K THUAT 5U DNC

AT NC THUC
CO-5l
H Noi 16 - 6 - 2006
2
1. NHNG QUY TC CHUNG TRONG CHNG MINH BT NG THC S
DNG BT NG THC C SI
Quy tc song hnh: hu ht cc BT u c tnh i xng do vic s dng cc chng minh mt cch song
hnh, tun t s gip ta hnh dung ra c kt qu nhanh chng v nh hng cch gi nhanh hn.
Quy tc du bng: du bng = trong BT l rt quan trng. N gip ta kim tra tnh ng n ca chng
minh. N nh hng cho ta phng php gii, da vo im ri ca BT. Chnh v vy m khi dy cho hc sinh ta
rn luyn cho hc sinh c thi quen tm iu kin xy ra du bng mc d trong cc k thi hc sinh c th khng trnh
by phn ny. Ta thy c u im ca du bng c bit trong phng php im ri v phng php tch nghch
o trong k thut s dng BT C Si.
Quy tc v tnh ng thi ca du bng: khng ch hc sinh m ngay c mt s gio vin khi mi nghin
cu v chng minh BT cng thng rt hay mc sai lm ny. p dng lin tip hoc song hnh cc BT nhng
khng ch n im ri ca du bng. Mt nguyn tc khi p dng song hnh cc BT l im ri phi c ng
thi xy ra, ngha l cc du = phi c cng c tha mn vi cng mt iu kin ca bin.
Quy tc bin: C s ca quy tc bin ny l cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh, cc bi ton ti u, cc bi
ton cc tr c iu kin rng buc, gi tr ln nht nh nht ca hm nhiu bin trn mt min ng. Ta bit rng cc
gi tr ln nht, nh nht thng xy ra cc v tr bin v cc nh nm trn bin.
Quy tc i xng: cc BT thng c tnh i xng vy th vai tr ca cc bin trong BT l nh nhau do
du = thng xy ra ti v tr cc bin bng nhau. Nu bi ton c gn h iu kin i xng th ta c th ch
ra du = xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau v mang mt gi tr c th.
Chiu ca BT : , cng s gip ta nh hng c cch chng minh: nh gi t TBC sang TBN v ngc
li
Trn l 5 quy tc s gip ta c nh hng chng minh BT, hc sinh s thc s hiu c cc quy tc trn qua cc
v d v bnh lun phn sau.
2. BT NG THC C SI
(CAUCHY)
1. Dng tng qut (n s): x
1
, x
2
, x
3
..x
n
0 ta c:
Dng 1:
1 2
1 2
......
...........
n
n
n
x x x
x x x
n
+ +
>
Dng 2:
1 2 1 2
...... ...........
n
n
n
x x x n x x x + + >
Dng 3:
1 2
1 2
...........
......
n
n
n
x x x
x x x
n
| |
|
\ .
+ +
>
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi:
1 2
............
n
x x x = = =
H qu 1:
Nu:
1 2
........
n
x x x S const + + + = = th:
, ,
1 2
P ........ ....
n
n
S
Max
n
x x x
| |
=
|
\ .
=
khi
1 2
............
n
S
n
x x x = = = =
H qu 2:
Nu:
1 2
.................
n
x x x P const = = th:
, ,
1 2 2
.........
n
Min S n P x x x = + + =
khi
1 2
............
n
n
x x x P = = = =
2. Dng c th ( 2 s, 3 s ):
n = 2: x, y 0 khi : n = 3: x, y, z 0 khi :
2.1
2
x y
xy
+
>
3
3
x y z
xyz
+ +
>
2.2 2 x y xy + >
3
3 x y z xyz + + >
2.3
2
2
x y
xy
| |
|
\ .
+
>
3
3
x y z
xyz
| |
|
\ .
+ +
>
3
2.4 , ,
2
4 x y xy + > , ,
3
27 x y z xyz + + >
2.5
1 1 4
x y x y
+ >
+
1 1 1 9
x y z x y z
+ + >
+ +
2.6
, ,
2
1 4
xy
x y
>
+ , ,
3
1 4
xyz
x y z
>
+ +
Bnh lun:
hc sinh d nh, ta ni: Trung bnh cng (TBC) Trung bnh nhn (TBN).
Dng 2 v dng 3 khi t cnh nhau c v tm thng nhng li gip ta nhn dng khi s dng BT C Si: (3)
nh gi t TBN sang TBC khi khng c c cn thc.
3. CC K THUT S DNG
3.1 nh gi t trung bnh cng sang trung bnh nhn.
nh gi t TBC sang TBN l nh gi BT theo chiu . nh gi t tng sang tch.
Bi 1: Chng minh rng:
, , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
, , 8 a b c a b b c c a a b c + + + >
Gii
Sai lm thng gp:
S dng: x, y th x
2
- 2xy + y
2
= ( x- y)
2
0 x
2
+ y
2
2xy. Do :
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
a b ab
b c bc
c a ca

+ >
+ >
+ >

, , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 , , a b b c c a a b c a b c + + + > (Sai)
V d:
2 2
3 5
4 3

>
>
>
24 = 2.3.4 (-2)(-5).3 = 30 ( Sai )
Li gii ng:
S dng BT C Si: x
2
+ y
2
2
2 2
x y = 2|xy| ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2
0
0
0
2
2
2
a b ab
b c bc
c a ca

>

>

>

+ >
+ >
+ >

, , , , , ,
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
| 8| 8 , , a b b c c a a b c a b c a b c = + + + > (ng)
Bnh lun:
Ch nhn cc v ca BT cng chiu ( kt qu c BT cng chiu) khi v ch khi cc v cng khng m.
Cn ch rng: x
2
+ y
2
2
2 2
x y = 2|xy| v x, y khng bit m hay dng.
Ni chung ta t gp bi ton s dng ngay BT C Si nh bi ton ni trn m phi qua mt v php bin i
n tnh hung thch hp ri mi s dng BT C Si.
Trong bi ton trn du nh gi t TBC sang TBN. 8 = 2.2.2 gi n vic s dng bt ng thc
Csi cho 2 s, 3 cp s.
Bi 2 : Chng minh rng:
, ,
8
2
64 ( ) a b ab a b + > + a,b 0
Gii
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
4
4
8 2 4 Si
2
4 2
. 2 2 2 2 2 . .
C
a b a b a b ab a b ab ab a b
(
(
(
= = + = =
(
(


+ + + > + +
2
64 ( ) ab a b = +
Bi 3: Chng minh rng: (1 + a + b)(a + b + ab) 9ab a, b 0.
4
Gii
Ta c: (1 + a + b)(a + b + ab)
3 3
3 1. . . 3. . . 9 ab ab ab ab =
Bnh lun:
9 = 3.3 gi s dng Csi cho ba s, 2 cp. Mi bin a, b c xut hin ba ln, vy khi s dng C Si cho ba s
s kh c cn thc cho cc bin .
Bi 4: Chng minh rng: 3a
3
+ 7b
3
9ab
2
a, b 0
Gii
Ta c: 3a
3
+ 7b
3
3a
3
+ 6b
3
= 3a
3
+ 3b
3
+ 3b
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
Csi
a b > = 9ab
2
Bnh lun:
9ab
2
= 9.a.b.b gi n vic tch hng t 7b
3
thnh hai hng t cha b
3
khi p dng BT Csi ta c b
2
.
Khi c nh hng nh trn th vic tch cc h s khng c g kh khn.
Bi 5: Cho:
, , , 0
1
:
1 1 1 1
81 3
1 1 1 1
a b c d
CMR abcd
a b c d

>
s
+ + + >
+ + + +
Gii
T gi thit suy ra:
, , , , , ,
si
3
3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= -
C
b c d bcd
a b c d b c d b c d
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
> + + + + >
+ + + + + + + + + +
Vy:
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
0
1 1 1 1
1
0
1 1 1 1
1 d
81
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
0
1 1 1 1
1
0
1 1 1 1
bcd
a b c d
cda
b c d a
abc
a b c d a b c d
dca
c d c a
abc
d a b c

> >
+ + + +
> >
+ + + +
>
+ + + + + + + +
> >
+ + + +
> >
+ + + +

1
81
abcd s
Bi ton tng qut 1:
Cho:
, ,
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
, , ,.............,
1
0
1
: ...........
1 1 1 1
......... 1
1 1 1 1
n
n
n
n
n
x x x x
CMR x x x x
n
x x x x

>
s
+ + + + >
+ + + +
Bnh lun:
i vi nhng bi ton c iu kin l cc biu thc i xng ca bin th vic bin i iu kin mang tnh i
xng s gip ta x l cc bi ton chng minh BT d dng hn
Bi 6: Cho
, , 0
1 1 1
: 1 1 1 8
1
a b c
CMR
a b c a b c

| || || |

| | |
\ .\ .\ .

>
>
+ + =
(1)
Gii
si
1 1 1
(1) . .
2 2 2
. . . . 8
C
a b c
VT
a b c
b c c a a b bc ca ab
a b c a b c

=
+ + +
= = > (pcm)
5
Bi ton tng qut 2:
Cho: , ,
n
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
, , ,...............,
........ 1
........ 1
0
1 1 1 1
: 1 1 1 1
n
n n
n
x x x x
CMR
x x x x x x x x
| | | || | | |

| | | |
| | | |
+ + + + =
\ . \ .\ .\ .
>
>
Bi 7: CMR:
, , , , , ,
, ,
1 2 3
3
3
3
1 1 1 1 1 8 , , 0
3
a b c
a b c abc abc a b c
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ . | |
|
|
\ .
+ +
+ > + + + > + > >
Gii
Ta c:
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
si
3
3
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
3 3
C a b c
a b c
a b c
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
+ + +
=
+ +
+ +
+ > + + + (1)
Ta c:
, , , , , , , , , ,
1 1 1 1 a b c ab bc ca a b c abc
(
(

= + + + + + + + + + +
, , , ,
2 2 2
3
si
3 3 3
3 1 1 3
C
a b c abc abc abc + + = + > + (2)
Ta c:
, ,
3
3
3 3
si
2 1. 8 1
C
abc abc abc
| |
|
\ .
= + > (3)
Du = (1) xy ra 1+a = 1+b = 1+c a = b = c
Du = (2) xy ra ab = bc = ca v a = b = c a = b= c
Du = (3) xy ra
3
abc =1 abc = 1
Bi ton tng qut 3:
Cho x
1
, x
2
, x
3
,., x
n
0. CMR:
, , , , , , , ,
1 2 3
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
....
...... ..... 2 ...... 1 1 1 1 1
n
n n n
n
n
n
n
x x x
x x x x x x x x x
n
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ . | |
|
|
\ .
+ + +
+ > + + + > + > Bnh
lun:
Bi ton tng qut trn thng c s dng cho 3 s, p dng cho cc bi ton v BT lng gic trong tam
gic sau ny.
Trong cc bi ton c iu kin rng buc vic x l cc iu kin mang tnh ng b v i xng l rt quan
trng, gip ta nh hng c hng chng minh BT ng hay sai.
Trong vic nh gi t TBC sang TBN c mt k thut nh hay c s dng. l k thut tch nghch o.
3.2 K thut tch nghch o.
Bi 1: CMR: 2 . 0
a b
ab
b a
+ > >
Gii
Ta c: 2 2
Csi
a b a b
b a b a
+ > =
Bi 2: CMR:
2
2
2
2
1
a
a R
a
+
> e
+
Gii
Ta c:
, ,
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
si
2
2 2
1 1
2 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
C a
a
a a
a a a a
= = > =
+ +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
Du = xy ra
2 2
2
1
1 1 1 0
1
a a a
a
= + + = =
+
Bi 3: CMR:
, ,
1
3 0 a a b
b a b
+ > > >

6
Gii
Ta c nhn xt: b + a b = a khng ph thuc vo bin b o hng t u a s c phn tch nh sau:
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
3
si
.
1 1 1
3 . 3 0
C
a b a b b a b a b
b a b b a b b a b
+ = + + > = > >

Du = xy ra
, ,
, ,
1
b a b
b a b
= =

a = 2 v b = 1.
Bi 4: CMR:
, , , ,
2
4
3 0
1
a a b
a b b
+ > > >
+
(1)
Gii
V hng t u ch c a cn phi thm bt tch thnh cc hng t sau khi s dng BT s rt gn cho cc
tha s di mu. Tuy nhin biu thc di mu c dng
, , , ,
2
1 a b b + (tha s th nht l mt a thc bc nht b,
tha s 2 l mt thc bc hai ca b) do ta phi phn tch v thnh tch ca cc a thc bc nht i vi b, khi ta
c th tch hng t a thnh tng cc hng t l cc tha s ca mu.
Vy ta c:
, , , ,
2
1 a b b + = (a - b)( b + 1)( b + 1) ta phn tch a theo 2 cch sau:
2a +2 = 2(a - b) + ( b + 1) + ( b + 1) hoc a +1 =
, ,
1 1
2 2
b b
a b +
+ +
+
T ta c (1) tng ng :
VT + 1 =
, , , ,
, ,
, , , , , ,
2
4 1 1 4
1
2 2
1 1
1
b b
a a b
a b b b
a b b
= + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+
, ,
, , , , , ,
4
si
. . . .
1 1 4
4 4
2 2
1 1
C
b b
a b
a b b b
+ +
> =
+ +
PCM
Bi 5: CMR :
3
1
2a 1
2
3
4 ( )
1
a
b a b a
b

>
+
>

>
Gii
Nhn xt: Di mu s b(a-b) ta nhn thy b + ( a b ) = a. Chuyn i tt c biu thc sang bin a l 1 iu
mong mun v vic s l vi 1 bin s n gin hn. Bin tch thnh tng th y l mt mt mnh ca BT Csi. Do
:
Ta c nh gi v mu s nh sau:
, ,
, ,
2
2
4. 4. 4.
2 4
b a b
a
b a b a
| |
|
|
|
\ .
+
s = =
Vy:
3 3 3
si
3
2 2
3
si
3 3
2a 1 2 1 1 1 1
. .
4 ( )
C C
a a a
a a a a
b a b a a a a
+
= = =
+ + +
> + + >

Du = xy ra
2
1
1 1
2
b a b a
a b
a





= =

= =
Bnh lun:
Trong vic x l mu s ta s dng 1 k thut l nh gi t TBN sang TBC nhm lm trit tiu bin b.
i vi phn thc th vic nh gi mu s, hoc t s t TBN sang TBC hay ngc li phi ph thuc vo du
ca BT.
Bi 6: Bi ton tng qut 1.
7
Cho:
1 2 3
............., 0 1
n
x x x x v k Z > > > > s e . CMR:
, , , , , ,
, ,
1
1 2
1
1 2 2 3 1
1 2
1
...............
k k k
n k
n k
n n
n
n k
a
a a a a a a a
k
| |
| | |
\ . |
\ .
+

+
+

>
Gii
VT =
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
1 2 2 3 1
1 2 2 3 1
.....
1
......
n n
k k k n
n n
n
a a a a a a
a a a a a a a
a

+ + + + +

, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
1 1 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 3 1
.. ...
.
1
..
.
n
n n n n
k k k
n n n
k k
a a a a a a a a
a
k k k k
a a a a a a a

+ + + + + +

= + +

, ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
1 1 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 3 1
1 2 .. .. ..
.
.
1
1 2 .
.
n
n n n n
k k k
n n n
n k
k k
a a a a a a a a
n k a
k k k k
a a a a a a a
| |
|
|
\ .

+ (


+

>

, ,
1 2
1
1 2
n k
n k
n k
k
| |
| | |
\ . |
\ .
+

+
=
Tm li: Trong k thut tch nghch o k thut cn tch phn nguyn theo mu s khi chuyn sang TBN th cc
phn cha bin s b trit tiu ch cn li hng s.
Tuy nhin trong k thut tch nghch o i vi bi ton c iu kin rng buc ca n th vic tch nghch o
hc sinh thng b mc sai lm. Mt k thut thng c s dng trong k thut tch nghch o, nh gi t TBN
sang TBC l k thut chn im ri.
3.3 K thut chn im ri
Trong k thut chn im ri, vic s dng du = trong BT Csi v cc quy tc v tnh ng thi ca du
= , quy tc bin v quy tc i xng s c s dng tm im ri ca bin.
Bi 1: Cho a 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca
1
S a
a
= +
Gii
Sai lm thng gp ca hc sinh:
1
S a
a
= + 2
1
a
a
=2
Du = xy ra
1
a
a
= a = 1 v l v gi thit l a 2.
Cch lm ng:
Ta chn im ri: ta phi tch hng t a hoc hng t
1
a
sao cho khi p dng BT Csi du = xy ra khi a = 2.
C cc hnh thc tch sau:
1 1
; (1)
1
; (2)
1
,
1
; (3)
; (4)
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

| |
|
\ .

| |

|
| | \ .

|

| | \ .

|
\ .

| |

\ .

Vy ta c:
5
1
4 4 2
1 3 1 3 3.2
2
4 4 4
a a a a
S
a a
+ + > + = = + > . Du = xy ra a = 2.
Bnh lun:
Chng hn ta chn s im ri (1):
(s im ri (2), (3), (4) hc sinh t lm)
1 2
1 1
2
a
a

=
=

2 1
2
= o = 4.
8
Ta s dng iu kin du = v im ri l a = 2 da trn quy tc bin tm ra o = 4.
y ta thy tnh ng thi ca du = trong vic p dng BT Csi cho 2 s ,
4
1 a
a
v
3
4
a
t gi tr ln
nht khi a = 2, tc l chng c cng im ri l a = 2.
Bi 2: Cho a 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
2
1
S a
a
= +
Gii
S chn im ri: a = 2
2
2
1 1
4
a
a

=
=

2 1
4
= o = 8.
Sai lm thng gp:
2 2 2
.
1 1 7 1 7 2 7 2 7.2 2 7 9
2
8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4
8 8.2
a a a a a
S a
a a a
a
| |
|
\ .
= + + + = + > = + > + = + = MinS =
9
4
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
Mc d chn im ri a = 2 v MinS =
9
4
l p s ng nhng cch gii trn mc sai lm trong vic nh gi mu
s: Nu a 2 th
2 2 2
4
8 8.2 a
= > l nh gi sai.
thc hin li gii ng ta cn phi kt hp vi k thut tch nghch o, phi bin i S sao cho sau khi s dng
BT Csi s kh ht bin s a mu s.
Li gii ng:
3
2 2 2
si
. .
1 1 6 1 6 3 6 3 6.2 9
3
8 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 4 8 4
C
a a a a a a a
S a
a a a
| |
|
\ .
= + + + + = + > = + > + =
Vi a = 2 th Min S =
9
4
Bi 3: Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1 1 1
S a b c
a b c
= + + + + +
Gii
Sai lm thng gp:
6
. .
1 1 1 1 1 1
6 . . . 6 S a b c abc
a b c a b c
> = = + + + + + Min S = 6
Nguyn nhn sai lm :
Min S = 6
3
1
2
1 1 1
3 a b c a b c
a c b
= = = = = = + + = > tri vi gii thit.
Phn tch v tm ti li gii:
Do S l mt biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn d on MinS t ti im ri
1
2
a b c = = =
S im ri:
1
2
a b c = = =
1
2
1 1 1 2
a b c
a b c

= = =
= = =

2
4
1
2
= =
Hoc ta c s im ri sau:
9
1
2
a b c = = =
2
2 4
2 1 1 1
2
a b c
a b c

=
= = =
= = =
=
2
4
1
2

= =
Vy ta c cch gii theo s 2 nh sau:
, , , ,
6
. .
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4 4 3 6 4 .4 .4 . 3 S a b c a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c
| |
|
\ .
> = + + + + + + + + +
3 15
12 3.
2 2
> = . Vi
1
2
a b c = = = th MinS =
15
2
Bi 4: Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm GTNN ca
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
S a b c
b c a
= + + + + +
Gii
Sai lm thng gp:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
6 . . . .
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 a b c a b c
b c a b c a
S
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
> = + + + + + +
2 2 2 6
2 2 2
6 . . . . .
1 1 1
3 2 2 2 3 8 3 2 a b c
b c a
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
= = > MinS = 3 2 .
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
MinS = 3 2
3
1
2
1 1 1
3 a b c a b c
a c b
= = = = = = + + = > tri vi gi thit.
Phn tch v tm ti li gii
Do S l mt biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn d on MinS t ti
1
2
a b c = = =
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
1 4 4
16
4 4 1 1 1
a b c
a b c

=
= = =
= =
=
=
Li gii
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
16 16 16
..... ..... .....
1 1 1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16 16 16
S a b c
b b c c a a
+ + + + + + = + + + + +

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
16 16 16
17 17 17
17 . ..... 17 . ..... 17 . .....
1 1 1 1 1 1
16 16 16 16 16 16
a b c
b b c c a a
> + +

2 2 2
17 17 17 17 17 17
16 32 16 32 16 32 8 16 8 16 8 16
17 17 17 17
16 16 16 16 16 16
a b c a b c
b c a b c a
| |
= + +
|
|
\ .
= + +
, ,
3 17 17 17 17
8 16 8 16 8 16 8 5 5 5
5
17
. . 3. 17
.
3 17
17 3
16 16 16 16
2 2 2 2
a b c a
b c a a b c
a b c
(
( = =
(

>
10
15
17
2 2 2
.
3
3 17 3 17
2
2
a b c
> >
| | + +
|
\ .
. Du = xy ra khi
1
2
a b c = = = Min S =
3 17
2
Bnh lun:
Vic chn im ri cho bi ton trn gii quyt mt cch ng n vmt ton hc nhng cch lm trn tng
i cng knh. Nu chng ta p dng vic chn im ri cho BT Bunhiacpski th bi ton s nhanh gn hn
p hn.
Trong bi ton trn chng ta dng mt k thut nh gi t TBN sang TBC, chiu ca du ca BT khng ch
ph thuc vo chiu nh gi m n cn ph thuc vo biu thc nh gi nm mu s hay t s
Bi 5: Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
a b c d b c d c d a a b d a b c
S
b c d c d a a b d a b c a b c d
+ + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
Gii
Sai lm 1 thng gp:
.
.
.
.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
a b c d a b c d
b c d a b c d a
b c d a b c d a
c d a b c d a b
c a b d c a b d
a b d c a b d c
d a b c d a b c
a b c d a b c d

+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ > =
+ + + +
S 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8
Sai lm 2 thng gp:
S dng BT Csi cho 8 s:
8
. . . . . . . 8 8
a b c d b c d c d a a b d a b c
S
b c d c d a a b d a b c a b c d
+ + + + + + + +
> =
+ + + + + + + +
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
Min S = 8
a b c d
b c d a
c d a b
d a b c

= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
a + b + c + d = 3(a + b + c + d) 1 = 3 V l.
Phn tch v tm ti li gii
tm Min S ta cn ch S l mt biu thc i xng vi a, b, c, d do Min S nu c thng t ti im ri t
do l : a = b = c = d > 0.(ni l im ri t do v a, b, c, d khng mang mt gi tr c th). Vy ta cho trc a = b = c
= d d on
4 40
12
3 3
Min S = + = . T suy ra cc nh gi ca cc BT b phn phi c iu kin du bng
xy ra l tp con ca iu kin d on: a = b = c = d > 0.
Ta c s im ri: Cho a = b = c = d > 0 ta c:
1
1 3
3
9
3 3
a b c d
b c d c d a a b d a b c
b c d c d a a b d a b c
a b c d

= = = =
+ + + + + + + +
= =
+ + + + + + + +
= = = =
Cch 1: S dng BT Csi ta c:
11
8
, , , , , ,
. . . . . . .
8
.
9 9 9
8
9 9 9 9
a b c d a b c d
a b c d b c d
b c d a a
a b c d b c d c d a a b d a b c
b c d c d a a b d a b c a b c d
S
| |
|
\ .
+ + + +
+ + >
+ +
+ + + + + + + +
>
+ + + + + + + +
=

8
9
b c c d a b a b
a a b b c c d d
d a d c
a b c d
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
12 .12. . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
3
8 8 8 40
12
9 3 9 3
b c d c d a a b d a b c
a a a b b b c c c d d d
| |
= =
|
\ .
> + +
Vi a = b = c = d > 0 th Min S = 40/3.
3.4 K thut nh gi t trung bnh nhn (TBN) sang trung bnh cng (TBC)
Nu nh nh gi t TBC sang TBN l nh gi vi du , nh gi t tng sang tch, hiu nm na l thay du
+ bng du . th ngc li nh gi t TBN sang trung bnh cng l thay du . bng du + . V cng cn
phi ch lm sao khi bin tch thnh tng, th tng cng phi trit tiu ht bin, ch cn li hng s.
Bi 1 : CMR
, , , ,
, , , 0 ab cd a c b d a b c d + s + + > (1)
Gii
(1)
, , , , , , , ,
1
ab cd
a c b d a c b d + + + +
+ s Theo BT Csi ta c:
, ,
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a b c b a c b d
VT
a c b c a c b d a c b c
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ +
s + + + = + = + =
+ + + + + +
(pcm)
Bnh lun:
Nu gi nguyn v tri th khi bin tch thnh tng ta khng th trit tiu n s ta c php bin i tng
ng (1) sau bin tch thnh tng ta s c cc phn thc c cng mu s.
Du gi cho ta nu s dng BT Csi th ta phi nh gi t TBN sang TBC
Bi 2: CMR
, , , ,
0
0
a c
c a c c b c ab
b c

> >
+ s
> >
(1)
Gii
Ta c (1) tng ng vi :
, , , ,
1
c b c c a c
ab ab

+ s
Theo BT Csi ta c:
, , , , , , , , 1 1 1
1
2 2 2
c b c b c c a c a c
c c a b
ab ab b a a b a b
| |
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
\ .

+ + = + = + s + (pcm)
Bi 3: CMR
, , , , , ,
3
3
1 1 1 1 , , 0 abc a b c a b c s + + + + > (1)
Gii
Ta c bin i sau, (1) tng ng:
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
3 3
3
3 3
1.1.1
1.1.1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc
abc a b c
a b c a b c
+ s + + + + s
+ + + + + +
Theo
BT Csi ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.3 1
3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
a b c a b c
VT
a b c a b c a b c
( ( (
( ( (

+ + +
s + + + + + = + + = =
+ + + + + + + + +
Du = xy ra a = b = c > 0.
12
Ta c bi ton tng qut 1:
CMR:
, , , , , , , ,
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
....... ....... ........ , 0 1,
n n n
n n n n i i
a a a bb b a b a b a b a b i n + s + + + > =
Bi 4 : Chng minh rng:
2 4
16 ( ) ( ) , 0 ab a b a b a b s + >
Gii
Ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2 4
2 2
4 ( ) ( )
16 ( ) 4.(4 )( ) 4 4 ( )
ab a b a b
ab a b ab a b a b
( (
s
( (

+ +
= = = +
Bi 5: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Chng minh rng
, , , , , ,
8
729
abc a b b c c a + + + s
Gii
S im ri:
Ta nhn thy biu thc c tnh i xng do du = ca BT s xy ra khi
1
3
a b c = = = . Nhng thc t ta ch
cn quan tm l sau khi s dng BT Csi ta cn suy ra c iu kin xy ra du = l: a = b = c. Do ta c li
gii sau:
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
3
3 3 3
si
1 2 8
3 3 3 3 729
C a b b c c a
a b c
abc a b b c c a
(
( | | | |
(
| | (
(
\ . \ .

+ + + + +
+ +
+ + + s = =
Trong k thut nh gi t TBN sang TBC ta thy thng nhn thm cc hng s sao cho sau bin tch thnh tng
cc tng trit tiu cc bin. c bit l i vi nhng bi ton c thm iu kin rng buc ca n s th vic nhn
thm hng s cc em hc sinh d mc sai lm. Sau y ta li nghin cu thm 2 phng php na l phng php
nhn thm hng s, v chn im ri trong vic nh gi t TBN sang TBC. Do trnh by phng php im ri
trn nn trong mc ny ta trnh by gp c 2 phn .
13
3.5 K thut nhn thm hng s trong nh gi t TBN sang TBC
Bi 1: Chng minh rng:
, , , ,
1 1 , 1 a b b a ab a b + s >
Gii
Bi ny chng ta hon ton c th chia c 2 v cho ab sau p dng phng php nh gi t TBN sang TBC nh
phn trc trnh by, tuy nhin y ta p dng mt phng php mi: phng php nhn thm hng s
Ta c :
, , , ,
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
si
si
.
.
1 1
1 1 1
2
1 1
1 1 1 .
2
2
2
C
C
b
ab
a b a b a
a
ab
b a b a b

s
+
=
+
=
s

, , , ,
1 1 +
2 2
ab ab
a b b a ab + s =
Du = xy ra
1 1 2
1 1 2
b b
a a





= =

= =
Bnh lun:
Ta thy vic nhn thm hng s 1 vo biu thc khng hon ton t nhin, ti sao li nhn thm 1 m khng phi
l 2. Thc cht ca vn l chng ta chn im ri ca BT theo quy tc bin l a = b = 1/2.
Nu khng nhn thc c r vn trn hc sinh s mc sai lm nh trong VD sau.
Bi 2: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Tm gi tr ln nht: S a b b c c a = + + + + +
Gii
Sai lm thng gp:
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
si
si
si
2
2
2
1
.1
1
.1
1
.1
C
C
C
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a

+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s

, ,
2 3
5
2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + + + + s =
Nguyn nhn sai lm
Du = xy ra a + b = b + c = c + a = 1 a + b + c = 2 tri vi gi thit.
Phn tch v tm ti li gii:
Do vai tr ca a, b, c trong cc biu thc l nh nhau do im ri ca BT s l
1
3
a b c = = = t ta d on
Max S = 6 . a + b = b + c = c + a =
2
3
hng s cn nhn thm l
2
3
. Vy li gii ng l:
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
si
si
si
. .
. .
. .
2
3 2 3
3
.
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
.
2 3 2 2
2
3 2 3
3
.
2 3 2 2
C
C
C
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a

+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s
+ +
+ + s
14

, ,
.
2
2 3.
3 3
3
.2 6
2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a
+ + +
+ + + + + s = =
Bi ton trn nu cho u bi theo yu cu sau th hc sinh s c nh hng tt hn: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Chng
minh rng: 6 S a b b c c a = + + + + + s . Tuy nhin nu nm c k thut im ri th vic vit u bi
theo hng no cng c th gii quyt c.
Bi 3: Cho
0 3
0 4
x
y

s s
s s
Tm Max A = (3 x )(12 3y)(2x + 3y)
Gii
A =
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
3
si 6 2x 12 3 2x+3y
1
6 2 12 3 2 3 36
6 3
C y
x y x y
(
(
(

+ +
+ s =
Du = xy ra 6 -2x = 12 - 3y = 2x + 3y = 6
0
2
x
y

=
=
Bnh lun:
Vic chn im ri trong bi ton ny i vi hc sinh thng b lng tng. Tuy nhin cn c vo yu cu khi
nh gi t TBN sang TBC cn phi trit tiu ht bin cho nn cn c vo cc h s ca tch ta nhn thm 2 vo
tha s th nht l mt iu hp l.
Bi 4: Cho x, y > 0. Tm Min f(x, y) =
, ,
3
2
x y
xy
+
Gii
Ta c:
, , , , , , , , , ,
2
3 3
3 1 1 4x+2y+2y 1 4 4
4x 2 2
16 16 3 16 3 27
xy y y x y x y
| | (
| (
\ .
= s = + = +
f(x,y) =
, , , ,
, ,
3 3
2
3
4 4
f( , )
4
27 27
27
=
x y x y
Min x y
xy
x y
> =
+ +

+
Du = xy ra 4x = 2y = 2y y = 2x > 0. l tp hp tt c cc im thuc ng thng y = 2x vi x dng.
Thc ra vic h s nh trn c th ty c min l sao cho khi sau khi p dng BT Csi ta bin tch thnh tng
ca x + y. ( C th nhn thm h s nh sau: 2x.y.y).
Bnh lun:
Trong bi ton trn yu cu l tm Min nn ta c th s dng k thut nh gi t TBN sang TBC cho phn
di mu s v nh gi t TNB sang TBC l nh gi vi du nn nghch o ca n s l .
Ta cng c th nh gi t s t TBC sang TBN c chiu
Bi ton tng qut 1:
Cho
, ,
2 3
1 2 3 ...
1 2 3
2 3 1 2 3 4
1
...........
, , ........... 0.
. . ...........
n
n
n
n
x x x x
x x x x Tm Min f
x x x x
+ + + +
+ + +
> =
Bi 5: Chng minh rng:
2
1 (1) ( 1)
n
n n N n
n
< + e >
Gii
Vi n = 1, 2 ta nhn thy (1) ng.
Vi n 3 ta c:
15
, ,
2
2
1 1....... 1
2 2
2 2
.1.1......1 1
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n n
n n n
n n n n

=
+ + + +
+
+
= < = s +

Bi ton tng qut 2:

Chng minh rng:
1 1
1 1
m n
m n N
m n
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
+ < + < e (1)
Gii
Ta bin i (1) v bt ng thc tng ng sau:
1
1
1
1
m
n
n m
| |
+
|
\ .
+ <
Ta c: . ....... .
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1.1.........1
n m
m
m
n
n
m m m m

| | | | | | | |
=
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
+ + + +

si
.......
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 ......... 1 1
1
1
m
n m
C
m n m
m m m m
n n n

| | | | | | | |
+ +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
=
+ + + + + + + + +
= + <

Bnh lun
Cn phi bnh lun v du = : trong bi ton trn ta coi 1/m = a th th khi du bng trong BT Csi xy ra
khi v ch khi 1+ a = 1 a = 0. Nhng thc t th iu trn tng ng vi m tin ti +, khi m l hu hn th
du < l hon ton ng. Chng ta cng nhn thy nu m tin ra + th hai v ca BT cng dn ti cng mt
gi tr l e (c s t nhin ca hm logarit). Ta hiu l trong qu trnh ny th VP tin nhanh hn VT nhng sau
ny khi tung ra th tc dn bng nhau v khong cch ngy thu hp.(Mc ny xin ch bnh lun cng vi cc
bn ng nghip)
Tm li : s dng BT Csi t TBN sang TBC ta cn ch : Ch s cn thc l bao nhiu th s cc s hng trong
cn l by nhiu. nu scc s hng nh hn ch s cn th phi nhn thm hng s s cc s hng bng ch s cn
Bi 6: Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Tm Max
3 3 3
S a b b c c a = + + + + +
Gii
Sai lm thng gp:
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
3
3
3
3
3
3
1 1
.1.1
3
1 1
.1.1
3
1 1
.1.1
3
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
=
=
=
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
s
s
s

, ,
3 3 3
2 6
8
3 3
a b c
S a b b c c a
+ + +
= + + + + + s = Max S =
8
3
Nguyn nhn sai lm:
Max S =
8
3

, ,
1
1 2 3 2 3
1
a b
b c a b c V l
c a

+ =
+ = + + = =
+ =
Phn tch v tm ti li gii:
16
Do S lmt biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn Max S thng xy ra ti iu kin:
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =

1
3
a b c = = =
2
3
2
3
2
3
a b
b c
c a

+ =
+ =
+ =
Vy hng s cn nhn thm l
2
3
.
2
3
Ta c li gii:
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
3
3
3
3 3
3
3
3
3
9
.
4
9
.
4
9
.
4
2 2
3 3
. .
3
2 2
3 3
. .
3
2 2
3 3
. .
3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
a b
a b a b
b c
b c b c
c a
c a c a
=
=
=
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
s
s
s

, ,
3 3 3 3
3 3
9 9
. .
4 4
2 4
6
18
3 3
a b c
S a b b c c a =
+ + +
= + + + + + s =
Vy Max S =
3
18 . Du = xy ra
2
3
2
3
2
3
a b
b c
c a

+ =
+ =
+ =

1
3
a b c = = =
3.6 K thut ghp i xng
Trong k thut ghp i xng chng ta cn nm c mt s kiu thao tc sau:
Php cng:
, , , , , , , ,
2
2 2 2
x y z x y y z z x
x y y z z x
x y z

+ + = + + + + +
+ + +
+ + = + +
Php nhn:
, , , , , , , ,
2 2 2
x ; xyz= xy x x, y, z 0 x y z xy yz z yz z = >
Bi 1: Chng minh rng: , , 0
bc ca ab
a b c a b c
a b c
+ + > + + >
Gii
p dng BT Csi ta c:
.
.
.
1
2
1
2
1
2
bc ca bc ca
c
a b a b
ca ab ca ab
a
b c b c
bc ab bc ab
c
a c a c

| |

|
\ .

| |

|
\ .

| |

\ .

+ =
+ =
+ =
>
>
>

bc ca ab
a b c
a b c
+ + > + + . Du = xy ra a = b = c.
Bi 2: Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
2 2 2
0
a b c b c a
abc
b c a a b c
+ + > + + =
Gii
17
p dng BT Csi ta c:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
.
.
.
1
2
1
2
1
2
a b a b a a
c c c c b b
b c b c b b
c a c a a a
a c a c c c
a a b b b b

| |

\ .

| |

|
\ .

| |

\ .

= >
= >
= >
+ >
+ >
+ >

2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c b c a b c a
c a a c a c b b b
> + + > + + + +
Bi 3: Cho tam gic ABC, a,b,c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic. CMR:
a)
, , , , , ,
1
8
p a p b p c abc s ; b)
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p c a c p b b
| |
|
|
\ .
+ + > + +

Gii
a) p dng BT Csi ta c:
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
2
1
2 8
2
2
2
2
p a p b
p a p b
p b p c
p b p c p a p b p c abc
p a p c
p a p c
c
a
b

s =

s = s

s =
b) p dng BT Csi ta c:
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
1 1 1 1 1 2
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 2
2
2
p a p b c p a p b
p a p b
p b p c a p b p c
p b p c
p a p c b p a p c
p a p c

| |

|
+
\ .

| |

|
+
\ .

| |

+
\ .

+ > > =


+ > > =


+ > > =

1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p c a c p b b
| |
|
|
\ .
+ + > + +

Du = xy ra cho c a) v b) khi vo ch khi ABC u: a = b = c
( p l na chu vi ca tam gic ABC:
2
a b c
p
+ +
= )
Bi 4: Cho ABC, a, b, c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic. Chng minh rng:
, , , , , ,
b c a c a b a b c abc + + + s
Gii
p dng BT Csi ta c:
18
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
2
2
2
0
0
0
b c a c a b
b c a c a b c
c a b a b c
c a b a b c a
b c a a b c
b c a a b c b

+
+
+
+ +
s + + s =
+ +
s + + s
+ +
s + + s =
=

, , , , , ,
0 b c a c a b a b c abc s + + + s
Du = xy ra ABC u: a = b = c.
19
3.7 K thut ghp cp nghch o cho 3 s, n s
Ni dung cn nm ccc thao tc sau:
1.
, ,
1 1 1
9 , , 0 x y z x y z
x y z
| |
|
|
\ .
+ + + + > >
2.
, , 1 2
2
1 2
1 2
, ,........, 0
1 1 1
........ .........
n n
n
x x x n x x x
x x x
| |
|
|
\ .
> + + + + + + >
Bi 1: Chng minh rng : 6 , , 0
b c c a a b
a b c
a b c
+ + +
+ + > > (1)
Gii
Ta bin i (1) tng ng: 1 1 1 9
b c c a a b
a b c
| | | |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
+
+ + +
+ + + + >
9
a b c b c a c a b
a b c
+ + + + + +
+ + >
, ,
1 1 1
9 a b c
a b c
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + > (pcm )
Bi 2: Chng minh rng:
2 2 2 9
, , 0 a b c
a b b c c a a b c
+ + > >
+ + + + +
Gii
Ta bin i tng ng BT nh sau:
, ,
1 1 1
2 9 a b c
a b b c c a
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + >
+ + +

, , , , , ,
1 1 1
9 a b b c a c
a b b c c a
| |
(
+ +
|

\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +
(pcm )
Bi 3: Chng minh rng:
3
2
c a b
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +
, , 0 a b c > (BT Nesbit)
Gii
Ta c bin i tng ng sau: 3
3 9
1 1 1
2 2
c a b
a b b c c a
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
+ = + + + + + >
+ + +

9
2
a b c a b c a b c
a b b c c a
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + + + + +
+ + >
+ + +

, ,
2
1 1 1 9
a b c
a b b c c a
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + >
+ + +

, , , , , ,
1 1 1
9 a b b c a c
a b b c c a
| |
(
+ +
|

\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +
(pcm)
Bi 4: Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
, , 0
2
c a b a b c
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + > >
+ + +
Gii
Ta bin i BT nh sau:
, ,
2 2 2
3
2
a b c
c a b
c a b
a b b c c a
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ +
+ + + + + >
+ + +

, ,
3
1 1 1
2
a b c
c a b
c a b
a b b c c a
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
+ +
+ + + + + >
+ + +

, ,
, ,
3
2
a b c
c a b
a b c
a b b c c a
(
(

+ +
+ + + + >
+ + +
20

3
2
c a b
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +

9
1 1 1
2
c a b
a b b c c a
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +

, , , , , ,
1 1 1
9 a b b c a c
a b b c c a
| |
(
+ +
|

\ .
+ + + + + >
+ + +
3.8 K thut i bin s
C nhng bi ton v mt biu thc ton hc tng i cng knh hoc kh gii, kh nhn bit c phng hng
gii,ta c th chuyn bi ton t tnh th kh bin i v trng thi d bin i hn. Phng php trn gi l phng
php i bin.
Bi 1: Chng minh rng:
3
2
c a b
a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +
, , 0 a b c > (BT Nesbit)
Gii
t:
0
0 ; ;
2 2 2
0
b c x
y z x z x y x y z
c a y a b c
a b z

+ = >
+ + +
+ = > = = =
+ = >
.
Khi bt ng thc cho tng ng vi bt ng thc sau:
6
2 2 2
y z x z x y x y z y x z x y z
x y z x y x z z y
| | | |
| |
+ + + + + + +
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
+ + +
> >
Bt ng thc trn hin nhin ng, Tht vy p dng BT Csi ta c:
VT . . . 2 2 2 2 2 2 6
y x z x y z
x y x z z y
+ + = + + =
Du = xy ra x = y = z a = b = c
Bi 2: Cho ABC. Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ + > + +
+ + +
Gii
t:
0
0 ; ;
2 2 2
0
b c a x
y z z x x y
c a b y a b c
a b c z

+ = >
+ + +
+ = > = = =
+ = >
.
Khi bt ng thc cho tng ng vi bt ng thc sau:

, , , , , ,
2 2 2
4 4 4
y z z x x y
x y z
x y z
+ + +
+ + > + + (2)
Ta c: VT (2)
1 1 1
2 2 2
yz zx xy yz zx zx xy yz xy
x y z x y y z x z
| | | |
| |
| | |
\ .
\ . \ .
+ + > + + + + +
si
. . .
C
yz zx zx xy yz xy
x y z
x y y z x z
+ + = + + >
Bi 3:Cho ABC. CMR : ( b + c a ).( c + a b ).( a + b c ) abc (1)
Gii
t:
0
0 ; ;
2 2 2
0
b c a x
y z z x x y
c a b y a b c
a b c z

+ = >
+ + +
+ = > = = =
+ = >
.
Khi ta c BT (1) tng ng vi bt ng thc sau: . .
2 2 2
x y y z z x
xyz
+ + +
s
21
p dng BT Csi ta c: . . . . x
2 2 2
x y y z z x
xy yz z xyz
+ + +
> = (pcm)
Bi 4: Cho ABC. CMR:
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
2 2 2
1 1 1 p
p a p b p c p a p c p b
+ + > (1)
Gii
t:
0
0
0
p a x
p b y
p c z

= >
= >
= >
th (1)
2 2 2
1 1 1 x y z
xyz x y z
+ +
+ + > (2)
Ta c:
VT (2) =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. . .
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x y y z x z x y y z x z
| | | | | |
+ + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + + >
1 1 1
x
x y z
xy yz z xyz
+ +
= + + =
Du = xy ra x = y = z a = b = c ABC u.
Bi 5: Chng minh rng nu a, b, c > 0 va abc = 1 th :
1 1 1
1
2 2 2 a b c
+ + s
+ + +
Gii
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2 a b c
> + +
+ + +
1
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
> + +
+ + +
t ; ; ;
x y z
a b c
y z x
= = = tha iu kin . . 1 . .
x y z
abc
y z x
= = . Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
1
2 2 2
x y z
x y y z z x
> + +
+ + +
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski ta c:
, , , , , ,
, ,
, ,
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
x x y y y z z z x x y z
x y y z z x
| |
|
\ .
+ + + + + + + > + +
+ + +

, ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
2 2
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z x y z
x y z
x y y z z x
x x y y y z z z x x y z
| |
= =
|
\ .
+ + + +
+ + >
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
3.9. MT S BI TP VN DNG
K thut chn im ri v nh gi t TBC sang TBN:
3.9.1 Cho a 6. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2
18
S a
a
= +
3.9.2 Cho 0 < a
1
2
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
2
1
2 S a
a
= +
3.9.3 Cho
, 0
1
a b
a b

>
+ s
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1
S ab
ab
= +
3.9.4 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1
S abc
abc
= +
3.9.5 Cho a, b > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
a b ab
S
a b
ab
+
= +
+
22
3.9.6 Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
1 1 1
S a b c
a b c
= + + + + +
3.9.7 Cho
, , 0
3
2
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
2 2 2
1 1 1
S a b c
a b c
= + + + + +
3.9.8 Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
3.9.9
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
a b c d
S
b c d a
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
= + + + +
3.9.10 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
81 S
a b c ab bc ca
= + + + + + >
3.9.11 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
Chng minh rng:
2 2 2
1 1 1
28
a b c
S
b c a a b c
= + + + + + >
K thut chn im ri v nh gi t TBN sang TBC:
3.9.12
, , , ,
, , , ,
2 2
1
1 1
R: -
2 2
1 1
a b ab
CM
a b
+
s s
+ +
3.9.13 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Chng minh rng
8
27
ab bc ca abc + + s
3.9.14 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
Chng minh rng 16abc a b s +
K thut chn im ri v nhn thm hng s trong nh gi t TBN sang TBC
3.9.15 Cho
3
4
2
2 3 4
2 2
a
b Tm Max S
c
ab c bc a ca b

>
> =
>
+ +
3.9.16 Cho x, y, z >0. Tm Min f(x, y, z) =
, ,
6
2 3
x y z
xy z
+ +
3.9.17 Chng minh rng:
1
1 (1) 1
n
n n N
n
< + s e
3.9.18 Chng minh rng:
3
...........
2 1 3 1 1
1 1
2 3
n
n
S n
n
+ + + +
+ + +
= < +
3.9.19 ( Gi y: CMR
2
1 1
1
n
n
n k
+
< + )
3.9.20 Cho
, , , 0
1
a b c d
a b c d

>
+ + + =
Tm Max a b c b c d c d a d a b S + = + + + + + + + + + +
3.9.21 Cho
, , , 0
1
a b c d
a b c d

>
+ + + =
Tm Max
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 S a b b c c d d a = + + + + + + +
3.9.22 Cho a 2, b 6; c 12. Tm Min
3 4
2 6 12 bc a ca b ab c
abc
S
+ +
=
K thut ghp cp nghch o cho 3 s, n s
23
3.9.23 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + =
CMR :
1 1 1 9
2 a b b c c a
+ + >
+ + +
3.9.24 Cho
, , 0
1
a b c
a b c

>
+ + s
CMR:
2 2 2
1 1 1
9
2 2 2 a bc b ca c ab
+ + >
+ + +
3.9.25 Cho tam gic ABC, M thuc min trong tam gic. Gi MA, MB, MC th t giao vi BC, AC, AB ti
D, E, F. Chng minh:
a) 1
MD ME MF
DA EB FC
+ + = ; b) 2
MA MB MC
DA EB FC
+ + = ; c) 6
D
MA MB MC
M ME MF
+ + > ;
d) . . 8
D
MA MB MC
M ME MF
> e ) 9/ 2
DA EB FC
MA MB MC
+ + > ; f)
D
3/ 2
M ME MF
MA MB MC
+ + >
5. MT S NG DNG KHC CA BT NG THC
p dng BT gii phng trnh v h phng trnh
Bi 1: Gii phng trnh
1
1 2 ( )
2
x y z x y z + + = + +
Gii
iu kin : x > 0, y > 1, z > 2. p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s khng m ta c:
, ,
1
.1
2
( 1) 1
1 ( 1).1
2
( 2) 1 1
2 2 .1
2 2
x
x x
y
y y
z z
z z
+
= s
+
= s
+
= s =
Suy ra :
, ,
1
1 2
2
x y z x y z + + s + +
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi

=
=
=

=
=
=
3
2
1
1 2
1 1
1
z
y
x
z
y
x
.
Vy phng trnh c nghim (x, y, z) = (1; 2; 3)
Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:
4 4 4 2 2
1 1 1 x x x + + + + = 3
Gii
iu kin: -1 x 1. p dng bt ng thc C-si ta c:
2 4
4
4
1 1
1 1 . 1 (1)
2
1 1
1 1 .1 (2)
2
1 1
1 1 .1 (3)
2
x x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x
+ +
= + s
+
= s
+ +
+ = + s
Cng (1), (2), (3) ta c:
4 2 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x + + + s + + +
Mt khc, li theo bt ng thc Csi ta c:
(1 ) 1 2
1 (1 ).1
2 2
(1 ) 1 2
1 (1 ).1
2 2
x x
x x
x x
x x

+
= s =
+ + +
+ = + s =

2 2
1 1 1 1 3
2 2
x x
x x
+
+ + + s + + =
24
T (4) v (5) suy ra:
4 4 4 2
1 1 1 3 x x x + + + + s
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi:
1 1
1 1 0
1 1
x x
x x
x

= +
= =
+ =
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 0
Bi3: Gii phng trnh:
2 2 2
1 1 2 x x x x x x + + + = + (1)
Gii
p dng bt ng thc C-si, ta c:
2 2
2
2 2
2
( 1) 1
1
2 2
( 1) 1 2
1
2 2
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x

+ + +
+ s =
+ + +
+ s =

2 2
1 1 1 x x x x x + + + s + (2)
Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c: . 1 0 ) 1 ( 1 2
2 2
= s + s + x x x x x
Th li ta c x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh:
( 1) ( 1) 2
1 1
x y y x xy
x y y x xy

+ =
+ =
Gii
iu kin: x > 1, y > 1. p dng bt ng thc C-si, ta c:
1 ( 1)
1 1.( 1) 1
2 2 2
x x xy
x x y x
+
= s = s (1)
Tng t: -1 1
2 2
y xy
y x y s s (2)
Cng (1), (2) ta c 1 1 x y y x xy + s .
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
1 1
2
1 1
x
x y
y

=
= =
=
.
Th li thy: x = y = 2 cng tha mn phng trnh th nht ca h
Vy h c nghim duy nht (2;2)
Bi 5: Cho s nguyn n >1. Gii h phng trnh:
1 2
2
2 3
3
1
1
1 1
2
1 1
2
............................
1 1
2
n
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x

| |

|
|

\ .

| |

\ .

| |

|
|
\ .

= +
= +
= +
Gii
T h cho suy ra x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
l cng du. Gi s x
i
> 0 vi mi i. p dng bt ng thc C-si, ta c:
1 2
2
1 1
1
2
x x
x
| |
|
|
\ .
= + > .Tng t: x
i
> 1 vi mi i.
Cng n phng trnh ca h theo tng v ta c:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
... ...
n
n
x x x
x x x
+ + + = + + +
25
V x
i
> 1 nn
i
i
x
x
1
> vi mi i, suy ra:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
... ...
n
n
x x x
x x x
+ + + > + + +
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
= = x
n
= 1
Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
y
x
y
z
y
z
x
z

=
+
=
+
=
+
Gii
R rng h c nghim x = y = z = 0. Vi x,y,z = 0, t h cho suy ra x>0, y>0, z>0. p dng bt ng thc C-si, ta
c:
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
x x
x x y x
x x
+ > = s =
+
Tng t:
2 2
2 2
2 2
x .
1 1
y z
z y v z
y z
= s = s
+ +
Vy : y x z y, suy ra x = y = z.
Thay y = x vo phng trnh th nht ta c:
2
2
2
2
2 1 1 ( v x 0)
1
x
x x x x
x
= = + = >
+
Vy h c hai nghim (x, y, z) = {(0; 0; 0) ; (1; 1; 1)}
Bi 7: Tm s nguyn dng n v cc s dng a
1
= a
2
= = a
n
tha cc iu kin
n 1 2
n 1 2
a a ..... a 2 (1)
1 1 1
.... 2 (2)
a a a

+ + + =
+ + + =
Gii:
Ly (1) cng (2) v theo v, ta c:
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
.. 4
n
n
a a a
a a a
| | | | | |
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ + + + + + =
p dng bt ng thc C-si, ta c:
1
2
i
i
a
a
+ > vi i = 1, 2, , n
Suy ra 4 > 2n hay n 2:
Vi n = 1: h
1
1
2
1
2
a
a

=
=
v nghim; Vi n = 2: h
2 1
1 2
2
1 1
2
a a
a a

+ =
+ =
c nghim a
1
= a
2
= 1
Vy: n = 2 v a
1
= a
2
= 1
Sau y s l mt s bi tp tng t gip hc sinh n luyn kin thc
BI TP HC SINH VN DNG
1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2 2 2
) ( 1)( 2)( 8) 32 ( , , 0) a x y z xyz x y z + + + = >
2 2
) x 2-x 4 4 3 b y y + = + +
16 4 1225
) 82 3 1 665
x-3 1 665
c x y z
y z
+ + =

26
3
2
3
4( 1) 1 4 x 1
) 10
x
( 1)
y y
d
y
+ +
+ =

2. Gii phng trnh:

2
) -1 3 2( 3) 2 2. a x x x x + = +
3
) .
2 2 2 4
x y z
b
x y z y z x z x y
+ + =
+ + + + + +
3. Gii h phng trnh:
2
2
3
2 4
4
2 4 6
2
1
3
1
4
1
x
y
x
y
z
y y
z
x
z z z

=
+
=
+ +
=
+ + +
4. Xc nh s nguyn dng n v cc s dng x
1
, x
2
, , x
n
tha:
n 1 2
n 1 2
x x ... x 9
1 1 1
... 1
x x x

+ + + =
+ + + =
5. Gii h phng trnh:
4 4 4
1 x y z
x y z xyz

+ + =
+ + =
6. Gii h phng trnh:
1 2
1 2
1 1 .... 1
1 1 .... 1
n
n
n k
x x x n
n
n k
x x x n
n

+
+ + + + + + =

+ + + =