! &
## "
$ ' # "

# ( 2) $ =
"&

#$%
& ) A1 # # $

& ) $ %

%

%

%
3;<4
3;>4
3;=4

:B
* $ 3

4
$

3 4

-

. /
#
$
. -

. /
#

%
%
. -

. /
#

%
. -

. /
#

)
# $
& ) # $ )
$ *

# %
%
%
* #

*
& ) %

%

%

%
3;B4
3;D4
3;?4

* 3 4

3 4

. -

. /
#

:D

-

. /
#

%
%
% . -

. /
#

F
) #

& ) # 2
$ 2
*

# ) %
%
% *
) #

*
& ) " F

!
# $ #

& %

3;C4

.

$

:?

2 F

& 3;C4

) F

$
"
%

3;:E4
# ( ) 3;:E4
,
$ #

% %

%
% %

%
3;::4
3;:;4
& 3;::4 3;:;4 # ) # F
( 3;:E4
3;::4 3;:;4

)
# $
#$%

(
)

)
# 2 #
#
A1
!
. ;: $
:C
K
0 0

. !

!

!

@
$ !

$
$

.
!

!
@ $
!

$

. ;:% $ )
#
( #
#
A1
N
(
)

#
3 " >4
$

3;<4
3;>4
3;=4 3;B4
3;D4
3;?4
$
#
#
'

$
) #

%
( $

%

%

%
;E
3;:<4
3;:>4
3;:=4
(

%

%

%
3;:B4
3;:D4
3;:?4

$

)
#
%
(

% %

%
3;:C4
3;;E4
3;;:4
% %

%
' % (

"
)
A J 3R
:C?B4

) $ &
J

6

6 !
6
6
!

6 !

6
!

3;;;4
;:
F

J 3&
:C?:4 6 )

! #
( # ) 3- . /4
# 3= 1 >4
! #
%

1
1
1

1
1
1

3;;<4
#

1
1
1

1
1
1

3;;>4
$ 3;;>4 3;:<4

3;:>4 3;:=4
$ # #

6

%

6
%

%
3;;=4
3;;B4
3;;D4

;;

1 >
#
F
$
.
1 >
#

%
%
.
1 >
#

%
.
1 >
#
#
$

# #

6

%

6

%

%
3;;?4
3;;C4
3;<E4

%
%
%

1 >
#
F

.
1 >
#

.
1 >
#
#

* +,

&
( # # 1.$ I
"
A1
#
#
( F
# ) ( # )
;<
3J

:C?>4 3' J

:CC>4

) # 1

#
# )

!" #"!$" !%"&"

# ) 2
#
#

( 3J
:C?>4
A J

6
# )

3;<:4

3;<;4

&
&(
;>
3;<<4
3;<>4
& # &( #
" * %
& # # ) ) F

& # )

) # & &(
& #

# & &(
! + +
& ) J
3&
:C?:4%
: & 2 #
; & J #
! "
< & J #
# !
#
> $ )

#
& &(

34

: J

1 ;;

3;<=4
& 3;<=4 ) # &
&( 2 %
;=
eje-qs
i
v
iq
! red
ip
'
red
eje-ds
1 ;<% ) )! # )

& &(
3;<B4
( 1 ;< # & &( ( #
&( &( (
3;<B4

&
&( &( & &( & &( & &(

"#

3;<D4
' 3;<D4 &( # % &(

&(
$ &( # ) ! #
)
& &(
;B
3;<?4
& 3;<D4 3;<?4 %

& &( ;

& &( ;
3;<C4
3;>E4
;

& &(
1
) F

;
< > J

3;<C4 3;>E4 %
!$ :
!$ :
3;>:4
3;>;4

!$
. !
!
' )

;
' 3;>;4

)

# ) F
) # (

3;>:4
#
;D
eje-qs
eje-q
eje-d
! red
vd
v
i
id
'
iq
red
eje-ds
1 ;>% $
!%'" #(#!" "#" ) #) )" !" #") *

#"!$" !%"&"
( 1 ;> , # (
# &

# 2
# %
3;><4
3;>>4
&
&(
' " #

F
%

J
6
;?

&

6
6
6
6
6 !

6 !
6 !

6 !
6 !

6
!

6 !

6 !

3;>=4

3;>B4
$ 3;><4 3;>>4 3;<C4 3;>E4

%

3;>D4
3;>?4
3;>D4 3;>?4

2 #"

# )
#

) $

# )

- % (

"

%%
( 3;:<4
3;:>4 3;:=4 $ 3;:B4
3;:D4 3;:?4

2" 2
;C
# ) ( $ ;B

# )
#
( ) $

& $ F
3;;=4
3;;B4 3;;D4 6 6
1 >
(
$ %
%

%

%
3;>C4
3;=E4
3;=:4
$

)
%

%

%
3;=;4
3;=<4
3;=>4

. ;;
# . #
# " # 3 4 N
# 3
# ) 4 #
# :
<E
K
0 K " K

;
# )
;

.
! !
!$

3! 4

;

;

.
! !

. ;;% #
# "

. #$%

/

( # ,
A1
+ ,"!% %" ) '%" # #!

( $ $ ;D !
%
& )
#

$

N
& #

& 3;>C4
#
A #

$ %
<:

%

%
3;==4

&(

&( &%

3;=B4

&(
&%
K $ 3&( 4

K # 3&% % % 4
+ ,"!% %" ) '%" #

"#"))
'
F
%

%

%

3;=D4

&(

&(
&%

&(
&%
<;
K 3&( 4

K 3&% % % 4
3;=?4
+- ) ) !#,! ##! !,"

* 3;:C4 3;;E4 3;;:4 # )F

)
%

% %
% %
3;=C4
3;BE4
3;B:4
N 3;BE4 3;B:4

$ ( #
#

)

2
#
0 #$%

/

( A1 )
!

$ A1

3;B;4
3;B<4
<<
# %

3;B>4
3;B=4
(2 2

3;B;4 3;B<4 &
2
# 31J H
:C?E4 (
# #

%%
%

%' ?
3;BB4
3;BD4

. ,"!% %" ) '%" # #!

3;BB4 3;BD4

$ %

: :
4 4 %

: :

4 4 %

<>
3;B?4
: %
:
4
4
%

% %

% %

% %
%

%

% %

3;==4 3;B?4 #

#
$
(
#
4

. ,"!% %" ) '%" #

"#"))
$
%

: :
4 4 %

: :

4 4
%

3;BC4

%

%

%
: %

:

%
4

%
%

%

<=
4
%

%
%

%

$

( #
4

,
.- ) ) !#,! ##! !,"

F
2 # 31J H
:C?E4

3;DE4
'

)

%

%

%

%

3;D:4
3;D;4
3;D<4
1 2

( " A1
) ( $
# ) (
) $ #
<B
$ '

" A1
"

A1%
)

& )
) A1 (
) # ) #

)
) 2 # (

,
) ,
( A1 #
( , )

F
)
I
,

<D
<?
!

"

( $ ;; A1

#
$ ( $
I " (
)
$ ( " $
&
# "

)

#
2 " 3R
:CC<4 ( 3-
:CC<4

" ) F
$ # ) &
3-
:CC<4

) %
# F

,

( 3& $
:CCB4
) $
( #

# # ) )

3F0HH J
:CCB4 #
# ) )
$
#

"

3*
:CCB4
# 3# 4 %
#
& #
3 4 ) ) $
# ( G
% 3 % 4
%
% %
(
% # ) % (
3*
:CCB4 ,

# % %
#
(

2 #
$
2
& " 3*
:CCB4 3

:CCB4
31
:CC?4 30J + J
:CCC4 (

2 #
T
31
:CC?4
%

% S

( # "
>E
) ( $ <;

(
2
) )

# .
)

2 "

,
)
. 2 $ <;

, # (

, ( $ <<
)
!
# )
) $

, ( $ <>

& ) # "
$

%

& 2 " )
#
( $ #
! ( $ ;?:
$ $
;C:
#
>:

$
- %,%" '#")

& # F
3;B>4 3;B=4 %

3<:4
3<;4

$

3<<4
# F # #
#
# * ' !
#

3<>4
# #

3
>;
4 ' 3<<4 3<>4

)
& # 2

#

3<=4
$ 3<=4 3<:4 3<<4
%

3<B4
#
# #
#
# 3-H
:C?:4
(

(
(

3<D4

3<=4 3<D4
(

(
(

3<?4

(

(

3<C4

$ 3<:4 3<;4

# 3
4
# 3
4 ( # #
34

" 3
3<C44
><
- #) ##!") # #")!'"!/ ) %"

( ) 3<:4 !

3<:E4
#

3<::4
& #
, # #
) 2
#

$ 3<:4 3<;4

# 3
4 ! 3
4 #
2 ! # 3

4
& !

3<:;4
* 3-H
:C?:4
#

3-H
:CD?4 3-H
:C?:4
(
) (
#
) 2 3RJ
:C?=4
>>

#
)
-- # ,!/ )" #(#!"

# ! #

%

3<:<4

# # (
3<:<4 %

3<:>4
$ )
3<:>4 & #
# $

3
4

3<:=4

#
$

(
,
3<:=4 #
-0 !%1 ," )* #) !&'!"

G ,
( 2 ,
>=
)
( 3-H
:CD?4 3-H
:C?:4 )
A #
%

3<:B4
3<:D4

# # )
$ )

)

(

3<:?4

#
#

) '

2 %
>B
3<:C4

3<;E4
$ 3<:>4 3<;E4 # ,

)
S

! 3

4
&
3<:?4

3<;:4
* ' $

3<;:4 F

)
-2 !%1 , #) ##!")3!4#")

& )
$
)

$

2 # 31J H
:C?E4%

3<;;4

3<;<4
>D

' #
3<:B4 3<:D4 3<;;4 3<;<4
#

$ ) F

)

3<;>4
%

3<;=4

%

3<;B4

)
3<;B4
>?
- !%1 , #) ! ," ) ##"% )%

&),)%
G )
) $
2 #) )
(
)
)
A
,

3<;D4
3<;?4

( # 3<;D4 3<;?4
31J H
:C?E4%

3<;C4

& 3<;C4
3<:4
, 2
#
(

3<<E4
>C
$ * @

( !#

#

%

( "
#
) ( ,

) ) F
3 )4S )
# ) #
# 3 4
( # $

) )
(
) # # (
#
) "
( $ 0@0-

F
# (
# $
0@0- 3
# 4 3 #F
# 4

,

. )
#
$

=E
-- %'%!!/ ) '%" # #! %,5%!%'"%

#)
( " ; $
2

: :
4 4 %

: :

4 4 %

(

(
3<<:4
$ #

3 4 3 )

, $

3<<:4 $ # #
# # # S )
% %
)

% %
# 3<<:4
$ %

:
,

:

,

3<<;4

,

,

:
:
4 4 %

4 4 %

3<<<4
=:
( 3<<;4 ) (

#
# # )
,
) , )

0@0- $ 3<<;4

3<<>4
3<<=4

:
,

:
,

, ,
, ,

' 3<<<4 #

%

%

:
:

,

,

3<<B4
& 3<<B4 #

'
$ 2 #

44 44
#
-- %'%!!/ ) '%" # #! %,5%!%'"%

#) ! ," ) ##"% )% &),)%
( $ <<: )
$

$ <;B

) $ ) 3<;D4
=;

: :
4 4

: :

4 4
%

%

(
3<<D4
%
%
F
$

# 3
U
4
$ <<:

$

:

:

,

,

3<<?4

,

,

:
:
4 4

4 4
%

%

3<<C4

3<<?4

$ <;B
F
) # )
#

:

,

,

,

3<>E4

:

,

,

,

3<>:4
=<
(
, $

)
,
, 3<>E4 3<>:4 &
#
%

%

%

:
:

,

,

3<>;4
(
# #

#

3 (

(
4

%

%

:
: (

(

,

,

3<><4
& (

(
2

# ( #
)
F
)
30" $
:CCB4
$ ! # 1
1
1

)

3<>>4
3<>=4
3<<>4 3<<=4

#

%
=>
(
:
,

3<>B4
3<>D4
(
:
,

3<>>4 3<>=4 #

:
,

(

:
,

(

3<>?4
3<>C4
(
3(
4 3 4
&
3<>?4 3<>C4
# (
)
--- !%1 , #) %")" ##!") !4#")

( $ <<; ) $
, #

# $ <;=
& ) #

1

,

:

1

,

,

3<=E4
==

,

1

,

3<=:4
( )

$ <;;
3<=E4
&

:

3<=;4
<

' ) #

1

,

:

1

,

,

3<=<4

,

=B

1

,

3<=>4
iSd
iSd
Ecuaciones
dinmicas
xId
eje d
ud
KSd
iSq
iSqr
Ecuaciones
dinmicas
xIq
eje q
uq
KSq
edc
udc
uqc
Ecuaciones
de
desacoplo
iSd
Compensador
Serie
eqc
iSq
1 <:% ' $

& 2

3<=<4 )
& # #
3<><4
1 <:
$
( %
# )
# # $

) $
3<=:4 3<=>4 3<><4

#

3<==4

(
1
,

(

(
1
,

(

=D

%
%

:
:

& )

G , $
%
# ) $ <<<

# F
(

#

# )

(
# )

3RJ
:C?=4
#
-0 %!5!)! " )% ",$")#% " "'5!% )% "#&'3

#%
(
! #
!

=?

3<=B4
3<=D4

# F
K #

K # ( "

#
&
" )

3MJ
:CB=4
5
3<=?4
% 5 #

( # 3 4
34 ( 3MJ
:CB=4 5 ! F
,
) #

+ 5

3<=C4
+ # F

+

3<BE4
& # # #
(

#

+
)

# 5 ! ,
( 3MJ
:CB=4
=C

57

3<B:4
7
#

7

3<B;4
( ! # !

3 57
4 # $
" "

" # $
# !
"
( #
!
)
5 ,

# 3MJ
:CB=4
+
7

3<B<4
(
#F

(2
(
) #
# 3MJ
:CB=4
-0 %!4"!/ #5,%" ",$#%

' 3<B;4 #
#
BE
(

#

$ #
#

. 3MJ
:CB=4
3<B;4 )
7

34
( 7
) #
# " 3&

:CC?4 3 4
# ( !

! ,
# #

)2 #
'
# ) #

! ) 6 #

6
3<B=4
)2 # " 6

(2 # ) F

2 ( #
) # !

#
2 ) 3&
:CC?4 ( )
2 3RJ
:C?=4
B:
(

6 2 2 36)* 4

6 2 ) 6)*
6 N #
( 7

6 ) ) 3 6 4 (
! 6 )2
#

# #
6
$
)
) 2"
# "
# )
@

3<BB4

2 )

3<BD4
@ ! 3<=?4

5
3<B?4
' 3<B?4 %
&

2 1

0

7/
8
B;
&

F; 3<B?4
5
3<BC4
3MJ
:CB=4 3/ # &

:CCB4%
: A
; / / /
<

5
3<DE4

3<DE4 3<B:4

7
7

3<D:4
& 3<D:4 34 )2
# F
) ( 7
I #
#

B<
# 7

7
I F
# #
(
! # 7

$

3RJ
:C?=4
7
( ! 7

# N # 6

-0- &)!%!% )" #5,%6 ) #) %")"

( # #
$ )
2 $ <>; 2 ) #

& ) $

3<D;4
3<D<4
$ 3<?4%

(

(
(

3<D>4

B>
( (
(

(

(

(

3<D=4
N

# ( !
#
3<D=4

)
@ 3<D>4 3<D=4
#
3 4 )
# F

# (
# (
# 7

$ <>;
F
)2 # ( !
#

3 # ) 4

#
-00 "% 7')

& #
& #
#

"
$ <>< )

2 #

& 1 <;
"
&'( 30 HJ
:CCD4
B=
vE
vR
p, q
1 <;% ( $ "

"
( 2 $ ;?: ) F
1 <; 3;==4
2

%

%

%
3<DB4
( . ;;

#
) %
<
( # ) )
$ ) ( 3<DB4
)
%

2

8
( , #

F
# 6 ) #
#
! 3 4 #
%% % % ( )
# # ! 2
L
3&
:CC?4
) ) 2 #
& , %
BB
eje-q
vq
dq
vd
eje-d
1 <<% $ #
$ G

( G
) ,
( # )

# ,
#
# # I

( 1 << )!

# & # ( # !

#
6 N 6

)
0 3<D:4

# )2
#" ) ( 1 <> 34
BD

1 <> 34
1 <> 34
( 3 4 6
(

I #

" ! 3
4 # (

# ) ) )

N # #
#

)

( 1 <= # #

$ 3 4 &
#
# ) , VW

# !

# ) , VW
)
# &
# # )
%

" "
# ( #
) " ( "
#

, $ # )2

8
-
( # #

3 4 #
B?
(a)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
135
90
pu
10
45
grados
(b)
(c)
3
x 10
0.03
0.02
2.5
0.01
0
0
10
135
0
0
10
135
90
pu
10
45
grados
90
pu
10
45
grados
1 <>% (# # F
) % 34 # #
34 #
# 34 # #

BC
0.1
=0,816
0.08
=209,82
n
n=144,75
0.06
f
0.04
0.02
0
=1
0.02
0.04
|z|=1
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.8
i
=0,816
0.85
0.9
0.95
1 <=% #
#
# ,

& , %
$ G

(
34
$ #
3 4

#
7
" 3 ) 4
3RJ
:C?=4 )
" "
'
DE
0.14
0.12
(a)
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
(b)
0
0.4
(c)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 <B% (# # ) %
34 # #
34 #
# 34 # #
(

3<:=4

)

# )2 3<D:4 #
) ! .
1 <B
& # )
#" ( " #
3 4
" )

)
1F
<= )2 #
D:
r
Sd Sd
r
Sd Sq
i /i
i /i
1.5
(c)
5%
(b)
1
5%
p.u.
(a)
(c)
0.5
(b)
(a)
0
0.5
r
Sq Sd
r
Sq Sq
i /i
i /i
1.5
(c)
(b)
5%
5%
p.u.
(a)
0.5
(c)
(a)
(b)
0.5
0
0.01
0.02
s
0.03
0.04 0
0.01
0.02
s
0.03
0.04
1 <D% . 34
34
34 (

# ( #
31 <B 344 # (
#

, $ # )2

1 <D
$ $
% 3 4

D;
34 (

#
#
( ,
( ) )

#
. 3 4

3 # ) 4
) 3 # # )
4
' 2

( " $
#%
# ) ) (

& # $ ) F
$ #
# #
(

#
A #
,
#
, F
( $
& F

)
#
# # 3
D<
4 $

" #
36 4 "
6 A

# )2 #
) (

" # )2
6

# ( !
#

)
0

&
#
)
# ) 3
# ) 4 )

)2 #
( , # )2
)
( )
$
) $

#

$
) )
$..-0

,

D>
#

" $ %

( " < $

A1 ( $

# "
$

# A1
#
& F
$

3/
:CC<4 ( A1
#
F
! 2S
"
#"
& ) A1 3/
:CC=4
& $ F
% $ #
) "

( " # "
3& $
:CCB4
30J + J
:CCC4 31
:CCC4

) #
(
$
3*
:CCB4
3
:CCB4
31
:CC?4 3$

:CC?4
( " A1
(
$ >;

! , (
$ >< A1

# ) #
( $ >>
# !
( A1
(
# "
#
) $ >=
# ) $

A1
) ( $ >B
#
A1
"
$ >D
$ >?
DB

"
% /

( 1 >: 34 !
1 >: 34 ! ( # 3 4

"

( !
# ) "

)
2 34
#
S

2
#
&

#

# )
(
#
" =
& #" "
(
#
$ # # 34
& #
# 34
# "

( ! 1 >: 34 )

) F
3 4

2 3 4 ( #
# 2

DD
(b)
(a)
PCC
PCC
v
pP
Filtro de
conexin
iP
LP
T1
RP
I1
Compensador
Serie
pe
Compensador
Paralelo
+VC
C
pep
eP
1 >:% 34 " 34 !

#

##
# (
! 2

( 1 >; )
(2
3 4

& ( 3
2 4 3 4 (
, ) ) 2

) , "

#" )

D?
pe
vCr
pPr
Control de
tensin
Control de
potencia
eP
pP +
Compensador
Paralelo
vC
Condensador
1 >;%
0 #) !#8 #) )" !" ) '%" #
"#"))
( " ; 3>:4
2

: :
4 4 %

: :

4 4
%

3>:4
$ #

3 4 # ) 3 4
# 3 #
) # 4 )

,

( (

# ) " #

#
'

" # ) ( " <
DC
$

& ) $

& ) , F

1

,

1

,

:

1

,

:

1

,

,

,

3>;4
3><4
%

,

,

1

,

1

,

3>>4

3>=4
( ) F
#
3>;4 3><4
&

?E
:

3>B4
( # <

F
#

%

%

%

:
:

,

(

,

(

3>D4
& 3>D4 #

&
&
(
(
2 $ <<;
( 1 >< (
% ) #
#
$ <<<

%

3>?4

(
1
,

(

(
1
,

(
?:
iPd
iPd
Ecuaciones
dinmicas
xId
eje d
uPd
KPd
iPq
iPqr
Ecuaciones
dinmicas
xIq
eje q
uPq
KPq
ePdc
uPdc
uPqc
Ecuaciones
de
desacoplo
iPd
Compensador
Paralelo
ePqc
iPq
1 ><% '

%
%

:
:

( )
) $ #

$

$ <>

2 A1 # )
3 4 #
# ! $
) $

?;
0 #) 9#8 #) )" %!/ )% %" #%
")"'!
( " ; )
2 %

3>C4
( $ >; ! # )
(
3>C4 2 %

3>:E4
& 3>:E4 F
& #
#

( 1 >>
(
# (
,
# )
$ 3>:E4 )
#
,

N
!

!

?<
pe
vCr
u u2
u
+-
Control de
tensin
pPr Compensador Paralelo pP +

Potencia real
Condensador
vC
u 2
u
u
1 >>% (

# #
&
(

) 3 "
4 )
3-
:CC?4
(
#$%
( , $
$
$ #

'
!
$ (
A1
# ) "
#
( 1 >= ! A1
" " $
3%4 I 3 4 # "
?>
pS, qS
p, q
PCC
pP
LP
pe
RP
+vC
C
pep
eP
1 >=% ( ! A1

(
" F
$ 34 (

3 4 I
F
2

# (
2
$ >;
! 2
( 1 >B 34 A1
& $
2 " <
$ >;:
# ( # A1
# ) 3 4 &
$

3>::4

?=
'

$ $
$ ,
)
#
(
A1 $ #
) #
A1 A
,

( $ F

F
( )
# # 34
#" ( 1 >B
,
) 1 >>
( # #

#F
& #

! 2
& ! 1F
>B 34 ( # 3
4
)
3
4 &
" #
$

A
, (

$ >;:
<

)
?B
(a)
pSr
pr
+
vCr
Control de
tensin
Compensador Serie
pS
Potencia real
pPr Compensador Paralelo

+
p
+
pP
-
Potencia real
Condensador
vC
+
pe
pe
qr
Compensador Serie
Potencia
reactiva istantnea
(b)
pe
Prealimentacin
P(z)
vCr
Control de
tensin
+
+
pe
pPr Compensador Paralelo pP

Potencia real
GPd(z)
+
-
Condensador
vC
1 >B% $ A1 $

# 34 $ A1
# 34

)
?D

3>:;4
& #

F
( ! "
#

! 3
4 )

" ,

3>:<4
( #

!

$
3# 3;D;44 &
$ $
#

%

%

3>:>4
& 3>:>4 #

??
vE = 1,005 p.u.
= 1
R+jX= 0,01+j0,1 p.u.
p, q
PCC
vR= 1 p.u.
pP
pe
RP+jXP= 0,1+j1 p.u.
vC= 1 p.u.
xC= 1 p.u.
+
-
pep
eP
1 >D% ( A1 " "
2

3 4

A1
) 1 >D & ) ) 2 F

. ;;
# "
# A1 )2
$ '
)2
A1 )
#
( 1 >? A1
2 1 >D & ! #
#
" $ 3% 4

(

"

A1 )2 $
?C
Q (p.u.)
0,5
A
-1
-0,5
d
0,5
P (p.u.)
-0,5
D
dmax
-1
1 >?% '

$
3 % 4 & " "
" # & " # "

# $
)
I

% # 3 ) $
$ $

) "

L
'
$ ! )'( $ F
" %
( 3" A14

CE
$

+

+

. >:% # A1 &
# ++ ++
(

" G
( )

# ) ,
(
# " 384 8 +
+ # !
'
# ,
3 )

3*#
:CBC44
( . >: #
A1 ( ,
" < $ >;
#
% % 3 # F
4

,
& ) , %

( ) #

1 >?% L
L

' ( 1 >C #
) & !
C:
(a)
1.4
1.2
p.u.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(b)
0.1
0
p.u.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
1 >C% * A1 % 34
34
34 # ) 34

( )
#

"

F
( )
( ) ! &
F
C;
(a)
60
50
dB
40
30
20
10
0
(b)
150
grados
100
50
0
1
10
10
10
10
rad/s
1 >:E% ' L

!
!% 34 34
3+ . >:4
L (
) !
, 3 4 ( 1 >:E
L
( F
1 >C &
1 >::
>:; >:<
# #
$
C<
(a)
1.1
p.u.
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.01
p.u.
0
0.01
0.02
1.02
p.u.
1.01
1
0.99
1 >::% F
% 34 3 4
34
$ 34 F
3 4 34 #
#
#" 3# )2
4 ) !
# 3# )2
4
) !
) ( #F
3# )2
4
) !
# )
C>
(a)
1.1
p.u.
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.01
p.u.
0
0.01
0.02
1.02
p.u.
1.01
1
0.99
1 >:;% F
) !% 34 3 4
34
$ 34
3 4 34 #
#
C=
(a)
1.1
p.u.
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.01
p.u.
0
0.01
0.02
1.02
p.u.
1.01
1
0.99
1 >:<% F
) !% 34 3 4
34
$ 34
3 4 34 #
#
CB
(a)
1.2
1
p.u.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(b)
1.1
1.08
p.u.
1.06
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
1 >:>% * A1

% 34 34
# ) 34 34

) 1 >:>
( (
!
)
CD
' % " 3 /

& # 1.$

A1
$..-0
) F
) )

)
# ) # "

)
! #
2

# # #
#
&
! F
# (2 "
% # " #
M0
( 1 >:= ! #
$..-0 0K* $#
N F( . 3$
:CCD4 #
3 4 /.-
& #
&
* 3 4

1 >:D 3:4 & !
30
:CC<4
$..-0 0K* &
# * 3/
:CC<4
"
*' "
C?
3>:=4
Transformador
de acoplamiento
ACOPLAMIENTOS MAGNTICOS PARA

CONSTRUIR LA ONDA MULTIPULSO
1 >:=% ( ! #

*'
"
' " 3 G (,4
&

1 >:D 3:4

3$
:CCD4
3/
:CC<4 3/
:CC;4
#
(

JG )
( # " F
# M0 $ # # )
# M0

& ) F
3 *
"
$M04

30HHH
:CCD4 30HHH
:CC?4 .
CC
3LJ

:CCD4 # 3# +%
"
$K04 !# & #
$M0 !

#

# , 30HHH
:CCB4 $
3"
4 F
( 30
:CC=4 2 #
( 30HHH
:CC?4 2
# $M0
( 1 >:B !
3 4 # )
$M0
, ,
1 >:D 3:4 # (
30HHH
:CC?4 "" 3 "
4 ,
"

"

# #
( 1 >:D "F
# " #
# & " # F
G ( "
# '
#

$
" # 3 G4
# 3 G4
' # ) # )F
)

3/
:CC<4 3/
:CC=4 F
:EE
Transformador
de acomplamiento
I1
I2
I7
I8
1 >:B% ( ! # ? #
:E:
(b.1)
0.1
0.05
0.05
p.u.
p.u.
(a.1)
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.02
s
0.03
0.1
0.04
0.01
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.04
(b.2)
p.u.
p.u.
(a.2)
0.02
s
0.5
0.01
0.02
s
0.03
0.04
0.01
0.02
s
1 >:D% 1 A1 % 3:4 F
$ #
3;4 "
#
3:4 $ " #
3;4 " " #
3$
:CCD4 ( # #
$M0 # )F

# #
)
& # # F
" & # # %
& # G F
" #
:E;
3 1 >:B

G4
& " # ) )
, 30HHH
:CCD4

# )
30
:CC<4
& " # #
#
* %

"/

(
# 2 #

A1 ) )
( ! )

A J
#
# ! )
3
4 $
2 " ; 1 >:?

#
34
)

3 4 # (
1 >:C #

! (

# #

3
4 # # 3
4
& # 3
4
#
:E<
eje-qs
eje-q
eje-d
edqs (k)
eqs (k)
! red
ed
eq
red
eds (k)
eje-ds
1 >:?% . # ) F
)
eje-q
edq(k)
eq(k)
edq
edq(k+1)
eq(k+1)
! red
red
ed(k)
ed(k+1)
eje-d
1 >:C% (# #
:E>

3
U
4
%

%

6
%

6
%

%

%

3>:B4

6
%

6
%

3>:D4
$

#
) , # # - 3>:B4 3>:D4
2

%

6

B
%

6

(

6
%

6

%

(
3>:?4
B

,
B ( 3/"F
:CCE4
#
#
,
( 3>:?4 6
$
)

" < ( )
6
6
) 3>:?4
:E=
%

6

B

6

%

6
%

6

%

3>:C4
& 3>:C4

) )

, 1 )
(
A1

- 2

3
& $ >>
A1 $

# 3 )4
# 3 )4 #

"%
( 3" A14

# )
& # )
) F

(

" G
( )

:EB
(
#
&
$ >> 31 >D4 2

(
( 1 >;E
'
#
# # (

( 1 >;: )
1 >;E
2

) ! )

!
'

3 4
(

3 4 (
#" !# (

( 1 >;; >;<
3>:C4 ' #

)
# ! 3# 1 >C4

$
3 4

$ 3 4

, 3 4

# , (

#
:ED
(a)
1.2
p.u.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(b)
0.1
0
p.u.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
1 >;E% . ) ! F
% 34 34
34 # ) 34

:E?
(a)
1.5
p.u.
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(b)
0.04
0.03
p.u.
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
1 >;:% F
) ! % 34

34 $
34
3 4

:EC
(a)
1.2
p.u.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(b)
0.1
0
p.u.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
1 >;;% . ) ! F
% 34 34
34 # ) 34

::E
(a)
1.5
p.u.
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(b)
0.04
0.03
p.u.
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
1 >;<% F
) ! % 34

34 $
34
3 4

:::
(a)
p.u.
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
p.u.
0
0.2
0.4
1.1
p.u.
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
1 >;>% ) A1 F
% 34 34

34 # ) 34
34

( 1 >;> >;=
(

) ! (
)
! 3# 1 >C
>:: >:;4
::;
(a)
p.u.
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
p.u.
0
0.2
0.4
1.1
p.u.
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
1 >;=% ) A1 F
) !% 34 34

34 # F
) 34
34
::<

1 >;B ) #F
) ) #
&

) ! &
# )
"

( # )

"
)

: # $
* )
. 2 %

( " A1 (
$ A1 F
&
# )

&

# # F
$ S
I
#" &
$
$ %
)
! ) ! &
! ) ! ) #
) & )
! ) # #
)
F
# ) (
)
::>
(a)
1
p.u.
0.5
0
0.5
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(c)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(d)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(e)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
s
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
p.u.
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
1
p.u.
0.5
0
0.5
1
p.u.
0.5
p.u.
0
0.2
0.4
1 >;B% ) # ) ) # % 34
*
34 # *
34 *

34 3 4
# )
::=
#

$ # ) F
& # ) #
& " # # $M0 )
#
# )
#
) #

, " #
$
" #
#

# ) #
) N
) #

$ A1
#
)

) )
$ #
#

3 4 #
&

" #

::B
&
'(

")
'

( A1

#
$ (
# 1.$ $..-0 3
!"#
4 3(
:CCD4
# 3& .
:CCD4 ( "
$..-0
& # "
& I #

" # " '
# )
) # )
"
2 2

#
! " ( #

F
#

# 3/
:C??4
.
# F
3

#
.$4
3

.*4 3(
:CCD4
( # # 1.$ # F
" : $
#
$..-0 # ) ) )
2
3/
:CC<4

$..-0 3/
:C??4 3/
:CC<4

# ) # )
& 3$ 0
:CC<4 3$

:CCD4 ) #
) $

)
( " $..-0 (
$ =< ) $..-0 ( $ =;
$ =<
) ( $ => #
. #
$ ==
$ =B

'
"
(++%
( 1 =: ! $..-0 F
! L)
::?
(a)
(b)
PCC
PCC
v
Filtro de
conexin
pP, qP
ip
LP
T1
RP
I1
pep
+VC
ep
0
C
STATCOM
1 =:% " $..-0

# ( #
$..-0 # )
( 1 =: 34 # $..-0
)
#
I # 2
$ )

) )

$

3=:4
( ! 2 3 4
::C
# ) $..-0

&
!

#

&
!
!

#
#
3=;4
3=<4
# ! 2 3 G (,4

) 3! 4 # 3& 4
# 2
#

&
# # #

# # &
#
N $..-0 F
# # F
&
# " # ) "
#
)2 "
#
$..-0
F

#
3=:4
#
3 4
$..-0
#
! 2 3 4
:;E
' (
(++%
( 1 =; $..-0 (
# ) $..-0 3 4 (
3 4 )
$ >;;
$..-0
' #
)

)
)

#
( , $..-0 2
$ >;:

) F
" # &

# ) 3# " <4

# )

# 3# $ >;;4
' &

4

( 1 =; $..-0
& #
# ! 2 3 4
(
# 1.$
:;:
qp
qpr
vCr
Control de
tensin
ppr
Control de
potencia
eP
Compensador
Paralelo
pp
-pep
Condensador
vC
prdidas
1 =;% ( $..-0

# "
# )2 30
:CC<4 3$
:CCD4
( ! F
2
#
#
20 ) )"% :# ! "% 7%
A J # 2 #
3# $ ;B:4
! 2

3=>4
" ! 2
#
3R
:C?B4

6

6

:;;
3==4
3=B4
( ) 6 #

! $ ;=
$ 3==4 3=B4 3=>4

3=D4
( # $..-0 # ) F

.
,
#
) ( F
! 3=D4

3=?4
3=C4
3=:E4

31J
H
:C?E4
2

3=::4
3=:;4
3=:<4
& ! 2 3 4 #
# 34
:;<
$..-0 34 & #

#
$..-0
! "
&
# !
# # ! #

! 2 "
#
$ 3=::4
3=:;4
3=:<4 3=:4
F
) $..-0
%

3=:>4
& 3=C4

3=:E4 3=:>4
1F
=;
)
$..-0%
: & !
2
; ( #
"

< (

## "

:;>
20 '%"!/ )"% :# ! "% ' !" ," #")!'"3

!/
( # # F
$
)
#
3=C4 3=:E4 (
! 2

( 1 =< $..-0 &
# )
)
#

! 2
(
( #

#
" ( #

3
4
2

( ) $..-0

) , # )

)

$..-0
$ >;:

3=::4
3=:;4 3=:<4

3=:=4
:;=
qPr
qP
GPq
GPq
F
GPd-1
vCr
u u2
u
Control de
tensin
+
+
pPr
pF
pP -
GPd
-pep
Condensador
vC
u u2
u
1 =<% F
! 2

,

3=:B4
& )

(

! 2 ( 1 =>
L
# #
# & # % <
" #
3 # #
# 4
#
#
#

! ! 2
) # $
, 2 G
:;B
0
10
dB
20
30
40
50
(b)
(a)
(c)
60
200
grados
150
100
(c)
(a)
(b)
50
0
0
10
10
10
rad/s
10
10
1 =>% ' L !
2 3
4
% 34
34
34
:;D
) # # (

#

3=:B4 !

3=:D4

,
#

#

2 "
1 =< #
&

'' 2

3
# $..-0 F
) 1 == & ) ) 2

. ;;
# "
$ $ >D F
"
( $..-0 # )

( # ) F
)
(

" G
:;?
PCC v = 1 p.u.
qP, pP
pL
XP = 0,1 p.u.
pR
P
RP = 0,005 p.u.
pep
vC= 1 p.u.
+
xC= 1 p.u.
eP
-
1 ==% ( $..-0

"
( )

( # $ >B

( . =:
$..-0 ( ,

$ >;
%% 3
4

,

& ) , %
( 1 =B

=D =?
%
F
& $..-0
:;C
$ +

+

. =:% $..-0 &
++ ++
# 3 F
#4
!
# 3 #4 (

! . =:
( 1 =B
#F
! 2 (

$..-0
F

# ! 2
( # F

# (

$..-0
( 1 =D #
$..-0

) !
2
#

) (
#
#

1 =? &
$..-0 !
2

# , (
#
#

! 2
# ( !
#
:<E
(a)
p.u.
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(b)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(c)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
s
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
1.2
p.u.
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.1
p.u.
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
1 =B% . # )
! 2 % 34 # )
3 4
34 F
34

! 2
:<:
(a)
2
p.u.
1
0
1
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(b)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(c)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
s
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
1.2
p.u.
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.1
p.u.
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
1 =D% . # )
! 2 % 34 # )
3 4
34 F
34

! 2
:<;
(a)
p.u.
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(b)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(c)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
s
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
1.2
p.u.
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.1
p.u.
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
1 =?% . # )
% 34 # ) 3
4
34 34

!
2
(

! 2 3 4 # F
( !

" F

$ #
(

"
(
#
:<<
$ #

"
$
F
$..-0 3 # ) 4
( 1 =C
& #
) )

#

# ) (
#
)

'* 2

( " $..-0
2
$ >; ( $..-0 #
) ( )

,
# F
) # &
! 2 ( #
# !
2
! 2
" # #
"
!
2
"

) ! 2 (
:<>
(a)
p.u.
1.01
1
0.99
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(b)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0
3
x 10
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
(c)
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
s
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
1.3
p.u.
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
15
p.u.
10
5
0
5
1 =C% .
% 34 # )
34 F
3 4 34

:<=

# ) $..-0 .

! 2 &
$..-0 "
! 2S

#"
(
& #
$ ! )
# #

!
2 ' !
# ! 2
$ & F
) # ) $..-0
& # F

! 2

# "!

"

# ) # (
# & )

"
#
:<B
*
+

*

( " # A1
$..-0 F
$
#

)
)

( " ,
# ( # # )
#
A1 $..-0 (
H $

) ,
# H

* !

( A1 $..-0
( A1 # $
( $
A1 I " "
"
A1
)
# )
A1

$..-0
,
# $..-0
# ) )
$
$ , #
$ $..-0 3 4

A1 !
2
A1

! #
$ 3 !4 !
# $..-0 3
$..-04
%#!!/ )" !%")"!/

(
# 1.$ I
" *
# )

! #

# A1
( 1 B: ,
. B: # )
:<?
$ # ) #

@/L. ( # 0
K ( 3# +
"
$K04 3G
:CC>4
G ( '
# & )
) ) ( .
$ "
&

3R
:CC<4 "
) A1
3*
:CCB4
31

:CC?4
3
:CCB4 3(
:CCB4 ( 3$
:CC?4
" )
#
A1 # 2 A1 $

A1
,
"
#
N ( *
!
(
) ) (

!

# ) )

( 1 B; 34 ! F
34
( $

I A1 3& 4

N (
N *
"
$

0

9
(
:
*
%
# 5 #(#"
&$
' (

:<C
Nudo R
Lnea
380 V
50 Hz
PCC
Transformador
Serie
Nudo E
Filtro de
conexion
Transformador
Paralelo
Intensidades
Compensador Serie
Disparos
Inversor Serie
Disparos
Inversor Paralelo
Tensin
condensadores
Tensines
PCC
Intensidades
Compensador Paralelo
1 B:% A1 (
:>E
)
0

JK
! 3 " 4
K
! 3 " 4
K

!

K

K
JM
K
K
G
K

3# 4 3# 4

G

3# 4
# 4

K

1

. B:% ) 2

& & ( ! $
3 #4
F
A1 $

)
"
# "
! "
%#!!/ ) '%" # #!

# $
1 B< !
( !
(
!
$ (
% 34 $ " 34
$ " ( 34 ! "
:>:
(a)
(b)
Nudo R
E
V
I
Nudo E
E
PCC
IP
IP
1 B;% 34 ( ! A1

34 1 #
$ 34 "

( # #
"
F
! ) )

#

"
) #
30
:CC=4 3G
:CC>4
& $

$ #

!
" (

$ " &

$ # I "
:>;
Nudo R
PCC
Nudo E
I2
1 B<% 0 # $
- %#!!/ )
( 1 B> ! $..-0 )
$..-0 , ! 2 ( #
! (

( # #

& @#
! 2 #

#
#
# #
! ( ,
# & ! 2
)2
:><
Nudo R
I2
1 B>% $..-0

$..-0 2 & )
. B: 3 ) $..-0
4
( $..-0
A1
# # $..-0
$ A1 !

*

- %#!!/ ) ;"# <"#

( 1 B= H

'$
I <; . 2 .0$<;E<E ' J *0
:>>
Medidas
Disparos
Inversor Serie
A/D
FPGA
Serie
DSP
Disparos
Inversor Paralelo
FPGA
Paralelo
Interrupcin
1 B=% ' H

) )
&
# #
& <; :; &
# X' ) # C
& # ) >
2
# 1/
3 ,
4 # &
# 1/
# , ( )
' , 1/ )
3/"
:CCC4
(
)
1/ @# & 1/

;
0
: +0 5
:

/
%
# 5 #(#"
&$

' (

:>=
! ( '$

X' )
! ) # 2

# ( )
)
- %#,'"!/
&
#)
- (
# E JG
$ #

( 1 B: #
# )
'

#
" $

#

(
# !

(2 # # &
#

#

$ #
( 2

)
( #

:>B
& #

! ! & !
!
,

#

#
3
4
# # 2
#
%

3B:4

# # 2
3
4

)%

3B;4

%

3B<4
1 BB L

G
* (

& )'( 30F
HJ
:CC;4 "
%
* # 3*.M4 30 HJ
:CCD4 & # *.M
:>D
20
10
dB
0
10
20
30
40
100
grados
80
60
40
20
0
2
10
10
10
10
10
rad/s
1 BB% ' L !

:>?

#
)
& '$ . 2 .0$<;E<E "
*.M
0G ( *.M
'$ ( *.M #
'$

.
'$
! '$ "

*' 2

( " #
A1 $..-0 ( ,
# $
( $..-0 #
'
! A1

A1 ! !#
& $ I
"
# )

$

$
3 " 4
& $..-0 F
! 2 $
,
$..-0
:>C

, $..-0

#
1/ , & " 2
'$
)
) , #
& -' ( #

# ( F

#
& # !

, )'(

"
% * #' & # *.M
##
# '
, ) #

#F
#

I
# $
) #
) )
# #
( !
# A1 $..-0

#
# " # TF
I A1

:=E
,
- (

-

( " 2 &
" B ( #
#
A1 $..-0 ( A1

2

#F
)
A1
( 2 A1

2 $..-0
- 2 #$%

& 2 A1 # % 34
# )
34 34

A1 ! 3

!4 & )
" B ) . B: ( #
G (
# G 3# '4
(
A1 #
% 34 $ 3 4
34
$ 3 4
34
3 4
34
3 4 3 4 3 4 &
) 2
" < > $
# #
,
= )!/ )% )% )"6 ##" ) %!%'" #)

( ,
A1 . ,

2 = #
'

3-
:CC?4 (

2
3 4
# G 3 , 4

"

3 A < 4

!# #

:E # 3 D < 4 (

% < D D <
:=;
$

+

+

. D:% A1
A1 (

( ,
3 U:4 = #
34 '

)
( ,
" ; ( . D:

" A1
% %
3 4 ( #
2
3 # 4

$

"
( , !
A1 & ,
:E #
'

3-
:CC?4 &
2 3U 4
#

#
< D D
< ( . D; "
:=<
$

+

+

. D;% $
! (
$ !
= #"%!#!% !" #") * )" !" #"!$" !%3

"&"
&
A1 I
" " $
# )

# )
( 1 D:
D; D< ) A1

# ) &
A1 "
. D: ( ! #
*0 '$

3 G4
$ #
3 JM
JM
JM
JM JM4 ( ! F
# )
)
#

:=>
(a)
1
0.5
p.u.
kW
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
1
0.5
p.u.
kVAr
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(c)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(d)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(e)
640
1.0275
620
p.u.
630
610
600
0.9725
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D:% . JM

JM
JM
JM JM
# ) JK% 34
34 #
)
34 $
34
$ 3 4
:==
(a)
1
0.5
p.u.
kW
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
1
0.5
p.u.
kVAr
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(c)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(d)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(e)
640
1.0275
620
p.u.
630
610
600
0.9725
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D;% . JM

JM
JM
JM JM
# ) JK% 34
34 #
)
34 $
34
$ 3 4
:=B
(a)
1
0.5
p.u.
kW
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
1
0.5
p.u.
kVAr
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(c)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(d)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(e)
640
1.0275
620
p.u.
630
610
600
0.9725
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D<% . JM

JM
JM
JM JM
# ) JK% 34
34 F
# )
34 $
34
$ 3 4
:=D
10
0.667
0.5336
0.4002
0.2668
0.1334
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
p.u.
kW
(a)
0.1
10
0.667
0.5336
0.4002
0.2668
0.1334
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
s
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
p.u.
kVAr
(b)
0.1
1 D>% 2 3 4
! 3 4 '
JM JM JK% 34 34 # )
( 1 D> JM
JM # ) )

!
)
2 (
3#
. D:4 !

2

:=?
( 1 D= DB ) A1
# ) #
&
A1 ( ! #
G
$ # #
) 3 JK
JK JK4 ( # F
) !
(
& # )F

. . D:

( 1 DD ) A1
# ) &
! A1 )
. D; &
JG &
# ) #
'$ . # ) ) !#

" #

* )
* ' # #
# * )
* & ! #
) (

) 9 N

9
:=C
(a)
1
0.5
p.u.
kW
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
1
0.5
p.u.
kVAr
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(c)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(d)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(e)
640
1.0275
620
p.u.
630
610
600
0.9725
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D=% . JK

JK JK
JM% 34
34 # )
34
$
34 $ 3 4

:BE
(a)
1
0.5
p.u.
kW
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
1
0.5
p.u.
kVAr
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(c)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
20
0.05
p.u.
(d)
0.05
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(e)
640
1.0275
620
p.u.
630
610
600
0.9725
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 DB% . JK

JK JK
JM% 34
34 # )
34
$
34 $ 3 4

:B:
400
VRN [V]
200
0
200
400
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
s
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
1000
eR [V]
500
0
500
1000
iR [A]
20
0
20
40
20
p [kW]
10
0
10
20
q [kVAR]
20
10
0
10
20
1 DD% * JM JM

JK% K*N *
* " #
3 # * "
. $ 4
* *

# )
:B;
( 1 D? ) A1

# )
& ! A1
) . D; &

# " #

* ) *
' # ) # #
# *
* & # ) )

) # )

:B<
400
VRN [V]
200
0
200
400
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
s
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
1000
eR [V]
500
0
500
1000
40
iR [A]
20
0
20
40
10
p [kW]
5
0
5
10
q [kVAR]
10
5
0
5
10
1 D?% * JK JK

JM% K*N *
* " #
3 # * "
. $ 4
* *

# )
:B>
=- %!)"!% !"8 "#"#!6"!/ )

)"6
##"
& A1
"

! A1
" . D; &
# $ I
" & #
)
( 1 DC A1
G &
& # ) )

)
&
L
3

1 D:E4 L
# ) 3

1 D::4 ( 2
0)
G
& 1 D:E
2 # A1
G
1 D::
# #
) # # 3
L4 ( ! #
# )
:B=
(a)
12
0.75
10
0.625
0.5
0.375
0.25
0.125
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
p.u.
p [kW]
(b)
12
0.75
0.625
0.5
0.375
0.25
0.125
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
s
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
p.u.
q [kVAR]
10
1 DC% $ A1 G

JM ( JM JK 34
" 34 # )
"
:BB
(a)
0
1
dB
2
3
4
5
0
10
10
10
(b)
0
grados
20
40
60
80
0
10
10
Hz
10
1 D:E% ' L F
" 3

4 (
2 F
34 0 34
:BD
(a)
0
dB
20
40
60
80
0
10
10
10
(b)
150
100
grados
50
0
50
100
150
0
10
10
Hz
10
1 D::% ' L 2
# ) "
3

4% 34 0 34

:B?
=0 #"%!#!% )" %!/ )% %" #% ")"3

'!

F
3 # )
4 ( #
A1 ) . D:
( #
A1
& )2 # F
)

# "
#
33G
:CC>4 30
:CC=44 (

A1 (

& ) )

3$
:CC?4

( 1 D:; D:< A1

# ) F
& #
# )

A1 $ #

F

# '
# #
A1
:BC
(a)
1
0.5
p.u.
kW
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(b)
0.4
0.5
0.6
1
1
0.5
p.u.
kVAr
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(c)
0.4
0.5
0.6
p.u.
kW
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(d)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0
20
0.05
40
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(e)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0
V
p.u.
20
0.05
40
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(f)
0.4
0.5
p.u.
0.6
660
1.025
620
600
p.u.
1.05
640
1
0.975
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D:;% ( K K

JM JK% 34
34
# )
34
34

3 4 34

:DE
(a)
1
0.5
p.u.
kW
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(b)
0.4
0.5
0.6
1
1
0.5
p.u.
kVAr
10
0
0.5
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(c)
0.4
0.5
0.6
p.u.
kW
0.1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(d)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0
20
0.05
40
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(e)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0
V
p.u.
20
0.05
40
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
(f)
0.4
0.5
p.u.
0.6
660
1.025
620
600
p.u.
1.05
640
1
0.975
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D:<% ( K K

JM JK% 34
34
# )
34
34

3 4 34

:D:
$ +

+

. D<% $..-0 & F
,
(
- 2 (++%

& 2 $..-0 #

# ) # )
$..-0 " B
) . B: 3 %
!
3 # 4
4
( " = $..-0 #
% 34 3 4
34
3 4 34 3 4 (
" 2
$

A1
#
(
, ) A1

!
2

$..-0 3 4 #
A1 ( . D< D> !
$..-0
:D;
$ +

+

. D>% $..-0 & F
, (

=- #"%!#!% !" #"!$" !%"&"

& # )
$..-0 F

# $
F
" =% !
2
( 1 D:> ) $..-0
# ) JK JK
JK JK & "
. D<

! 2 ( ! #

*0 '$
3 G4 & # )
2 3 4
3
' # )
#

#

( 1 D:= 1 D:> (

! 2
& # # )
:D<
(a)
0
kVAr
0.25
5
p.u.
0.5
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
400
0.95
0.7
p.u.
300
200
0.45
100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(c)
50
0.1
p.u.
0.05
0.05
0.1
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(d)
0.07
0.07
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
p.u.
kW
0.6
(e)
640
1.025
620
p.u.
630
610
0.975
600
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D:>% . JK JK JK JK (

! 2 34 #
) $..-0
34 $..-0
34 $..-0

34 $..-0
3 4
:D>

( 1 D:B F
&
# ) # F
#" 3# 1 D:B 344 $

# )

$..-0 ) 3#
1 D:B 344 ( F
! 2

#" &

1 D:D # # )
$..-0 # )
JK JK & "
. D> & JG
& # )
# '$ &

# )
) 9
2
9 @
$..-0 ,
(

2 3K*N4 ( !

$..-0 #
:D=
(a)
0
kVAr
0.25
5
p.u.
0.5
10
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
400
0.95
0.7
p.u.
300
200
0.45
100
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(c)
50
0.1
p.u.
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(d)
0.07
0.07
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
p.u.
kW
0.6
(e)
640
1.025
620
p.u.
630
610
0.975
600
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D:=% . JK JK JK JK (

! 2 34 # )
$..-0
34 $..-0
34
$..-0
34 $..-0 3 4

:DB
(a)
640
1.025
635
630
620
p.u.
625
615
610
605
600
0.975
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(b)
2
1.5
0.07
p.u.
kW
0.5
0.5
1
0.07
1.5
2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
(c)
2
1.5
0.07
p.u.
kW
0.5
0.5
1
0.07
1.5
2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1 D:B% # F
% 34 3
4
34 F
$..-0 34
$..-0
:DD
400
VRN[V]
200
0
200
400
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
s
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
1000
epR[V]
500
0
500
1000
640
Vc[V]
630
620
610
600
20
ipR[A]
10
0
10
20
qp[kVAr]
0
2
4
6
1 D:D% . # ) $..-0

JK JK (
! 2
K*N *
* " #
K

* * # )

:D?
=- %!)"!% !"

(
# $..-0
# )

, $..F
-0 # )

# ) ) ) F
) (
) $..-0
( 1 D:? D:C $..-0
# ) G
#F
& .
D< ! 2
( $..-0 #
) (
# )

$..-0 !
2
:DC
(a)
0
kVAr
0.25
5
p.u.
0.5
10
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(b)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
300
0.575
200
p.u.
0.7
250
0.45
150
0.325
100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(c)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
50
0.15
50
100
p.u.
100
0.15
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(d)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.07
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(e)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
p.u.
kW
0.2
640
1.025
620
p.u.
630
610
0.975
600
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
s
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
1 D:?% - # ) G JK

JK% 34 # )
$..-0
34
34

34 $..-0
34
:?E
(a)
0
kVAr
0.25
5
p.u.
0.5
10
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(b)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
300
0.575
200
p.u.
0.7
250
0.45
150
0.325
100
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(c)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
50
0.15
50
100
p.u.
100
0.15
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(d)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.07
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
(e)
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
p.u.
kW
0.2
640
1.025
620
p.u.
630
610
0.975
600
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
s
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
1 D:C% - # ) G JK

JK% 34 # )
$..-0
34
34

34 $..-0
34
:?:
- 2

( 2 #
A1 $..-0
& 2 A1 # %
# )

&
A1 I " "
& )
$ #%
(
34 #
) 34 ) & !
# # S
) (

) )
2 ' #
# .
# N ( *
" (
$

A1 !#
(

$ 3 4
3 4
I A1 "
(
" >
$
# "
! A1
( )
" >
!
)

A1

:?;
! )

( A1 #
# "
)
F
) (
# ) )
& L F
A1
( A1

G
# )
& F
A1 3 4

#

& # JG

A1 G
( #
3/.- / .F-Y
. 4
# )
2 @/. 3@ / F . 4 3
:CCC4
& 2 $..-0 # %
# ) # ) &
$..-0 & F
# (

( #
) ( ) )
2 $ F
# %
! 2 &
#
:?<
# )

( $..-0 # F
) #

$..-0 !
G (
, ( 3
4
)
G

#
:?>
.
'/
%

0

.

( # "

A1 ) " ( F
A1 #
)
( ) " F
, &
, F
,
3R
:CC<4 $ ,

(
,

#

G '

&
)
$
#
"
!
!
" ( 0 $ #
3
. " $04
) # # F

# ) ) 3 F
:C?;4
3K

:C?;4
3
:C?C4 3 F
:CCE4
F
) #
3* F
:CC<4
# , )
2 2F

) $
2 # F

3*
:CCB4 2 $..-0
"
3#
"
/
$0($4 ( "
# )
A1 # (
3$
:CC?4 # A1
& )
)

)
&
A1 " & A1
" #

:?B
XL2
E
vE
Modelo
Inercial
XE
XR
e
XL1
pE
vR
pM
1 ?:% ( !

) Z
)
( $ ?; #

$ ?<

# )% #
# )
#
A1

$ ?> $ ?=

. % 5

( 1 ?: ! ! F
( ) # "
& ) # . [# "
# 3 ! " ; 3RF

:CC<44 A1
$
I " ( # #
$
# #
"
A1
O ( 3O (4 "
:?D
" O * 3O * 4

(
N ( * N * ( O *
! # 3#4
! ( O ( ) O

* 3! 4
# 3# 4 & ) !
)
" $ 2

# %

.

.

3?:4

34
K 34

K 34

) 34

34
%
! %

3 4
0

3 4
. (

( 1 ?; # #
)% # # ( #
)
:??
Referencia control en nivel aplicacin

Control en nivel aplicacin
Referencia control en nivel fuente
Control en nivel fuente
Consigna tensin inversor
Control inversor serie
Disparos semiconductores
Sistema
Salida sistema
1 ?;% ) A1

A1 #

# # )
( " 3 G
:CC=4
# 1.$ 3
)

4
$ % A1
# )
2 A1
)

# 3 #
) 4 &
"

# " < >
+- #) !$) ")!"!/ #) !" )"6

##"
( 3$
:CC?4 A1
)
:?C
Pr, Qr
!r
+-
Control en
nivel aplicacin
pr -
Referencia control
en nivel fuente
! = d
dt
1 ?<% # )
A1
$ ?; ( #

( # #
!

#
3# 3?:44
#
# A1
# ) (
" #
) # 2
( 1 ?< # & F

A1 (
# 3 4 # 34
3 4 # #
# #
#
(
#
) ( #
# A1
" (
" A1 !
O (
! 3 4

# # #

:CE
+- #) !$) ")!"!/ )

#)" '
," (, %!/
A # A1 I
" '
)2 # 2
# # " A A1
! I "
$
A1
" )

#
,

( A1 # F
$ ( $
# A1 3
4 ( #

F
#

#

" >

$
( 3$
:CC?4

A1
) &
"
( #
#
A1
)
:C:
30
20
20
10
10
dB
dB
30
0
10
10
id/eq
id/ed
20
30
0
10
10
10
iq/ed
iq/eq
20
30
0
10
10
200
10
10
10
100
100
0
grados
grados
0
100
100
200
400
0
10
200
id/eq
id/ed
300
1
10
10
rad/s
10
300
0
10
iq/ed
iq/eq
1
10
10
10
rad/s
1 ?>% ' L
$ A1 0

( 1 ?> L F
A1 1 ?:
) 2
. ;; & " #
)2 ) 3 G4 (
3 G4 # % :E # )
# % :E # )

# ) )
%
%
:C;
edr, eqr
!r
+-
eqr Control en
nivel aplicacin
Referencia control
en nivel fuente
! = d
dt
1 ?=% # )
A1
( 1 ?= #
& % % A1 (
# #
%
1 ?> #

# A1
"
! '
#
A1 "
!

# # #
. 2

& "
!

A1 )F

) 1 ?:
& N (
) 3$$ 4 (
$ A1 A1
:C<
O
O (
O *
&" &:
&" &;
$$
!
#

<

F

F
F

F
F

F

<
E
F
F
F
. ?:% ' A1
)
& )
. ?: $ #
#
#
# ( A1
$
G $ "F

3 G4
( 1 ?B ) A1
( " &
'
G "
2 3$$ 4 )
# !
G
! 2 G
# & # G G )

( 1 ?D
A1 &

"
# !
!# " ' #
! G A1
:C>
(a)
50.04
Hz
50.02
50
49.98
49.96
3
(b)
3
(c)
3
s
1.2
pu
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
1
pu
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
1 ?B% A1% 34
!
34 ! 34 " A1
3 N 4
:C=
(a)
50.04
Hz
50.02
50
49.98
49.96
3
(b)
3
(c)
3
s
1.1
pu
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.6
pu
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
1 ?D% A1
% 34 !
34 !
34 " A1 3 N 4
# ! #
# A1
"
S
#
A1 (
) #
#
:CB
(a)
50.04
Hz
50.02
50
49.98
49.96
3
(b)
3
(c)
3
s
1.1
pu
1.05
1
0.95
0.9
0.6
pu
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
1 ??% A1
% 34 !
34 !
34 " A1 3 N 4
( 1 ?? A1
(
A1
I " $

" A1 "

"
# )
# )

:CD
.' 2

( " A1 F
) "
(
$ % A1
A1 I
" A1 &
%
$ ) F

A1 G
2
2
A1
) ) # 2
$ #

$
)
& #
) " " 3F
G4
( ) A1
)
"

$
#
"

)
I # 2
:C?
1

2

0

( # " $..-0

# 1.$ ) .* 3

4
( # ) F
) ( # F
G
G &

3A@(
:CC:4
& ) #" #
!

I ' ( (N=E:BE ! I
Q$ # " ## Q
& ) 30

:C?;4
3A@(
:CC:4
30
:CC>4 3 /
:CCD4 (

2

# )

I
2
& # # $
# "

I
I # )
(

# I
( "
# #

( " 0
# ! #
$..-0 .* ( $ C< "

)
$ C>
.* # #
2 ( $ C=
$..-0 ( $ CB
0K

0 6 7

8
( 3(@
:C?B4 ! 3I 4 ! #
# I
;EE
Bloque 1
Bloque 2
Adaptador de la
tensin de entrada
Demodulador
cuadrtico
Salida 1: valor
eficaz
Bloque 3
Bloque 4
Bloque 5
Filtros de
ponderacin
Elevacin al cuadrado
y suavizado
Evaluacin
estadstica
Salida 2:
fluctuacin de
tensin ponderada
Salida 6: visualizacin y
registro
Salida 3: selector de rango

Salida 4: integrador
Salida 5: registro
1 C:% ' I (@

& 1 C: I ( I
, 3 4

( 3 L
:CCC4
I

( L : $ #
# ! &
L : )%
1

)

3C:4
) ,

,
, & , F
3 (, G4 ,

1'
( L ; ) , F
,

;E:

( L < ! ( !

G

G $ ,
,
,
1 )

3C;4
( ! L <
( 1 C;
$ !
)2 G
( L > & # ,

)
) & ! , !

(
;
< > )F
F & $ = )

N $ = # )
# " (

" L = 3 L
:CCC4
0 !

&

)

! (
! " &
;E;
0.9
0.8
Amplitud
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
5
10
15
20
25
Frecuencia (Hz)
1 C;% ! I A@(
;E<
ZL
UL
Transformador
AT/MT
PCC
Transformador
MT/BT
Compensador
Horno de
arco
1 C<% (

"! #
( 3 L
:CCC4

"
( 1 C< "
( )
0.XL. 3>=F JKXCEEF K4 ( 0.
) ! )
# 3 .* $..-0 4 .
.X0. 3;;EF JKX>=F JK4

.* $..-0
0K 0. 3 JK4

$ ) 0.
G

3 JK4 " # :

" 0K
0

) ( <

#
#$ %
##%"
&$

' (

;E>
IL
1 C>% ( ! .*
0 2
+%2

& .* # 1.$ 3/
:CC<4 ) 2 F
# ( 1 C>
! .* ()
# (
.* # F
)

)
( # ! 3 G4
.*
2 ) 2 F
3/
:C??4%

2

<

2
<
3C<4
# ! 2

#

( ) ) < < 3 < 2
< 4 '
"
2 <
)2
(
;E=
ngulo de disparo = 90
Tensin
Corriente
90
180
270
Fase en grados
Tensin
Corriente
360
90
90
180
270
Fase en grados
360
o
Tensin
Corriente
180
270
Fase en grados
Tensin
Corriente
360
90
180
270
Fase en grados
360
1 C=%

# .* & )2 2 <

# !
( 1 C= # .* )
( #
)
( # .* # # )
,

I 2 (
.* )
# # )
3# 1 CB4 '
#
;EB
Corriente reactiva
consumida en el horno
Corriente reactiva
en la lnea
+
Sistema de medida
+
Corriente reactiva
del TCR (IL)
Clculo del ngulo de disparo
TCR
1 CB% ( .*

( .* (

) #
( ) 3C<4
& .* 3 L
:CCC4 (

'1. 32
$ 1 4

0' 2
(++%

( " = $..-0
#

) ( $..-0
3 # 4
# )

( $..-0
# IJ 3 # 4 ( 1 CD
;ED
Potencia reactiva instantnea

consumida en el horno
Potencia reactiva
instantnea en la lnea
+
qPr
STATCOM
qP
1 CD% $..-0

# $..-0 ( $..-0
# 3# " =4 ( #
$..-0 I # )

# "
I
$ C: IF
G

# ) $..-0

( ,
# ) $
G !# F
'
G
# ) &
! JG #

JG 3# '4
( $..-0 #
'
"
# ( 3 L
:CCC4
# #
#
;E?
0* 2

.* $..-0

0.XL.
) 0K
) " 2 $ C< (
.X0. JK JK

( # %

! $
& $ = I
$

.*
$..-0 & .*
3 L
:CCC4
& 1 C?
CC C:E # !F
# . # $..-0
.* .*
#
# #
$
$..-0 )
#
;EC
90
Sin compensacin
Compensacin con un TCR
Compensacin con un STATCOM
80
Sensacin instantnea de flicker S(t)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
time (s)
3.5
4.5
1 C?% K )
;:E
4
Sin compensacin
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
1 CC% K )
;::
6
Sin compensacin
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
1 C:E% K ) !
;:;
0- 2

( .* $..-0
&
0K
%
!
& $..-0 # F
!# ) .* (
$..-0 .* ( .* )

3 4 ( .*
!#
$
#
)

& $..-0 .* (
$..-0 2

$..-0 .*
2
( .*

& # JG
F
.* G
( $..-0 )
.*
)
" =

( "

.* $..-0 (
# (

.* $..-0
;:<
;:>
3

4
$

1

( # A1 )
, JM (

# A1 $..-0
A1 $..-0

( "

# " #
1 %

> )" * #) ,

( # 1.$ ) 2
J (
$ A1

) , # $
" # 2 A1
( #
# )

)
)
# )
( A1 "
&

S
#
(

#

( ) " ;
$ 2
( F
,
# #

,

A
I # )
" A1 $ )
)
, )

( # )
(
# $
;:B

!
#
$ )2 #F
)
$ 6
3 6 ) # 4
A
A1

# # )
#
2
3
# ) 4
( # F
( #
& )
# # " F
$ "
$ %
)
! ) ! & ) !
) # ) (
#
) ) # &

# F
.

# ) (
) #
$ A1% !
( !
# " #

( )
A1 $ A1
;:D
3 " #

4 3 )4

$ # A1 F
(
$
F
# #
) " )

$

#

$
#
#
#
!

A1 # %
# ) )

#"

! A1 3
!4 A1 &
3" G4
!# # )

A1 3/"F/) /"F
:CC?4
3/"F/)
/"F
:CC?4 3/"F /"F/)
:CCC4
;:?
> )" * #) )

A $..-0 #
$ " ) F
) #
"
! 2
$ $..-0
# $

# ) ! 2

" #" ( "
#" (

$..-0
#
(
! 2 # )
$..-0 & # #
!
$ F
) (
! 2
$..-0

# ,

! 2 F

#"
& !
$ ) !

) , $..-0 $

! !
( )
# ! 2 , # F
) !
;:C
) #
(
! 3 #4
( !

. F
# (
) #
. # F
A1 )
# 2
$..-0 & # F
)

! 2
. 2 $..F
-0 ! 2 &
#

& $..F
-0 3/"F/) /"F
:CCC4
>- 7')% ")!"!/

$ A1 )
$
# % $
(

$

G

;;E
G

2 2

A1 ) ) #
2
$ #
$
G )
&

A1 )
$ (
$

" "

$..-0

.* &
$..-0 .*
$..-0 #
G (
JG

) A1 3/"F
/"F/)
:CCC4
$..-0 .*
3/"F
:CCC4
1 (
) " )5
( # A1
$..-0
# &
;;:
#

#
( # 1.$
F
) ! G

# ) F
# )
A1
$..-0 " #
#
(
A1%
& "
)

# A1
! ) #
)
&
) # 1.$
I )F
$ #

# 3$
:CCD4
3*
:CCD4 30

:CCC4 N

) A1
# #

) # A1
$..-0 2
.
# 1.$ I 3/
:CCB4 3*

:CCD4 N
#
;;;
' # A1 $..-0
#

)
# ) ) $

# 2
)

# (
#

(
) # )!

A1 $..-0
) & 2
# ) # # ! $

#

$ "
!
F
# ) ) F
& ) 2 #
" # & ) )

;;<
;;>
56
J
G
RH
N
3:C?>4 @ # H
H # H 3///

3
##

@F;E3<4%B;=\B<E
J
G 3:CCB4 N H # ! H 3///

3
##

@F<;3B4%:<:;\:<;;
F0HH
$ J
3:CCB4
M0
A1 2
;;E\;;= @((
LJ

+
/ +
G 3:CCD4 $ # F
H H H K* 3/// /

#
$ 4/5
# :
<>>\<=E

( 3:CCC4
.
66
;%>\::
(@ 3:C?B4 1J F ! .
@ F
$ ?BC
/ #

* /
. 3:CCD4 @ ! F
# 3///
2.
:;3>4%:?:;\:?:D
L
* 3:CCC4 " #

#

7
# # 1 .
A#
! 0
( . $ @ " @@

;<
;?E:= 0
$
' J
0
0
' # MJ
+ 3:CC>4 1 F
# H H //
>3B4%>>=\>==
(
F

*
LJ
0
L
&
J
R
G
R
/
&
&
+
0

0

* #
+
$
1
.
' (
*
3:CCD4 ! I 2 31.$4
3///
2.
:;3>4%:?>?\:?=<
(
+
]
+ $
* 3:CCB4 - ! H IH
3///
/

::3B4%DDB\D?>
1J
/ H
+ 3:C?E4
*
0
2

$ 2

FM
1
G
M
J
G 3:CC?4 ! H IH
3/// /
#
$ 4/5
?E=\?::
@(((
1
G
M
J
G 3:CCC4 . ! H IH F

FJ 3/// /

#
$ 4/5
B;B\B<: @(((
/
1
R

.
0
/^
+
J#
'
-
LF. 0/
' 3:CCB4 1.$ # H
3///

::3>4%:C<:\:C<B
/"F
3:CCE4
! .% %

$ .
%$

.
$ ( (
(
A# L
(
L L:= ;..
/"F
/"F/)
3:CCC4 A1 F
$
/# /
$ 4//885
:\:E (&1F&

/"F

/"F/)

*
/
.
+ 3:CCC4
F # F # F
;;B
IJ

(FE:BF*' 3::FCC4
3///
2.
/"

0, 1"
'
1 ) L
1
/" /)

*F

3:CCC4 # ) M0 1/ %

9
0 /
1 3
3

1 4/3:885

D=\D? A# ! A# N#
/"F/)
/"F
3:CC?4 # %
I " A1

9
0 /
1 3
3

1 4/3:8;5
BC\D;
A# N#
/"F/)
/"F
3:CC?4 A1
$
)<
$ $
3/// 3

/

43/!=:8;5
>B;\>BB @(((
/"F/)
/"F
3:CCC4 M0F
$..-0 "
$
3/// /

::>E\
::>= @((( EFD?E<F==BCF=XCC
/
/ # &
3:CCB4 "
#

. + GJ A#

L
0 ;:;:?F><:C
/
& 3:C??4 H % $ K*
$ 3///
DB3>4%>?<\>C<
/
& 3:CC;4 A! H FIH I 2 F
3// %
:<C3>4%<;<\<<:
/
& 3:CC<4 $F #
F 3/// /

/
& 3:CC>4 ' F F
# 3///
2.
C3;4%CE>\C::
/
&
G
N
N
.
N 3:CC;4 # #
FY ## )>%>?)
;;D
/
&
$

M
$
*
.
.
' (
3:CC=4
. ! H FIH % H H
3///
2.
:E3;4%:E?=\:ECD
/
&
$

M
$
*
.
.
' (
3:CCD4
$F % F F
3///
2.
:;3:4%>EB\>:D
G_
. `a
+ 3:CCB4
- *
@(((
G
N 3:CC<4 1 2 3/// #

<E3>4%>E\>=
G
N 3:CC=4 @ H
3/// #

>:\>?
G
N /
& 3:CCC4

' #

$
@(((
. @ (
( (
@
N H J
G
+ 3:CC>4 H H #
3///
?;3?4%::C>\:;:>
$
RJ
+
N
N # '
3:C?=4 *
J 3

@ $

>:3=4%::;C\::==
R
3:C?B4 $ /
" 0/HFG @
N H J
R
3:CC<4

(*@ H $ (
0/HFG
@
&
+
N
1 $
/ 3:C?:4 3

:

A ##$
. '

&
/
* 3:CC?4 /

$

2 +
M b $
&
+ $
3:CCB4 ' M0 (0.

<=:\<=B @((
;;?
2
&
c .
3:CCD4 A! H 1H % F
3///

:;3;4%?;>\?<E
0J
. + J
N 3:CCC4 @# ! H IH
,
2

:>B3>4%>EE\>E?
3//
0" $
+ 3:CCB4 #
.
.
G (
0 HJ 3:CC;4

3"B3=C )'(0 :
. 0 HJ @

NJ
0F
0 HJ 3:CCD4 "

: . 0 HJ @
NJ
0
0 HJ 3:CCD4 3"B3=C0 % * #0 : . 0 HJ
@
NJ
0
0
. 3:C?;4
J

.
/

M F@

N H
0
N
A
. *
M 3:CC=4 /
+ M b
@
0
/
&
0
#

& ]
' 3:CC>4 F
IJ HJ 3///

2.
C3>4%;E;B\;E<>
0

3:CC=4 1 2
@
;?;\;?B
3// /%
0

3:CC=4 1 2 ;
3// / @
;?;\;?B
0
$
0
R
G H
.
-
$
.J
0
$
0
0J
$
@
1 3:CC<4 ' # & $ K / A $ F
@# @# H $ $ 3///

2.
?3:4%<D:\<DD
;;C
0

R
0
0

NJ

0 .J
R 3:CCC4
@ A! H 1H # !
# 3///

:>3;4%=D=\=?:
0HHH
L
-
LF. MJ
] 3:CC?4 A1 #
F $M0 3///
3

##

<>3<4%>C=\=EE
0HHH
L
MJ
] -
LF. 3:CCB4 G H H F
! I 2 3///
2.
::3>4%:CC<\:CC?
0HHH
L
MJ
] -
LF. 3:CCD4 $M0 1.$
H H 3/// /
#
$
4/5
# :
<;=\<<E
-
R 3:CC?4 3D
FG G
-
LF.
'
$ /
1 3:CC<4 F M0 F

2.
?3;4%=D<\=DC
3/// %
-H
' 3:CD?4 "
.
@(( (
&.'
$ G
$ #
G $/: :G8
(
-H
' 3:C?:4 "
. !#

@
::: 1
#
N H J
N H J :EEE<
G
1
/"
* *"
& 3:CC=4 $ F
"
.
* ( (,
$ @@.\C=\EE:

1&
F
@+ K
/ 3:C?C4 - $ #
*
% - 3///

M*$\>3:4%;D?\;?=
F
@+
K
/

1&
$
+& $ H
1 3:CCE4
' # $ # 0 $F$ $ ( H
$

;B3;4%;:=\;<:
;<E
F
@+
K
/ $ H
1 3:C?;4 $ # 0
H ( H $ @% G @ 3///

##

$\:E:3C4%<::D\<:;=
*
0

0
/
*
+
- *
N
* + L
+ 3:CCD4 A1
( % 3///

(F=?;FM*$FEFE:F:CCD
*
&
/"F

*"
+0 $
*0 3:CCB4 ' ( F
- H $ H $ 0 (
$ $ % & ' ()

#

$
:ECD\::E>
*
& F
@+ 3:CC<4 0F $ $ $
& ( H $ $0 3///

M*$\?3<4%:;=D\:;B=
*
$

8
N
& A
. 3:CCB4 ! H IH
F 2
<=D\<B;
@((
*#
3:CBC4
J

E
'#
@
N H
$

/
0 $
(
& J
.
/
&

. (

3:CCD4 - dF:EE0K .K $..-0 3///

2. (F=ECFM*'FEFE:F:CCD
$

/
&
&
0
G
'
*
.
.
' (
3:CC?4 - ! H IH 3A14

3///
2.
:<3;4%B<E\B<C
$
0
G 3:CC<4 K # K*
3// %
:>E3>4%;CC\<EB
$
$ L
3:CCB4 A

/ .
::3<4%B=?\BB=
3///
;<:
$
R
*
&
+ 3:CCD4 ' ! H IH
3// ,
2

:>>3:4%D\
:;
A@( 3:CC:4 "
/.
A @ W

K
/
F
@+ $ H
1 3:C?;4 $ # 0
H ( H $ @@% . ' $ F
3///
##

$\:E:3C4%<:;B\<:<>
MJ
+ 3:CB=4 /. -2 A#
M
$
-2 -c; B'
#
1

+
0"
$
1
K
3:CCB4 @ # #
// @
=3<X>4%<?\><

8
*
$
N
& A
. 3:CCB4 ' ! H
IH 3/// /
#
$ 4/5
# ;

=E?\=:>

FN 3:C?<4 /

#
N H J
N H J :EEE<
;<;
2
@

::: 1

78

#

3MJ
:CB=4

7

3:4

( 3MJ
:CB=4 )2 #
$ 8 # F 8 8

8
'
) )2 #

!
3;4
& #

#
# 3MJ
:CB=4

8 3:4
5

0 3
$ 3
"
7

8
8
3<4
( 8 #

) # 3 + 2#

$K'4 ) 33G_ `a
:CCB4
3MJ
:CB=4 3/ # &
:CCB44
:
8
;
8
8 8
<
8 8
1
1 1 !
3MJ
:CB=4
1

"
#

#
$

3>4
1 *
3=4
8 8 *
3B4
' < 3=4
& 3B4 $ 8

8 3B4

;
8 ) #
" 8 8 3<4 8
7
8 7

7
! # #
8 N
$ <>;
2
7

;<>
! #

3D4

8
1 1 1 & 3D4

8

1 1

1 1
1 1

3?4

1 1
1

3C4
$ 3C4 3?4

8

1 1
3:E4
' :

; 3B4 8

3:E4 ( 3:E4

8

1 1

1 1

3::4
;<=
A 3MJ
:CB=4

#

%1 6
3:;4
%1 6
C ) #

6 )
$ # C
$ 3:;4 3::4
8

1 1 %1 6

1 1 6
3:<4
.

1 1 *

3:>4 3:<4
8

1 1 6

* 6

6 )2 6 6
;4
8

* 6
3:=4
(
7
8
F
6
7
)
6 " # F
36 4 ( 8 8 7

;<D
;<?

5
0 9

(
# # $
#
3&

:CC?4
& )

3L:4
( #

3L;4
! $ F

#

3L;4 -
3L;4

3L<4
# 2

#

# )

3L>4
( ) %

: $ # 34
; # # 3 4 #
! 2
< - # 3L<4
> 3L>4
& # 3 4

# ) $

# # ! 2 (
#
# 3&
:CC?4

E

;>E
3L=4

# & 3L=4 $
3L<4 E 3&
:CC?4
2 2

2
3LB4
# F
2
3LD4

3LB4 3LD4 3L>4
) ,
;>:
;>;

& ) "
E
F

3:4

K ) 34

K ) 34
0 3N 4
! 3N4

) 3N4

3N4
(2 3:4 . ;:

%

3;4

K 34

K 34

) 34

34
%
! %

3 4
0

3 4
& 3;4 3 4

3<4

!

3>4

3<4 3>4 %

.

.

3=4
& 3=4 )

;>>

+

6

! 2"

( A1 $
( F
#
!
#
& )
" ) ) # (
) ) )
KK 3K XK4 .

# $ %

! ! %

! ! %
3':4

2 F)
# ) 3)4 ( )
@X0
:
;
<
E : ; < > =
-Y - - -Y -Y -Y
-Y -Y - - - -Y
-Y -Y -Y -Y - -
. ':% 0 #
B
-
-Y
-
D
-
-
-
) KK

3K XK4
#
%

! ! %

! ! %
3';4
0 3':4 3';4

#
!
9
:

( 1 ': ! # ) (
# 2 % #

. #
) ! '

2 34 #
! ( . ':
3:
; <4
#

# ( . ';
# .
# J%
;>B
vC
>
1 ':% @# )

% X0
%
%
%
%
%
E :
;
<
>

E

E

E

E

E E
E

D
E
E
E
E
E
. ';% . #

%

%

%
%
%

# 2 @"

) + ) - 3% )2
% 4
( 1 '; ++ #
#

(
;>D
qs
2
e
dqs
ds
0
5
6
7
1 ';% K #

# #
# (

# #
# 3G
:CC>4
#
$ - .
# ! 3
1 ';4
#
4 .
- 3
34

3'<4
$
3
4
#
;>?
F

# &

# "
3G
:CC>4 ,

F
# #

#
! %&

# . ';
%
$ 3'<4

3'>4
3'=4
3'B4

#

3 4

3'D4

3'?4
;>C

2

( #
:
; < # &

# -Y - 3

#
1 ';4 ( )
#

#

!
.
#

%

$ :% - .

$ ;% - .

$ >% - .

;=E

$ =% - .

$ B% - .

$ <% - .

Tesis DR Pablo Garcia UPComillas

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tesis DR Pablo Garcia UPComillas

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats



  

;: @                                     ::

;B; $                  #

<: @                                     <C

>: @                                     D=

>B                       :E<

=: @                                     ::D

B: @                                     :<D

B<; @                               :>B

D: @                                     :=:

?: @                                     :?=

?<;   #     A1     

C: @                                     :CC

:E: @                                     ;:=

5 .    

   *

)    7  

': *         #                ;>=

>:D 1     A1                     :E;

C;     !      I  A@(            ;E<

?: '              A1

     

0             

0     #   #    

0     #   #    

          A1   

0       #  

0    #     #  

0          

 !              )F

0    #        

K !           $ 

1              A1 .F

1                 

1                  F

0       )      

            )  "

0      #  

0      #    #

  ! 

  !        .*

@#    #  

0       #        F

0       #        F

0    #         

0            $ 

0       #        F

             

  

    !   2   

            $..-0

@           

        #     

0    #      # 

N      #   

  #              F

  #         2   A1

  #        $..-0

0  !    J  

   #             

   #         2   A1

   #        $..-0

;: @ ::

;B; $ #

<: @ <C

>: @ D=

>B :E<

=: @ ::D

B: @ :<D

B<; @ :>B

D: @ :=:

?: @ :?=

?<; # A1

C: @ :CC

:E: @ ;:=

5 .

*

) 7

': * # ;>=

>:D 1 A1 :E;

C; ! I A@( ;E<

?: ' A1

0

0 # #

0 # #

A1

0 #

0 # #

0

! )F

0 #

K ! $

1 A1 .F

1

1 F

0 )

) "

0 #

0 # #

!

! .*

@# #

0 # F

0 # F

0 #

0 $

0 # F

! 2

$..-0

@

#

0 # #

N #

# F

# 2 A1

# $..-0

0 ! J

#

# 2 A1

# $..-0

* #

* ! 2

* $..-0

*

* # 2 A1

"

0 ) $ = IF

0 #

.

. ! 2 $..-0

. )

. A1

K !

. !

. !

. A1

K !

0 #

0 # #

0

* #

* O (