Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng

Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s


Ngy son Ngy son Ngy son Ngy son : 04/09/11
Ngy dy Ngy dy Ngy dy Ngy dy : 09/09/11
Ch Ch Ch Ch 2 22 2
phng php chng minh bt ng thc <1>
A/Mc tiu
Hc xong bui hc ny HS cn phi t c :
Kin thc
- Hc sinh c cng c nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc
- Nm c nh ngha v mt s tnh cht bt ng thc. Bit vn
dng nh ngha bt ng thc chng minh mt s bt ng thc c bn.
K nng
- Rn luyn k nng bin i v rn luyn kh nng t duy ton hc
thng qua chng minh cc bt ng thc
- Tp chng minh BT theo nhiu cch khc nhau
Thi
- Rn luyn tnh cn thn v chnh xc, bit la chn gii php hp l
khi gii ton.
B/Chun b ca thy v tr
- GV: Nghin cu k gio n
- HS: n tp li nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc
C/Tin trnh bi dy
I. T chc T chc T chc T chc s s s s s s s s
II. Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c (15 pht)
- HS1: Th no l mt bt ng thc ? Cho v d ?
- HS2: Nu cc tnh cht ca bt ng thc ? Cho cc v d minh ha ?
III. Bi mi Bi mi Bi mi Bi mi (160 pht)
A L thuyt (30 pht)
1) nh ngha bt ng thc.
a nh hn b, k hiu l a < b, nu a b < 0.
a ln hn b, k hiu l a > b, nu a b > 0.
a nh hn hoc bng b, k hiu l a b, nu a - b 0.
a ln hn hoc bng b, k hiu l a b, nu a - b 0.
V d:
VD1: 7 5 7 6 > v ( 7 5) ( 7 6) 1 0 = >
VD2:
1 3 1 1
3 4 3 4
< v
1 3 1 1 1
0
3 4 3 4 2
| | | |
= <
| |
\ \

VD3: a
2
+ 1 < a
2
+ 2 v (a
2
+ 1) - (a
2
+ 2) = -1 < 0
2) Cc tnh cht ca BT.
+ Tnh cht 1: a > b b < a.
+ Tnh cht 2: a > b v b > c a > c (tnh cht bc cu)
+ Tnh cht 3: a > b a + c > b + c
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Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

+ Tnh cht 4: a > b, c > d a + c > b + d
a > b, c < d a - c > b - d
+ Tnh cht 5:
ac bc, nu c > 0
a b
ac bc, nu c < 0
>
> <=>

<

+ Tnh cht 6: a > b > 0, c > d > 0 ac > bd
+ Tnh cht 7: a > b > 0 a
n
> b
n
vi mi n
*
N ;
a > b a
n
> b
n
(n l); a b > a
n
> b
n
(n chn)
+ Tnh cht 8: a > b > 0
n n
a b > vi mi n
*
N ;
H qu: a, b 0 =>
2 2
a b a b a b <=> <=>
+ Tnh cht 9:
m n
m n
a 1 v m n a a vi m,n N*
0 a 1 v m n a a vi m,n N*

> > => >

< < > => <

3, Mt s bt ng thc thng dng :
a, Bt ng thc C-si cho hai s khng m:
Vi hai s khng m a , b ta c : ab
b a

+
2

( )
2
a b
ab
2
+

Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi : a = b
b, Bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki :
Vi mi s a ; b; x ; y ta c : ( ax + by )
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
)
Du ng thc xy ra <=>
y
b
x
a
=
c, Bt ng thc gi tr tuyt i :
b a b a + +
Du ng thc xy ra khi : ab 0
B Cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc (130 pht)
Phng php chung :
Cch 1 : Bin i BT cn chng minh thnh mt BT tng ng m ta bit l
ng
Cch 2 : Bin i BT ng bit thnh BT cn chng minh
1. Phng php 1 : Dng nh ngha
Phng php chng minh Phng php chng minh Phng php chng minh Phng php chng minh A > B A > B A > B A > B : :: :
- Bc 1: Xt hiu A B
- Bc 2: Chng minh A B > 0
- Lu :
A
2
0 vi mi A ; du '' = '' xy ra khi A = 0 .
- A
2
0 vi mi A ; du '' = '' xy ra khi A = 0 .
A A A ; A A A 0; A A A 0 = <=> = <=>
Bi tp: Bi tp: Bi tp: Bi tp:
*) Bi tp 1: Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
2
a b
ab
2
+ | |

|
\
(Bt ng thc Csi)


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

Bi lm :
Xt hiu

2
2 2
a b a 2ab b 4ab
ab
2 4
+ + + | |
=
|
\
2
a b
0
2
| |
=
|
\

Vy:
2
a b
ab
2
+ | |

|
\
du = xy ra khi a = b.
Ch : chng minh BT: Vi hai s khng m a , b ta c : ab
b a

+
2

ta xut pht t BT
2
( a b ) 0 , lun ng vi mi a, b 0
*) Bi tp 2: Chng minh rng vi mi s a, b, x, y ta c

2 2 2 2 2
(a b )(x y ) (ax by) + + + (Bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki)
Bi lm :
Xt hiu
2 2 2 2 2
(a b )(x y ) (ax by) + + +
= a
2
x
2
+ a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
- a
2
x
2
- b
2
y
2
2byax
= (ay bx)
2
0
Vy:
2 2 2 2 2
(a b )(x y ) (ax by) + + +
du = xy ra khi ay = bx hay
a b
x y
=
*) Bi tp 3: Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc. Chng minh rng :

2 2 2 2 2
a b c d e a(b c d e) + + + + + + +
Bi lm :
Xt hiu
2 2 2 2 2
(a b c d e ) a(b c d e) + + + + + + +
=
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a a a a
ab b ac c ad d ae e
4 4 4 4
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + + + +
| | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \

=
2 2 2 2
a a a a
b c d e 0
2 2 2 2
| | | | | | | |
+ + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Vy:
2 2 2 2 2
a b c d e a(b c d e) + + + + + + +
du = xy ra khi
a
b c d e
2
= = = =
*) Bi tp 4: Vi mi s : x, y, z chng minh rng : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 2(x + y + z)
Bi lm :
Ta xt hiu : H = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 - 2( x + y + z)
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 - 2x - 2y - 2z
= (x
2
- 2x + 1) + (y
2
- 2y + 1) + (z
2
- 2z + 1)
= (x - 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
+ (z - 1)
2
Do (x - 1)
2
0 vi mi x
(y - 1)
2
0 vi mi y
(z - 1)
2
0 vi mi z
=> H 0 vi mi x, y, z
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Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

Hay x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+3 2(x + y + z) vi mi x, y, z .
Du bng xy ra <=> x = y = z = 1.
*) Bi tp 5: Chng minh rng vi mi x, y ta u c : x
4
+ y
4
xy
3
+ x
3
y
Bi lm :
Xt hiu : x
4
+ y
4
( xy
3
+ x
3
y ) = ( x
4
xy
3
) + ( y
4
x
3
y )
= x( x
3
y
3
) + y( y
3
x
3
) = ( x y )( x
3
y
3
)
= ( x y )
2
( x
2
+ xy + y
2
) = ( x y )
2
( )
2
2
3 1
x y y
2 4
(
+ +
(

0
Vy bt ng thc cho l ng . Du = xy ra khi x = y .
*) Bi tp 6: Cho a > 0, b > 0. Chng minh rng : a b a b + > +
Hng dn :
Cch 1 :

( ) ( )
2 2
a b a b a b a b a 2 ab b a b
2 ab 0 (BT ng v a, b > 0 )
+ > + <=> + > + <=> + + > +
<=> >

Vy a b a b + > +
Cch 2 :
( )
2
a b a b a 2 ab b a b ( v 2 ab 0) + = + = + + > + >
Cch 3 : V a > 0, b > 0 nn
a b
1, 1
a b a b
< <
+ +
, do
a a b b
,
a b a b a b a b
> >
+ + + +

Cng v vi v ca hai BT cng chiu => pcm
Cch 4 :
V a > 0, b > 0 nn a 0, b 0 > >
Dng tam gic ABC vung ti A c
AB = a ,AC b =
p dng Py ta go tnh c
BC =
2 2
AB AC +
( ) ( )
2 2
a b + = a b +
p dng BT tam gic, ta c : AB + AC > BC
Vy a b a b + > +
b
a
C
B
A

*) Bi tp 7: Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m. Chng minh rng :
3 a b c
abc
3
+ +
(BT C-si cho ba s khng m)
Hng dn :
Cch 1 : Bi ton ph : Chng minh rng
( ) ( )
2 2 3 3 3 2
1
x y z 3xyz ( x y z) ( x y) y z z x
2
(
+ + = + + + +
(




Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

Hng dn : Ta bin i t VP c VT
Vi x, y, z 0 =>
3 3 3
x y z 3xyz + + 0 =>
3 3 3
x y z
xyz
3
+ +

t x =
3 3 3
a ,y b ,z c (a,b,c 0) = =
Ta c :
3 3 3 3 a b c a b c
a b c abc
3 3
+ + + +
<=>
Cch 2 : Bi ton ph
Cho x, y, z, t khng m . Chng minh rng
4
x y z t
xyzt
4
+ + +

(BT C-si cho bn s khng m)
Tht vy:

4
x y z t x y
z t 1 1
( xy zt ) xy zt xyzt
4 2 2 2 2
+ + + + | |
+
= + + =
|
\

=>
4
x y z t
xyzt
4
+ + + | |

|
\

Do
( )
4
4
a b c
a b c
a b c 3 a b c
abc
3 4 3
+ + | |
+ + +
|
+ + + +
=
|
|
\

Trng hp mt trong ba s a, b, c bng 0, bi ton c chng minh
Trng hp a, b, c u khc 0 , ta c a + b + c > 0
Do :
( )
4
a b c a b c
abc
3 3
+ + + +
<=>
3 a b c
abc
3
+ +

2. Phng php 2 : Dng tnh cht ca bt ng thc
*) Bi tp 1 : Cho hai s x, y tho mn iu kin
x + y = 2. Chng minh x
4
+ y
4
2
Bi lm :
- Ta c: (x
2
y
2
)
2
0 (vi mi x, y)
x
4
+ y
4
2x
2
y
2

x
4
+ y
4
+ x
4
+ y
4
x
4
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ y
4

2(x
4
+ y
4
) (x
2
+ y
2
)
2
(1)
du = xy ra khi x = y hoc x = - y.
- Mt khc, ta c: (x y)
2
0 (vi mi x, y)
x
2
+ y
2
2xy
2(x
2
+ y
2
) (x + y)
2

x
2
+ y
2
2 (2) (v x + y = 2)
du = xy ra khi x = y.
- T (1) v (2) x
4
+y
4
2 du= xy ra khi x = y = 1.
*) Bi tp 2 : Chng minh rng
2 2 2
3
a b c a b c
4
+ + +
Bi lm :
Ta c:
2
2
1 1
a 0 a a
2 4
| |
+ +
|
\

Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu


2
2
1 1
b 0 b b
2 4
| |
+ +
|
\


2
2
1 1
c 0 c c
2 4
| |
+ +
|
\

Cng v theo v ca cc bt ng thc trn ta c:

2 2 2
1 1 1
a b c a b c
4 4 4
+ + + + +

2 2 2
3
a b c a b c
4
+ + +
du = xy ra khi a = b = c =
1
2
.
*) Bi tp 3 : Cho 0 < a, b, c, d < 1 . Chng minh rng :
(1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c)(1 - d) > 1 - a - b - c - d .
Bi lm :
Ta c : (1 - a)(1 - b) = 1 - a - b + ab
Do a, b > 0 nn ab > 0 => (1 - a)(1 - b) > 1 - a - b .
Do c < 1 nn 1 - c > 0 => (1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c) > (1 - a - b)(1 - c)
(1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c) > 1 - a - b - c + ac + bc .
Do 0 < a, b, c, d <1 nn 1 - d > 0 ; ac + bc > 0 ; ad + bd + cd > 0
=>(1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c) > 1 - a - b - c
=> (1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c)(1 - d) > (1 - a - b - c)(1 - d)
=> (1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c)(1 - d) > 1 - a - b - c - d + ad + bd + cd
=> (1 - a)(1 - b)(1 - c)(1 - d) > 1 - a - b - c - d .
*) Bi tp 4 : Cho 0 < a, b, c < 1 . Chng minh rng :
2a
3
+ 2b
3
+ 2c
3
< 3 + a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
Bi lm :
Do 0 < a, b < 1 => a
3
< a
2
< a < 1 ; b
3
< b
2
< b < 1 ; ta c :
(1 - a
2
)(1 - b) > 0 => 1 + a
2
b > a
2
+ b
=> 1 + a
2
b > a
3
+ b
3
hay a
3
+ b
3
< 1 + a
2
b .
Tng t : b
3
+ c
3
< 1 + b
2
c ; c
3
+ a
3
< 1 + c
2
a .
=> 2a
3
+ 2b
3
+ 2c
3
< 3 + a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
*) Bi tp 5 : T bt ng thc ( )
2
a b 0 , hy chng minh cc bt ng thc sau :
+)
( )
2 2 2
a b a b
2 2
+ +
+) ( )
2
a b 4ab + +)
( )
2
a b
ab
2
+

+)
( )
2
1 1
(a, b 0)
4ab
a b
>
+
+)
1 1 4
(a, b 0)
a b a b
+ >
+



Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

+)
2 2
a b 2(a b ) (a, b 0) + + > (BT Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki)
+) a b 2 ab (a, b 0) + > (BT c-si)
3. Phng php 3 : Dng php bin i tng ng
- Qu trnh chuyn t mt bt ng thc sang mt bt ng thc tng ng gi l
mt php bin i tng ng .
- Bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng thc ng hoc bt
ng thc c chng minh l ng .
- Khi c hai bt ng thc tng ng , nu mt bt ng thc ng th bt ng thc
kia cng ng .
Ta c s : A > B A
1
> B
1
A
2
> B
2
A
n
> B
n

*) Bi tp 1 :
Cho a, b l hai s dng c tng bng 1 . Chng minh rng :

3
4
1
1
1
1

+
+
+ b a

Gii:
Dng php bin i tng ng
3(a + 1 + b + 1) 4(a + 1) (b + 1)
9 4(ab + a + b + 1) (v a + b = 1)
9 4ab + 8 1 4ab (a + b)
2
4ab
Bt ng thc cui ng . Suy ra iu phi chng minh .
*) Bi tp 2 :
Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tho mn : a + b + c = 4
Chng minh rng : (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) a
3
b
3
c
3

Gii:
T : (a + b)
2
4ab , (a + b + c)
2
= [ ] c b a c b a ) ( 4 ) (
2
+ + +
=> 16 4(a + b)c => 16(a + b) 4(a + b)
2
c 16 abc
=> a + b abc
Tng t : b + c abc
c + a abc
=> (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) a
3
b
3
c
3

*) Bi tp 3 :
Chng minh bt ng thc :

3
3 3
2 2
|

\
| +

+ b a b a
; trong a > 0 ; b > 0
Gii :
Dng php bin i tng ng : Vi a > 0 ; b > 0 => a + b > 0

3
3 3
2 2
|

\
| +

+ b a b a


|

\
| +
+ |

\
| +
2
) .(
2
2 2
b a
b ab a
b a
.
2
2
|

\
| + b a

a
2
- ab + b
2

2
2
|

\
| + b a

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Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

4a
2
- 4ab + 4b
2
a
2
+ 2ab + b
2

3a
2
- 6ab + 3b
2
= 3(a
2
- 2ab + b
2
) 0 ( )
2
3 a b 0
Bt ng thc cui cng ng ; suy ra :
3
3 3
2 2
|

\
| +

+ b a b a

Du = xy ra a = b
*) Bi tp 4 :
Cho 2 s a, b tho mn a + b = 1 . CMR a
3
+ b
3
+ ab
2
1

Gii :
Ta c : a
3
+ b
3
+ ab
2
1
<=> a
3
+ b
3
+ ab -
2
1
0
<=> (a + b)(a
2
- ab + b
2
) + ab -
2
1
0
<=> a
2
+ b
2
-
2
1
0 . V a + b = 1
<=> 2a
2
+ 2b
2
- 1 0
<=> 2a
2
+ 2(1-a)
2
- 1 0 ( v b = a -1 )
<=> 4a
2
- 4a + 1 0
<=> ( 2a - 1 )
2
0
Bt ng thc cui cng ng . Vy a
3
+ b
3
+ ab
2
1

Du '' = '' xy ra khi a = b =
2
1

*) Bi tp 5 :
Vi a > 0 , b > 0 . Chng minh bt ng thc :
a
b
a

a
b
b
Gii :
Dng php bin i tng ng :
a
b
a

a
b
b
( ) ( ) b a ab b b a a + + 0
[ ] 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
3 3
+ + b a ab b a
0 ) ( ) )( ( + + + b a ab b ab a b a
0 ) 2 )( ( + + b ab a b a

2
( a b )( a b ) 0 +
Bt ng thc cui ng ; suy ra : a
b
a

a
b
b
*) Bi tp 6 :
Cho cc s dng a , b tho mn iu kin a + b = 1


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

Chng minh rng : ( 1 +
1
a
)( 1 +
1
b
) 9 (1)
Gii:
Ta c ( a +
1
a
.)( b +
1
b
) 9 ab + a + b + 1 9 ab ( v a,b > 0 )
a + b + 1 8 ab 2 8 ab ( v a + b = 1 )
( a + b )
2
4 ab ( a b )
2
0 (2)
Bt ng thc (2) ng cc php bin i l tng ng vy bt ng thc (1) c
chng minh. Xy ra du ng thc a = b.
IV. Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh (5 pht)
- Xem li cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc trong bi hc v lm cc bi tp
v nh sau:
*) Bi tp 1 : Chng minh bt ng thc :

2
2 2
2 2
|

\
| +

+ b a b a

Hng dn:
Xt hiu : H =
2
2 2
2 2
|

\
| +

+ b a b a

=
4
) 2 ( ) ( 2
2 2 2 2
b ab a b a + + +

= 0 ) (
4
1
) 2 2 2 (
4
1
2 2 2 2 2
= + b a ab b a b a . Vi mi a, b .
Du '' = '' xy ra khi a = b .
*) Bi tp 2 : Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
a) 3(m + 1) + m < 4(2 + m)
b) b(b + a) ab
c) a(a b) b(a b)
d)
2
c 1
c 1 2

+

*) Bi tp 3 : Cho cc s dng a, b, c c tch bng 1.
Chng minh rng (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) 8
*) Bi tp 4 : Chng minh cc bt ng thc:
a) (x + y + z)
2
3(xy + yz + xz)
b) c
2
c 1
2
+

*) Bi tp 5 : Cho a, b l hai s tho mn iu kin a + b = 2.
Chng minh rng a
4
+ b
4
a
3
+ b
3
.
Hng dn: V a + b = 2 nn a
4
+ b
4
a
3
+ b
3

( )
4 4 3 3
2(a b ) (a b) a b + + +
4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3
2
2 2
2(a b ) a b ab ba a b ab ba (a b)(a b ) 0
b 3b
(a b) (a ) 0 (lun ng)
2 4
<=> + + + + <=> + + <=>
(
<=> + +
(


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

*) Bi tp 6 : Cho hai s x, y tho mn iu kin x + y = 1. Chng minh:
a) x
2
+ y
2

1
2

b)
1
8
x
4
+ y
4

D/B sung




*******************************



































Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s


Ngy son Ngy son Ngy son Ngy son : 12/09/11
Ngy dy Ngy dy Ngy dy Ngy dy : 16/09/11
Ch 2 Ch 2 Ch 2 Ch 2
phng php chng minh bt ng thc. Chng
minh ng thc t mt iu kin cho trc <2>

A/Mc tiu
Hc xong bui hc ny HS cn phi t c :
Kin thc
- Hc sinh bit cch chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php
dng bt ng thc quen thuc nh C -si, Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki hoc bt ng
thc gi tr tuyt i
- Hc sinh bit cch chng minh mt s bt ng thc bng phng
php s dng cc bt ng thc v ba cnh ca tam gic
- Chng minh ng thc t mt iu kin cho trc
K nng
- Rn luyn k nng bin i v rn luyn kh nng t duy ton hc
thng qua chng minh cc bt ng thc
Thi
- Rn luyn tnh cn thn v chnh xc, bit la chn gii php hp l
khi gii ton.
B/Chun b ca thy v tr
- GV: Thc, ke
- HS: Thc, ke
C/Tin trnh bi dy
I. T chc T chc T chc T chc - -- - s s s s s s s s
II. Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c (10 pht)
- HS1: Gii bi tp 1 cho bui hc trc
- HS2: Gii bi tp 3 cho bui hc trc
III. Bi mi Bi mi Bi mi Bi mi (115 pht)
4. Phng php 4 : Dng cc bt ng thc quan trng v quen thuc
- Kin thc : Dng cc bt ng thc quen thuc nh : C-si , Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki , bt
ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i bin i v chng minh ,
- Mt s h qu t cc bt ng thc trn : x
2
+ y
2
2xy
Vi a, b > 0 , 2 +
a
b
b
a

*) Bi tp 1:
Cho x , y > 0 . Chng minh rng :
y x y x +
+
4 1 1

Gii
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c : xy y x 2 + , chia c hai v cho xy > 0

y x
1 1
+
xy
2
, nhn c hai v vi x + y ta c
=> (x + y)(
y x
1 1
+ )
xy
2
(x+y) =
xy
2
2 xy = 4 =>
y x
1 1
+
y x +
4

*) Bi tp 2 :
Cho x , y l 2 s thc dng tho mn :

x
2
+ y
2
=
2 2
1 1 x y y x +
Chng minh rng : 3x + 4y 5
Gii :
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki ta c :
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
= (
2 2
1 1 x y y x + )
2
( 0 x 1 < ; 0 y 1 < )
(x
2
+ y
2
)(1 - y
2
+ 1 - x
2
)
2 2 2 2
x y 2 ( x y ) + + => x
2
+ y
2
1
Ta li c : (3x + 4y)
2
(3
2
+ 4
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) 25
=> 3x + 4y 5
ng thc xy ra
2 2
x y 1
0 x 1,0 y 1
y
x
3 4

+ =

< <

=
=
5
4
5
3
y
x

*) Bi tp 3 :
Cho a, b, c 0 ; a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng :
a, 6 + + + + + a c c b b a
b, 5 , 3 1 1 1 < + + + + + c b a
Gii
a, p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki vi 2 b 3 s ta c :
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
a b .1 b c .1 c a .1 1 1 1 a b b c c a
(
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
(


=>
( )
2
a b b c c a 3.(2a 2b 2c) 6 + + + + + + + =
=> 6 + + + + + a c c b b a .
Du '' = '' xy ra khi : a = b = c =
3
1

b, p dng bt ng thc Csi , ta c :
( )
(a 1) 1
a
a 1 a 1 .1 1
2 2
+ +
+ = + = +
Tng t : 1
2
1 + +
b
b ; 1
2
1 + +
c
c
Cng tng v ca 3 bt ng thc trn ta c :


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

5 , 3 3
2
1 1 1 = +
+ +
+ + + + +
c b a
c b a
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 0, tri vi gi thit : a + b + c = 1
Vy : 5 , 3 1 1 1 < + + + + + c b a
*) Bi tp 4 :
Cho cc s dng a , b , c tho mn : a + b + c = 1 .
Chng minh rng : 9
1 1 1
+ +
c b a

Gii :
Theo c - si ta c :
a b
2
b a
+ vi a , b > 0
Ta c : = + +
c b a
1 1 1
)
1 1 1
(
c b a
+ + .1 = )
1 1 1
(
c b a
+ + .(a + b + c)
= 1 1 1 + + + + + + + +
b
c
a
c
c
b
a
b
c
a
b
a

= + + + + + + ) ( ) ( ) ( 3
c
a
a
c
b
c
c
b
a
b
b
a
3 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 9
=> 9
1 1 1
+ +
c b a

Du ''='' xy ra khi : a = b = c =
3
1

5. Phng php 5: Dng bt ng thc v ba cnh ca tam gic
a , b, c l di ba cnh ca tam gic a < b + c (1)
b < a + c (2)
c < a + b (3)
T 3 bt ng thc v tng hai cnh ca tam gic ta suy ra c 3 bt ng thc v
hiu hai cnh
a < b + c (1) a b c < (4)
b < a + c (2) b c a < (5)
c < a + b (3) c a b < (6)
*) Bi tp 1: thi thi thi thi chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc - -- - Hi Dng nm hc 2008 Hi Dng nm hc 2008 Hi Dng nm hc 2008 Hi Dng nm hc 2008 - -- - 2009 2009 2009 2009
Chng minh rng:
1 1 1 1 1 1
2( )
p a p b p c a b c
+ + +


Du "=" xy ra khi tam gic ABC c c im g ?
Hng dn: Chng minh BT ph: Vi x, y > 0 ta lun c:
1 1 4
x y x y
+
+

Du "=" xy ra x = y
p dng ta c:
1 1 4 4
p a p b p a p b c
+ =
+

Tng t :
1 1 4 1 1 4
;
p a p c b p c p b a
+ +


Cng tng v => pcm
Du "=" xy ra p a p b p c a b c Tam gic ABC u = = <=> = = <=>
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

*) Bi tp 2:
Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng:
(a + b - c)(b + c - a)(c + a - b) abc
Gii:
Bt ng thc v ba cnh ca tam gic cho ta vit

2 2 2
0 ( ) b c a a b c a < <

2 2 2
0 ( ) c a b b c a b < <

2 2 2
0 ( ) a b c c a b c < <
T
( )( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) a b c b c a c a b a b c
(a + b - c)(a - b + c)(b - c + a)(b + c - a)(c - a + b)(c + a - b)
2 2 2
a b c
(a + b - c)
2
(b + c - a)
2
(c + a - b)
2 2 2 2
a b c
(a + b - c)(b + c - a)(c + a - b) abc
V a, b, c, l ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn
a + b - c > 0
b + c - a > 0
c + a - b > 0 v abc > 0
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh
*) Bi tp 3:
Cho im M nm trong tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng:
MA + MB + MC >
+ + AB AC BC
2

Gii:
Xt tam gic AMB; tam gic AMC; tam gic BMC
Theo bt ng thc tam gic ta c:
MA + MB > AB
MA + MC > AC
MB + MC > BC
Cng v tri vi v tri, v phi vi v phi ca ba bt ng thc li ta c:
2(MA + MB + MC) > AB + AC + BC
MA + MB + MC >
+ + AB AC BC
2
( pcm)
*) Bi tp 4:
M
C
B
A


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

Cho tam gic ABC. Gi M l trung im ca BC.
Chng minh: AM <
2
AC AB +

Gii:
Trn tia i ca tia MA ly im D sao cho
MD = MA. D dng chng minh c
AMB = DMC (c.g.c)
CD = AB (hai cnh tng ng) (1)
Xt tam gic ACD theo bt ng thc ta c:
AC + CD > AD = 2AM m CD = AB ( theo (1) )
AC + AB > 2AM
AM <
2
AC AB +
(iu phi chng minh).

*) Bi tp 5:
Cho im I nm trong tam gic ABC.
Chng minh rng: BI + IC < BA + AC
Gii:
Ko di BI ct AC ti K.
Xt AKB c BK < AB + AK (Bt ng thc tam
gic)
BI + IK < AB + AK BI < AB + AK - IK (1)

Xt KIC c IC < IK + KC (Bt ng thc tam gic)
IC < IK + (AC AK) (2)
Cng v tri vi v tri, v phi vi v phi ca (1) vi (2) ta c:
BI + IC < AB + AK IK + IK + AC AK
BI + IC < AB + AC (pcm)
*) Bi tp 6:
Cho gc xOy, Oz l tia phn gic ca gc xOy. T im M nm trong gc xOz v MH
vung gc vi Ox ( H thuc Ox ), v MK vung gc vi Oy( K thuc Oy ).
Chng minh: MH < MK.
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

Gii:
Gi A l giao im ca MK vi Oz.
V AB Ox ( B thuc Ox ). Ni B vi
M. Xt KOA vung ti K v
BOA vung ti B c:
OA l cnh chung


BOA KOA = (Oz l tia phn
gic)
Do KOA = BOA( cnh huyn
gc nhn )
AK = AB ( hai cnh tng ng
)
Xt AMB c BM < AB + AM (Bt
ng thc tam gic)
Do BM < AK + AM (AB = AK )
hay BM < MK
Mt khc MH < BM (Quan h gia
ng xin v ng vung gc)
Suy ra MH < MK => pcm

*) Bi tp 7: Cho tam gic ABC c AB > AC, AD l tia phn gic ca BAC (D BC).
M l im nm trn on thng AD. Chng minh: MB MC < AB AC.
Gii:
Trn cnh AB ly im E sao cho AE = AC
V AB > AC nn E nm gia A v B suy ra
AE + EB = AB => EB = AB AE = AB AC
Xt AEM v ACM c:
AE = AC (cch v)


= EAM CAM (AD l tia phn gic ca )
AM l cnh chung
Do AEM = ACM (c.g.c). Suy ra ME = MC (hai cnh tng ng) .
Xt MEB c MB ME < EB (Bt ng thc tam gic)
V MC = ME, EB = AB - AC
Do MB MC < AB AC (iu phi chng minh).
*) Bi tp 8: Cho tam gic ABC, gi a, b, c ln lt l di ba cnh ca tam gic
Chng minh rng: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
< 2(ab + bc + ca)
Gii:
Theo bt ng thc tam gic ta c:
a + b - c > 0 => c(a + b - c) > 0 (1)
b + c - a > 0 => a(b +c - a) > 0 (2)
a + c - b > 0 => b(a + c - b) > 0 (3)
Cng v tri vi v tri, v phi vi v phi ca cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) ta c:
c(a + b - c) + a(b +c - a) + b(a + c - b) > 0
=> ac + bc - c
2
+ ab + ac - a
2
+ ab + bc - b
2
> 0
=> 2(ab + bc + ca) - (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) > 0
A
a
c b
C
B
A
M
E
C
B
D


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

2(ab + bc + ca) > a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(iu phi chng minh)
*) Bi tp 9:
Chng minh rng nu: a = y + z ; b = z + x ; c = x + y th a, b, c l di cc cnh ca
mt tam gic ( x, y, z ln hn 0).
Gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
a = y + z
b = z + x => 2(x + y + z) = a + b + c => x + y + z =
) (
2
1
c b a + +

c = x + y
Suy ra x =
2
a c b +
; y =
2
b c a +
; z =
2
c b a +

V x, y, z > 0 =>
2
a c b +
> 0 ;
2
b c a +
> 0 ;
2
c b a +
> 0
=> a, b, c tho mn l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic.
*) Bi tp 10:
Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic tho mn a + b + c = 2.
Chng minh: ab + bc + ac > abc + 1
Gii:
V a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca mt tam gic
Suy ra : a + b > c
b + c > a
a + c > b
m a + b + c = 2
suy ra a < 1 ; b < 1 ; c < 1
=> (a - 1)(b - 1)(c - 1) < 0
(ab - a - b + 1)(c - 1) = abc - ab - ac + a - bc + b + c - 1 < 0
abc + ( a + b + c) - 1 < ab + ac + bc v a + b + c = 2
=> abc + 1 < ab + ac + bc (iu phi chng minh)
*) Bi tp 11: thi thi thi thi chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc - -- - Hi Dng Hi Dng Hi Dng Hi Dng
Cho tam gic ABC, D l im trn cnh BC (D khng trng vi B, C)
Chng minh : AD.BC BD.CA CD.AB < +
Hng dn: K DE//AC, DF//AB
DE BD DE
BD BC.
AC BC AC
CD DF DF
CD BC.
CB AB AB
= => =
= => =

BD.CA CD.AB + =
DE
BC.
AC
.CA +
DF
BC.
AB
.AB
= BC.DE BC.DF BC(DE AE) BC.AD + = + >

6. Chng minh ng thc t mt iu kin cho trc:
*) Bi tp 1: thi thi thi thi chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc chn HSG huyn Gia Lc - -- - Hi Dng nm hc 2007 Hi Dng nm hc 2007 Hi Dng nm hc 2007 Hi Dng nm hc 2007 - -- - 2008 2008 2008 2008
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

Cho a, b, c v x, y, z l cc s tha mn iu kin :
3 3 3
ax by cz v xy yz xz xyz ( Vi x, y, z 0) = = + + =
Chng minh ng thc:
2 2 2 3 3 3 3
ax by cz a b c + + = + +
Hng dn:
xy yz xz xyz ( Vi x, y, z 0) + + = , chia c hai v cho xyz ta c:
1 1 1
1
x y z
+ + =
t:
3 3 3
ax by cz = = = t =>
3 3 3
t t t
a ; b ; c
x y z
= = =
Thay vo VT ta c: VT =
3
3 3
t t t 1 1 1
t( ) t
x y z x y z
+ + = + + =
VP =
3 3
3 3
3
3 3 3
t t t 1 1 1
t ( ) t
x y z
x y z
+ + = + + =
Vy :
2 2 2 3 3 3 3
ax by cz a b c + + = + +
*) Bi tp 2: thi thi thi thi chn HSG huyn Ninh Ha chn HSG huyn Ninh Ha chn HSG huyn Ninh Ha chn HSG huyn Ninh Ha
Chng minh rng nu:
2 2
x yz y xz
x(1 yz) y(1 xz)

=


vi x y, yz 1, xz 1, x 0, y 0,z 0 th
1 1 1
x y z
x y z
+ + = + +
Hng dn:
2 2
2 2 x yz y xz
( x yz)( y xyz) ( y xz)( x xyz)
x(1 yz) y(1 xz)

= <=> =


2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
x y x yz y z xy z xy xy z x z x yz 0
( x y xy ) ( x yz xy z) ( x z y z) ( x yz xy z ) 0
xy( x y) xyz( x y ) x( x y ) xyz ( x y) 0
( x y) xy xyz( x y) z( x y) xyz 0
xy xyz( x y) z( x y) xyz (
<=> + + + =
<=> + =
<=> + =
(
<=> + + + =
(

<=> + + +
2
2
v x y ) xy xz yz xyz( x y) xyz
xy xz yz xyz( x y) xyz
1 1 1
( xyz 0) x y z
xyz xyz x y z
<=> + + = + +
+ + + +
<=> = <=> + + = + +

*) Bi tp 3: thi thi thi thi chn HSG huyn Gia Vin chn HSG huyn Gia Vin chn HSG huyn Gia Vin chn HSG huyn Gia Vin
1/ Cho ba s x, y, z tu . Chng minh rng
2
2 2 2
3 3
x y z x y z + + + + | |

|
\

2/ Chng minh rng nu
1 1 1
2
a b c
+ + = v a + b + c = abc th ta c
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
a b c
+ + =
Hng dn:
1/ p dng BT Csi ta c: x
2
+ y
2
2xy (1) ; y
2
+ z
2
2yz (2) ; z
2
+ x
2
2zx (3)
Cng tng v ba BT trn ta c 2( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) 2( xy + yz + zx )
2( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) ( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + 2( xy + yz + zx )
3( x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) ( x + y + z )
2


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

chia hai v cho 9 ta c :
2 2 2 2
( )
3 9
x y z x y z + + + +
= hay
2
2 2 2
3 9
x y z x y z + + + + | |
=
|
\

2/ T
1 1 1
2
a b c
+ + =
2
1 1 1
4
a b c
| |
+ + =
|
\

2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4
a b c ab bc ca
| |
+ + + + + =
|
\


2 2 2
1 1 1
2 4
a b c
a b c abc
+ + | |
+ + + =
|
\
.
M a + b + c = abc 1
a b c
abc
+ +
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 4
a b c
+ + + =
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
a b c
+ + =
IV. Luyn tp Luyn tp Luyn tp Luyn tp - -- - Gii thi Gii thi Gii thi Gii thi (45 pht)
*) Bi tp 1: thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 - -- - 2011, ngy th nht 2011, ngy th nht 2011, ngy th nht 2011, ngy th nht
Cho a, b, c, d l cc s dng tha mn
4 4
2 2
a b 1
a b 1 v
c d c d
+ = + =
+

Chng minh rng:
2
2
a d
2
c
b
+
Hng dn:
4 4
2 2
a b 1
a b 1 v
c d c d
+ = + =
+
=>
( )
2
2 2
4 4
a b
a b
c d c d
+
+ =
+

Quy ng v bin i a v ng thc:
( )
2
2 2
da cb 0 =
=>
2 2
da cb = 0 hay
2 2
a b
c d
= . Do
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
b d
a d b d
2 2 0
c d
b b db

+ = + = . Vy
2
2
a d
2
c
b
+
*) Bi tp 2: thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi vo THPT tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 - -- - 2011, ngy th hai 2011, ngy th hai 2011, ngy th hai 2011, ngy th hai
Chng minh ( )
3 3
a b ab a b , vi mi a, b 0 + + . p dng kt qu trn, chng
minh bt ng thc
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
1
a b 1 b c 1 c a 1
+ +
+ + + + + +

vi mi a, b, c l cc s dng tha mn abc = 1
Hng dn:
( )
3 3 2
a b ab a b (a b) (a b) 0, ng vi mi a, b 0 + + <=> +
3 3
3 3
a b 1 ab(a b) 1 ab(a b) abc ab(a b c)
1 1
( theo bi abc = 1)
ab(a b c)
a b 1
+ + + + = + + = + +
<=>
+ +
+ +

(do cc v u dng)
Tng t ta c:
3 3
1 1
bc(a b c)
b c 1

+ +
+ +
;
3 3
1 1
ac(a b c)
c a 1

+ +
+ +

Cng v vi v ca cc bt ng trn ta c
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
ab(a b c) bc(a b c) ac(a b c)
a b 1 b c 1 c a 1
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +

<=>
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
a b 1 b c 1 c a 1
+ +
+ + + + + +
1
*) Bi tp 3: thi vo THPT tnh HI Dng nm hc 2011 thi vo THPT tnh HI Dng nm hc 2011 thi vo THPT tnh HI Dng nm hc 2011 thi vo THPT tnh HI Dng nm hc 2011 - -- - 2012, ngy th nht 2012, ngy th nht 2012, ngy th nht 2012, ngy th nht
Cho x, y, z l ba s dng tho mn x + y + z = 3. Chng minh rng:
x
x 3x yz + +
+
y
y 3y zx + +
+
z
z 3z xy + +
1
Hng dn:
V x + y +z= 3 => 3 ( ) ( )( ) + = + + + = + + x yz x y z x yz x y x z
p dng bt ng thc Bunhia - Copxki ta c
2
( yx) ( )( ) yx ( )( )
yx 3
yx 3
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ + + +
xz x y z x xz x y z x
xz x yz
x xz x x yz

3 yx
=
+ + + + + +
x x x
x x yz x xz x y z

Chng minh tng t
3

+ + + +
y y
y y xz x y z
;
3

+ + + +
z z
z z xy x y z

Cng cc v ca 3 bt ng thc cng chiu ta c
1
3 3 3
+ + + + =
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
y x y z x z
x x yz y y xz z z xy x y z x y z x y z
Du = xy ra xy ra khi x = y = z = 1
*) Bi tp 4: thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh Ninh Bnh Ninh Bnh Ninh Bnh Ninh Bnh nm hc 2009 nm hc 2009 nm hc 2009 nm hc 2009 - -- - 2010 2010 2010 2010
1. Cho 3 s a, b, c >0. Chng minh rng:
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
a b abc b c abc c a abc abc
+ +
+ + + + + +

2. Tm x, y nguyn sao cho x + y + xy + 2 = x
2
+ y
2
Hng dn:
1. Vi a > 0; b > 0; c > 0 .
Chng minh rng:
abc abc a c abc c b abc b a
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

HD: ta c a
3
+ b
3
+ abc = (a+b)(a
2
+ b
2
- ab) + abc (a+b)(2ab - ab)+ abc
( v (a-b)
2
0 vi mi a, b => a
2
+ b
2
2ab)
=> a
3
+ b
3
+ abc ab(a+b) + abc = ab( a+b+c)
V a, b, c > 0 =>
ab c b a abc b a ) (
1 1
3 3
+ +

+ +
(1)
Tng t ta c:
bc c b a abc c b ) (
1 1
3 3
+ +

+ +
(2) ;
ca c b a abc a c ) (
1 1
3 3
+ +

+ +
(3)
T (1) ; (2); (3)


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

=>
abc c b a abc
c b a
abc a c abc c b abc b a
1
) (
1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
=
+ +
+ +

+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +

Du "=" xy ra khi a = b = c
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.
2. Tm x, y nguyn tho mn: x + y + xy + 2 = x
2
+ y
2 (*)

<=> x
2
- x(y + 1) + y
2
- y - 2 = 0 (**)
V x, y l nghim ca phng trnh (*)
=> Phng trnh (**) lun c nghim theo x
=> = (y+1)
2
- 4 (y
2
- y - 2) 0
=> -3y
2
+ 6y + 9 0 <=> - y
2
+ 2y + 3 0 <=> (- y
2
- y) + 3(y + 1) 0
<=> (y + 1)(3 - y) 0
Gii c -1 y 3 v y nguyn => y {-1; 0; 1; 2; 3}
+ Vi y = -1 =>
(*)
<=> x
2
= 0 => x = 0
+ vi y = 0 =>
(*)
<=> x
2
- x - 2 = 0
c nghim x
1
= -1; x
2
= 2 tho mn x Z.
+ vi y = 1 =>
(*)
<=> x
2
- 2x - 2 = 0 c ' = 3 khng chnh phng.
+ vi y = 2 => x
2
- 3x = 0 => x

= 0 hoc x = 3 tho mn x Z.
+ vi y = 3 => (x-2)
2
= 0 => x = 2 tho mn x Z.
Vy nghim nguyn ca phng trnh l: (x,y) { } ) 3 ; 2 ( ); 2 ; 3 ( ); 2 ; 0 ( ); 0 ; 2 ( ); 1 ; 0 ( ); 0 ; 1 (
*) Bi tp 5: thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh Thanh Ha Thanh Ha Thanh Ha Thanh Ha nm hc 20 nm hc 20 nm hc 20 nm hc 2011 11 11 11 - -- - 2012 2012 2012 2012
Cho cc s dng x, y , z . Chng minh bt ng thc 2 >
+
+
+
+
+ y x
z
z x
y
z y
x

Hng dn:
p dng BT Cosi ta c :
z y x
x
z y
x
x
z y x
x
z y
x
z y
+ +

+
=>
+ +
=
+
+

+ 2
2 2
1
1 .
z y x
y
z x
y
y
z y x y
z x
y
z x
+ +

+
=>
+ +
=
+
+

+ 2
2 2
1
1 .
z y x
z
x y
z
z
z y x
z
x y
z
x y
+ +

+
=>
+ +
=
+
+

+ 2
2 2
1
1 .

Cng v vi v ta c : 2
) ( 2
=
+ +
+ +

+
+
+
+
+ z y x
z y x
x y
z
z x
y
z y
x
du bng xy ra
y+ z = x
x+ z = y x + y + z = 0
y+ x = z
V x, y ,z > 0 nn x + y + z > 0 vy du bng khng th xy ra .
=> 2 >
+
+
+
+
+ x y
z
z x
y
z y
x
vi mi x, y , z > 0 ( pcm )
*) Bi tp 6: thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh Bnh nh Bnh nh Bnh nh Bnh nh nm nm nm nm hc hc hc hc 2010 2010 2010 2010 - -- - 2011 2011 2011 2011
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

Cho cc s a, b, c tha mn cc iu kin 0 < a < b v phng trnh ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 v
nghim. Chng minh rng:
a b
c b a

+ +
> 3
Hng dn:
Ta c (b-c)
2
0 b
2
2bc - c
2

V pt ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 v nghim nn c = b
2
- 4ac < 0(do a>0 ;b>0 nn c>0)
b
2
< 4ac 2bc - c
2
< 4ac
4a > 2b-c a+b+c > 3b - 3a
a b
c b a

+ +
> 3 (pcm)
*) Bi tp 7: thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh thi vo THPT tnh Qung Tr Qung Tr Qung Tr Qung Tr nm hc nm hc nm hc nm hc 2010 2010 2010 2010 - -- - 2011 2011 2011 2011
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tho mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
1 1 1
4
+ + a b c
Hng dn:
3 3 2
( 1) 3 3 1 a a a a = +
( )
2
2
3 3 3
3 3 1 1 1 (1) ( 0)
2 4 4
| |
= + = +
|
\
a a a a a a a do a
Tng t: ( ) ( )
3 3
3 3
( 1) 1 2 ; ( 1) 1 3
4 4
b b c c
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 9 3
1 1 1 3 3
4 4 4
a b c a b c + + + + = =
Vy BT c chng minh.
Du ng thc xy ra khi

2
2
2
3
3
0
0 3
2
0,
2
2
3 3
0 0 3
0,
2 2
2
3
3
0 3
0
0,
2
2
2
3
3

| |

=

|
= =

\
= = =

| |

= = =
|
= = =

\



| | = =

=
= = =
|

\

+ + =

+ + =

a a
a hoc a
a b c
b hoc b b b
b a c
c hoc c
c c
c a b
a b c
a b c

V. Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh (10 pht)
- Xem li cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc trong bi hc v gii
tip cc bi tp sau:
*) Bi tp 1:
Cho a, b > 0 ; c > 0; Chng minh rng:
A =
a + b
+
a + c
+
b + c
6
c b a
Hng dn:


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

A =
a
+
b
+
b
+
c
+
a
+
c
c c a a b b
A = (
a
+
c
) + (
b
+
c
) + (
a
+
b
) 6
c a c b b a
(Lu : a, b > 0; c > 0; )

a
+
c
2;
b
+
c
2;
a
+
b
2;
c a c b b a
*) Bi tp 2:
Cho a, b , c > 0; Chng minh rng:
A =
(a + b)
2
+
(a + c)
2
+
(b + c)
2
4(a + b + c)
c b a
Hng dn:
p dng bt ng thc Csi, ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
a b a b
4c 2. .4c 4(a b)
c c
+ +
+ = +
Tng t:
(a + c)
2
+ 4b 4 (a + c)
b
(b + c)
2
+ 4a 4 (b + c)
a
Cng v vi v ta c iu phi chng minh.
*) Bi tp 3:
Chng minh bt ng thc:
2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) a b c d a c b d + + + + + +
Hng dn: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ 2
2 2 2 2
( )( ) a b c d + + a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ 2ac + 2bd

2 2 2 2
( )( ) a b c d + + ac + bd. (2)
Nu ac + bd < 0 th (2) c chng minh.
Nu ac + bd 0 th (2) tng ng vi
(a
2
+ b
2
)(c
2
+ d
2
) a
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
+ 2abcd
a
2
c
2
+ a
2
d
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
a
2
c
2
+ b
2
d
2
+ 2abcd
(ad bc)
2
0 (3)
Bt ng thc (3) ng, bt ng thc (1) c chng minh.
*) Bi tp 4: Vi ba s a,b,c khng m, chng minh bt ng thc
a b c ab ac bc + + + +
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

Hng dn: Khi a, b, c khng m ta c
( )
2
0 2 a b a b ab + (1)
Tng t
( )
2
0 2 b c b c bc + (2) ;
( )
2
0 2 a c a c ac + (3)
Cng (1), (2) v (3) theo v ta c a b b ab bc ac + + + +
*) Bi tp 5:
a, Cho 3 s dng a,b,c tho mn
2 2 2
5
3
a b c + + =
Chng minh bt ng thc:
1 1 1 1
a b c abc
+ <
b, Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2
25 ( 6) x y y = +
Hng dn:
a) Ta c :
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 5
0 2( ) 0 ( ) 1
2 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
(do a, b, c > 0)
a
+ + + + + + + = <
+
< + <
a b c a b c ac bc ab ac bc ab a b c
ac bc ab
abc abc b c abc

b, T
2
25 ( 6) x y y = + . Ta c : (y+3+x)(y+3-x) = - 16
trong phng trnh ch cha n s x vi s m bng 2 , do ta c th hn ch gii
vi x l s t nhin.
Khi : y+3+x y+3-x .
Ta c ( y+3+x)+(y+3-x) = 2(y+3) l s chn
Suy ra 2 s ( y+3+x ) v (y+3-x) cng tnh chn l . Ta li c tch ca chng l s chn ,
vy 2 s 2 s ( y+3+x ) v (y+3-x) l 2 s chn .
Ta ch c cch phn tch - 16 ra tch ca 2 s chn sau y.
- 16 = 8 (- 2) = 4 (- 4) = 2 (- 8) trong tha s u bng gi tr (y+3+x).
Khi y+3+x= 8 , y+3-x = -2 ta c x= 5 , y= 0.
Khi y+3+x= 4 , y+3-x = -4 ta c x= 4 , y= -3.
Khi y+3+x= 2 , y+3-x = -8 ta c x= 5 , y= -6.
V th phng trnh cho c cc nghim ( x,y) = ( ) ( ) ( ) 5, 0 ; 5, 6 ; 4, 3 .
*) Bi tp 6: Chng minh cc bt ng thc :
a) (a + b)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
)
b) (a + b + c)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Hng dn:
a) Ta c : (a + b)
2
+ (a b)
2
= 2(a
2
+ b
2
). Do (a b)
2
0, nn (a + b)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
).
b) Xt : (a + b + c)
2
+ (a b)
2
+ (a c)
2
+ (b c)
2
. Khai trin v rt gn, ta c :
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
). Vy : (a + b + c)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
).
*) Bi tp 7: Chng minh rng nu cc s x, y, z c tng l mt s khng m th
3 3 3
x y z 3xyz. + +
Hng dn: Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) P x y z xyz x y xy x y z xyz = + + = + + +
3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x y z xy x y xyz x y z x y z x y z xy x y z
( (
( = + + + + = + + + + + + +


3 2
3 2
3 3 3


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
x y z x y z x y z xy x y z x y z xy yz zx
(
= + + + + + = + + + +

2
2 2 2 2
3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x y z x y y z z x
(
= + + + +

2 2 2 1
0
2
(Do gi thit x + y + z 0 )
Suy ra P x y z xyz = + +
3 3 3
3 0 v do x y z xyz + +
3 3 3
3
*) Bi tp 8:
1. Cho 1, 1. x y Chng minh : 1 1 x y y x xy + .
2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
1 1
( 1; 1)
y x
A x y
y x

= +
Hng dn:
1. p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s khng m ta c:

1 1
1 1.( 1)
2 2
y y
y y
+
= = 1
2
xy
x y
Tng t : 1
2
xy
y x
Do : 1 1 x y y x xy +
2. Theo cu 1:
1 1
1 1 1
x y y x
x y y x xy
xy
+
+
Do :
1 1
1
y x
y x

+
Du = xy ra
1 1 2
1 1 2
x x
y y
= =


= =


Vy gi tr ln nht ca A bng 1.
*) Bi tp 9: Chng minh
1 1 2
, , 0
1 1 1
x y
x y xy
+ >
+ + +
tha mn 1 xy
Hng dn:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
(1) 0
1 1 1 1
0
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
0 0
1 1 (1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 ) 1
x y xy xy
xy x xy y
x xy y xy
x y x y y x
y x y x
x y x xy y xy xy
+
+ + + +

+
+ + + +

| || |

| |
| |
+ + + + + + +
\ \

( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2
1
0 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
y x xy
y x x x y y x y
x y xy
xy x y

| || |
+

| |
| |
+ + +
+ + +
\ \

BT cui cng ng do 1 xy .
ng thc xy ra x y = hoc 1 xy =
*) Bi tp 10: thi chnh thc chn HSG tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi chnh thc chn HSG tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi chnh thc chn HSG tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 thi chnh thc chn HSG tnh Hi Dng nm hc 2010 - -- - 2011 2011 2011 2011
Chng minh
22
15
a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ + +
(2)
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

Hng dn:
1 1 1 22
(2)
15
1 1 1
b c a
a b c
+ +
+ + +
.
t , ,
b c a
x y z
a b c
= = = th
1
, , 4
4
x y z v 1 xyz =
BT tr thnh
1 1 1 22
1 1 1 15 x y z
+ +
+ + +

Khng gim tng qut, gi s z nh nht suy ra 1 xy . Theo cu a
2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
,
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
t
t z
x y z z z t t xy
z
+ + + = + = + =
+ + + + + + + +
+

Ta s CM
2
2 1 22 1
, 2
1 1 15 2
t
t
t t
+
+ +
. Bng bin i tng ng
BT
3 2 2
8 22 23 7 0 (2 1)(4 9 7) 0 t t t t t t + + .
BT cui cng ng do
1
2
t v
2
4 9 7 0, t t t + > .
*) Bi tp 11: Cho x,y l cc s thc tho mn:
. 1 1 1
2 2
= + x y y x Chng minh rng x
2
+y
2
=1.
Hng dn:
KX: -1 1 x ;-1 1 y .
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxky ta
c:1 =
2
( ) ( )( ) + +
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
1 1 1 1 x y y x x y y x ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2
2 2 2 2
+ + y x y x
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
= + = + + + + + y x y x y x y x y x
*) Bi tp 12: Cho a; b; c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic
Chng minh rng : (a + b - c)(a + c- b)(b + c - a) abc
Hng dn:
- V a, b, c l i di 3 cnh ca tam gic nn
a + b - c > 0 , a + b - c > 0, b - c +a > 0
- p dng BT c si cho hai s dng ta c
+) (a + b - c) (a + c - b) ( )
2
2
b c a c b a + + +
= a
2
(1)
(a + b - c) (b + c - a) ( ) =
+ + +

2
2
a c b c b a
b
2
(2)
(a + c - b)(b + c - a) ( )
2
2
a c b b c a + + +
= c
2
(3)
Nhn v vi v (1),(2),(3) ta c
( )( )( ) [ ]
2
a c b b c a c b a + + + a
2
b
2
c
2
=> (a + b - c) (a + c - b)(b + c - a) abc
Du = xy ra a = b = c
*) Bi tp 13: Cho x + y + z + xy + yz + zx = 6. CMR: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
3
Hng dn: Ta c : x
2
+ 1 2x ; y
2
+ 1 2y ; z
2
+ 1 27
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + 3 2(x + y + z)


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

Mt khc ta c : 2 (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) 2 (xy + yz + zx)
Do : 3 (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) + 3 2 (x + y + z + xy + yz + zx) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
3
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi : x = y = z = 1
*) Bi tp 14:
a) Cho a > c; b > c; c > 0. Chng minh ( ) ( ) c a c c b c ab +
b) Cho 1; 1 x y . Chng minh
2 2
1 1 2
1 1 1 x y xy
+
+ + +

Hng dn:
a) p dng BT Cauchy cho hai s khng m ta c:

( ) ( )
+
c a c c b c
ab ab
=
1 1
(1 ) (1 ) 1
2 2
c c c c
c c c c
b a a b
b a a b
+ +
+ + =
Vy: ( ) ( ) c a c c b c ab + (pcm)
b) Bt ng thc

2 2
1 1 2
1 1 1 x y xy
+
+ + +

2 2
1 1 1 1
0
1 1 1 1 x xy y xy
+
+ + + +


2 2
( ) ( )
0
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
x y x y x y
x xy y xy

+
+ + + +

2 2
( )(1 ) ( )(1 ) 0 x y x y y x y x + + +

2 2 2
( )( ) 0 ( ) ( 1) 0 x y x xy y x y x y xy + +
Bt ng thc ng vi mi 1; 1 x y . Suy ra pcm
*) Bi tp 15: thi chnh thc chn HSG huyn Hng Thy nm hc 2011 thi chnh thc chn HSG huyn Hng Thy nm hc 2011 thi chnh thc chn HSG huyn Hng Thy nm hc 2011 thi chnh thc chn HSG huyn Hng Thy nm hc 2011 - -- - 2012 2012 2012 2012
a) Chng minh
3 3
( ) a b ab a b + + vi mi , 0 a b . T chng minh
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
1
1 1 1 a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + +
vi a, b, c l cc s dng tha mn 1 abc = .
b) Cho x,y,z dng tho mn: x + y + z =1 CMR: 6 x y y z z x + + + + +
Hng dn:
3 3 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 a b ab a b a a b b b a + + +
2 2 2
( )( ) 0 ( ) ( ) 0 a b a b a b a b + , ng , 0 a b
Ta c
3 3 3 3
( ) ( ) a b ab a b a b abc ab a b abc + + + + + +
3 3
3 3
1 1
1 ( )
1 ( )
a b ab a b c
a b ab a b c
+ + + +
+ + + +

(Do cc v u dng). Tng t, cng li ta c
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1
1 1 1 a b b c c a
+ +
+ + + + + +
1 1 1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ab a b c bc a b c ca a b c
+ + =
+ + + + + +

Theo bt C si ( )
2
2 2 3 3
3
3 2 6
x y
x y
x y
+ +
+ +
+ =
( )
2
2 2 3 3
3
3 2 6
y z
y z
y z
+ +
+ +
+ = ; ( )
2
2 2 3 3
3
3 2 6
z x
z x
z x
+ +
+ +
+ =
Cng theo v li ta c:
( )
2
. 2
3
x y y z z x + + + + +
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

Suy ra : 6 x y y z z x + + + + + .
Du "=" xy ra khi x+y=y+z=z+x=2/3 x= y=z=1/3
*) Bi tp 16: thi kho st t I chn HSG huyn Gia Lc nm hc 2011 thi kho st t I chn HSG huyn Gia Lc nm hc 2011 thi kho st t I chn HSG huyn Gia Lc nm hc 2011 thi kho st t I chn HSG huyn Gia Lc nm hc 2011 - -- - 2012 2012 2012 2012
Cho ba s dng a, b, c tha mn a b c 1 + + = .
Chng minh rng:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
M a b c 33
a b c 3
= + + + + +
Hng dn:
Trc ht chng minh bt ng thc: ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
a b c 3 a b c + + + +
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
M a b c 6
a b c
| |
= + + + + + +
|
\

Ta c: 1 a b c = + + . Do : ( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 a b c 3 a b c = + + + +
Suy ra:
2 2 2
1
a b c (1)
3
+ +
C:
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 *
a b c
a b c
| |
+ + + +
|
\

M ( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c 9 nn 9
a b c a b c
+ + + + + +
Suy ra:
( )
( )
2
1 1 1
81 * *
a b c
+ +
T (*) v (**) suy ra:
2 2 2
1 1 1
a b c
+ + 27 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
1
M 33
3
. Du "=" xy ra a = b = c =
1
3




D/B sung















Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s





Ngy son Ngy son Ngy son Ngy son : 04/10/09
Ngy dy Ngy dy Ngy dy Ngy dy : 08/10/09
C CC Ch 1 h 1 h 1 h 1
Bui 5
phng php chng minh bt ng thc

A/Mc tiu
Hc xong bui hc ny HS cn phi t c :
Kin thc
- Hc sinh bit cch chng minh bt ng thc bng phng php
phn chng, phng php i bin, dng bt ng thc tng qut cha ly
tha cc s t nhin, phng php quy np ton hc
K nng
- Rn luyn k nng bin i v rn luyn kh nng t duy ton hc
thng qua chng minh cc bt ng thc
Thi
- Rn luyn tnh cn thn v chnh xc, bit la chn gii php hp l
khi gii ton.
B/Chun b ca thy v tr
- GV:
- HS:
C/Tin trnh bi dy
I. T chc T chc T chc T chc
II. Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c Kim tra bi c
- HS1: Cho tam gic ABC. Hy vit cc bt ng thc v ba cnh ca
tam gic trong tam gic ABC
- HS2: Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic, tho mn:
a + b + c = 2. Chng minh: ab + bc + ac > abc + 1
III. Bi mi Bi mi Bi mi Bi mi
6. Phng php 6 : Chng minh phn chng .
- Kin thc : Gi s phi chng minh bt ng thc no ng , ta hy gi s bt ng
thc sai , sau vn dng cc kin thc bit v gi thit ca bi suy ra iu
v l .
- iu v l c th l tri vi gi thit, hoc l nhng iu tri ngc nhau, t suy ra
ng thc cn chng minh l ng .
- Mt s hnh thc chng minh bt ng thc :
+ Dng mnh o
+ Ph nh ri suy ra iu tri vi gi thit .
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

+ Ph nh ri suy ra tri vi iu ng .
+ Ph nh ri suy ra hai iu tri ngc nhau .
+ Ph nh ri suy ra kt lun .
*) Bi tp 1:
Cho 0 < a, b, c, d < 1 . Chng minh rng ; t nht c mt bt ng thc sau l sai :
2a(1 - b) > 1; 3b(1 - c) > 2; 8c(1 - d) > 1; 32d(1 - a) > 3
Gii: Gi s ngc li c bn bt ng thc u ng. Nhn tng v, ta c :
2.3.8.32a(1 - b)b(1 - c)c(1 - d)d(1 - a) > 2 .3
=>
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1
a(1 a) b(1 b) c(1 c) d(1 d)
256
> (1)
Mt khc , p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c :

2
1
2
1
) 1 ( =
+

a a
a a => a(1 - a)
4
1

Tng t : b(1 - b)
4
1
; c(1 - c)
4
1
; d(1 - d)
4
1

Nhn tng v cc bt ng thc, ta c :

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1
a(1 a) b(1 b) c(1 c) d(1 d)
256
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra v l .
iu v l chng t t nht mt trong 4 bt ng thc cho trong u bi l sai .
*) Bi tp 2:
Chng minh rng khng c 3 s dng a, b, c no tho mn c ba bt ng thc sau :
2
1
< +
b
a ; 2
1
< +
c
b ; 2
1
< +
a
c
Gii
Gi s tn ti 3 s dng a, b, c tho mn c 3 bt ng thc :
2
1
< +
b
a ; 2
1
< +
c
b ; 2
1
< +
a
c
Cng theo tng v ca 3 bt ng thc trn ta c : 6
1 1 1
< + + + + +
a
c
c
b
b
a
6 )
1
( )
1
( )
1
( < + + + + +
c
c
b
b
a
a (1)
V a, b, c > 0 nn ta c :
1
a 2
a
+ ;
1
b 2
b
+ ;
1
c 2
c
+ (theo c-si)
=>
1 1 1
a b c 6
a b c
+ + + + + iu ny mu thun vi (1)
Vy khng tn ti 3 s dng a, b, c tho mn c 3 bt ng thc ni trn => pcm
*) Bi tp 3: Cho a
3
+ b
3
= 2 . Chng minh rng : a + b 2 .
Gii :
Gi s : a + b > 2 => (a + b )
3
> 8 => a
3
+ b
3
+ 3ab(a + b) > 8
=> 2 + 3ab(a + b) > 8 ( V : a
3
+ b
3
= 2 )
=> ab(a + b) > 2
=> ab(a + b) > a
3
+ b
3
( V : a
3
+ b
3
= 2 )
Chia c hai v cho s dng a + b ta c : ab > a
2
- ab + b
2
=> 0 > (a - b)
2
(V l)
Vy : a + b 2
7. Phng php 7: i bin s


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

- Kin thc : Thc hin phng php i bin s nhm a bi ton cho v dng n
gin hn, gn hn, dng nhng bi ton bit cch gii
*) Bi tp 1:
Chng minh rng : Nu a , b , c > 0 th :

2
3

+
+
+
+
+ a b
c
a c
b
c b
a

Gii: t : b + c = x , c + a = y , a + b = z => a + b + c =
2
z y x + +

=> a =
2
x z y +
, b =
2
y x z +
, c =
2
z y x +

Khi :
VT =
a b
c
a c
b
c b
a
+
+
+
+
+
=
z
z y x
y
y x z
x
x z y
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+

=
2
3
2
3
1 1 1
2
3
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
= + + + + + + +
z
y
y
z
z
x
x
z
y
x
x
y
= VP
*) Bi tp 2:
Cho a, b, c > 0 ; a + b + c 1 . Chng minh rng : 9
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2

+
+
+
+
+ ab c ca b bc a

Gii :
t : a
2
+ 2bc = x ; b
2
+ 2ca = y ; c
2
+ 2ab = z
Khi : x + y + z = a
2
+ 2bc + b
2
+ 2ca + c
2
+ 2ab
= (a + b + c)
2
1
Bi ton tr thnh : Cho x, y, z > 0 , x + y + z 1 .
Chng minh rng : 9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x

Ta chng minh c : (x + y + z)( 9 )
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
(Theo bt ng thc Csi )
=>
9 1 1 1
x y z x y z
+ +
+ +
. M : 0 < x + y + z 1 nn suy ra 9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
.
8. Phng php 8: Dng bt ng thc tng qut cha lu tha cc s t nhin
*) Bi tp : Cho a > b > 0 CMR:
1996 1996
1996 1996
a b
a b

+
>
1995 1995
1995 1995
a b
a b

+

Gii :
chng minh bt ng thc trn , ta chng minh bt ng thc trung gian sau:
Nu a > b > 0 v m,n l hai s t nhin m m>n th
m m n n
m m n n
a b a b
a b a b

>
+ +
(1)
Tht vy ta dng php bin i tng ng chng minh
(1)
2 2
m m m n n n
m m n n
a b b a b b
a b a b
+ +
>
+ +

1-
2 2 2 2
1
m n m n
m m n n m m n n
b b b b
a b a b a b a b
> >
+ + + +


m n
m n
m n
m m n n m m n n
m m n n
b b
b b
b b
a b a b a b a b
b b b b
< <
+ +
+ +
1 1
1 1
m n
m n
a a
b b
<
+ +
1 1
m n
m n
a a
b b
+ > +
Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Gio vin: Phm Vn Hiu

( ) ( )
m n
m n
m n
a a a a
b b b b
> > (2)
Bt ng thc (2) lun ng v a > b > 0 nn 1
a
b
> v m > n
=> bt ng thc (1) lun ng
p dng bt ng thc trung gian
m m n n
m m n n
a b a b
a b a b

>
+ +
vi a > b > 0 v m > n
Nn khi m =1996, n =1995 th bt ng thc phi chng minh lun ng
1996 1996
1996 1996
a b
a b

+
>
1995 1995
1995 1995
a b
a b

+

9. Phng php 9: Dng php quy np ton hc .
- Kin thc : chng minh mt bt ng thc ng vi n n
0
bng phng php quy
np ton hc, ta tin hnh :
+ Kim tra bt ng thc ng vi n = n
0

+ Gi s bt ng thc ng vi n = k (k n
0
)
+ Chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n = k + 1
+ Kt lun bt ng thc ng vi n n
0

*) Bi tp 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n 3 th: 2
n
> 2n + 1 (*)
Gii :
+ Vi n = 3 , ta c : 2
n
= 2
3
= 8 ; 2n + 1 = 2.3 + 1 = 7 ; 8 > 7 . Vy ng thc (*) ng
vi n = 3 .
+ Gi s (*) ng vi n = k (k N ; k 3) , tc l : 2
k
> 2k + 1
+ Ta phi chng minh : 2
k+1
> 2(k + 1) + 1 (k N ; k 3)
hay : 2
k+1
> 2k + 3 (**)
- Tht vy : 2
k+1
= 2.2
k
, m 2
k
> 2k + 1 ( theo gi thit quy np )
do : 2
k +1
> 2(2k + 1) = (2k + 3) +(2k - 1) > 2k + 3 ( V : 2k - 1 > 0)
Vy (**) ng vi mi k 3 .
+ Kt lun : 2
n
> 2n + 1 vi mi s nguyn dng n 3 .
*) Bi tp 2:
Chng minh rng :
2
1
.
4
3
.
6
5
...
n
n
2
1 2

1 3
1
+ n
(*) (n l s nguyn dng )
Gii :
+ Vi n = 1 , ta c : VT = VP =
2
1
. Vy (*) ng vi n = 1 .
+ Gi s (*) ng vi n = k 1 ( k N )ta c :
2
1
.
4
3
.
6
5
...
k
k
2
1 2

1 3
1
+ k

Ta cn chng minh (*) ng vi n = k + 1 . Tc l:
2
1
.
4
3
.
6
5
...
k
k
2
1 2
.
+
+
) 1 ( 2
1 2
k
k

1 ) 1 ( 3
1
+ + k

Ta c:
2
1
.
4
3
.
6
5
...
k
k
2
1 2
.
+
+
) 1 ( 2
1 2
k
k

1 3
1
+ k
.
) 1 ( 2
1 2
+
+
k
k

Do ch cn chng minh :
1 3
1
+ k
) 1 ( 2
1 2
+
+
k
k

1 ) 1 ( 3
1
+ + k
(**) (t/c bc cu)
Dng php bin i tng ng , ta c :


Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng Trng THCS Hng Hng
Nm hc
2011 - 2012
G GG Gi ii i o oo o n nn n B BB B i ii i d dd d n nn ng gg g H HH HS SS SG GG G P PP Ph hh h n nn n i ii i s ss s

(2k + 1)
2
(3k + 4) (3k + 1)4(k +1)
2

12k
3
+ 28k
2
+ 19k + 4 12k
3
+ 28k
2
+ 20k +4
k 0 (ng) => (**) ng vi mi k 1 .
Vy (*) ng vi mi s nguyn dng n .
IV. Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh Hng dn v nh
- Xem li cc bi cha
- GV gii thiu thm mt s phng php chng minh bt ng thc
khc nh phng php lm tri, tam thc bc hai, v nhng ng dng ca
bt ng thc gii cc dng ton khc. ngh hc sinh c th tm hiu
thm sch tham kho hoc sau ny s bi dng tip khi c iu kin v
thi gian.
D/B sung




*******************************