1

PHN I
TH NGHIM



























2
BI 1
O IN TR SUT CA VT LIU CCH IN
I. MC CH
1. Xc nh in tr sut mt v in tr sut khi ca vt liu cch in th rn
2. Xc nh mi quan h ca in tr sut vi thi gian tc ng ca in p v vi
in p.
II. MT S KHI NIM
Cc vt liu cch in hay cn gi l in mi trn thc t u c mt in dn nht
nh. dn in ca in mi ph thuc vo trng thi ca vt liu (rn, lng, kh), vo
mi trng (nhit , m), cng in trng (in p) v vo thi gian lm vic
trong in trng.
S dn in ca in mi l do s dch chuyn ca cc in tch t do tn ti trong
in mi cng nh cc ion tp cht trong in mi. Cc ion t do khng ch tn ti trong
th tch in mi m cn trong cc lp m, lp bi bn bm trn b mt in mi v cng
do dng in qua in mi khng ch theo b dy (dng in khi I
v
) m cn c kh
nng theo b mt ca in mi (dng in mt I
s
). Chnh v vy vi in mi rn ngi ta
dng hai khi nim:
in tr sut khi (
v
): L in tr ca khi lp phng c cnh bng 1 cm hnh
dung ct ra t vt liu khi dng in i qua hai mt i din khi lp phng ,
n v l cm .
in tr sut mt (
s
): L in tr ca mt hnh vung khi dng in i qua hai
cnh i din, n v l .
Nh vy m bo c th xc nh in tr sut khi
v

v in tr sut mt
s

, ca in mi th khi o
v
ta phi tm cch loi b dng in mt I
s
v ngc li khi
o
s

ta phi tm cch loi b dng in khi I

v
.
III. O IN TR SUT CA MU IN MI RN, PHNG
1. Phng php o
Thc t o in tr sut ta dng in p mt chiu t ln in mi ri o dng
in i qua in mi . Thng thng dng in ny kh nh vi in p th nghim c
hng trm volt. Ta s s dng ng h A o dng in trong th nghim ny.
H thng dng c th nghim gm nhng phn t c bn nh sau:
Ngun in: Trong s 1.3, ngun in p xoay chiu cp vo mt my bin p
c th thay i c in p u ra. in p ny c a qua b bi p chnh
lu thnh in p mt chiu ng thi tng c bin in p.
H thng ba cc th nghim: Gm mt tr kim loi c c ng knh D
2
= 5 cm,
mt tr kim loi rng t bao quanh tr kim loi trn v mt tr kim loi c khc
c ng knh D
1
= 7cm.
3
ng h Microampemet ( A ): Ta s dng mt ng h A .
Vn k: Ta s dng hai ng h Vnmet s dng o in p xoay chiu v mt
chiu t vo in mi. Trn mt bn th nghim c nm chnh nh in p.
Di y l hai s n gin o
v
v
s
.
A
d
2
D
1
D
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
A
d
2
D
1
D
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)

Hnh 1.1. S mt ct dc
h thng ba cc trong s o
s

Hnh 1.2. S mt ct dc
h thng ba cc trong s o
v

Trong :
1- in cc o lng
2- in cc cao p
3 - in cc bo v
4 Mu in mi

1- in cc o lng
2- in cc bo v
3 - in cc cao p
4 Mu in mi
T ta c th thy rng cc bo v c hai tc dng:
Lm cho in trng gia hai cc cao p v cc o lng phn b u hn ( khu
vc mp cc).
a dng in mt I
s
v phn dng in khi mp cc xung t, khng qua c
cu o trong s o in tr sut khi. a dng in khi v dng in mt
mp cc xung t trong s o in tr sut mt.
cho kt qu th nghim cng nh vic nh gi phm cht ca in mi c
chnh xc cn ch n nhng quy nh chung v mu in mi v v cc in cc:
i vi in mi rn (tr loi mng mng) th vic xc nh
v
v
s
c tin
hnh trn cc mu phng (trn hay vung) hoc mu hnh ng vi ng knh
(hoc cnh hnh vung) ca mu vo khong t 25 mm n 100 mm.
B dy d ca mu phng vo khong 0.5 mm 2.5 mm v c xc nh vi sai s
khng qu 1 , 0 mm 5 im khc nhau.
Cc cn phi c in dn cao, m bo s tip xc in tt vi b mt v khng
c tn ti lp khng kh gia cc v mu.
4
Trong iu kin th nghim, in cc khng c gy tc ng ln mu nh khng
lm mu b bin dng hay gy ra cc phn ng ho hc vi mu.
Kch thc v hnh dng ca cc khng c thay i trong qu trnh lm th
nghim, khng xy ra cc qu trnh ho l trong bn thn cc nh chy, oxy ho.
trnh sai s trong th nghim cn ch kh cc sc nhit in ng v hiu in
th tip xc bng cch dng mt loi dy (dy cng vt liu) ni cc phn t ca
s th nghim. Tt c cc mi ni u nn hn.
Tt c cc iu kin trn v hnh dng v kch thc ca mu l da trn cc iu
kin tiu chun v iu kin lm vic ca vt liu c th nghim. Ngoi ra cn c yu
cu mu khng c cong, vnh, nt, v, bn, . . .Nu nh mu phi qua gia cng c kh
th sau khi gia cng phi lm cho b mt mu sch, bng, nhn v khng c vt xy st.
Vi phng php o nh trn, cng thc tnh in tr sut khi v in tr sut mt ca
mu in mi phng l:
(2)
D
D
ln I
U 2
(1)
d I
US
2
1
s
s
v
v

= =

Trong :

v

- in tr sut khi ca mu, cm .

s
- in tr sut mt ca mu, .

v
I - dng in khi, A.

s
I - dng in mt, A.
U- in p mt chiu gia hai bn cc, V.
S - din tch ca cc o lng, cm
2
.
d - b dy ca in mi, cm.
D
1
- ng knh trong ca cc cao p, cm.
D
2
- ng knh ca cc o lng, cm.
Trong D
1
= 7 cm v D
2
= 5 cm.
5
S nguyn l th nghim:
A A
V AC
2 1
1 2
1
K
2
K

Hnh 1.3. S xc nh in tr sut mt v in tr sut khi.
S mt bn th nghim:
A
p
t
o
m
a
t

2. Tin hnh th nghim
2.1. iu kin th nghim
Nhit mi trng (theo nhit k): t = . . . . .
0
C.
m mi trng (theo m k): = . . . . . %.
2.2. Trnh t th nghim
1- t vt liu cn o in tr sut vo gia h thng ba cc nh hnh v. Cc cc
ng tm.
2- Bt aptmat cp in cho bn th nghim. n LA sang
3- Kim tra a t ngu v v tr O.
4- ng in bng cch n nt N1 (mu xanh). n L1 sng.
5- xc nh in tr sut khi ca vt liu cch in n nt
v

. n K1 sng v
tr 1.
o trng hp c cc bo v, n nt CBV. n K22 sng
6
o trng hp khng c cc bo v, n nt KBV. K21 v K22 u tt.
6- o in tr sut mt ca vt liu cch in n nt
s
. n K12 sng.
o trng hp c cc bo v, n nt CBV. n K21 sng
o trng hp khng c cc bo v, n nt KBV. K21 v K22 u tt.
2.2. Kt qu th nghim

Loi in
mi
B dy
d, mm
in p
U (V)
Trng thi o
Dng in I, A
Ghi
Ch
Khi Mt

.


C

c

b

o

v

K
h

n
g

c

c

b

o

v

.


C

c

b

o

v

K
h

n
g

c

c

b

o

v

.


C

c

b

o

v

K
h

n
g

c

c

b

o

v

Bng 1.1. Kt qu th nghim o in tr sut ca mt s vt liu cch in.
3. Xc nh quan h gia in tr ca mu vi thi gian tc dng ca in p
Khi lm vic lu di di in p, dng in i trong in mi rn v lng c thay
i theo thi gian. iu chng t in tr ca vt liu c thay i.
kim chng iu ny ta tin hnh th nghim o in tr sut khi trong trng
hp c cc bo v.
7
3.1.Trnh t th nghim
Chn mt gi tr no ca in p tc dng U. Thng thng chn gi tr no
ca U sao cho lch ban u ca ng h A khng ln qu (nn vo khon 2/3
thang o).
Dng cu dao ct ngun in a vo h thng cc o. ng li cu dao v theo
di kim ng h A . Ghi li cc gi tr dng in ti cc thi im khc nhau.
3.2. Kt qu th nghim

Loi
in mi
Chiu dy d,
mm
in p U, V
Thi gian t,
giy
Dng in I,
A

.
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.
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.
.
.

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Bng 1.2. Kt qu o quan h in tr khi v thi gian tc dng ca in p.
4. Xc nh quan h in tr khi (hay in tr sut khi) vi in p tc dng.
Ta tin hnh th nghim vi mt mu in mi trong trng hp c in cc bo v
o cc gi tr dng in khi ng vi cc gi tr in p khc nhau. Mi cp gi tr in
p dng in c o ti cc im khc nhau trnh s nh hng ca nhit ln
in tr ca in mi. m bo an ton cho ng h A th ta nn chn di in p
trong bng 1.1 tin hnh trc .






8
Loi
in mi
B dy d,
mm
in p U,
V
Trng thi
o
Dng in I,
A
Ghi ch

.
.

.
.


C

c

b

o

v

Bng 1.3. Kt qu o quan h in tr sut khi v in p tc dng

9
BI 2
XC NH CC TNH CHT CA DU MY BIN P
I. MC CH
Xc nh mt s tnh cht vt l ca du my bin p:
Tm hiu cc thit b xc nh nht, im chp chy ca du my bin p.
Xc nh nht, im chp chy ca du my bin p.
Da vo s liu in p chc thng c ly tiu chun 2,5 mm trong phn th
nghim Xc nh cng cch in ca du my bin p v cc s liu thu
c trong bi th nghim ny kt lun s b v kh nng s dng ca mu du
c th nghim.
Xc nh cng cch in ca du my bin p:
Nghin cu c cu ca s phng in trong cht in mi lng
Nghin cu phng php xc nh cng cch in ca du my bin p theo
tiu chun quy nh.
Nghin cu quan h ca in p phng in vi s ln phng in.
II. MT S TNH CHT CA DU MY BIN P
Du my bin p l loi vt liu cch in th lng c ch to t du m bng
phng php chng ct tng cp. y l loi vt liu dng rt thng dng lm cch in
trong my bin p, trong cp cao p, t in, lm mt cho cc cun dy my bin p hay
dp h quang trong cc loi my ct in.
1. nht
nht ca mt cht lu l thng s i din cho s ma st trong ca dng chy.
Khi cc dng cht lu st k c tc chuyn ng khc nhau, ngoi s va p gia cc
phn t vt cht cn c s trao i xung lng gia chng. Nhng phn t chui ra t dng
chy c tc cao s lm tng ng nng ca dng c tc chm v ngc li phn t
vt cht t cc dng chy chm s lm km hm chuyn ng ca dng chy nhanh. Kt
qu l gia cc lp ny xut hin mt ng xut tip tuyn gy nn ma st.
Xem xt hin tng gi thi trn b mt nc, gi s tc ng ln b mt nc mt lc
nht nh v lm b mt nc chuyn ng vi vn tc c nh u. Di tc dng ca
nht, lp lin k pha di s b ko theo chuyn ng ca lp trn.
Theo nh lut Newton cho cht lu, vi nhng dng chy (dng lp) thng, song
song vi nhau, ng xut tip tuyn gia nhng lp ny t l tuyn tnh vi vi sai vn tc
y
u

theo hng vung gc vi cc lp :

y
u

= .
cng thc trn, hng s c gi l nht ng lc hc hay cn gi l
nht tuyt i. Ngoi nht ng lc hc, khi nghin cu chuyn ng ca cht lu c k
n nh hng ca lc qun tnh, m thc cht l trng lng ring , ngi ta cn a ra
mt i lng quan trng khc l nht ng hc:

= .
10
Tnh cht rt quan trng ca du my bin p l nht. nht ca du c nh
hng ti qu trnh truyn nhit v tc chuyn ng ca cc tip im trong du cng
nh ti tnh cht in (in dn v tn hao in mi). V vy khi tnh ton qu trnh nhit
ca cc thit b dng du hay tc tch ca cc u tip xc trong my ct in ta cn
phi bit nht ca du v quan h ca nht vi nhit .
Theo quy nh v du my bin p th nht quy nh tiu chun c xc nh
nhit 50
0
C v khng c ln hn 1,8
0
E (13,41 cSt).
2. im chp chy ca hi du
Trong qu trnh vn hnh ca thit b, du b pht nng v bc hi. Khi nhit
ca hi du v ca bn thn du t ti mt tr s no v c s xut hin ca h quang
hay tia la, hi du c th bc chy. Nhit thp nht ca du ti hi du s bc
chy khi tip xc thong vi la gi l im chp chy ca hi du. im chp chy
ca hi du c trng cho tnh chng chy ca n, ng thi n cng cho bit mt cch
gin tip thnh phn ho hc ca du nh s c mt ca cc thnh phn d bay hi, du
ho v c nc trong du. im chp chy quy nh ca du my bin p khng c thp
hn 135
0
C.
3. Cng cch in
Ngoi hai tnh cht trn ta cn quan tm ti cng cch in ca du my bin
p. y l gi tr in p ti xy ra s phng in gia hai bn cc ngm trong
du vi mt khong cch nht nh gia hai bn cc. Cng cch in ca du my
bin p khng ch ph thuc vo bn thn du m cn ph thuc vo lng v loi tp
cht, c bit l tp cht loi si v m. Trong qu trnh bo qun, chuyn ch cng nh
trong vn hnh, lng tp cht trong du ngy cng tng lm cho cng cch in ngy
cng gim. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, di tc dng ca nhit v cng in trng
cao, ca oxy trong khng kh nn du b gi ci v dn dn s mt tnh cht cch in.
Chnh v vy, trc khi cho du vo my bin p hay cc thit b khc cng nh trong qu
trnh vn hnh cc thit b y, phi nh k kim tra cng cch in ca du cng nh
mt s c tnh vt l, ho, nhit khc. Qu trnh tnh ton cc kt cu cch in trong
c dng du cng yu cu ta bit cng cch in.
Tiu chun v in p phng in ca du theo quy trnh quy nh nh trong bng
2.1.
Cp in p lm vic ca
thit b, kV
in p phng in ca du, kV (khng nh hn)
Du mi Du ang lm vic
35 40 35
6 35 30 25
6 25 20
Bng 2.1. Quy nh v in p phng in ca du my bin p.
11
III. TH NGHIM
1. Th nghim o nht

Hnh 2.1. B gia nhit VB - 1423

Hnh 2.2. ng Cannon - fenske
1.1. Thit b th nghim
xc nh nht ngi ta dng mt loi thit b gm b gia nhit VB 1423
in p U = 220 V, f= 50 60 Hz, cng sut 1000 W. ng o nht ca du c t
bn trong bnh ng nc. ng h ci t cc nhit cho mi mu du th nghim.
Vch ngn v thit b khuy u nc c tc dng ng nhit gia nc v du. B gia
nhit c th thay i nhit du t t = 0
0
C 100
0
C. Np b gia nhit c ba l t ba
kiu ng Cannon c tit din ng khc nhau kim tra nht.
Thit b xc nh o nht Cannon fenske l thit b thng c s dng o
nht ca cht lng. nht ng hc t l vi thi gian chy ca cht lng trong mt
ng c tit din v dung lng cho trc bng mt h s chnh nh cho trc:
t . k n = (2.1)
Trong : n - nht ng hc, cSt.
t thi gian chy ca cht lng, s.
k h s chnh nh, cSt/s.
1.2. Tin hnh th nghim
Dng mt vt du cao su np vo bnh A ca ng Cannon fenske 10 ml du th
nghim ri t ng ln trn gi theo phng thng ng ngm trong bnh nc ca thit
b gia nhit.
ng Cannon c hp c vch chun ng vi dung lng du cho sn. Trc khi th nghim,
ng ng du phi kh, sch. Nu trc khi th nghim trong ng c du th khng cn
phi ra ng.
12
Sau khi cho du vo bnh ta cn kim tra mt phng ca du, sau theo di nhit
ca du.Thng phi i 2 3 pht mi c nhit ca du (chnh l nhit phng)
sau mi tin hnh xc nh nht ca du nhit phng.
trnh sai s khi theo di vch du th khng nn trong ng thu tinh c bt
kh to thnh trn mt lp du v khi theo di, tm mt phi ngang vi vch chun.

Hnh 2.3. Cch o vi
ng Cannon - fenske
Dng vt cao su ht du trong ng ln im B ti nhit mi
trng v rt ra cho du chy t do trong ng. Khi mt trn
ca du chy n im C th bt u o thi gian chy n
im D.
Sau tin hnh xc nh thi gian chy ca du cc nhit
khc nhau. nng nhit ca du ngi ta dng nc
bao bc xung quanh ng cha du v un nng nc bi thit
b gia nhit. cho du c nng u, b khuy lun hot
ng v vch ngn gi cho nhit ca du v nc khng c
s chnh lch. T lc ny nhit du s tip tc tng nh
nhit lng ca nc.
Th nghim ny c tin hnh cc nhit khc nhau nh bng 2.3. nht
c xc nh theo cng thc 2.1. Di y l thng s v cc ng Cannon fenske.
Kiu H s chnh nh Khong nht cho php
25 0,002 0,4 1,6
50 0,004 0,8 3,2
75 0,008 1,6 6,4
100 0,015 3 15
150 0,035 7 35
200 0,1 20 100
300 0,25 50 200
350 0,5 100 500
400 1,2 240 1200
450 2,5 500 2500
500 8 1600 8000
600 20 4000 20 000
Bng 2.2. Thng s v cc ng Cannon fenske.
13
Kt qu o nht ca du my bin p c ghi trong bng sau.
Nhit ,
0
C Thi gian t, s
Nhit phng,
0
C
30
40
50
60
70
Bng 2.3. Kt qu o nht ca du my bin p
2. o im chp chy ca du my bin p
2.1. Thit b th nghim
S nguyn l ca thit b o im chp chy ca cht lng nh hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4. Thit b tng nhit ca du
(1): Du my bin p
(2): Hi du
2.2. Tin hnh th nghim
Du c un nng bng bp in. Khi un du phi thng xuyn theo di nhit
nhit k. Bt u t 120
0
C th khng ch tc tng nhit du khong 4
0
C/pht v
khuy du lin tc. Cng t thi im ny, c mi ln nhit tng ln 2
0
C th cho ngn
la tip xc vi hi du mt ln cho n khi hi du bc chy th dng th nghim. Nhit
thp nht ca du ti hi du bc chy khi tip xc vi ngn la l im chp
chy ca hi du. i vi cc cht lng cch in (du) th khng quy nh nhit chy
ca du v nhit chy ca hi du cng ni ln tnh nguy him.Th nghim c tin
hnh t nht l 3 ln. Sau mi ln th dng mu du mi. Kt qu ghi vo bng 2.4.
Ln im chp chy,
0
C Trung bnh,
0
C
1
. 2
3
Bng 2.4. Kt qu o im chp chy ca du
14
3. Xc nh cng cch in ca du my bin p
3.1. Thit b th nghim
* Bnh ng du
Th nghim xc nh cng cch in ca du my bin p c tin hnh trong
bnh bng s c th tch vo khong 300 cm
3
500 cm
3
. Trong bnh c gn hai cc v
khong cch gia chng c th thay i c. Cc c th c dng a trn ng knh 25
mm. Khong cch tiu chun gia hai cc l 2,5 mm.
M?c d?u

Hnh 2.5 Bnh ng du
Mt cc yu cu phi c x l tht cn thn v
trong qu trnh s dng bnh th nghim phi thng
xuyn kim tra trng thi b mt cc. Mc du trong
bnh phi cao hn mp cc t nht l 15 mm.
* Ngun in
Th nghim c tin hnh vi thit b dng th du lm vic vi in p xoay
chiu tn s cng nghip. S nguyn l ca thit b nh hnh 2.6.
bv
R

Hnh 2.6 S cp in cho th nghim xc nh cng cch in ca du
1. Cu ch 2. My bin p t ngu
3. Vn mt o in p vch theo kV 4. My bin p tng p
5. Bnh du 6. in tr bo v
3.2. Tin hnh th nghim
Bc 1. Ly mu du
Theo quy trnh kim tra cht lng ca du my bin p v my ct in th mu
du th nghim phi c ly t thng my bin p hay my ct v c ng trong chai
thu tinh kh, sch, y nt c gn xi hoc parafin.
ly mu du u tin phi m vi pha di thng du, cho du chy i
mt t ra sch vi, sau mi chai vo ly du.
cho khng kh m khng xm nhp vo mu du th nghim th nn ly mu khi
thi tit kh ro, lng du ly th nghim t nht phi c mt lt.
Nu vo ma ng th cn du trong phng th nghim t 8 12 gi du c
nhit phng.
15
Bc 2. du vo bnh
Kim tra k tnh trng ca bnh v trng thi ca mt cc.
Ra li bnh bng du. Khi ra nn rt du vo hai mt cc cc vt du v than
t cc ln th nghim trc b tri i.
du vo bnh v ch 10 15 pht cho cc bt kh c th thot ra ngoi mi lm
th nghim.
Bc 3. Xc nh cng cch in ca du.
Sau khi t khong cch gia hai cc l 2,5 mm, ta tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
Ct ngun cung cp cho thit b, a tay quay ca t ngu v v tr 0, m np
thit b v t bnh ng du vo, ni hai cc ca bnh vo cc u ra ca my bin
p tng p. Sau ng np thit b li.
ng ngun cung cp, khi n tn hiu s sng. Vic ny ch c th thc hin
sau khi np thit b c ng, nu khng kho an ton s khng cho php ng
ngun.
Chnh tay quay tng in p vi tc khong 2 5 kV/giy cho n lc no
xy ra phng in vi tia la sng chi. Sau b phn bo v s lm vic v ct
ngun cung cp. Ta c ch s in p trn vn-mt s c tr s in p phng
in.
Tr tay quay ca t ngu v v tr 0, ct ngun cung cp in. Ch 5 pht ri thc
hin ln phng in tip theo.
Trong qu trnh th nghim phi ch ghi li trong bin bn cc tr s in p xut
hin tia la u tin v in p phng in v t s gia hai in p cho php xc nh
mc bn ca du. Vi mt mu du phi cho phng in 6 ln, mi ln cch nhau 5
pht cho cc tp cht rn v kh do du b chy gy nn c th lng xung hoc i ra
khu vc gia hai cc. Mun lm cho qu trnh ny nhanh hn, ta dng que thu tinh sch,
kh khuy u du.
Trong su ln phng in th ch ly kt qu nm ln sau cng (t ln th hai n
ln th su). Trong ln phng in th nht trn mt cc cn c tp cht nn kt qu c th
sai lch. Kt qu o c ghi trong bng 2.5.
Ln
in p phng in
U
ct
, kV
in p phng in trung bnh
U
cttb
, kV
1
..
2
3
4
5
6
Bng 2.5. Kt qu o in p phng in trong du my bin p.
16
Kho st quan h gia in p phng in v s ln phng in. Kt qu ghi trong
bng 2.6.
Khong cch
cc
Ln phng in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
s = 2,5 mm
in p phng in
U
p
, kV

Bng 2.6. Quan h gia in p phng in v s ln phng in









































17
BI 3
PHNG IN TRONG KHNG KH
I. MC CH
Nghin cu quan h gia in p phng in trong khng kh vi cc loi cc khc
nhau v khong cch gia chng.
Xc nh nh hng ca cc tnh i vi in p phng in khi cc c b tr
khng i xng.
Xc nh nh hng ca v tr mn chn i vi in p phng in trong khng
kh trng khng ng nht.
II. KHI NIM
Vi mt khong cch cho ca hai cc th in p phng in ph thuc vo dng
ca in trng, vo thi gian tc dng ca in p, vo cc tnh ca cc bn knh cong b
v cui cng l ph thuc vo mt v m ca khng kh.
Tu theo mc ging nhau ca cng in trng ti cc im m ngi ta
chia in trng thnh cc loi: in trng ng nht, in trng gn ng nht v in
trng rt khng ng nht.
in trng ng nht l trng hp l tng, tr s in trng ti mi im u
bng nhau (E = const) v c ng sc ca t trng song song vi nhau. c im ca
phng in trong in trng ng nht l qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca phng
in khng ph thuc vo cc tnh.
Tuy vy trn thc t cc iu kin trn rt t khi xy ra nn ta thng gp in trng
khng ng nht. Mc khng ng nht ca trng c biu th bng h s khng
ng nht, k hiu l f. H s ny c xc nh l t s gia cng in trng cc
i v cng in trng trung bnh:
tb
max
E
E
f =
trong
s
U
E
tb
= , vi U l in p tc dng cn s l khong cch gia hai cc.
in trng gn ng nht c c khi h s f khng ln (f<2). V d in hnh l
in trng gia hai qu cu dng trong o lng in p cao vi khong cch gia hai
cc khng ln so vi bn knh cong ca cc. Trong in trng gn ng nht th in p
phng in vng quang hu nh trng vi in p phng in chc thng v cc tnh (vi
trng hp c b tr khng i xng mt cc ni t) cng t nh hng n in p
phng in. Thi gian tc dng ca in p, nu nh n ln hn 1 s th cng t nh
hng n in p phng in. Nu gi s l khong cch gia hai cc v r l bn knh ca
hai qu cu th ta c gi tr ca f tng ng vi t s s/r nh sau:


18
s/r Hai qu cu cch in Mt qu cu ni t
0,1 1,03 1,03
0,2 1,068 1,07
0,4 1,137 1,14
0,6 1,208 1,23
0,8 1,283 1,32
1 1,359 1,41
1,2 1,440 1,51
1,4 1,525 1,62
1,6 1,600 1,73
1,8 1,680 1,85
2 1,770 1,97
3 2,214 3,21
Bng 3.1. Gi tr ca f theo s/r
in p phng in trong in trng gn ng nht c th c tnh theo cng thc:
f
s E
U
max
pd
=
Vi E
max
l cng in trng cc i trn mt cc khi xy ra phng in. Gi tr ny
c tnh theo cng thc sau:
)
r
k
(1 k E
2
1 max

+ =
trong :
l mt tng i ca khng kh
r l bn knh cong ca qu cu, trong bi ny r = 5 cm
k
1
, k
2
l cc h s xc nh t thc nghim. H s k
1
ng vi cng trng
phng in khi trng l ng nht v 1 = (iu kin kh hu tiu chun). H s
k
2
c trng cho s tng ca cng trng phng in khi khng ng nht
ca trng tng, trong trng ng nht th k
2
= 0. i vi hai qu cu nu bn
knh o bng cm v in p o bng kV th k
1
=27,2 v k
2
=0,54.
Mt tng i ca khng kh c th xc nh c theo cng thc:
273 t
0.386p
+
=
trong p l p sut ca khng kh (mmHg) cn t l nhit khng kh (
0
C).
19
T cng thc trn ta thy rng E
max
khng ph thuc vo khong cch gia hai cc
trong khi cng in trng phng in trung bnh li t l nghch vi khong cch
ny.
Ta cng thy rng trong trng ng nht v gn ng nht, m khng kh
khng nh hng ti in p phng in. Trong trng rt khng ng nht, v d trng
hp mi nhn cc bn th m lm gim in p phng in. Nh vy trnh nh
hng ca m khi nh gi in p phng in, ta quy i in p phng in v iu
kin tiu chun:

+
=

=
k 01 , 0 1
U
k
U U
pd
1
pd 0

trong :
U
p
l in p phng in iu kin th nghim
U
0
l in p phng in iu kin th nghim
l m ca khng kh (g/m
3
)
k
1
=1+0,01k l h s hiu chnh theo nh hng ca m
k l h s hiu chnh theo m ca khng kh. Gi tr ca k c th tra theo ph lc
1.
Trng rt khng ng nht thng gp khi khong cch gia hai cc ln hn
nhiu so vi bn knh cong ca cc v h s khng ng nht f l kh ln (f>4). Trong
trng hp ny in p phng in vng quang nh hn nhiu so vi in p phng in
chc thng khi trng l ng nht. Cn hnh dng ca cc khng c nh hng quyt
nh (v d c hai in cc l mi nhn nhng c hnh dng v tit din khc nhau). Khi
cc cc c hnh dng khng i xng, v d mt cc c dng bn v cc kia l mi nhn
th cc tnh ca mi nhn c nh hng nhiu n in p phng in. Vi cng khong
cch th in p phng in khi mi nhn c cc tnh dng nh hn nhiu khi mi nhn
c cc tnh m. Cui cng thi gian tc dng ca in p cng c nh hng khng t ti
tr s in p phng in.
tng cng cch in ca khng kh trong trng rt khng ng nht, ta
dng mn chn bng in mi rn. V d nh trong trng hp mn chn mi nhn.
Khi mi nhn c cc tnh dng th cc ion dng di chuyn v pha cc bn b
gi li trn mn chn v phn b trn mn chn. Phn in trng gia mn chn v cc
bn l gn ng nht. Do nu mn chn t cng gn mi nhn th khong khng gian
ny cng ln v in p phng in chc thng cng tng. Tuy vy nu t mn chn qu
st mi nhn lm cho cc ion dng phn b khng u trn mn chn, ng nht ca
trng mn chn cc bn gim nn in p phng in chc thng s gim i.
Khi mi nhn c cc tnh m tc dng ca mn chn cng tng t nh trn. Tuy
vy, mn chn ch pht huy tc dng mt khong cch no so vi mi nhn. Ti cc
v tr gn cc bn, in p phng in chc thng nh hn gi tr in p phng in khi
khng c mn chn. iu ny c th gii thch l do pha mi nhn v cc bn c mt
20
in tch ln gn nh dn in, mn chn l in cc m, gia mn chn v cc bn c
khong cch b v in p phng in s c tr s thp.
III. TH NGHIM
1. Thit b th nghim
1.1. Thit b to in p xoay chiu
Thit b c s dng y l my bin p mt pha, cng sut 2 kVA, tn s 50
Hz, lm mt t nhin vi in p nh mc pha h p 180 V, ca pha cao p l 100 kV.
1.2. Thit b to in p mt chiu
Ngun mt chiu c to bi my bin p th nghim v thit b chnh lu cao p
vi chnh lu 1/2 chu k vi in p ra c th bin i trong phm vi rng. Cc tham s
ca my bin p nh sau:
Cng sut 2kVA
in p cung cp nh mc 180 V
Tn s 50 Hz
in p ra 140 kV max
Dng in chnh lu 5 mA
1.3. S th nghim
S nguyn l khi dng ngun xoay chiu nh sau:
bv
R

Hnh 3.1. S th nghim khi dng ngun xoay chiu
bv
R

Hnh 3.2. S th nghim khi dng ngun mt chiu
Trong :
1. Cu ch bo v
2. My bin p t ngu
3. ng h o in p s cp ca my bin p th nghim
21
4. My bin p th nghim
5. Cc loi cc
6. in tr bo v
K: diode chnh lu
MC: mn chn
2. Tin hnh th nghim
Khi tin hnh th nghim cn ch mt s c im sau:
Lc bt u mt th nghim phi a khong cch gia cc cc v khng.
a tay quay ca t ngu v v tr khng
Khi lm th nghim phi cho in p tng dn vi tc khng i trong mi ln
th nghim. Khi xy ra phng in phi theo di ch s ca vn mt trn mch h p
ca my bin p th nghim.
Khi c phng in th b phn bo v s t ng ct ngun cung cp vo my bin
p th nghim. Trng hp b phn bo v hng th phi dng tay nhanh chng ct
ngun cung cp hay nhanh tay quay tay quay my bin p v v tr 0.
Vi mi khong cch cc ta cho phng in 3 ln v tnh tr s in p trung bnh.
Mi khi tin hnh cc thao tc trong khu vc ro chn phi ct cu dao chnh trn
mch cung cp in h p cho my bin p th nghim v ni t kh cc in
tch d.
2.1. Xc nh in p phng in vi in cc cu cu
Khong cch s ly ln lt l 1; 2; 3; 4 cm.
Cc kt qu o in p phng in in p xoay chiu v in p mt chiu vi
loi cc cu cu c ghi trong bng 3.2.
Khong cch in
cc
s, cm
in p phng in s cp
Phng in mt chiu Phng in xoay chiu
1 2 3 TB 1 2 3 TB
1
2
3
4
Bng 3.2. Kt qu o in p phng in gia hai in cc cu cu
2.2. Xc nh in p phng in vi in cc mi nhn mi nhn
Khong cch s ly ln lt l 1; 2; 3; 4 cm.
Cc kt qu o in p phng in in p xoay chiu v in p mt chiu vi
loi cc mi nhn mi nhn c ghi trong bng 3.3.
22
Khong cch in cc
s, cm
in p phng in s cp
Phng in mt chiu Phng in xoay chiu
1 2 3 TB 1 2 3 TB
1
2
3
4
Bng 3.3. Kt qu o in p phng in gia hai cc
mi nhn mi nhn
3.3. Xc nh in p phng in vi in cc mi nhn cc bn
Khong cch s ly ln lt l 1; 2; 3; 4 cm.
Cc kt qu o in p phng in in p xoay chiu v in p mt chiu vi
loi cc mi nhn cc bn c ghi trong bng 3.4.
Trong phn th nghim vi in p mt chiu ta tin hnh vi hai trng hp ca
mi nhn: cc tnh m v cc tnh dng. Ch rng in cc no ni vi u cn li ca
diode trn mch th nghim s mang cc tnh m.
Khong
cch
in cc
s, cm
in p phng in s cp, V
Phng in mt chiu
Phng in xoay chiu
Mi nhn dng Mi nhn m
1 2 3 TB 1 2 3 TB 1 2 3 TB
1
2
3
4
Bng 3.5. Kt qu o in p phng in gia hai cc
mi nhn cc bn
23
3.4. Xc nh nh hng ca mn chn vi in p phng in
Trong phn nay ta s dng hai loi in cc l mi nhn v cc bn vi khong
cch s = 4 cm. Th nghim c tin hnh in p mt chiu vi hai trng hp l mi
nhn mang cc tnh m v cc tnh dng.
Ta xt ba v tr ca mn chn so vi mi nhn l 1 cm, 2 cm, v 3 cm. Sau mi ln
phng in chc thng mn chn, cn thay mn chn hoc o chiu mn chn v tr ca
l thng khng nh hng n in p phng in. Kt qu th nghim c ghi trong
bng 3.6.
Khong
cch
in cc
s, cm
U
p
khi
khng c
mn chn
U
1
, V
Khong cch
mi nhn mn
chn
s
1
, cm
in p phng in s cp, V
Mi nhn dng Mi nhn m
4
1 1 2 3 TB 1 2 3 TB
2
3
Bng 3.6. Kt qu o in p phng in gia hai cc
mi nhn cc bn khi c mn chn
Trong tt c cc th nghim, in p phng in u c hiu chnh v iu kin
kh hu tiu chun v tnh cng in trng phng in trung bnh:
/cm kV
s
U
E
max
2
tb
=
Vi U
2
l in p th cp hiu chnh, kV
max
.
24





























25






PHN II
BO CO V BO V
TH NGHIM












26

BI 1
O IN TR SUT CA VT LIU CCH IN

I. NHN XT V IN TR SUT KHI V MT CA IN MI
Theo s liu th nghim trong bng 1.1 ta tnh c gi tr in tr sut theo cc
cng thc (1) v (2). Kt qu c ghi trong bng sau.
Loi
in
mi
B dy
d, mm
in p
U (V)
Trng
thi o
Dng in
I, A
in tr sut
Khi Mt cm ,
v
,
s

.


C cc
bo v




Khng
c cc
bo v

.


C cc
bo v




Khng
c cc
bo v

.


C cc
bo v




Khng
c cc
bo v



Bng 1.4. Kt qu o v tnh ton in tr sut mt v in tr sut khi.
Nhn xt

27
II. QUAN H CA IN TR KHI VI THI GIAN TC DNG CA IN P.
Theo kt qu trong bng 1.2 ta s dng cng thc (3) v tnh c gi tr in tr
khi ca cc mu nh trong bng 1.5. Quan h gia in tr khi v thi gian tc dng ca
in p c biu din trn hnh 1.5.
Loi
in mi
Chiu dy
d, mm
in p
U, V
Thi gian
t, giy
Dng in
I, A
in tr
R
v
,

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Bng 1.5. Gi tr tnh ton in tr khi R
v
.

28
intr,
Thigiant cdngcain p,giy

Hnh 1.5. Quan h gia in tr khi v thi gian tc dng ca in p
Gii thch cc kt qu th nghim

III. QUAN H CA IN TR SUT KHI VI IN P TC DNG
Theo kt qu o bng 1.3 ta tnh c in tr sut khi ca mu th nghim nh
trong bng 1.6. Quan h gia in tr sut khi v in p tc dng c biu din trn
hnh 1.6.




29
Loi
in mi
B dy
d, mm
in p
U, V
Trng
thi o
Dng in I,
A
in tr sut
cm ,
v

.
.

.
.


C

c

b

o

v

Bng 1.6. Gi tr ca in tr sut khi ti cc in p khc nhau
intrsut, cm
in p,V

Hnh 1.6. Quan h ca in tr sut khi v in p
30
Gii thch cc kt qu th nghim

IV. NHN XT CHUNG V BI TH NGHIM

31
BI 2
O CC TNH CHT CA DU MY BIN P

I. QUAN H CA NHT VI NHIT
Cng thc chuyn i sang nht quy nh l Engler (
0
E):
45 , 7
) cSt ( n
) E ( n
0
=
Nhit ,
0
C Thi gian t, s nht, cSt nht,
0
E
Nhit phng,
0
C
30
40
50
60
70
Bng 2.3. Kt qu o v tnh ton nht
32
nh t, E
0
Nhit, C
0

Hnh 2. 4. Quan h ca nht vi nhit
Gii thch cc kt qu th nghim

II. O IM CHP CHY CA DU MY BIN P
Kt lun v im chp chy ca mu du my bin p.

33
III. XC NH CNG CCH IN CA DU MY BIN P
T kt qu tnh in p phng in trung bnh nh bng 2.5 ta c c cng
cch in ca du theo cng thc:
s
U
E
cttb
d
=
Vi s = 2,5 mm l c ly gia hai cc.
ng thi ta cng c c quan h gia in p phng in vi s ln phng in
nh th sau.
in pphngin,kV
Slnphngin

Hnh 2.6 Quan h gia in p phng in ca du v s ln phng in.
Gii thch cc kt qu th nghim

34
IV. NHN XT CHUNG V BI TH NGHIM
Nhn xt v mu du

Kt lun
Mu du th nghim c dng cho vo cc thit b c in p lm vic..kV hoc
dng lm du vn hnh trong cc thit b c in p lm vic..kV.

























35
BI 3
PHNG IN TRONG KHNG KH

I. PHNG IN CU CU
Khong
cch cc
s, cm
U
1
, V
U
2
, kV
E
p
,
kV/cm
s/r f
E
pmax
,
kV/cm
Theo h s
bin i
Sau khi
hiu chnh
Phng in in p mt chiu
1
2
3
4
Phng in in p mt chiu
1
2
3
4
Bng 3.6. Phng in gia hai in cc cu cu
in pphngin,kV intrngphngin,kV/cm
Khongc chccs,cm Khongc chccs,cm
Ghich: ..
..
Ghich: ..
..

Hnh 3.3. Phng in gia hai in cc cu cu



36
II. PHNG IN MI NHN MI NHN

Khong
cch cc
s, cm
U
1
, V
U
2
, kV
E
ptb
,
kV/cm
Ghi ch
Theo h s
bin i
Sau khi
hiu chnh
Phng in in p mt chiu
1
2
3
4
Phng in in p mt chiu
1
2
3
4
Bng 3.7. Phng in gia hai in cc mi nhn mi nhn
in pphngin,kV intrngphngin,kV/cm
Khongc chccs,cm Khongc chccs,cm
Ghich: ..
..
Ghich: ..
..

Hnh 3.4. Phng in gia hai in cc mi nhn





37
III. PHNG IN MI NHN CC BN

Khong
cch cc
s, cm
U
1
, V
U
2
, kV
E
ptb
,
kV/cm
Ghi ch
Theo h s
bin i
Sau khi
hiu chnh
Phng in in p mt chiu, mi nhn dng
1
2
3
4
Phng in in p mt chiu, mi nhn m
1
2
3
4
Phng in in p xoay chiu
1
2
3
4
Bng 3.8. Phng in mi nhn cc bn
in pphngin,kV intrngphngin,kV/cm
Khongc chccs,cm Khongc chccs,cm
Ghich: ..
..
..
Ghich: ..
..
..

Hnh 3.5. Phng in gia hai in cc mi nhn cc bn
38
IV. PHNG IN MI NHN CC BN C MN CHN

Khong
cch cc
s, cm
U
p
khi khng
c mn chn
U
1
, V
Khong cch
t mi nhn
n mn chn,
cm
U
1
, V
U
2
, kV
Ghi ch
Theo h
sbin i
Sau khi
hiu
chnh
Mi nhn mang cc tnh dng
4
0
1
2
3
4
Mi nhn mang cc tnh m
4
0
1
2
3
4
Bng 3.9. Phng in mi nhn cc bn khi c mn chn

Hnh 3.10. nh hng ca mn chn
39
V. NHN XT V GII THCH KT QU TH NGHIM
Phng in cu cu

Phng in mi nhn mi nhn

Phng in mi nhn cc bn c mn chn

Nhn xt chung v th nghim