Chuyn : Bt ng

thc
A- M u:
Bt ng thc l mt trong nhng mng k!n thc kh" nht c#$
to%n h&c 'h( th)ng *
+hng th)ng ,u$ c%c - t.' / chng mnh -t ng thc h&c 0nh
h1u k2 / 03u 04c h5n / g / -6n lu.n 'h5ng tr7nh 8 -t
'h5ng tr7nh 8/ m9 ln h6 g$ c%c y!u t9
c#$ t$m g%c / t7m g% tr: l;n nht / nh< nht c#$ mt -1u thc*
=rong ,u% tr7nh g - t.' 8 n>ng l?c 0uy ngh@ 8 0%ng tAo c#$ h&c
0nh Bc 'h$t tr1n $ C$ng / 'hong 'hD
/7 c%c - t.' / -t ng thc c" c%ch g kh)ng thEo ,uy t4c
hoFc khu)n mGu no c*
+" H h< ngI &c 'h c" c%ch 0uy ngh@ l)gc 0%ng tAo -!t k!t
hB' k!n thc cJ /; k!n thc m; mt c%ch l)gKc c" h6 th9ng*
CJng /7 to%n / -t ng thc kh)ng c" c%ch g mGu 8 kh)ng
thEo mt 'h5ng 'h%' nht :nh nn h&c 0nh r3t lDng tDng kh g
to%n / -t ng thc /7 /.y h&c 0nh 0L kh)ng -!t -4t u tM
3u / thEo h5ng no *No " hu h!t h&c 0nh kh)ng -!t lm
to%n / -t ng thc/ kh)ng -!t /.n COng -t ng thc 1
g ,uy!t c%c loA - t.' kh%c*
=rong th?c t! gng CAy to%n trIng =PCQ /6c lm cho h&c 0nh
-!t chng mnh -t ng thc / /.n COng c%c -t ng thc
/o g c%c - t.' c" ln ,u$n l c)ng /6c rt ,u$n tr&ng/
kh)ng th1 th!u Bc c#$ ngI CAy to%n 8th)ng ,u$ " rRn luy6n
= Cuy l)gc / kh n>ng 0%ng tAo cho h&c 0nh *S1 lm Bc u "
ngI thy g%o 'h cung c' cho h&c 0nh mt 09 k!n thc c5 -n
/ mt 09 'h5ng 'h%' 0uy ngh@ -$n u / -t ng thc *
ChKnh /7 lK Co trn nn t) t? th$m kho -n 0oAn chuyn -t
ng thc nhTm mOc Kch gD' h&c 0nh h&c t9t h5n*

N$nh mOc c#$ chuyn
U
Q*t*t + Cung tr$ng
U* Vhn m u U
W* + Cung chuyn W
X* C%c k!n thc cn lu Y X
Z* C%c 'h5ng 'h%' chng mnh -%t ng thc Z
[* Vh5ng 'h%' U:C\ng :nh ngh] Z
^* Vh5ng 'h%' W:C\ng -!n ( t5ng 5ng ^
_* Vh5ng 'h%' X:C\ng -t ng thc ,uEn thuc `
`* Vh5ng 'h%' Z:C\ng tKnh cht -4c cu Ua
b* Vh5ng 'h%' [: C\ng tKnh cht-#$ tc 09 UW
Ua* Vh5ng 'h%' ^: C\ng 'h5ng 'h%' lm tr UZ
UU* Vh5ng 'h%' _: C\mg -%t ng thc t$m g%c U^
UW* Vh5ng 'h%' `: C\ng ( -!n U_
UX* Vh5ng 'h%' b: N\ng t$m thc -.c h$ U`
UZ* Vh5ng 'h%' Ua: N\ng ,uy nA' to%n h&c Ub
U[* Vh5ng 'h%' UU: N\ng chng mnh 'hn chng WU
U^* C%c - t.' n3ng c$o WX
U_* ng COng c#$ -t Cng thc W`
U`* N\ng -t ng thc 1 t7m c?c tr: Wb
Ub* N\ng -t ng thc 1: g 'h5ng tr7nh h6 'h-
5ng tr7nh
XU
Wa* N\ng -t ng thc 1 : g 'h5ng tr7nh
ngh6m nguyn
XX
WU* = l6u th$m kho
B- n Cung
Vhn U : c%c k!n thc cn lu Y
U- S:nh ngh@$
W- =Knh cht
X-Mt 09 hTng -t ng thc h$y C\ng
W


Vhn W:mt 09 'h5ng 'h%' chng mnh -t ng thc
U-Vh5ng 'h%' C\ng :nh ngh@$
W- Vh5ng 'h%' C\ng -!n ( t5ng 5ng
X- Vh5ng 'h%' C\ng -t ng thc ,uEn thuc
Z- Vh5ng 'h%' 0d COng tKnh cht -4c cu
[- Vh5ng 'h%' C\ng tKnh cht te 09
^- Vh5ng 'h%' lm tr
_- Vh5ng 'h%' C\ng -t ng thc trong t$m g%c
`- Vh5ng 'h%' ( -!n 09
b- Vh5ng 'h%' C\ng t$m thc -.c h$
Ua- Vh5ng 'h%' ,uy nA'
UU- Vh5ng 'h%' 'hn chng
Vhn X :c%c - t.' n3ng c$o
VP+ Z : ng COng c#$ -t ng thc
U- N\ng -t ng thc 1 t7m c?c tr:
W-N\ng -t ng thc 1 g 'h5ng tr7nh / -t
'h5ng tr7nh
X-N\ng -t ng thc g 'h5ng tr7nh ngh6m
nguyn
Vhn f : c%c k!n thc cn lu Y
U-Snhngh@$
X

0
0
A B A B
A B A B

'

W-tKnh cht
g AhB
A B <
g AhB / B hC
C A >
g AhB

AgC hB g C
g AhB / C h N

AgC h B g N
g AhB / C h a

A*C h B*C
g AhB / C i a

A*C i B*C
g a i A i B / a i C iN

a i A*C i B*N
g A h B h a

A
n
h B
n
n
g A h B

A
n
h B
n
/; n lj
g
A
h
B

A
n
h B
n
/; n chkn
g m h n h a / A h U

A
m
h A
n

g m h n h a / a iA i U

A
m
i A
n

gA i B / A*B h a

B A
1 1
>
X-mt 09 hTng -t ng thc

g A
2
a /; A l Cu m ny r$ kh A m a o
g A
n
a /; A l Cu m ny r$ kh A m a o
g
0 A
/; A lCu m ny r$ kh A m a o
g -
A
i A m
A
g
A B A B + +
l Cu m ny r$ kh A*B h ao
g
B A B A
l Cu m ny r$ kh A*B i ao
Vhn ff : mt 09 'h5ng 'h%' chng mnh -t ng thc
Vh 5ng 'h%' U : C\ng :nh ngh@$
Z
p!n thc : S1 chng mnh A h B
=$ chng mnh A qB h a
ru Y C\ng hTng -t ng thc M
2
a /; M
V d 1 n8 y8 s chng mnh rTng :
$o n
2
g y
2
g s
2
nyg ys g sn
-o n
2
g y
2
g s
2
Wny q Wns g Wys

co n
2
g y
2
g s
2
gX W ln g y g so
t:
$o =$ nut h6u
n
2
g y
2
g s
2
- ny q ys - sn
m
2
1
*W *l n
2
g y
2
g s
2
- ny q ys q sno
m
2
1
[ ] 0 ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
+ + z y z x y x Dng /; m& nvyvs R
w7 ln-yo
W
a /;n v y Nu -Tng ny r$ kh nmy
ln-so
W
a /;n v s Nu -Tng ny r$ kh nms
ly-so
W
a /; sv y Nu -Tng ny r$ kh smy
w.y n
2
g y
2
g s
2
nyg ys g sn
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh n m y ms
-o=$ nut h6u
n
2
g y
2
g s
2
- l Wny q Wns gWys o
m n
2
g y
2
g s
2
- Wny gWns qWys
ml n q y g so
2
0 Dng /; m& nvyvs R
w.y n
2
g y
2
g s
2
Wny q Wns g Wys Dng /; m&
nvyvs R
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh ngyms
co =$ nut h6u
n
2
g y
2
g s
2
gX q Wl ng y gs o
m n
2
- Wn g U g y
2
-Wy gU g s
2
-Ws gU
m ln-Uo
2
g ly-Uo
2
gls-Uo
2
a
Nulmony r$ kh nmymsmU
V d 2: chng mnh rTng :
$o
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

+ b a b a
v-o
2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_

+ +

+ + c b a c b a
co P]y t(ng ,u%t - to%n
g
[
$o =$ nut h6u
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

+ b a b a

m
( )
4
2
4
2
2 2 2 2
b ab a b a + +

+
m
( ) ab b a b a 2 2 2
4
1
2 2 2 2
+

m
( ) 0
4
1
2
b a
w.y
2
2 2
2 2

,
_

+ b a b a
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh $m-
-o=$ nut h6u

2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_

+ +

+ + c b a c b a
m
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 0
9
1
2 2 2
+ + a c c b b a
w.y
2
2 2 2
3 3

,
_

+ +

+ + c b a c b a
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh $ m - mc
co=(ng ,u%t

2
2 1
2 2
2
2
1
.... ....

,
_

+ + +

+ + +
n
a a a
n
a a a
n n
="m lA c%c -;c 1 chng mnh AB tho :nh ngh@$
B;c U: =$ nut h6u P m A - B
B;c W:B!n ( PmlCgNo
2
hoFc PmlCgNo
2
gx*glygzo
2
B;c X:p!t lu.n A B
wK CO:lchuyn +g$- Vh%' b`-bbo
Chng mnh m8n8'8, t$ u c"
m
2
g n
2
g '
2
g ,
2
gU mlng'g,gUo
t:
0 1
4 4 4 4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ m
m
q mq
m
p mp
m
n mn
m
0 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

m
q
m
p
m
n
m
llu)n Dngo
^
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh

'

0 1
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
m
q
m
p
m
n
m

'

2
2
2
2
m
m
q
m
p
m
n

'

1
2
q p n
m
B t.' -( nung
_
'h5ng 'h%' W : N\ng 'hu' -!n ( t5ng 5ng
r u Y:
=$ -!n ( -t ng thc cn chng mnh t5ng 5ng /;
-t ng thc Dng hoFc -t ng thc ] Bc chng mnh l
Dng*
ChD Y c%c hTng ng thc 0$u:
( )
2 2 2
2 B AB A B A + + +
( ) BC AC AB C B A C B A 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + +
( )
3 2 2 3 3
3 3 B AB B A A B A + + + +
wK CO U:
Cho $8 -8 c8 C8E l c%c 09 th?c chng mnh rTng
$o ab
b
a +
4
2
2
-o b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
co
( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2
t:
$o ab
b
a +
4
2
2
ab b a 4 4
2 2
+ 0 4 4
2 2
+ b a a
( ) 0 2
2
b a l-t ng thc ny lu)n Dngo
w.y ab
b
a +
4
2
2
lCu -Tng ny r$ kh W$m-o
-o b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2

) ) ( 2 1 ( 2
2 2
b a ab b a + + > + +
0 1 2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + b b a a b ab a

0 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2 2 2
+ + b a b a
Bt ng thc cu9 Dng*
w.y b a ab b a + + + + 1
2 2
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh $m-mU
co
( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2

( ) ( ) e d c b a e d c b a + + + + + + + 4 4
2 2 2 2 2


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + c ac a d ad a c ac a b ab a

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + c a d a c a b a
Bt ng thc Dng /.y t$ c" u 'h chng mnh
wK CO W:
Chng mnh rTng:
( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + + +
t:
( )( ) ( )( )
4 4 8 8 2 2 10 10
b a b a b a b a + + + +

12 8 4 4 8 12 12 10 2 2 10 12
b b a b a a b b a b a a + + + + + +

( ) ( ) 0
2 2 8 2 2 2 2 8
+ a b b a b a b a

$
W
-
W
l$
W
--
W
ol$
^
--
^
o a

$
W
-
W
l$
W
--
W
o
W
l$
Z
g $
W
-
W
g-
Z
o a
Bt ng thccu9 Dng /.y t$ c" u 'h chng mnh
`
wK CO X: cho n*y mU / n*y
Chng mnh
y x
y x

+
2 2
2 2
t:
y x
y x

+
2 2
2 2 /7 :n

y nn n- y

n
W
gy
W
2 2 l n-yo

n
W
gy
W
- 2 2 ng 2 2 y a

n
W
gy
W
gW- 2 2 ng 2 2 y -W a

n
W
gy
W
gl 2 o
W
- 2 2 ng 2 2 y -Wny a /7 n*ymU nn W*n*ymW

ln-y- 2 o
W
a Su ny lu)n lu)n Dng * w.y t$ c" u 'h
chng mnh
wK CO Z:
UoCM: Vln8yom
0 1 2 6 9
2 2 2
+ + y xy y y x

R y x ,
WoCM:
c b a c b a + + + +
2 2 2
lgB Y :-7nh 'h5ng W /!o
Xocho-$ 09 th?c kh%c kh)ng n8 y8 s th<$ m]n:

'

+ + < + +

z y x
z y x
z y x
1 1 1
1 . .
Chng mnh rTng :c" Dng mt trong -$ 09 n8y8s l;n h5n U
l th r$m Q5n b^-b_o
t:
{ut ln-Uoly-Uols-Uomnysglnygysgsnogngygs-U
mlnys-Uoglngygso-nysl
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
omngygs - l
0 )
1 1 1
> + +
z y x
l/7
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
i
ngygs thEo gto

W trong X 09 n-U 8 y-U 8 s-U 3m hoFc c -$ 0|-U 8 y-U8 s-U l

C5ng*
+!# trIng hB' 0$u ny r$ th7 n8 y8 s hU

n*y*shU M3u thuGn gt

n*y*smU -4t -uc 'h ny r$ trIng hB' trn tc l c" Dng U trong
-$ 09 n 8y 8s l 09 l;n h5n U
b
Vh 5ng 'h%' X : C\ng -t ng thc ,uEn thuc
A} mt 09 -t ng thc h$y C\ng
Uo C%c -t ng thc 'hO:
$o
xy y x 2
2 2
+
-o
xy y x +
2 2
Cul m o kh n m y m a
co ( ) xy y x 4
2
+
Co
2 +
a
b
b
a
WoBt ng thc C) 0y:
n
n
n
a a a a
n
a a a a
....
....
3 2 1
3 2 1

+ + + +
w;
0 >
i
a
XoBt ng thc Bunh$co'0k

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 1
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
.... .... . ....
n n n n
x a x a x a x x a a a + + + + + + + + +
Zo Bt ng thc =r- --0u':
+!u

'

C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +

+ +
+!u

'

C B A
c b a

3
.
3 3
C B A c b a cC bB aA + + + +

+ +
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh

'

C B A
c b a
-} c%c /K CO
/K CO U Cho $8 - 8c l c%c 09 kh)ng 3m chng mnh rTng
l$g-ol-gcolcg$o `$-c
t:
C%ch U:N\ng -t ng thc 'hO: ( ) xy y x 4
2
+
=$c" ( ) ab b a 4
2
+ v ( ) bc c b 4
2
+ v ( ) ac a c 4
2
+

( )
2
b a + ( )
2
c b + ( )
2
a c + ( )
2 2 2 2
8 64 abc c b a

l$g-ol-gcolcg$o `$-c
Nu ~m ny r$ kh $ m - m c
/K CO Wlt? go: UoCho $8-8cha / $g-gcmU CM:
9
1 1 1
+ +
c b a

lZaX-UaaUo
WoCho n8y8sha / ngygsmU CM:ngWygs
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 4 z y x

XoCho $ha 8 -ha8 cha
CM:
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
Ua
ZoCho n
0
8y
0
th<$ m]n
1 2 y x
vCM: ngy
5
1

/K CO X: Cho $h-hcha / 1
2 2 2
+ + c b a chng mnh rTng
3 3 3
1
2
a b c
b c a c a b
+ +
+ + +
t:
No $8-8c 9 nng 8g 0d $-c

'

+

b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
c b a
2 2 2
%' COng BS= =r- --0u' t$ c"

,
_

+
+
+
+
+
+ +

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a c b a
b a
c
c
c a
b
b
c b
a
a .
3
. . .
2 2 2
2 2 2
m
2
3
.
3
1
m
2
1
w.y
2
1
3 3 3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh $m-mcm
3
1
/K CO Z:
Cho $8-8c8Cha / $-cC mU *Chng mnh rTng :
( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
t:
=$ c" ab b a 2
2 2
+
cd d c 2
2 2
+
No $-cC mU nn cC m
ab
1
lC\ng
2
1 1
+
x
x
o
=$ c"
4 )
1
( 2 ) ( 2
2 2 2
+ + + +
ab
ab cd ab c b a
lUo
MFt kh%c:
( ) ( ) ( ) a c d d c b c b a + + + + +

ml$-gcCogl$cg-Cogl-cg$Co
m
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ +
,
_

+ +
,
_

+ +
,
_

+
bc
bc
ac
ac
ab
ab
w.y
( ) ( ) ( ) 10
2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + + + + a c d d c b c b a d c b a
/K CO [: Cho Z 09 $8-8c8C -t k chng mnh rTng:

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + + + +
t: N\ng -t ng thc Bunh$co'0k
t$c" $cg-C
2 2 2 2
. d c b a + +
m ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 d c bd ac b a d b c a + + + + + + + +
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 2 d c d c b a b a + + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( d c b a d b c a + + + + + +
/K CO ^ : Chng mnh rTng
ac bc ab c b a + + + +
2 2 2
t: N\ng -t ng thc Bunh$co'0k
C%ch U: {ut cF' 09 lU8U8Uo / l$8-8co t$ c"
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
. 1 . 1 . 1 ) ( 1 1 1 c b a c b a + + + + + +

X
( ) ( ) ac bc ab c b a c b a + + + + + + + 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
UU

ac bc ab c b a + + + +
2 2 2
Su 'h chng mnh Nu -Tng ny r$ kh
$m-mc

Vh 5ng 'h%' Z : Qd COng tKnh cht -4c cu
r u Y: AhB / -hc th7 Ahc
ai n iU th7 n
2
in
/K CO U:
Cho $8 -8 c 8C ha th<$ m]n $h cgC 8 -hcgC
Chng mnh rTng $- h$Cg-c
t:
=$c"

'

+ >
+ >
d c b
d c a

'

> >
> >
0
0
c d b
d c a

l$-col--Co h cC

$--$C--cgcC hcC

$-h $Cg-c lu 'h chng mnho

/K CO W:
Cho $8-8cha th<$ m]n
3
5
2 2 2
+ + c b a
Chng mnh
abc c b a
1 1 1 1
< + +
t:
=$ c" :l $g-- co
W
m $
W
g-
W
gc
W
gWl $- q$c q -co

$cg-c-$-

2
1
l $
W
g-
W
gc
W
o

$cg-c-$-
6
5

U Ch$ h$ /! cho $-c h a t$ c"
c b a
1 1 1
+


abc
1
/K CO X
Cho a i $8-8c8C iU Chng mnh rTng lU-$o*lU--o l U-co*lU-Co h U-$-
--c-C
t:
=$ c" lU-$o*lU--o m U-$--g$-
No $ha 8 -ha nn $-ha

lU-$o*lU--o h U-$-- lUo

No c iU nn U- c ha t$ c"

lU-$o*lU--o l U-co h U-$---c

lU-$o*lU--o l U-co*lU-Co h lU-$---co lU-Co

mU-$---c-Cg$Cg-CgcC

lU-$o*lU--o l U-co*lU-Co h U-$---c-C

lSu 'h chng mnho
/K CO Z
UW
U- Cho a i$8-8c iU * Chng mnh rTng
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + +
t :
No $ i U

1
2
< a /
=$ c"
( ) ( ) 0 1 . 1
2
< b a

U---
2
a g
2
a - h a

Ug
2
a
2
b h
2
a g -
m ai $8- iU

2
a h
3
a 8
2
b h
3
b
=M lUo / lWo

Ug
2
a
2
b h
3
a g
3
b
w.y
3
a g
3
b i Ug
2
a
2
b
=5ng t?
3
b g
3
c c b
2
1+

c
3
g
3
a a c
2
1+
Cng c%c -t ng thc t$ c" :
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + + +
-oChng mnh rTng : +!u 1998
2 2 2 2
+ + d c b a th7 $cg-C mUbb`
lChuyn Anh qb` q bbo
Gii:
=$ c" l$c g -Co
2
g l$C q -c o
2
m $
2
c
2
g -
2 2 2 2
2 d a abcd d + +
2 2
c b + - abcd 2
m
m $
W
lc
W
gC
W
og-
W
lc
W
gC
W
o mlc
W
gC
W
o*l $
W
g -
W
o m Ubb`
W
r< rng l$cg-Co
W
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1998 + + bc ad bd ac

1998 +bd ac
W-B t.' : U8 Cho c%c 09 th?c : $
U
v $
W
v$
X
x*v$
WaaX
th<$ m]n : $
U
g
$
W
g$
X
g x*g$
WaaX
mU
c

hng mnh rTng :

$
2
1
g
2
2003
2
3
2
2
.... a a a + + +
2003
1

l th /o chuyn
ng$ 'h%' WaaX- WaaZ=h$nh h"$ o
W8Cho $v-vc 0 th<$ m]n :$g-gcmUlo
Chng mnh rTng: l
8 ) 1
1
).( 1
1
).( 1
1

c b a
UX
Vh 5ng 'h%' [: C\ng tKnh chtc#$ tc 09
p!n thc
Uo Cho $8 - 8c l c%c 09 C5ng th7
$ q +!u
1 >
b
a
th7
c b
c a
b
a
+
+
>
- q +!u
1 <
b
a
th7
c b
c a
b
a
+
+
<
Wo+!u -8C ha th7 tM

d
c
d b
c a
b
a
d
c
b
a
<
+
+
< <

/K CO U :
Cho $8-8c8C h a *Chng mnh rTng

2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
<
b a d
d
a d c
c
d c b
b
c b a
a
t :
=hEo tKnh cht c#$ te l6 thc t$ c"

d c b a
d a
c b a
a
c b a
a
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ +
1
lUo
MFt kh%c :
d c b a
a
c b a
a
+ + +
>
+ +
lWo
=M lUo / lWo t$ c"
d c b a
a
+ + +
i
c b a
a
+ +
i
d c b a
d a
+ + +
+
lXo
=5ng t? t$ c"

d c b a
a b
d c b
b
d c b a
b
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
lZo

d c b a
c b
a d c
c
d c b a
c
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
l[o

d c b a
c d
b a d
d
d c b a
d
+ + +
+
<
+ +
<
+ + +
l^o
cng /! /; /! c#$ lXov lZov l[ov l^o t$ c"
2 1 <
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
<
b a d
d
a d c
c
d c b
b
c b a
a
u 'h chng mnh
UZ
/K CO W :
Cho:
b
a
i
d
c
/ -8C h a *Chng mnh rTng
b
a
i
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2
t: =M
b
a
i
d
c
2 2
d
cd
b
ab
<

d
c
d
cd
d b
cd ab
b
ab
<
+
+
<
2 2 2 2
w.y
b
a
i
d
c
d b
cd ab
<
+
+
2 2
u 'h chng mnh
/K CO X : Cho $v-vcvCl c%c 09 nguyn C5ng th<$ m]n : $g- m cgC
mUaaa
t7m g% tr: l;n nht c#$
d
b
c
a
+
g : ph)ng mt tKnh t(ng ,u%t t$ g 0d :
c
a

d
b

=M :
c
a

d
b

d
b
d c
b a
c
a

+
+

1
c
a
/7 $g- m cgC
$8 +!u :-
998
th7
d
b
998

d
b
c
a
+
bbb
-8 +!u: -mbb` th7 $mU

d
b
c
a
+
m
d c
999 1
+
SAt g% tr: l;n nht kh Cm Uv
cmbbb
w.y g% tr: l;n nht c#$
d
b
c
a
+
mbbbg
999
1
kh $mCmUv cm-mbbb
U[
Vh 5ng 'h%' ^: Vh5ng 'h%'lm tr
r u Y:
N\ng c%c tKnh -t ng thc 1 $ mt /! c#$ -t ng thc
/ CAng tKnh Bc t(ng hu hAn hoFc tKch hu hAn*
lo Vh5ng 'h%' chung 1 tKnh t(ng hu hAn :
Q m n
u u u + + + ....
2 1
=$ c9 g4ng -!n ( 09 hAng t(ng ,u%t u k / h6u c#$ h$ 09
hAng ln t!' nh$u:
1 +

k k k
a a u
ph " :
Q m
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 3 2 2 1
....
+ +
+ + +
n n n
a a a a a a a a
lo Vh5ng 'h%' chung / tKnh tKch hu hAn
V m n
u u u ....
2 1
B!n ( c%c 09 hAng k
u
/ th5ng c#$ h$ 09 hAng ln t!'
nh$u:
k
u
m
1 + k
k
a
a

ph " V m
1
1
1 3
2
2
1
..... .
+ +

n n
n
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
wK CO U :
w; m& 09 t? nhn n hU chng mnh rTng

4
3 1
....
2
1
1
1
2
1
<
+
+ +
+
+
+
<
n n n n
t:
=$ c"
n n n k n 2
1 1 1

+
>
+
/; k m U8W8X8x8n-U
No ":

2
1
2 2
1
...
2
1
2
1
...
2
1
1
1
+ + > + +
+
+
+ n
n
n n n n n
wK CO W :
Chng mnh rTng:
U^

( ) 1 1 2
1
....
3
1
2
1
1 + > + + + + n
n
w; n l 09 nguyn
t :
=$ c"
( ) k k
k k k k
+
+ +
> 1 2
1
2
2
2 1
ph cho k chAy tM U !n n t$ c"
U h W
( ) 1 2

( ) 2 3 2
2
1
>
xxxxxx

( ) n n
n
+ > 1 2
1
Cng tMng /! c%c -t ng thc trn t$ c"

( ) 1 1 2
1
....
3
1
2
1
1 + > + + + + n
n
wK CO X :
Chng mnh rTng
2
1
1
2
<

n
k
k
Z n
t:
=$ c"
( ) k k k k k
1
1
1
1
1 1
2

<
Cho k chAy tM W !n n t$ c"

1
1
....
3
1
2
1
1
1
1 1
....... ..........
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
2 2 2
2
2
2
< + + +

<
<
<
n
n n n
w.y
2
1
1
2
<

n
k
k
U_
Vh 5ng 'h%' _:
N\ng -t ng thc trong t$m g%c
r u Y: +!u $v-vcl 09 o -$ cAnh c#$ t$m g%c th7 : $v-vch a
w --c i $ i -gc v $-c i - i $gc v $-- i c i -g$
V d1: Cho $v-vcl 09 o -$ cAnh c#$ t$m g%c chng mnh rTng
$8 $
W
g-
W
gc
W
i Wl$-g-cg$co
-8 $-chl$g--co*l-gc-$o*lcg$--o
t
$ow7 $8-8c l 09 o X cAnh c#$ mt t$m g%c nn t$ c"

'

+ < <
+ < <
+ < <
b a c
c a b
c b a
0
0
0

'

+ <
+ <
+ <
) (
) (
) (
2
2
2
b a c c
c a b b
c b a a
Cng tMng /! c%c -t ng thc trn t$ c"
$
W
g-
W
gc
W
i Wl$-g-cg$co
-o =$ c" $ h --c
2 2 2
) ( c b a a >
h a
- h $-c
2 2 2
) ( a c b b >
h a
c h $--
0 ) (
2 2 2
> > b a c c
+h3n /! c%c -t ng thc t$ Bc

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) b a c a c b c b a abc
b a c a c b c b a c b a
b a c a c b c b a c b a
+ + + >
+ + + >
>
. .
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
V d2: (ZaZ q UaaUo
Uo Cho $8-8c l chu C -$ cAnh c#$ t$m g%c
Chng mnh rTng
) ( 2
2 2 2
ca bc ab c b a ca bc ab + + < + + < + +
Wo Cho $8-8c l chu C -$ cAnh c#$ t$m g%c c" chu / -Tng W
Chng mnh rTng 2 2
2 2 2
< + + + abc c b a
U`
Vh 5ng 'h%' `: ( -!n 09
V d1:
Cho $8-8c h a Chng mnh rTng
2
3

+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
lUo
t :
SFt nm-gc v ymcg$ vsm $g- t$ c" $m
2
x z y +
v - m
2
y x z +
v c m
2
z y x +
t$ c" lUo

z
z y x
y
y x z
x
x z y
2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+

2
3

3 1 1 1 + + + + +
z
y
z
x
y
z
y
x
x
z
x
y

l
6 ) ( ) ( ) + + + + +
z
y
y
z
z
x
x
z
y
x
x
y
Bt ng thc cu9 c\ng Dng /7 l
; 2 +
y
x
x
y

2 +
z
x
x
z
v
2 +
z
y
y
z
nn t$ c" u 'h chng mnh
V d2:
Cho $8-8c h a / $g-gc iU
Chng mnh rTng

9
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2 2

+
+
+
+
+ ab c ac b bc a
lUo
t:
SFt n m bc a 2
2
+ v y m ac b 2
2
+ v s m ab c 2
2
+
=$ c" ( ) 1
2
< + + + + c b a z y x
lUo
9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
w; ngygs i U / n 8y8s h a
=hEo -t ng thc C)0 t$ c"

+ + z y x
X*
3
xyz

Ub
+ +
z y x
1 1 1
X* *
3
1
xyz

( ) 9
1 1 1
.

,
_

+ + + +
z y x
z y x
M ngygs i U
w.y
9
1 1 1
+ +
z y x
l'cmo
V d3:
Cho n 0 8 y 0 th<$ m]n
1 2 y x
CM
5
1
+ y x

tB Y:
SFt u x 8
v y

Wu-/ mU / Q m ngy m
2 2
v u +

/ m Wu-U th$y
/o tKnh Q mn
B t.'
Uo Cho $ h a 8 - h a 8 c h a CM:
8
16 25
>
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
a c
b
c b
a
Wo=(ng ,u%t m8 n8 '8 ,8 $8 - ha
CM

( ) ( ) p n m p n m
b a
pc
a c
nb
c b
ma
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
+
2
2
1

Wa

Vh 5ng 'h%' b: C\ng t$m thc -.c h$
r u Y :
Cho t$m thc -.c h$
( ) c bx ax x f + +
2
+!u
0 <
th7
( ) 0 . > x f a

R x
+!u
0
th7
( ) 0 . > x f a

a
b
x
+!u
0 >
th7
( ) 0 . > x f a
/;
1
x x <
hoFc
2
x x >
l
1 2
x x >
o

( ) 0 . < x f a
/;
2 1
x x x < <
V d1:
Chng mnh rTng

( ) 0 3 6 2 4 5 ,
2 2
> + + + y x xy y x y x f
lUo
t:
=$ c" lUo

( ) 0 3 6 5 1 2 2
2 2
> + + y y y x x
( ) 3 6 5 1 2
2 2
+ y y y

( ) 0 1 1
3 6 5 1 4 4
2
2 2
<
+ +
y
y y y y
w.y
( ) 0 , > y x f
/; m& n8 y
V d2:
Chng mnh rTng

( ) ( )
3 2 2 2 4 2
4 4 . 2 2 , xy x xy y x y x y x f > + + + +
t:
Bt ng thc cn chng mnh t5ng 5ng /;
WU
( ) 0 4 4 . 2 2
3 2 2 2 4 2
> + + + + xy x xy y x y x
( ) 0 4 1 4 . ) 1 (
2 2 2 2 2
> + + + y x y y x y
=$ c" ( ) ( ) 0 16 1 4 1 4
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
< + y y y y y
w7 $ m ( ) 0 1
2
2
> + y /.y
( ) 0 , > y x f
l'cmo
Vh 5ng 'h%' Ua: C\ng ,uy nA' to%n h&c
p!n thc:
S1 chng mnh -t ng thc Dng /; 0
n n >
t$ th?c h6n c%c --
;c 0$u :
U q p1m tr$ -t ng thc Dng /; 0
n n
W - t 0d BS= Dng /; n mk lth$y n mk /o BS= cn chng
mnh Bc g& l g th!t ,uy nA' o
X- =$ chng mnh -t ng thc Dng /; n m k gU lth$y n m
kgU/o BS= cn chng mnh r -!n ( 1 C\ng g th!t ,uy
nA'o
Z q k!t lu.n BS= Dng /; m& 0
n n >
V d1:
Chng mnh rTng

n n
1
2
1
....
2
1
1
1
2 2 2
< + + +

1 ; > n N n
lUo
t :
w; n mW t$ c"
2
1
2
4
1
1 < +
lDngo
w.y BS= lUo Dng /; n mW
t 0d BS= lUo Dng /; n mk t$ 'h chng mnh
BS= lUo Dng /; n m kgU
=h.t /.y kh n mkgU th7
lUo

1
1
2
) 1 (
1 1
....
2
1
1
1
2 2 2 2
+
<
+
+ + + +
k k k
=hEo g th!t ,uy nA'
WW

( ) 1
1
2
1
1 1
2
) 1 (
1 1
....
2
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2
+
<
+
+ <
+
+ + + +
k k k k k

( ) k k k k
1
1
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
....
1
1
2 2 2
<
+
+
+
<
+
+ +

2
2
) 1 ( ) 2 (
1
) 1 (
1 1
+ < + <
+
+ +
k k k
k k
k

k
W
gWkik
W
gWkgU Su ny
Dng *w.y -t ng thc lUoBc chng mnh
V d2: Cho N n / $g-h a
Chng mnh rTng
n
b a

,
_

+
2

2
n n
b a +
lUo
t
=$ thy BS= lUo Dng /; nmU
t 0d BS= lUo Dng /; nmk t$ 'h chng mnh BS= Dng /;
nmkgU
=h.t /.y /; n m kgU t$ c"
lUo

1
2
+

,
_

+
k
b a

2
1 1 + +
+
k k
b a

2
.
2
b a b a
k
+

,
_

+

2
1 1 + +
+
k k
b a
lWo

w! tr% lWo
2 4 2
.
2
1 1 1 1 + + + +
+

+ + +

+ +
k k k k k k k k
b a b b a ab a b a b a

0
4 2
1 1 1 1

+ + +

+
+ + + + k k k k k k
b b a ab a b a

( ) ( ) 0 . b a b a
k k
lXo
=$ chng mnh lXo
lgo t 0d $ - / g th!t cho $ --

$
b

k
k
k
b b a

( ) ( ) 0 . b a b a
k k
lgo t 0d $ i - / thEo g th!t - $i-

k k k
k
b a b a < <

( ) ( ) 0 . b a b a
k k

w.y BS= lXolu)n Dng t$ c" l'cmo
WX
Vh 5ng 'h%' UU: Chng mnh 'hn chng
r u Y :
Uo t 0d 'h chng mnh -t ng thc no " Dng 8 t$ h]y
g 0d -t ng thc " 0$ / k!t hB' /; c%c g th!t 1 0uy r$
u /) lY 8 u /) lY c" th1 l u tr% /; g th!t 8 c" th1 l
u tr% ngBc nh$u *=M " 0uy r$ -t ng thc cn chng mnh
l Dng
Wo t 0d t$ 'h chng mnh lu.n ~t

p
'hu' to%n m6nh cho t$ :

+h /.y 1 'h# :nh lu.n t$ ghu' tt c g th!t c#$ lu.n
/; 'h# :nh k!t lu.n c#$ n" *
=$ thIng C\ng [ h7nh thc chng mnh 'hn chng 0$u :
A - N\ng m6nh 'hn o :
G K

B q Vh# :nh r) 0uy tr% g th!t :

C q Vh# :nh r 0uy tr% /; u Dng
N q Vh# :nh r 0uy r$ W u tr% ngBc nh$u
y q Vh# :nh r 0uy r$ k!t lu.n :
V d 1:
Cho -$ 09 $8-8c th<$ m]n $ g-gc h a 8 $-g-cg$c h a 8 $-c h a
Chng mnh rTng $ h a 8 - h a 8 c h a
t :
WZ
t 0d $ a th7 tM $-c h a

$ a Co " $ i a
M $-c h a / $ i a

c- i a
=M $-g-cgc$ h a

$l-gco h --c h a
w7 $ i a m $l- gco h a

- g c i a
$ i a / - gc i a

$ g - gc i a tr% g th!t $g-gc h a

w.y $ h a t5ng t? t$ c" - h a 8 c h a
V d 2:
Cho Z 09 $ 8 - 8 c 8C th<$ m]n u k6n
$c W*l-gCo *Chng mnh rTng c" Kt nht mt trong c%c -t
ng thc 0$u l 0$:
b a 4
2
< 8 d c 4
2
<
t :
t 0d W -t ng thc : b a 4
2
< 8 d c 4
2
< u Dng kh "
cng c%c /! t$ Bc

) ( 4
2 2
d b c a + < +
lUo
=hEo g th!t t$ c" Zl-gCo W$c lWo
=M lUo / lWo

ac c a 2
2 2
< + h$y ( ) 0
2
< c a l/) lYo
w.y trong W -t ng thc b a 4
2
< / d c 4
2
< c" Kt nht mt c%c
-t ng thc 0$
V d 3:
Cho n8y8s h a / nys m U* Chng mnh rTng
+!u ngygs h
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
th7 c" mt trong -$ 09 ny l;n h5n U
t :
=$ c" ln-Uo*ly-Uo*ls-Uo mnys q ny- ys g n g yg s qU
mn g y g s q l
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
o /7 nys m U
thEo g th!t ngy gs h
z y x
1 1 1
+ +
nn ln-Uo*ly-Uo*ls-Uo h a
=rong -$ 09 n-U 8 y-U 8 s-U che c" mt 09 C5ng
=h.t /.y n!u c -$ 09 C5ng th7 n8y8s h U

nys h U ltr% g
th!to
CHn n!u W trong X 09 " C5ng th7 ln-Uo*ly-Uo*ls-Uo i a l/) lYo
w.y c" mt / che mt trong -$ 09 n 8 y8s l;n h5n U
W[
Vhn : c%c - t.' n3ng c$o
U}C\ng :nh ngh@$
Uo Cho $-c m U / 36
3
> a * * Chng mnh rTng +
3
2
a
-
W
gc
W
h
$-g-cg$c
t
=$ c" h6u: +
3
2
a
-
W
gc
W
- $-- -c q $c
m +
4
2
a
+
12
2
a
-
W
gc
W
- $-- -c q $c
m l +
4
2
a
-
W
gc
W
- $-q $cg W-co g
12
2
a
X-c
ml
2
a
--- co
W
g
a
abc a
12
36
3

W^
ml
2
a
--- co
W
g
a
abc a
12
36
3

ha l/7 $-cmU / $
X
h X^ nn
$ ha o
w.y : +
3
2
a
-
W
gc
W
h $-g-cg$c Su 'h chng mnh
Wo Chng mnh rTng
$o
) 1 .( 2 1
2 2 4 4
+ + + + + z x xy x z y x
-o /; m& 09 th?c $ 8 -8 c t$ c"
0 3 6 2 4 5
2 2
> + + + b a ab b a
co 0 2 4 2 2 2
2 2
+ + + b a ab b a
t :
$o {ut h6u
P m
x xz x y x z y x 2 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2 4 4
+ + + +
m ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
1 + + x z x y x
Pa t$ c" u 'h chng mnh
-o w! tr% c" th1 /!t
P m ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2
2 2
+ + + b b a

P h a t$ c" u 'h chng mnh

co /! tr% c" th1 /!t
P m ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 + + b b a

P a t$ c" u 'h chng mnh

f } N\ng -!n ( t 5ng 5ng
Uo Cho n h y / ny mU *Chng mnh rTng

( )
( )
8
2
2
2 2

+
y x
y x
t :
=$ c" ( ) ( ) 2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + + y x xy y x y x l/7 ny m Uo

( ) ( ) ( ) 4 . 4
2 4
2
2 2
+ + + y x y x y x
No " BS= cn chng mnh t5ng 5ng /;
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4
. 8 4 4 y x y x y x + +

( ) ( ) 0 4 4
2 4
+ y x y x

( ) [ ] 0 2
2
2
y x
BS= cu9 Dng nn t$ c" u 'h chng mnh
Wo Cho ny U *Chng mnh rTng
W_

xy y x +

+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2
t :
=$ c"
xy y x +

+
+
+ 1
2
1
1
1
1
2 2

0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2

,
_

+
+

,
_

+ xy y y x

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1 1 . 1
2
2
2
2

+ +

+
+ +

xy y
y xy
xy x
x xy

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1
) (
1 . 1
) (
2 2

+ +

+
+ +

xy y
y x y
xy x
x y x

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 . 1 . 1
1
2 2
2

+ + +

xy y x
xy x y

BS= cu9 ny Dng Co ny h U *w.y t$ c" u 'h chng mnh
f } C\ng -t ng thc 'hO
Uo Cho $ 8 -8 c l c%c 09 th?c / $ g - gc mU
Chng mnh rTng
3
1
2 2 2
+ + c b a
t :
%' COng BS= Bunh$C)'0k cho X 09 lU8U8Uo / l$8-8co
=$ c" ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. 1 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 c b a c b a + + + + + +

( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
. 3 c b a c b a + + + +

3
1
2 2 2
+ + c b a
l/7 $g-gc mU o l'cmo
Wo Cho $8-8c l c%c 09 C5ng
Chng mnh rTng
( ) 9
1 1 1
.
,
_

+ + + +
c b a
c b a
lUo
W`
t :
lUo

9 1 1 1 + + + + + + + +
a
c
a
c
c
b
a
b
c
a
b
a

9 3
,
_

+ +
,
_

+ +
,
_

+ +
b
c
c
b
a
c
c
a
a
b
b
a
%' COng BS= 'hO
2 +
x
y
y
x
w; n8y h a
=$ c" BS= cu9 c\ng lu)n Dng
w.y
( ) 9
1 1 1
.
,
_

+ + + +
c b a
c b a
l'cmo
f/ } C\ng 'h 5ng 'h%' -4c cu
Uo Cho a i $8 -8c iU *Chng mnh rTng :
a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + +
t :
No $ iU

2
a iU / - iU
+n
( ) ( ) 0 1 0 1 . 1
2 2 2 2
> + > b a b a b a
P$y b a b a + > +
2 2
1 lUo
MFt kh%c a i$8- iU

3 2
a a > v
3
b b >

3 3 2
1 b a a + > +
w.y b a b a
2 3 3
1+ < +
=5ng t? t$ c"

a c c a
c b c b
2 3 3
2 3 3
1
1
+ < +
+ < +

a c c b b a c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 2 2 + + + < + + l'cmo
Wo Qo 0%nh XU
11
/ U_
14
t :
=$ thy
11
31 i
( )
11
11 5 55 56
32 2 2 2 <
MFt kh%c
( )
14
56 4.14 4 14 14
2 2 2 16 17 <
wy XU
11
i U_
14
l'cmo
w} C\ng tKnh cht te 09
Uo Cho $ 8- 8c 8C h a *Chng mnh rTng :

2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
t :
w7 $ 8- 8c 8C h a nn t$ c"

a b a b a b d
a b c d a b c a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
lUo
Wb

b c b c b c a
a b c d b c d a b c d
+ + + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
lWo

d a d a d a c
a b c d d a b a b c d
+ + + +
< <
+ + + + + + + +
lXo
Cng c%c /! c#$ Z -t ng thc trn t$ c" :

2 3
a b b c c d d a
a b c b c d c d a d a b
+ + + +
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
l'cmo
Wo Cho $ 8-8c l 09 o -$ cAnh t$m g%c
Chng mnh rTng

1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +
t :
w7 $ 8- 8c l 09 o -$ cAnh c#$ t$m g%c nn t$ c" $8-8c h a
w $ i - gc v - i$gc v c i $g-
=M lUo
2 a a a a
b c a b c a b c
+
<
+ + + + +
MFt kh%c
a a
b c a b c
>
+ + +
w.y t$ c"
2 a a a
a b c b c a b c
< <
+ + + + +
=5ng t? t$ c"
2 b b b
a b c a c a b c
< <
+ + + + +


2 c c c
a b c b a a b c
< <
+ + + + +
Cng tMng /! -$ -t ng thc trn t$ c" :

1 2
a b c
b c c a a b
< + + <
+ + +
l'cmo
w} 'h 5ng 'h%' lm tr :
Uo Chng mnh BS= 0$u :
$o
1 1 1 1
...
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 n n
+ + + <
+
-o
1 1 1
1 ... 2
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n
+ + + + <
t :
$o =$ c"

( ) ( )
( ) 2 1 (2 1)
1 1 1 1 1
.
2 1 . 2 1 2 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 1
k k
n n k k k k
+
_


+ + +
,
Cho n chAy tM U !n k *Q$u " cng lA t$ c"

1 1 1 1 2 1
... . 1
1.3 3.5 (2 1).(2 1) 2 2 1 2 n n n
_
+ + + <

+ +
,
l'cmo
Xa
-o =$ c"

( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 1 .....
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3..... 1.2 1.2.3 1 . n n n
+ + + + < + + + +

i
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 .... 2 2
2 2 3 1 n n n
_ _ _
+ + + + < <

, , ,
l'cmo
Phn iv : ng COng c#$ -t ng thc
U} C\ng -t ng thc 1 t7m c c tr:
r u Y
- +!u lno A th7 lno c" g% tr: nh< nht l A
- +!u lno B th7 lno c" g% tr: l;n nht l B
V d 1 :
=7m g% tr: nh< nht c#$ :
= m n-U g n-W gn-X g n-Z
t :
=$ c" n-U g n-Z m n-U g Z-n n-UgZ-n m X
lUo
w
2 3 2 3 2 3 1 x x x x x x + + +
lWo
XU
w.y = m n-U g n-W gn-X g n-Z UgX m Z
=$ c" tM lUo

Nu -Tng ny r$ kh 1 4 x
lWo

Nu -Tng ny r$ kh 2 3 x
w.y = c" g% tr: nh< nht l Z kh 2 3 x
V d 2 :
=7m g% tr: l;n nht c#$
Q m nys*lngyo*lygso*lsgno /; n8y8s h a / ngygs mU
t :
w7 n8y8s h a 8%' COng BS= C)0 t$ c"
ng y g s
3
3 xyz

3
1 1
3 27
xyz xyz
%' COng -t ng thc C)0 cho ngy v ygs v ngs t$ c"
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
. . 3 . . x y y z z x x y y z x z + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2 3 . . x y y z z x + + +
Nu -Tng ny r$ kh nmymsm
1
3
w.y Q
8 1 8
.
27 27 729

w.y Q c" g% tr: l;n nht l

8
729
kh nmymsm
1
3
V d 3 : Cho nygysgsn m U
=7m g% tr: nh< nht c#$
4 4 4
x y z + +
t :
%' COng BS= Bunh$c9'0k cho ^ 09 ln8y8so vln8y8so
=$ c" ( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
xy yz zx x y z + + + +

( )
2
2 2 2
1 x y z + + lUo
A' COng BS= Bunh$c9'0k cho l
2 2 2
, , x y z o / lU8U8Uo
=$ c"
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
( ) (1 1 1 )( )
( ) 3( )
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
=M lUo / lWo
4 4 4
1 3( ) x y z + +

4 4 4
1
3
x y z + +
w.y
4 4 4
x y z + + c" g% tr: nh< nht l
1
3
kh nmymsm
3
3
t
V d 4 :
=rong t$m g%c /u)ng c" c\ng cAnh huyn 8 t$m g%c /u)ng
no c" C6n tKch l;n nht
t :
t& cAnh huyn c#$ t$m g%c l W$
XW
SIng c$o thuc cAnh huyn l h
P7nh ch!u c%c cAnh g"c /u)ng ln cAnh huyn l n8y
=$ c" Q m ( )
2
1
. . . . .
2
x y h a h a h a xy +
w7 $ kh)ng ( m ngy m W$
w.y Q l;n nht kh n*y l;n nht
x y
w.y trong c%c t$m g%c c" c\ng cAnh huyn th7 t$m g%c /u)ng
c3n c" C6n tKch l;n nht

f} C\ng -**t 1 g 'h 5ng tr7nh / h6 'h 5ng tr7nh
V d 1 :
t 'h5ng tr7nh 0$u

2 2 2
4 3 6 19 5 10 14 4 2 x x x x x x + + + + +
t :
=$ c"
2
3 6 19 x x + +
2
3.( 2 1) 16 x x + + +

2
3.( 1) 16 16 x + +
XX
( )
2
2
5 10 14 5. 1 9 9 x x x + + + +
w.y
2 2
4. 3 6 19 5 10 14 2 3 5 x x x x + + + + + +
Nu l m o ny r$ kh ngU m a

n m -U
w.y
2 2 2
4 3 6 19 5 10 14 4 2 x x x x x x + + + + +
kh n m -U
w.y 'h5ng tr7nh c" ngh6m Cuy nht n m -U
V d 2 :
t 'h5ng tr7nh

2 2
2 4 4 3 x x y y + + +
t :
%' COng BS= Bunh$C9'0k t$ c" :
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 . 2 2. 2 2 x x x x + + +
Nu lmo ny r$ kh n m U
MFt kh%c ( )
2
2
4 4 3 2 1 2 2 y y y + + + +
Nu lmo ny r$ kh y m -
1
2
w.y
2 2
2 4 4 3 2 x x y y + + + kh n mU / y m-
1
2
w.y ngh6m c#$ 'h5ng tr7nh l
1
1
2
x
y

'

V d 3 :
t h6 'h5ng tr7nh 0$u:

4 4 4
1 x y z
x y z xyz
+ +
'
+ +

t : %' COng BS= C)0 t$ c"

4 4 4 4 4 4
4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y y z z x
y z
x y y z z x
x y y z z y z z x z y x
+ + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + +
+ +
2 2 2
.( )
y xz z xy x yz
xyz x y z
+ +
+ +
w7 ngygs m Uo
+n
4 4 4
x y z xyz + +
Nu lmo ny r$ kh n m y m s m
1
3
XZ
w.y
4 4 4
1 x y z
x y z xyz
+ +
'
+ +

c" ngh6m n m y m s m
1
3
V d 4 : t h6 'h5ng tr7nh 0$u

2
2
4 8
2
xy y
xy x

'
+

(1)
(2)
=M 'h5ng tr7nh lUo
2
8 0 y h$y
8 y
=M 'h5ng tr7nh lWo
2
2 . 2 2 x x y x +

2 2
2
2 2 2 0
( 2) 0
2
2
x x
x
x
x
+


t
+!u n m 2 th7 y m W 2
+!u n m - 2 th7 y m -W 2
w.y h6 'h5ng tr7nh c" ngh6m
2
2
x
y

'

/
2 2
2 2
x
y

'

f} C\ng B*S*t 1 g 'h 5ng tr7nh ngh6m nguyn

X[
Uo =7m c%c 09 nguyn n8y8s tho m]n

2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + + +
t :
w7 n8y8s l c%c 09 nguyn nn

2 2 2
3 2 3 x y z xy y z + + + +

( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
3 2 3 0
3
3 3 2 1 0
4 4
x y z xy y z
y y
x xy y z z
+ + +
_ _
+ + + + +

, ,
( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,
lo
M ( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,

, x y R
( )
2 2
2
3 1 1 0
2 2
y y
x z
_ _
+ +

, ,

0
2
1
1 0 2
2
1
1 0
y
x
x
y
y
z
z

' '

C%c 09 n8y8s 'h t7m l

1
2
1
x
y
z

'

V d 2:
=7m ngh6m nguyn C5ng c#$ 'h5ng tr7nh

1 1 1
2
x y z
+ +
t :
ph)ng mt tKnh t(ng ,u%t t$ g 0d
x y z
=$ c"
1 1 1 3
2 2 3 z
x y z z
+ +
M s nguyn C5ng /.y s m U
=h$y s m U /o 'h5ng tr7nh t$ Bc
1 1
1
x y
+
=hEo g 0d ny nn U m
1 1
x y
+

1
y
2 y
m y nguyn C5ng
+n y m U hoFc y m W
w; y m U kh)ng thKch hB'

w; y m W t$ c" n m W
w.y lW 8W8Uo l mt ngh6m c#$ 'h5ng tr7nh
X^
Po%n /: c%c 09 trn t$ Bc c%c ngh6m c#$ 'h5ng tr7nh
l lW8W8Uo v lW8U8Wo v lU8W8Wo
V d 3 :
=7m c%c cF' 09 nguyn tho m]n 'h5ng tr7nh

x x y +
(*)
t :
lo w; n i a 8 y i a th7 'h5ng tr7nh kh)ng c" ngh@$
lo w; n h a 8 y h a
=$ c"
x x y +

2
x x y +

2
0 x y x >
SFt x k lk nguyn C5ng /7 n nguyn C5ng o
=$ c"
2
.( 1) k k y +
+hng ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 k k k k < + < +

1 k y k < < +
M g$ k / kgU l h$ 09 nguyn C5ng ln t!' kh)ng tn tA
mt 09 nguyn C5ng no c
+n kh)ng c" cF' 09 nguyn C5ng no tho m]n 'h5ng tr7nh *
w.y 'h5ng tr7nh c" ngh6m Cuy nht l :
0
0
x
y

'

X_
= l6u th$m kho

U- to%n n3ng c$o / c%c chuyn A 09 `
-nxb gi dc ! " # " 1$$!
%c gi& : 'g()*n 'g+c ,-. " 'g()*n Vi/t 0&i "
V1 23ng %h)

W- to%n n3ng c$o cho h&c 0nh - A 09 Ua
-nxb ,-i h+c 4(5c gi6 h7 n8i " 1$$!
%c gi& : Ph6n 2() 9h&i

X q to%n - Cng h&c 0nh A 09 b
-nh7 x(t b&n h7 n8i
%c gi& : V1 0:( B;nh " %<n %h=n - ,> ?(6ng
%hi@(
Z q 0%ch g%o kho$ A 09 `8b8Ua
-nxb gi dc " 1$$!
[ q to%n n3ng c$o A 09 W_b - to%n ch&n l&c
-nh7 x(t b&n tAB " 1$$C
%c gi& : VD ,-i E6(
^ q t%o tr7nh A 09 05 c' trIng h0' q h n
---------------------------------
X`