ENERGY METHODS AND CASTIGLIANOS THEOREMS CE 130 Structural Design and Optimization Spring, 2006

Strain Energy: U =
1 2

{ }T {} dV
V F dD ; Complementary Work: WE = U =

External Work: WE = U = Superposition: N = No + Castiglianos First Theorem:

D dF

vi Fi ; M = Mo + Fi = U / Di

mi Fi ; V = Vo +

vi Fi ; etc.

Castiglianos Second Theorem: Di = U / Fi Linear Elastic Systems: U = U Mechanical Loads

Axial

U=

N2 1 2 l EA 1 M2 2 l EI

dl = dl dl

1 2

N 2L EA

ni = N/Fi

Di =

N ni l EA M mi l EI

dl = dl dl

N ni L EA

Bending U = Shear Torsion U= U= U=

mi = M/Fi Di = vi = V /Fi ti = T /Fi

U Fi

1 V2 2 l G(A/) 1 T2 2 l GJ

Di = Di =
N Fi

V vi l G(A/) T ti l GJ

dl

dl

Temperature Loads

Axial

N T L M
Tb Tt h

= =

T L
Tb Tt h

Bending U =

dl

U Fi

M l Fi

dl

Statically Indeterminate Structures and Superposition 1. Remove I redundants, Ri , i = 1, . . . , I , where I is the degree of indeterminacy. 2. Solve for the internal forces, Mo , No , Vo , in the resulting statically determinate structure (without the redundants), due to the real applied loads. 3. Now, remove all of the real applied loads, and apply I unit virtual loads to the structure in the direction of the redundants, one at a time. 4. Solve for I sets of internal forces, mi , ni , vi , in each of the I dierent statically determinate systems. 5. Apply superposition for moments, axial forces, and shears.
I I I

M = Mo +
i=1

Ri m i

N = No +
i=1

R i ni

V = Vo +
i=1

Ri v i

6. Write I statements of Castiglianos Theorem, one for each virtual system, and enforce compatability with respect to support settlement, and relative positions, and solve for the redundants, Ri .