Thit k chun cht lng dch v QoS Broker cho mng PLC

Tm Tt:
Mng PLC bng rng ang ngy mt tr nn ph bin v nhng n lc chun ha n mang li nhng hiu qu r rt. Mng PLC bng rng a li c hi cung cp cc dch v nh truyn thng, truyn hnh v Internet thng qua ng dy in nhng n cng yu cu vic qun l mt cch khoa hc v cht ch cc tiu chun v cht lng dch v cho cc ng dng trn.Chnh v vy trong bi vit ny s gii thiu v mt cu trc cht lng dch v tp trung cho mng truy cp PLC da trn QoS Broker. Cu trc ny cho php vic qun l cht lng cc dch v (QoS) tt hn v d dng tng thch vi cc cng ngh khc. Cu trc PLC QoS Broker cn c tch hp vi mng li h thng c th t c nhng tiu chun v dch v trong mt mng End to End.

I.Gii thiu:
Ngy nay, h thng mng li ang tin n mt th h mng mi NGN (Next Generation Networks). Nhng h thng ny da trn IP Multimedia Subsystem (giao thc IP vi cc h thng a truyn thng ph tr), mt cu trc m tt c lu lng v dch v c th truyn qua giao thc IP. Nhng cu trc h thng ny ang c tiu chun ha bi mt s t chc quc t. S thng nht ca tt c dch v thng qua giao thc IP l rt quan trng vi kh nng m bo cht lng dch v t u ti cui trong h thng. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti gii thiu mt QoS Broker da trn cu trc truy cp h thng PLC trong khung ca cu trc ITU NGN (th h mng tip theo theo chun ca t chc lin minh vin thng quc t) v Resource Admission Control Function (RACF - chc nng qun l ti nguyn a phng tin). Cu trc QoS Broker c 2 mc tiu quan trng. Trc tin l iu khin cht lng dch v truy cp h thng PLC mt cch tp trung. Sau l s giao tip vi min iu khin ca cc QoS Broker k cnh m bo cht lng dch v. Trong chng 2 bi bo, thc trng ca cc tiu chun v mng PLC bng rng v nhng vn v vic cung cp cc QoS s c tho lun. n OPERA, c s cho cc xut ca chng ta cng c miu t. Chng th 3 gii thiu v cu trc QoS Broker v ng dng ca n trong th h mng tip theo (NGN). Trong chng 4, miu t xut ca chng ti v vic a cu trc QoS vo truy cp h thng PLC. Cui cng chng 5 l kt lun v nhng tin hnh th nghim thc t.

II. Cu trc PLC:

A. Thc trng ca cc tiu chun cho mng PLC: PLC thng c phn thnh 2 loi, bng hp v bng rng. PLC bng hp thng c s dng cho giao tip in t cng ty, nh thng minh. PLC bng hp thng s dng tn s ti 150Khz v tc truyn bt t 2Kbps ti 8Kbps. Cn PLC bng rng a ra c hi giao tip ti tc bt cao hn v c th s dng trong mng ni b trong nh v truy cp h thng. Trong khun kh bi bo ny, chng ti s tp trung vo QoS trn PLC bng rng dng truy cp h thng. Thng thng, gi tr bng thng ca PLC bng rng t 10Mbps ti 300Mbps, d vy nhng h thng mi ang c ngh bng thng ln hn. Trong vi nm, c nhiu gii php PLC bng rng t cc bn khc nhau. Ni bt trong l HomePlug Alliance ,DS2 , Spidcom, Panasonic v Mitsubishi Electric. Ti thi im hin ti European Commision ang u t vo d n OPERA nhm nng cao cng ngh PLC tin ti cung cp bng rng trn ton b ng dy in. PLC cng ang c 2 tiu chun theo IEEE v ITU. Qu trnh tiu chun ha IEEE bi nhm lm vic P1901 bt u t nm 2005 v nhm n c s dng trong nh v truy cp h thng. ITU ch nhm n h thng trong nh v to mt tiu chun bao gm dy in, cp ng trc v ng dy in thoi. Nhng chi tit k thut ny gi l G.hn, c pht trin bi nhm nghin cu s 15 ca b phn tiu chun ha ITU B. Mi trng mng PLC: c tnh ca mi trng truyn dn trong mng PLC lm cho n c bit kh m bo cht lng dch v chnh xc. Mt vi vn v cng ngh PLC c din t, v d nh: tn s khng on trc c v s ph thuc v thi gian ca tr khng, s suy gim v nhng c trng v truyn dn, xung ny v nhiu nn v s bin thin rng ca n, bng thng hn ch v nhiu sng hi. Trong nh ngun nhiu chnh l t thit b in vi tn s in cung cp 50Hz v sinh ra nhng nhiu thnh phn m rng ti di tn s cao [10]. S bin i knh l c bit nh hngti QoS bi b n c th lm mt bng thng t ngt. C. M hnh chun OPERA: Cu trc QoS c thit k trong bi bo ny s tp trung vo tiu chun OPERA bi v s bao hm ca Enginyeria La Salle-URL trong . Tuy nhin, n c im chung, d dng tng thch vi cu trc PLC khc. OPERA l mt chun cu trc truy cp PLC. N c 4 thnh phn c bn: the Head End (HE), the Time Division Repeater (TDR), the Frequency Division Repeater (FDR) and the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). Hnh 1 miu t kin trc ca h thng OPERA.

Hnh 1: Cu Trc Chun OPERA CPEs l thit b u cui t ti nh ngi s dng v kt ni n vi h thng in. TDRs l b lp c dng khi tn hiu khng mnh. FDR cng l mt b lp, nhng n kt ni gia 2 h thng OPERA khc nhau. Cui cng HE l mt thnh phn t ti nh cung cp dch v, tp hp ton b trao i t/ti cc thit b u cui CPEs. HE cng phn hi li s iu khin truy cp ca CPEs ti h thng v qun l cht lng dch v. Cc thnh phn OPERA truyn trong mt ch vng s dng th bi(Token) . Hnh 2 cho thy phng thc lm vic vi HE, mt TDR (b lp 1) v 2 CPEs. Cu trc QoS Broker miu t trong bi bo ny s qun l ton b QoS. HE iu khin th bi v gi n ti mi TDRs (b lp) m n kt ni. Ch mt th bi c cho qua gia cc thit b trn h thng OPERA, cho php chng giao tip. Sau , b lp lm iu tng t cho n khi th bi t n CpEs v sau quay tr li HE. S iu khin v thi gian m mi thit b chim hu th bi l quan trng m bo h thng c mt thi gian delay gii hn.

Hnh 2: C ch truyn Token trong chun OPERA

III. QoS Broker:

A. Bandwidth Broker da trn cu trc h thng: Ngy nay, phng php tp trung qun l cht lng dch v c s dng rng ri. Mt s v d c th c nghin cu trong cc ti liu the Bandwidth Broker [11], the Path Computation Element (PCE) [12] and the Network Management Systems (NMS). Bandwidth Broker c tp trung qun l cht lng dch v, c bit l ch nh Bandwidth s dng. Cht lng dch v trong h thng mng IP c cung cp s dng kin trc DiffServ hoc IntServ. Bandwidth Broker s dng kin trc DiffServ. T quan im ca qun tr tn min, cc li th chnh ca Bandwidth Broker l cc qun tr vin ch phi nhp cc thng s v cc yu cu cho mt thit b, h thng Bandwidth Broker s cu hnh cho tt c cc thit b trong mng. Bn cnh y, cc thng s ny n gin hn so vi s dng trong cc h thng khc. Bandwidth Broker c th lm vic 2 ch l ch dng h thng h tr v ch t cung cp dch v khi s dng giao thc COPS (Common Object Policy Service). Trong ch dng h thng h tr, mi mt thit b cn c cp php truy cp vo h thng qun tr cht lng dch v. Khi c nhu cu truy cp, thit b gi mt tin nhn n h thng Bandwidth Broker, h thng ny s a ra quyt nh. ch t cung cp dch v, h thng thit lp cc yu cu bt buc v gi n tt c thit b trong mng. Cc thit b khi nhn c yu cu ny t ng thit lp d liu v cu hnh cho thit b. Sau , nu cn cu hnh mi, h thng Bandwidth Broker s cu hnh hnh ri gi n tng thit b thit b t thit lp. Bng thng Broker cng c ch khi c trc trc xy ra gia cc h thng domain khc nhau. Khi mt s domain s dng Bandwidth Broker th h thng c th sn sng s dng cc d liu v cht lng dch v gia cc domain. Bandwidth Broker c th qun l cc domain CAC (Connection Admission Control). Cc tham s QoS gia cc domain gii thiu chi tit trong Service Level Agreement (SLA). Trong SLA l chi tit cc cu hnh mc dch v Service Level Specifications (SLS), c miu t bng thng s k thut ca cc giao tip. SLAs cng bao gm cc khi nim nh thanh ton v tin t hnh pht nu SLA khng c tn trng. Hnh. 3 m t Bandwidth Broker trong min DiffServ vi mt s thit b nh tuyn. Trong trng hp ny, Bandwidth Broker hot ng ch d phng. N cha cc kho lu tr chnh sch m tt c cc chnh sch mng c lu li v n y cc chnh sch tng ng vi mi b nh tuyn s dng giao thc COPS-PR.

Hnh. 3. Cu trc mng Bandwidth Broker cho cc mng IPv4/IPv6 vi COPS-PR B. Chnh sch trch lp d phng v COPS-PR: COPS-PR (dch v i tng chnh sch chung i vi cc chnh sch trch lp d phng) l giao thc c la chn gi chnh sch vi cc thit b c xut bi Bandwidth Broker. C nhng la chn khc ngoi COPS-PR, nhng COPS-PR l ph bin nht. COPS-PR l mt giao thc hiu qu v linh hot, h tr cc giao dch t ng v c kh nng vn chuyn chnh sch vi cc thuc tnh. Bandwidth Broker lu tr cc chnh sch trong mt kho lu tr. Cc chnh sch c m t bng mt nh dng cu trc c m t bi Thng tin chnh sch (PIB). Cc PIB c hnh dng cy v c hnh thnh bi lp Policy Rule Classes (PRC). Trng hp c bit c th gi l Policy Rule Instances (PRI). PRIs c xc nh duy nht bi Policy Rule Identifiers (PRID). Trong phn th t ca bi bo l xut ca PIB cho mng OPERA. C. Truyn thng lin min: cp lien min, Bandwidth Broker c th c s dng vi cc min ln cn. Bandwidth Broker c th s dng domain, cng c th s dng cung cp cc dch v u cui bng 1 s giao thc nh the Simple Interdomain Bandwidth Broker Protocol (SIBBS) and Common Open Policy Service for Service Level Specifications (COPS-SLS). Chng ti nh gi COPS-SLS nh 1 giao thc thit k cho h thng dch v u cui end-to-end QoS. COPS-SLS l mt phn m rng ca COPS cho truyn thng lin min v c th t ng m phn cc mc dch v gia ngi s dng, tn min ca mnh v gia cc min. COPS-PR, COPS-SLS cng s dng PIB lu tr cc chnh sch mng i din cho cc thng tin SLS. iu ny gip tng cng mc c th dng li cc giao thc. Qu trnh m phn c t chc trong hai giai on, cu hnh v m phn,

cho php cu hnh t ng ca qu trnh m phn. Trong giai on cu hnh, cc nh cung cp dch v thng bo cho cc thu bao yu cu ca mc dch v. Nu qu trnh ny thnh cng, COPS-SLS chuyn n giai on tip. Trong giai on m phn lien min, cc dch v i qua nhiu min, ti nguyn c truyn t Bandwidth broker ny n Bandwidth broker khc, ti khi n tn min cui cng xc nhn. D. QoS Broker: Mc tiu chnh ca Bandwidth broker l ch i ph vi cc yu cu bng thng v chnh sch ca min. Sau ny cc ci tin khc xut hin nh cc tham s QoS phc tp hn v tnh ton phn t ng. Tt c nhng ci tin ny dn n khi nim v phn t trung tm ln hn c gi l QoS Broker.

IV. NG DNG CA QOS BROKER TRONG MNG TRUY CP PLC:

A. Th h mng mi: Ngy nay, core network c bit n nhiu vi ci tn IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). IMS bao gm mng core network ni tt c cc dch v v bng thng u c truyn qua giao thc IP, vi mc ch kt ni hiu qu hn. ng thi, IMS yu cu mt h thng qun l mng n gin hn. Mt vi quy trnh chun c thc hin bi 3GPP [18], ITU [19], ETSI [20], in n WiMAX, in dn DSL v nhng din n khc to ra thit k cho h thng mng mi. Nhng kin trc ny hng n vic m bo lng bng thng c ng k bi ngi s dng c th ti bng vic truy cp v core networks ca ISPs. V l mng c th tng thch vi cc dch v khc nhau cng chy trn .

Hnh 4. The functional architecture of the RACF

Kin trc c a ra trong bi bo ny da trn Resource Admission Control Function (RACF) ca ITUs kin trc mng th h mi (NGN)(Fig. 4). Chng ta chn kin trc RACF bi v n tng thch vi nhiu cng ngh v n c thit k t c kt ni end-to-end QoS. Mng RAC l mt thc th chu trch nhim qun l cht lng dch v QoS v theo di iu khin mng li v mng truy cp da vo SLAs v chnh sch ban hnh. Mng c chia thnh cc tng dch v v tng giao vn. Tng dch v c trch nhim truyn tn hiu ng dng v tng giao vn c trch nhim vn chuyn d liu ng tin cy. Cc RACF gm c thc hin chnh sch chc nng thc th (PD-FE) v Giao vn ti nguyn kim sot chc nng thc th (TRC-FE). The Policy Decision Functional Entity (PD-FE) ra quyt nh cui cng trn ngun lc v gim st iu khin c nhn tng ng bi Policy Enforcement Functional Entity (PE-FE) thng qua giao thc RW. ITUT ang nghin cu 3 s thay th cho giao thc ny, c m t c th bi cc phin bn b tr Q.3303.x . Thc th chc nng kim sot giao vn (TRC- FE) hp tc vi nhng ngun iu khin ph thuc vo cng ngh giao vn. Nhng thc th ny chu trch nhim trong vic bo v v duy tr cc cu trc lin kt mng li v c s d liu ti nguyn ( NTRD ) ca mi tn min ph. Giao din RC c s dng kim tra cu trc lin kt mng v tnh trng ca ti nguyn mng. TRC -FE giao cc ngun lc QoS yu cu mt knh. heo [ 1 ] , phm vi v chc nng ca giao din Rn cng vn cn ang c nghin cu , mc d n khng lm r rng mt trong nhng chc nng ca n v TRC -FE l gn cc ti nguyn mng cho ng dng ca n . Cho rng cc chc nng ca giao din RC c c xc nh , mc d khng chi tit y , giao din ch c th thc hin cc chc nng ni trn l giao din Rn . Mt s giao thc m ph hp vi cc yu cu v c xut bi ITU-T trong giao din khc bao gm SNMP v COPS - PR. Cc SCFs, RACFs v cc chc nng vn chuyn c th hp tc vi cc kin trc NGN khc cung cp dch v cho lnh vc gn v do t c end-to-end QoS. Khi hp tc din ra cp RACF n c thc hin thng qua giao din Ri, m cng vn cn c pht trin. Cc RACF, tng t nh mi gii QoS, h tr push (d phng) v ko (gia cng phn mm) m hnh. B.S m t kin trc: Mng OPERA c mt kin trc hnh cy vi Head End ng vai tr l gc v cc CPE nh l cc l cy. Mng li hot ng bng phng php truyn cc th (Token). Mc d n l mt mng li lp 2 ,tuy nhin cc thit b OPERA c th c cu hnh s dng c giao thc ca lp 3 , trong trng hp ny l IP . QoS Broker nm HE v chu trch nhim cho vic cu hnh HE , cc TDRs v CPE . Theo ngh ca chng ti s dng mt chng trnh d phng s dng COPS - PR . CPE phi gi mt tin bo hiu

cho cc QoS Broker khi mun t trc mt kt ni. QoS Broker s chu trch nhim cho vic chp nhn yu cu v thc y cc chnh sch ti cc HE, TDRs v CPE s dng COPS - PR . Theo ngh ca chng ti cng c gng cho php t c cc QoS ca kt ni end-to -end khi tt c cc lnh vc trung gian c iu khin bi mt QoS Broker ( Hnh 5).

Hnh 5: Cu trc chun QoS Broker Khi QoS Broker cho php t trc 1 kt ni n mt min ch ni m ta bit c cu trc c s d liu ca n, n s gi mt tin bo hiu cho min ch. Nu yu cu thnh cng, ngi s dng s c th t c kt ni n ch vi mt s m bo v bng thng v QoS . OPERA cng c mt thng ip v vic t trc ti nguyn ci c gi l CAC - Request . Mc d th th h tr vic yu cu v ti nguyn gia cc min th vic chnh sa, b sung cho n l cn thit. Cc thng s ca thng ip OPERA CAC- Request l : bng thng lung d liu xung, bng thng lung d liu ln, tr v ch n . QoS Broker s t chng cc mc thng s QoS thp ca OPERA. Mt vn quan trng vi QoS trong mng PLC l n rt phc tp. Do , n l v cng kh khn m bo QoS cho tt c cc kt ni. Vi mc ch i mt vi vn ny, mt h thng da trn u tin c s dng . Mi CPE s kha cc dng h vi mt u tin 0-7 . Nu bng thng gim t ngt, mt s gi s c gim xung. OPERA xc nh hai phng php qun l tc nghn [ 7 ] . Chnh sch qun l tc nghn cng bng ( FCMP ) s lm suy gim u cht lng ca tt c cc u tin . Mt khc, chnh sch qun l giao thng u tin ( PCMP ) s loi b cc gi u tin thp u tin. C. The PIB for the OPERA devices: Trong phn ny, chng ti ngh ca PIB c s dng bi TDRs v CPE trong mt mng li OPERA c xc nh . QoS s c da trn mt a ch cho mi ngi dng . Mi ngi dng c th thc hin mt yu cu. Mt phng php da trn u tin c s dng phn bit gia cc kt ni

ca cng mt ngi dng . Cc kt ni s c hai chiu, mc d cc thng s pha lung d liu xung v lung d liu xung c th khc nhau . Mt v d ca PIB thit k c th hin trong hnh . 6 . Cc i din ca PIB sau cng mt nh dng c s dng trong COPS - PR. Phn t gc ca cu hnh mng l opReserv . N i din cho cc cu hnh cho mng OPERA ca mt thit b duy nht v c hai tham s: nhn dng thit b ( Devid ) v vai tr (Role ) n ng . Vai tr c th l Head End, TDR v CPE . Cc opDeviceReserv i din cho cu hnh ca tng thit b c thc hin t phng . Trong trng hp ca mt CPE , c th ch c mt opDeviceReserv . Trong trng hp ca mt TDR hoc HE s c mt opDeviceReserv cho mi yu cu t trc c thc hin bi thit b CPE ca n . Cc thng s ca opDeviceReserv l: nhn dng thit b ( Devid ) , trong xc nh cc opReserv n thuc v , mt nh danh ca thit b v a ch MAC ( ReservID v DeviceMAC ) . Cui cng, mi cu dnh sn ti nguyn ca mt thit b c cha 8 mc u tin trong quy nh cc thng s ca mi mc u tin. Mi mc u tin s dng cc thng s sau: ReservID: N l nh ngha ca CPE (opDeviceReserv) dng thuc v. Gi tr: N xc nh cc gi tr u tin m cc tham s c p dng. UpstreamBW v DownstreamBW: cc bng tn lung ln v lung xung ti a biu th bng thng ti a c th c s dng bi mt lung d liu t mt CPE vi mt mc u tin c bit. N c th l khc nhau cho lung pha ln v xung. Max_Subcell_access_time: Thi gian truy cp subcell ti a xc nh thi gian ti a mt nt c th c truyn ti lung d liu . Gi tr ny nh hng n c tr v hiu nng ca mng. N phi l nh ln nht c th trong khi p ng cc yu cu tr hon. ResourceReserv: Loi t phng tham s ngun ti nguyn cho vic giao thng lin tc Bit Rate (CBR), Variable Bit Rate (VBR), Bit Rate sn (ABR) hoc n lc tt nht (BE). Reliability_mode: Ch ng tin cy cho bit c cc gi tin s c cng nhn hay khng. Thit b OPERA xc nh mt s thng s khng c m t trong PIB v chng l khng cn thit cho QoS Broker. Mt trong s l cu hnh CoS (Class of Service). CoS cu hnh gn mt u tin (IEEE 802.1Q) VLAN v c th c s dng lp bn u tin t / n min OPERA ci thin end-to-end QoS. N khng c a vo PIB v bi vit ny khng gii quyt vi lp bn u tin gia cc lnh vc khc nhau. Mt thng s th v l cu hnh OVLAN. OVLANs l mt loi VLAN c s dng trong OPERA c th nng cao hiu qu ca mng. TDRs lp li mt thng ip ti tt c cc nc lng ging trong mng. Nu cc thng ip c gn th. Trong hnh. 7, mi quan h gia cc yu t OPERA v cc yu t NGN ca ITU c hin th. Cc chc nng vn chuyn c thc hin trong ny, TDRs v CPE. Cc TRE-FE c thc hin trong tt c cc nt OPERA

thc thi cc chc nng giao thng. PE-FE c bao gm trong CPE v HE ngn chn khng mong mun lung d liu i vo mng.

Hnh 7: Cu trc QoS Broker lin min Trong kin trc OPERA, mi gii QoS phi ng vai tr ca cc RACF v NACF. N cng c trch nhim tip nhn tin bo hiu t cc thit b CPE. N c th chp nhn hoc t chi cc kt ni mi v chuyn i cc QoS tham s cho cc tham s QoS PLC. N l cn thit lm mt s tnh ton ca QoS mi gii lp bn cc thng ip d phng ti nguyn cc thng s PIB. V d, n l cn thit tng hp tt c cc bng thng t kt ni vi cng mt u tin. Thi gian truy cp subcell ti a c tnh t s chm tr tng th v n l cn thit s dng cc kin thc v cu trc lin kt logic ca mng OPERA l s lp v s lng cc thit b CPE. tnh ton chm tr ti a, s chm tr ca tt c cc nt trong mng phi c tng hp trong mt chu k (tnh t thi im HE bt u gi cc m thng bo vi b lp u tin cho n khi nt cui cng tr li cc m thng bo). Trong [23], mt m hnh tham gia nhiu hn ca s chm tr ca mng OPERA c th c tm thy. Kin trc cng trnh trong mt push (cung) ch , s dng COPS-PR nh cc giao thc giao tip vi cc chc nng vn chuyn.

V. KT LUN V HNG NGHIN CU:

Trong bi bo ny, mt kin trc mng qun l cht lng dch v trong mng truy nhp PLC trong khun kh NGN c m t. Cc yu t PIB ca OPERA c xc nh. Hin nay, vic thc hin ca h thng v tch hp vi cc bng thng trung gian pht trin trong [2] ang c thc hin V khng c thit b OPERA thc t ti thi im ny, mt ng dng c pht trin chy trong mt my tnh m phng cc HE, TDRs v CPE.