3$5721( 

Q01_01_001 p 3 3 p  3
Q01_01_002 7 , 14 ?
Q01_01_004 :

1 3
a :*
4

Q01_01_005 :

a3
:*
2

4(2S )3
a3

2(2S ) 3
a3

Q01_01_006
Q01_01_007 14
8
Q01_01_008 1
Q01_01_009

Q01_01_010

G G
ai b j

G G G
K
(i j )
b1 , b2 , b3 Gh
(i z j )

2S
2SG ij
0

K
K
K
h1b1  h2 b2  h2 b3

Q01_03_001 N l 3lN

Q01_03_002 Z =Z =q
Q01_03_003

Q01_03_004

Z1

2 E 12
( ) ,
M
0,

2a Z 2
qo0

2 E 12
( )
P

1
2E 2
( m )

qo0
q

Q01_04_001 L\ ( x )

1 32

S
2a

1 ikx
e E
L

=2k 2

2m

2Sn
L

Q01_04_002 \ kK ( r )

KK
K
K
eik r ukK ( r ) ukK ( r )

Q01_04_003

Q01_04_004 N ( E )

Q01_04_005 N ( k )

1
2

CE
Vc

4S 3

Q01_04_006

Q01_04_007

Q01_06_001

0
F

Q01_06_002 E , k k F

E Kin

2mE F0
=

3 0
EF
5

Q01_06_003 0 K N E 0

3
NE F0
5

Q01_07_001 N E D N D

2 32

3$577:2 

Q02_02_001

Q02_03_001

Q02_03_002
1
2

12S 4
T 3
) 3
R(
15
4D

CV (T / 4 D )

Q02_03_003
NZ0
CV # 3Nk B
=Z 0

CV


=Z
3Nk B ( 0 ) 2 e k BT CV
k BT

Q02_04_001

3 32

AT 3

Q02_04_002

K
K
V ( r ) V ( r )  V 'V
K K K K
k k ' k  Gn
V

K2

K K 2
K K 1 K
k  Gn Gn ( k  Gn ) 0
2

Q02_04_003

Hi

Q02_05_001

k1 e k1

K K
ve ( k1 )

Q02_05_002

K
d ( =k )

dt

K
K
F ; v k

1
k E
=

Q02_05_003

4 32

Q02_05_004
E

Q02_06_001
0

E F
0

E F ~ k B T

Q02_06_002
0

E F
0

E F ~ k B T

Q02_06_003
3 1

Q02_06_004
T

0 EKin

3 0
EF
5

Q02_06_005 MnFeCo Ni

E F CV

S2
3

N ( E F0 )( k B T )]k B

N ( E F0 )
MnFeCo Ni
d d
d 5
5 d
d d
Q02_06_006
A B

5 32

Q02_07_001 Si As N
Si As N

Q02_07_002 XCH007_018_02 , N
S D P
SD SP DP
PN PN
P

S D SD

MOS
S D

Q02_07_003
=Z t E g Z

2Sc

2S=c

t E g , O0

2S=c

Eg

Q02_07_004

: n | p


np

N  N e

E  E
k BT

n | p

NN e

Eg
2 k BT

E g

E   E 

E g !! Ei

Q02_07_005

6 32

n0 p0

N  N e

Eg
k BT

'n

n  n0 , 'p

p  p0

Q02_07_006 P PN ?
P N PN
PN
PN PN N P
N P
Q02_07_007
N hQ  ( E g ) N N P
PN

Q02_07_008 N

N e

E  EF
k BT

N e

EF  E
k BT

np

N  N e

E  E
k BT

Q02_07_009

Q02_07_010

Q02_07_011 P N

7 32

P
Q02_07_012
1) 2)
3)
Q02_07_013 Ge As
IVGe4 VAs5 As
Ge
As+

8 32

3$577+5(( 

Q03_01_001

G
b1

G G
G
a2 u a3
2S G G G b2
a1 a 2 u a 3

G G
G
a3 u a1
2S G G G b3
a1 a 2 u a3

a1

a K K K
K
( i  j  k ), a2
2

1 3
a
2

K
b1

K
b1

G G
a1 u a 2
2S G G G
a1 a 2 u a3

a K K K
K
(i  j  k ), a3
2

a K K K
(i  j  k )
2

G G
a 2 u a3
2S G G G
a1 a2 u a3

2S a K K K a K K K
(i  j  k ) u (i  j  k )
: 2
2
K K K
2S a 2 K K K
(i  j  k ) u (i  j  k )
: 4

2S K K
( j k)
a

K
b2

K K
a3 u a1
2S G G G
a1 a2 u a3

K
2S K K
(i  k ) b3
a

K K
a1 u a2
2S G G G
a1 a2 u a3

2S K K
(i  j )
a

K K K

b1 , b2 , b3

a1

a K K
K
( j  k ), a2
2

1 3
a
4
G G
K
a 2 u a3
2S G G G b1
a1 a 2 u a3

a K K
K
( k  i ), a3
2

a K K
(i  j )
2

b1

2S K K K
( i  j  k )
a

K 2S K K K
2S K K K
(i  j  k ) b3
(i  j  k )
a
a
K K K
b1 , b2 , b3

b2

( 2S ) 3
Q03_01_002
v c
vc
G
b1

G G
G
a2 u a3
2S G G G b2
a1 a 2 u a 3

G G
G
a3 u a1
2S G G G b3
a1 a 2 u a3

9 32

G G
a1 u a 2
2S G G G
a1 a 2 u a3

v c

K K K
Au B uC

K K K
b1 (b2 u b3 )

K K K
K K K
( A C ) B  ( A B )C

K K
K K
( a 3 u a1 ) u ( a1 u a 2 )

>(aK3 u aK1 ) aK2 )@aK1  >(aK3 u aK1 ) aK1 @aK2

(2S )3 K K K
( a2 u a3 ) a1
vc*

vc*

( 2S ) 3 K K
K K
K K
( a 2 u a 3 ) ( a 3 u a1 ) u ( a1 u a 2 )
3
vc

(2S )3
vc
K

Q03_01_003 G

K K

K
K
K
h1b1  h2 b2  h3b3 ( h1h2 h3 )

K
K
K
h1b1  h2 b2  h3b3

K
2SG ij G

ai b j

K
: a1

XCH_001_047

CA

K
K
a1 a 3
 , CB
h1 h3

K
K
a2 a3

h2 h3

Gh1h2h3 CA

K
0, Gh1h2h3 CB

G ( h1h2 h3 )

K K K

Q03_01_004 a , b , c (hkl )

1
h
k
l
( )2  ( )2  ( )2
a
b
c

a A b A c , a1

G
b1
K

a1

K K
ai , a 2
K

G G
G
a2 u a3
2S G G G b2
a1 a 2 u a 3
K K
bj , a 3

G G
G
a3 u a1
2S G G G b3
a1 a 2 u a 3

K
K
ck b1

K
K
K
K
hb1  kb2  lb3 G

(hkl ) d

K K
ai , a 2

2S
K
G

K K
bj , a 3

K
ck

G G
a1 u a 2
2S G G G
a1 a 2 u a 3

2S K K
i , b2
a

2S K K
j , b3
b

2S K
2S K 2S K
i k
j l
k
a
b
c

2S
K
K
K d
hb1  kb2  lb3

10 32

1
h
k
l
( )2  ( )2  ( )2
a
b
c

2S K
k
c


Q03_01_005 111100111110

JJJG

XCH_001_051_01 111100 AB

JJJG

K
K
aj  ak

AB A OB RB

JJJG

K
K
aj  ak [0 1 1]

111100 AB

JJJG

XCH_001_051_02 111110 AB

JJJG

AB A OB RB

K K
 ai  aj
JJJG

111110 AB

K K
ai  aj [1 1 0]

Q03_01_006
(Wingner-Seitz)

XCH001_002007 003
6

11 32

 XCH001_058
12
XCH001_059

8
6 14
XCH001_060
Q03_02_001 D
D

'

n1 , n2 , n3

 '

2 ln 2

( 1) n1  n2  n3
( n12  n22  n32 )1 / 2
( 1) n

1 1 1 1 1 1
( 1) N
] N o f D
2[       " 
1 2 3 4 5 6
N

2 ln 2

Q03_02_002 u ( r )

D
r

E
rn

1 r0
2 W
3
4 m

2, n 10, r0

U ( r )

dU
dr

0
r r0

0.3 nm, W

4 eV D , E

N
D E
(  m  n ) N
2
r
r

mD nE

r0m 1 r0n 1

0 r0

12 32

nE n 1m
)
mD

wU wr
V
wr wV

wU
wV

NAr 3 A N

mD nE
1
 n 1 )
m 1
r
r
3NAr 2

wr w mD nE
1
[( m 1  n 1 )
]
wV wr r
3NAr 2 V
r

V V0

wU
wV

mD nE
1
 n 1 )
m 1
r0
r0
3NAr02

(
V V0

,
V0

nE
w 2U

r0n
wV 2

w 2U
wV 2

1
nE
mD
[m m  n n ]
2
9V0
r0
r0

V V0

D
m
0

E
n
0

w 2U
wV 2

w 2U
)V V0 K
wV 2 0

4 m

2, n 10, r0

0.3 nm, W

nE n m
) W
mD

W 10
r0 E
4

r02 [

E
10
0

V V0

D E
mD
nm
1
nE
[m n  n m ]  2 [ m  n ]
2
r0
r0
r0
9V0
9V0
r0

4 eV
1

D (1 

m nE n m
)(
)
n mD

5.9 u 10-96 eV m10

W ] D

m 2D n 2 E mD nE
1
[

 n  m  n]
r0m
r0
r0
r0
9V02

m 2D n 2 E
1
[ m  n ]
r0
r0
9V02

mn
9V0

r0

V V0

mn
( U 0 )
9V02

V V0

U0

w 2U
wV 2

mD
m
r0

U 0

nE n m
)
mD

w 2U
)V V0
wV 2 0

wU
wV

m nE n 1m
)(
)
n mD

(1 

3 K

w 2U
wV 2

1 D E
 (  m  n ) r0
r0
2 r0

1
 u ( r0 )
2

2 W

4.5 u 1019 eV m 2

13 32

Q03_02_003 N NaCl U ( r )

r0 U ( r ) U ( r0 ) 

U ( r )

ce

r0

1 wU '
(
) ( r  r0 )  "
2 wr r r0

U ( r0 )

U ' ( r0 )

wU
(
)
wr r

ce

n
0

E
r0

n 1

r0

ce

n
0

ln E  n ln r0

r02

nU
c
,U
en

r0n

r0

ln c 

E
r0

n 1

r02

r0

r0

r0

ln E  ln n  ( n  1) ln r0

ln U r0

r0

0 n

r0

ln r0  ln n

E
( nU ) n

wU '
(
)
wr r

ln E  n ln r0  ln r0  ln n

r0


N De 2
 (
 ce U )
2 4SH 0 r

U ' ( r )

U ' ( r ) U ' ( r0 ) 

E
N De 2
(
 n)
2 4SH 0 r r

1 wU
(
) ( r  r0 )  "
2 wr r r0

1 wU
(
) ( r  r0 )  "
2 wr r r0

U ( r ) U ( r0 ) 


E
N De 2
(
 n ) ce U
2 4SH 0 r r

n U

rn

ce

ln c 

r0

ln c  2 ln r0 

 ln U

nU

r0

e c 1n
( )
n E

14 32

r0

 ln U

Q03_03_001 N
a 2N

XCH003_005 M
2n-1 2n+1 2n+3
m 2n2n+22n+4

P 2n
P 2 n 1

mP2 n  E ( 2 P 2 n  P 2 n 1  P 2 n 1 )
N 2N
MP2 n 1  E ( 2 P 2 n 1  P 2 n  2  P 2 n )
Ae i [Zt ( 2 na ) q ]

P 2n
P 2 n 1

Ae i [Zt ( 2 na ) q ]
Be i [Zt ( 2 n 1) aq ]

Be i [Zt ( 2 n 1) aq ]

 mZ 2 A E ( e iaq  e  iaq ) B  2 EA

2
iaq
iaq
 MZ B E ( e  e ) A  2 EB
AB

Z2

 2 E cos aq

 2 E cos aq

2 E  MZ 2

1
(m  M )
4mM
2
E
{1  [1 
sin aq]2 }
(m  M )2
mM

2


1
(m  M )
4mM
2
E
{1  [1 
sin aq]2 }
(m  M )2
mM

2a

2 E  mZ 2

2


 ( 2 E cos aq) A  ( 2 E  MZ ) B 0
2

1
(m  M )
4mM
2
2
aq
{1 r [1 
sin
]
}
mM
(m  M )2

( 2 E  mZ 2 ) A  ( 2 E cos aq) B

qd

2a

a Na

q 2N
M

m Z

1
2
2
E {1 r [1  sin aq]2 }
m

15 32

Z2

2E
(1 r cos aq)
m

Z

4E
aq
cos
2
m

Z

4E
aq
sin
2
m

XCH003_017
( q o 0,

sin(

O !! a ) q o 0

qa
qa
)|
Z
2
2

(2

E
m

)q

Q03_03_002 E1

E 2 10c a / 2
1 q

0, q

2
XCH003_018
2n-1 2n+1 2n+3
2n 2n+2 2n+4
2n 2n1

mP2 n ( E1  E 2 ) P2 n  E 2 P2 n 1  E1P2 n 1
N 2N
mP2 n 1 ( E1  E 2 ) P2 n 1  E1P2 n 2  E 2 P2 n

P2 n

Ae

P2 n 1
2

mZ A ( E1e
mZ 2 B

( E1e

1
i aq
2

 E 2e

1
 i aq
2

Be

1
 i aq
2

 E 2e

1
i [ Zt  (2 n ) aq ]
2

1
i aq
2

1
i aq

1
i [ Zt (2 n 1) aq ]
2

) B  ( E1  E 2 ) A

(Z e

1
i aq
2 2
2

Z e

Z1

E1

) A  ( E1  E 2 ) B

(Z12  Z22  Z 2 ) A  (Z12 e 2  Z22 e

1
 i aq
2
2
1

1
 i aq
2

)B

) A  (Z12  Z22  Z 2 ) B

16 32

, Z22

E2
m

 AB

(Z12  Z22  Z 2 ),
1
 i aq
2
2
1

(Z e
2
1

2
2

2 2

2
1

(Z  Z  Z )  (Z e
E1

c E2

1
i aq
2

2
2

Z e

10c Z02

1
 i aq
2

Z12

2
1

)(Z e

c
, Z22
m

(11Z02  Z 2 ) 2  20(101Z04 )Z04 cos aq

Z

1
 i aq
2

1
i aq
2 2
2

Z e
2
2

Z e

10c
m

1
i aq
2

1
i aq

 (Z12e 2  Z22e

),  (Z12  Z22  Z 2 )

10Z02

Z02 (11 r 20cos qa  101)

0 Z2

S
a

Z02 (11 r 121)

Z02 (11 r 81)

Z

22Z0

Z

Z

20Z0

Z

2Z0

XCH003_019
Q03_03_003 U (Z )
L
q

dq
U (Z )dZ

Na

2S
u h q
Na

2u

Na
dq
2S

Z0

4E
Z
m

dZ

2S
Na

2S
Na

Na
dq r q Z
2S

Z 0 sin(
a
2

4E
aq
sin 2 ( )
2
m

aq
)
2

Z 0 cos(

aq
)dq
2

17 32

1
 i aq
2

 cos(

1

Z2
a
aq
dZ Z 0 cos( )dq
2
Z0
2
2

a 2
Z 0  Z 2 dq dq
2

dZ

2u

aq
)
2

Na
dq
2S

2u

dZ
2
a Z 02  Z 2

Na 2
1
dZ
2S a Z 02  Z 2

U (Z )

2N

Z02  Z 2
0 Z ( q) Z 0  Aq 2

Q03_03_004 q

f (Z )

1
V
1/ 2
2 3 / 2 (Z 0  Z )
4
A
S

Z  Z0
Z ! Z0

V
( 2S ) 3

V
K
4Sq 2 dq
dq
3
( 2S )

Z 0  Aq 2 dZ ( q)

Z ( q)

dq

1
dZ ( q) q
2 Aq

V
4Sq 2 dq
3
( 2S )

f (Z )

1
dZ ( q)
2 Aq

V
1
Z 0  Z
4Sq 2 dq
3
( 2S )
A

1
V
(Z 0  Z )1 / 2 dZ ( q)
2
3/ 2
4S A

V 1
(Z0  Z )1/ 2
2
3/ 2
4S A

Z ! Z 0 (Z 0  Z )

2 Aqdq dq

1/ 2

Z  Z0

f (Z )

Q03_04_001 n n

18 32

1, 2, 3 k

S
2a

\ k ( x ) e ik x [e

2S
mx
a

u(

i 2S x
Vn
1
1
e a )]


2
n
L
L n =
[k 2  ( k  2S ) 2 ]
a
2m

0
n

n \ ( x )

1 ikx i 2aS mx
e e
L

1 i ( 2aS m  2Sa ) x
e
L

XCH004_006
m

0 \ 10 ( x )

1 i 2Sa x
e
L

1, \ 20 ( x )

1 i (  2aS  2Sa ) x
0
e
\ 2 ( x )
L

0
3

1, \ ( x )

1 i ( 2aS  2Sa ) x
0
e
\ 3 ( x )
L

1  i 32Sa x
e
L
1 i 52Sa x
e
L

Q03_04_002

V ( x)

1
2
2
2
mZ [b  ( x  na ) ]
2

na  b d x d na  b
( n  1)a  b d x d na  b

1)
2)

19 32

4b Z

XCH004_049

na  b

na  b

1 ikx
1 ikx
e V ( x)
e dx
L
L

1
1 ikx 1
e { mZ 2 [b 2  ( x  na ) 2 ]} e ikx dx
2
L
L
na  b

N
mZ 2 [b 2  ( x  na ) 2 ]dx
2L
na  b

x  na L

Na

1
m Z 2 ( b 2  [ 2 ) d[ V
2a
b

a2
mZ 2
96

V (n)

1 a  i ( k '  k )[
2S
e
V ([ )d[ , k ' k 
n

a 0
a

V (n)

1 a i a n[
e
V ([ )d[
a 0

2S

1
2
2
2
mZ ( b  [ )
2
0

V ([ )

2S

V (n)

V1

 b d [ d b

 b d [ d b

1 b i a n[ 1
e
mZ 2 (b 2  [ 2 )d[ V ( n )

b

a
2
mZ 2
2a

b

i

2S
[
a

mZ 2
2a

(b 2  [ 2 )d[

20 32

b

i

2S
n[
a

(b 2  [ 2 )d[

mZ 2
2a

V2

b

i

4S
[
a

( b 2  [ 2 )d [

E g 1

2 V1

E g 2

2 V2

Q03_04_003 a ,

x
sin S
a

1\ k ( x )

( i )

2\ k ( x )

f ( x  ma )

m f

3x
S
a

3\ k ( x )

i cos

4\ k ( x )

f ( x  la )

l f

\ ( r  Rn )

e inka\ ( x ) , \ ( x  a )

\ ( x  na )

ika

1

xa
S
a
k

e ika\ ( x )

x
sin S
a

1\ k ( x )

\ k ( x  a ) sin

K K
K
e ik Rn\ ( r )

x
 sin S \ k ( x  a )
a

\ k ( x )

e ika\ k ( x )

S
a
f

( i )

2\ k ( x )

f ( x  ma )

m f
f

\ k ( x  a)

( i ) m f [ x  (m  1)a ]
f

f

i ( i ) m 1 f [ x  ( m  1)a ]
f

f

i ( i ) l f ( x  la )

i\ k ( x )

f

ika

i

S
2a

21 32

3\ k ( x  a )

ika

1

i cos 3

( x  a)
S
a

i cos

3x
S
a

\ k ( x )

a
f

f ( x  la )

4\ k ( x )

l f
f

\ k ( x  a)

f

f [ x  (l  1)a ]

f ( x  ma )

l f

\ k ( x ) e ika

m f

Q03_04_004 s
s
s

E ( k )

K
E s (k ) H s  J 0 

J ( R )e

K K
 ik Rs

Rs Nearest

XCH_001_007

12

a
a
, 0
2,
2

a, a, 0
2
2

a
 a ,
, 0
2
2
a
a
 ,  , 0
2
2

Rs

a
a
a
,
2,
2
2

a
a
a,
, 
2
2 2

a
a
 a ,
 ,
2
2
2
a
a
a
 , 
 ,
2
2
2

0,

0,

0,

0,

K
K
aK a K
i  j  0k 12 E s (k ) H s  J 0 
2
2
Rs

s J 1

K
E s (k ) H s  J 0  J1

K
J ( Rs )

K K
K
e ik Rs Rs

Rs Nearest

K K
k Rs

a
2
a
0, 
2
a
0,
2
a
0, 
2
0,

0*
i

a
i kx
2

a
i k y
2

(cos

K K
 ik Rs

Nearest

K K
K
K
K
K
([  Rs )[U ([ )  V ([ )]Mi0 ([ )}d [

K
aK a K
i  j  0k
2
2

K aK a K
K
K K
K
K
( k x i  k y j  k z k ) ( i  j  0k ) k Rs
2
2

a
i ( kx k y )
2

J ( R )e

a
(k x  k y )
2

ka
ka
k xa
ka
 i sin x )(cos y  i sin y ) 12
2
2
2
2

22 32

H s  J 0  4 J 1 (cos

E ( k )

ka
ka
kxa
ka
ka
ka
cos y  cos x cos z  cos y cos z )
2
2
2
2
2
2

XCH_001_003
8

a
a a
a
,
,
2,
2
2 2

 a,  a,  a  a,
2
2
2 2

a
a a
a,
 ,
, 
2
2
2 2
a
a
a a
,
 ,  ,

2
2
2 2

Rs

a
a
 ,
2
2
a
a
, 
2
2
a
a
,
2
2
a
a
 , 
2
2

K
aK a K a K
i  j  k 8 E s (k ) H s  J 0 
2
2
2
Rs

s J 1

K
E s (k ) H s  J 0  J1

K
J ( Rs )

0*
i

J ( R )e

K K
 ik Rs

Nearest

K K
K
K
K
K
([  Rs )[U ([ )  V ([ )]Mi0 ([ )}d [

K K

e ik Rs

Rs Nearest

Rs

aK a K a K
i  j  k
2
2
2

K K
k Rs

K aK a K a K
K K
K
K
( k x i  k y j  k z k ) ( i  j  k ) k Rs
2
2
2

a
i ( kx k y kz )
2

a
i kx
2

a
i k y
2

a
i kz
2

(cos

a
(k x  k y  k z )
2

k a
k a
kxa
ka
ka
ka
 i sin x )(cos y  i sin y )(cos z  i sin z )
2
2
2
2
2
2

12
s

E ( k )

H s  J 0  8 J 1 cos

ka
kxa
ka
cos y cos z
2
2
2

Q03_04_005 a L

Na
K
s
1 s E ( k )

2
3 s T

0 K E F0 E F0

23 32

s E ( k )

K
E s (k ) H s  J 0 

J ( R )e

K K
 ik Rs

Rs Nearest

H s  J 0  J1

s E ( k )

K K

e ik Rs

Rs Nearest

a
 a

Hs  J0 

E ( k )

K  ikKRKs
(
J
R
s )e E s (k ) H s  J 0  J 1 (eika  e ika )

Rs Nearest
s

H s  J 0  2 J 1 cos ka

E ( k )

H s  J 0  2 J 1 cos ka dE s (k ) ( 2aJ 1 sin ka )dk

E ( k )

cos ka

E s (k )  H s  J 0 2
2aJ 1 1  (
) dk dE s ( k )
2J1

dE ( k )

dk

E s (k )  H s  J 0 2
1 (
)
2J1

E s (k )  H s  J 0
sin ka
2J1

1
s

2
1

a 4 J  ( E (k )  H s  J 0 )

E s (k )  H s  J 0 2
2aJ 1 1  (
) dk
2J1

dE s ( k )

 k and  k 2 dk

dZ

2N

Na
dk dZ
2S

N ( E )

1
s

2
1

4 J  ( E (k )  H s  J 0 )

dZ
dE s ( k )

dE s (k )

2N
2
1

S 4 J  ( E (k )  H s  J 0 )2

EF0

(E)

dE s ( k ) Eks0 (k ) H s  J 0  2 J 1 cos ka k

Ek0
EF0

Ek0

2N
2
1

4 J  ( E (k )  H s  J 0 )

dE s ( k )

24 32

H s  J 0  2 J1

EF0

Ek0

S 2 J1 1  (

E (k )  H s  J 0 2
)
2 J1

dE s ( k ) 1

E s (k )  H s  J 0
d[
2J1

Es  Hs  J0
2 arcsin
2 J1

2
1
dE s ( k )
d[
2J1
S 1[ 2

EF0

S
Ek0

EF0  H s  J 0
2 J 1
arcsin
 arcsin
2 J1
2 J1
0

E F

EF0  H s  J 0

2
2 J1

Hs  J0

0 K EF0

0 K E F0 N ( E )

H s  J 0 N ( E )

2N
2
1

S 4 J  ( E F0  H s  J 0 ) 2

N
S J1

= 2k 2
, m1 0.18 m
2m1
=2 K K 2
( k  k0 ) , m2
E2 ( k 0 ) 
2m2

E1 (0) 

E1 ( k )
Q03_04_006

E2 ( k )

0.06 m

E1 (0) 1 E2 ( k0 ) 2 E1 (0)  E2 ( k0 )
1 2
1 T

0 K

1 2 XCH004_050
1 N1 ( E )

V
dS
3
(2S ) k E

2m1[ E1 (0)  E1 ( k )]

k E

= 2k
k
m1

k E

= 2[ E1 (0)  E1 ( k )]/ m1

25 32

0.1 eV

V
1
4S k 2
3
(2S ) = 2[ E1 (0)  E1 (k )]/ m1

N1 ( E )

N1 ( E )

2V 2m1 23
(
) E1 (0)  E1 ( k )
(2S ) 2 = 2

N2 (E)

2V 2m2 23
(
) E2 ( k )  E 2 ( k 0 )
(2S ) 2 = 2

1
EF0

E1( 0 )

N1 ( E )dE

EF0
E1( 0 )

EF0

2V 2m1 23
(
) E1 (0)  E1 ( k )dE
(2S ) 2 = 2
3
2

m1 [ E1 (0)  E1 ( k )]

3 E1( 0 )
2

N 2 ( E )dE

E2 ( k0 )
EF0

E2 ( k0 )

2V 2m2 23
(
) E 2 ( k )  E 2 ( k 0 ) dE
(2S ) 2 = 2

3
2

m2 [ E2 ( k )  E2 ( k0 )]

EF0

0
3 EF
2

E2 ( k0 )

m1[ E1 (0)  EF0 ] m2 [ EF0  E2 (k0 )]

EF0

m1E1 (0)  m2 E2 ( k0 )
m1  m2

m1

EF0

0.18 m, m2

0.06 m E1 (0)  E2 ( k0 )

0.1 eV

E2 ( k0 )  0.075 eV

Q03_04_007 U ( x, y )

S S

, ) E g 1
a a

4U cos(

2S
2S
x ) cos(
y)
a
a

S S

, )
a a

2V1

V (n)

1
a2

K K
K K K
e iGn [ V ([ )d[ , [

K
K G
r  Rn d[

K K
d[ x d[ y k '  k

26 32

K
Gn

U (e

U ( x, y )

2S
x
a

U ([1 ,[ 2 )

U ( e

U ([1 ,[ 2 )

U ( e

V1

1
a2

V1

V1
V1

1
a2
1
a2

2S
x
a

2S
( n1a [1 )
a

2S
[1
a

K K
b1  b2

i

K
Gn

e

a a

[U (e

e

)( e

e

i

2S
[1
a

S 

2S
[x
a

2S
[x
a

4S
[x
a

e

2S
y
a

e

2S
( n1a [1 )
a

)( e

2S
[2
a

i

2S
y
a

)( e

e

2S
( n2 a [ 2 )
a

i

i

2S
[x
a

i

2S
[x
a

)( e

2S
[y
a

2S
[y
a

e

n1a  [1 , y

) x

2S
[2
a

K K
K
k y k ' Gn  k

S 

kx 

i

e

i

2S
( n2 a [ 2 )
a

n 2 a  [ 2

i

2S
[y
a

i

2S
[y
a

S 

S 

kx 

)]e

K
k y Gn

K K
1 K
1 K
i (  b1  b2 )( [ x a1  l2 [ y a2 )
a
a

2S  2S 
kx 
ky
a
a

d[ x d[ y

0 0

a a

[U (e

e

)( e

e

)]e

i(

2S
2S
[x  [ y )
a
a

d[ x d[ y

0 0

a a

[U (e

 1)( e

4S
[y
a

 1)]d[ x d[ y

0 0

U

S S

, ) E g1
a a

2U

Q03_04_008 L N E

=2 2
( k x  k y2 )
2m

1
2
E

=2 2
( k x  k y2 ) k x2  k y2
2m

k 2

2mE
Z
=2

E E+dE dZ

2mE

=2

L2
( 2S ) 2
2

L2
Sk 2 Z
( 2S ) 2

mL2
dE
S= 2

27 32

mL2
E
S= 2

mL2
S =2

N ( E )

E o E  dE dN
E F0

mL2
0 S= 2 dE

0 N

E (k )

Ek  (

mL2
f ( E )dE
S= 2

mL2 0
EF
S= 2

NS =2
mL2

E F

Ek  (

Q03_04_009 E ( k )

N ( E ) f ( E )dE dN

2
k x2 k y
k 2 =2

 z ) ,
mx m y mz 2

2
2
k 2 k y k z2
1
k x2 k y
k 2 =2
[ x 
 ] 1

 z )
2
m
m
mz
mx m y mz 2
x
y
( E  Ek )
2
=

k a, b, c
1

4
Sabc
3

k : k

k 2(

dZ

2m ( E  E )
2m ( E  E )
2m ( E  E )
[ x 2 k ]2 b [ y 2 k ]2 c [ z 2 k ]2
=
=
=

2(

L 34
2
) S ( m x m y m z )1 / 2 ( 2 ) 3 / 2 ( E  E k ) 3 / 2
2S 3
=

3
L 4
2
2( ) 3 S ( 2 ) 3 / 2 (m x m y m z )1 / 2 ( E  E k )1 / 2 dE
2
2S 3 =

N ( E )dE

N (E)

L 3
) : Z
2S

L3 2 3/ 2
( 2 ) ( mx m y mz )1/ 2 ( E  Ek )1/ 2
2
2S =

Q03_05_001 E ( k )

=2 7
1
(  cos ka  cos 2ka ) a
2
ma 8
8

12 k 3

1 k
k

S
a

0 E (0)

E( )

=2 7
S
1
(  cos S  cos 2S ) , E ( )
2
ma 8
8
a

28 32

2= 2
ma 2

2= 2
ma 2

'E

E ( )  E (0)
a

3 m*

m*

=2 /

w2E w2E

wk 2
wk 2

=
1
(sin ka  sin 2ka )
ma
4

1 dE ( k )
v(k )
= dk

2 k v ( k )

4
=2
( a 2 cos ka  a 2 cos 2ka )
2
ma
8

m
1
cos ka  cos 2ka
2

k
k

0 m* 2m

S
a

2
 m
3

m*

K
Q03_05_002 E ( k )
D ,

= 2 k12 = 2 k 22 = 2 k 32


B
2m1 2m2 2m3

E, J

1)
2) Z

K
dk
=
dt



K
B B(k1D  k 2 E  k 3J )
K K

v ( k )

E ( k )

K
k E (k )

K K

K K K
 qv ( k ) u B

K
1
k E (k )
=
= 2 k12 = 2 k 22 = 2 k 32


2m1 2m2 2m3

K
wE  wE  wE 
k 3 k E (k )
k2 
k1 
wk 3
wk 2
wk1

v ( k )

m1m2 m3
m1D  m2 E 2  m3J 2

qB
m*
m*

= 2 k1  = 2 k 2  = 2 k 3 
k3
k1 
k2 
m3
m1
m2

=k1  =k 2  =k 3 
k1 
k2 
k3
m1
m2
m3

K
dk
=
dt

 
K K K
 qv ( k ) u B k1 u k 2

29 32


k 3

K
dk
dt

 qB{(




k1  k 2  k 3 
k 3 ) u (k1D  k 2 E  k 3J )}
k1 
k2 
m3
m1
m2

dk1
dt

dk
2
dt
dk 3

dt
k10 e iZt , k 2

k1

dk1
k2
k3
dt  qB( m J  m E ) 0
2
3

dk
k
k
k
k
 qB( 3 D  1 J ) 2  qB( 3 D  1 J ) 0
m3
m1
m3
m1
dt
dk
k
k
k
k
 qB( 1 E  2 D ) 3  qB ( 1 E  2 D ) 0
m1
m2
m1
m2
dt

 qB(

k
k2
J  3 E)
m2
m3

k 20 e iZt , k 3

k 30 e iZt

qBJ 0 qBE 0
k2 
k3
m2
m3

iZk 2 

qBD 0 qBJ 0
k3 
k1
m3
m1

iZk 30 

qBE 0 qBD 0
k1 
k2
m1
m2

iZk10 
0

qBJ
m2

iZ
qBJ
m1
qBE
m1

k10 , k 20 , k 30 

iZ
qBJ

m1
qBE
m1

qBJ
m2
iZ


qBD
m2

qBE
m3
qBD
m3

qBE
m3
qBD
m3

iZ


qBD
m2

iZ

( qB ) 2 2 ( qB ) 2 2 ( qB ) 2 2
iZ{Z 
D 
J 
E } 0
m 2 m3
m1m2
m1m3
2

iZ

0 Z

m1D 2  m2 E 2  m3J 2
qB
m1m2 m3

qB
m*
m*

qB

D2
m 2 m3

E2
m1m3

m1m2m3
m1D  m2 E 2  m3J 2
2

30 32

J2
m1m2

2.08T  2.57T 3 mJ / mol K

Q03_06_001 C

6 u 10 23 TF 4 D

CV

N 0

TF

CV

S 2 k BT
2

0
F

S 2k B

)k B

S 2 k BT
2
N0

E F0

)k B

S 2 k BT
(

2 k B TF

)k B

2.08 u 10 -3 T J / mol K

19624 K

2 u 2.08 u 10-3

12S 4 Nk B T 3
(
)
5
4D

4 D

N0

12S 4 Nk B T 3
(
)
4D
5

12S 4 Nk B 1/ 3
)
5 u 2.57 u 10-3

2.57 u 10-3T 3 J / mol K

91 K

Q03_06_002 N V T

3 0
EF
5

1 U

2 pV

2
U
3
4SV (

N ( E )

0K

0 K f ( E )

2m 3 / 2 1 / 2
) E
h2

( E d E F0 )
( E ! E F0 )

EN ( E ) f ( E )dE
0

1
N

E F0

4SV (

2m 3 / 2 1 / 2
) E EdE U
h2

N U

N
5/ 2
2
2m
4SV ( 2 ) 3 / 2 E F0
5N
h

N ( E ) f ( E )dE N
0

5/ 2
2
2m
4SV ( 2 ) 3 / 2 E F0 U
5N
h

E F0

4SV (

3 0
EF
5

31 32

2m 3 / 2 1 / 2
) E dE
h2

3/ 2
2
2m
4SV ( 2 ) 3 / 2 E F0
3
h

2
nU p
3

Q03_07_001 InSb me

2
NU
3

2N
U pV
3V ,

0.015m H

18 a

0.6479 nm

1)
2)
3)
E i

m * q4
Ei
( 4SH 0 ) 2 H 2 ( 2= 2 )

4S = 2HH 0
m * q2

0.015
mq 4
Ei
(18) 2 (4SH 0 ) 2 (2= 2 )

18 4S = 2H 0
0.015 mq 2

18
a0 a
0.015

d
n

1
d3

5.1 u 1028 / cm 3

32 32

6.3 u 104 eV

62.4 nm

2a 124.8 nm