Symbols and abbreviations used in this publication

Symbol IxI 1/r A A A A, B, C Ac Act Definition Absolute value of x Curvature at a particular section Cross-sectional area; Accidental action Site altitude, m (snow) Altitude of the site in metres above mean sea level (wind) Variables used in the determination of lim Cross-sectional area of concrete Area of concrete in that part of the section that is calculated to be in tension just before the formation of the first crack Design value of an accidental action Design value of a seismic action Area enclosed by the centre lines of connecting walls including the inner hollow area (torsion) Area of prestressing steel Reference area of the structure or structural element (wind) Cross-sectional area of reinforcement Minimum cross-sectional area of reinforcement Area of steel provided Area of steel required Area of reinforcing steel in layer 1 Area of compression steel (in layer 2) Area of the tensile reinforcement extending at least lbd + d beyond the section considered Total area of reinforcement required in symmetrical, rectangular columns to resist moment (axial load) using simplified calculation method Cross-sectional area of transverse steel (at laps) Cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement Symbol Asw Asw,min Asw,min a a a a ab al Definition Area of punching shear reinforcement in one perimeter around the column Minimum cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement Minimum area of punching shear reinforcement in one perimeter around the column Distance, allowance at supports Axis distance from the concrete surface to the centre of the bar (fire) An exponent (in considering biaxial bending of columns) Projection of the footing from the face of the column or wall Half the centre-to-centre spacing of bars (perpendicular to the plane of the bend) Distance by which the location where a bar is no longer required for bending moment is displaced to allow for the forces from the truss model for shear. (Shift distance for curtailment) Average axis distance (fire) Axis distance (in fire) from the lateral surface of a member to the centre of the bar Distance between bearings or face of support and face of load Dimensions of the control perimeter around an elongated support (punching shear) Overall width of a crosssection, or flange width in a T or L beam Breadth of building (wind) Effective width of a flat slab (adjacent to perimeter column) Effective width of a flange Equivalent width (height) of column = b (h) for rectangular sections Minimum width of web on T, I or L beams

Ad AEd Ak

Ap Aref As As,min As,prov As,req As1 As2 Asl

am asd av a1, b1

b b be beff beq (heq) bmin

AsM (AsN)

Ast Asw

WE 0 Contents v7 13 Sep 07 for web .doc 8

17-Sep-07

Page 2 of

Symbol bt

bw

by, bz Ce Ct c1, c2

calt cd cdir ce,flat cf cmin cnom

cpe cpe,10 cpi cprob cseason cscd cs cy, cx D d d2 dc deff

dl E

Definition Mean width of the tension zone. For a T beam with the flange in compression, only the width of the web is taken into account Width of the web on T, I or L beams. Minimum width between tension and compression chords Dimensions of the control perimeter (punching shear) Exposure coefficient (snow) Thermal coefficient (snow) Dimensions of a rectangular column. For edge columns, c1 is measured perpendicular to the free edge (punching shear) Altitude factor (wind) Dynamic factor (wind) Directional factor (wind) Exposure factor (wind) Force coefficient (wind) Minimum cover, (due to the requirements for bond, cmin,b or durability cmin,dur) Nominal cover. Nominal cover should satisfy the minimum requirements of bond, durability and fire (External) pressure coefficient (wind) (External) pressure coefficient for areas > 1 m2 (wind) Internal pressure coefficient (wind) Probability factor (wind) Season factor (wind) Structural factor (wind) Size factor (wind) Column dimensions in plan Diameter of a circular column; Diameter Effective depth to tension steel Effective depth to compression steel Effective depth of concrete in compression Effective depth of the slab taken as the average of the effective depths in two orthogonal directions (punching shear) A short length of a perimeter (punching shear) Effect of action; Integrity (in fire); Elastic modulus

Symbol Ec, Ec(28) Ec,eff Ecd Ecm Ed EI Es Exp. EQU e e2 ei epar

ey, ez F1 F2 F3 F Fbt Fc (Fs) Fcd

Fd FE FEd Fk Frep

Definition Tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete at a stress of c = 0 and at 28 days Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete Design value of modulus of elasticity of concrete Secant modulus of elasticity of concrete Design value of the effect of actions Bending stiffness Design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel Expression Static equilibrium Eccentricity Deflection (used in assessing M2 in slender columns) Eccentricity due to imperfections Eccentricity parallel to the slab edge resulting from a moment about an axis perpendicular to the slab edge (punching shear) Eccentricity, MEd/VEd along y and z axes respectively (punching shear) Factor to account for flanged sections (deflection) Factor to account for brittle partitions in association with long spans (deflection) Factor to account for service stress in tensile reinforcement (deflection) Action Tensile force in the bar at the start of the bend caused by ultimate loads Force in concrete (steel) Design value of the concrete compression force in the direction of the longitudinal member axis Design value of an action Tensile force in reinforcement to be anchored Compressive force, design value of support reaction Characteristic value of an action Representative action (= Fk where = factor to convert characteristic to representative action)

WE 0 Contents v7 13 Sep 07 for web .doc 8

17-Sep-07

Page 3 of

Symbol FRs Fs Ftd Ftie,col Ftie,fac Ftie,int Ftie,per Fwd fbd fc fcd fcd,pl fck fck, cube fcm fct,d fct,eff

fct,k fctm fct,0.05 fct,0.95 fcvd fsc ft ft,k fyd

Definition Resisting tensile force in steel Tensile force in the bar Design value of the tensile force in longitudinal reinforcement Horizontal tie force, column to floor or roof (kN) Horizontal tie force, wall to floor or roof (kN/m) Internal tie tensile force Peripheral tie tensile force Design shear strength of weld, design value of the force in stirrups in corbels Ultimate bond stress Compressive strength of concrete Design value of concrete compressive strength Design compressive strength of plain concrete Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days Characteristic compressive cube strength of concrete at 28 days Mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength Design tensile strength of concrete (ctfct,k/c) Mean tensile strength of concrete effective at the time cracks may be first expected to occur. fct,eff = fctm at the appropriate age Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete 5% fractile value of axial tensile strength of concrete 95% fractile value of axial tensile strength of concrete Concrete design strength in shear and compression (plain concrete) Compressive stress in compression reinforcement at ULS Tensile strength of reinforcement Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement Design yield strength of longitudinal reinforcement, Asl

Symbol fyk fywd fywd,ef fywk Gk Gk,sup Gk,inf gk Hi H h have hdis hf hH h0 hs I I i K K K Kr K k kc

Definition Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement Design yield strength of the shear reinforcement Effective design strength of punching shear reinforcement Characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement Characteristic value of a permanent action Upper characteristic value of a permanent action Lower characteristic value of a permanent action Characteristic value of a permanent action per unit length or area Horizontal action applied at a level Height of building (wind) Overall depth of a crosssection; Height Obstruction height (wind) Displacement height (wind) Depth of footing; Thickness of flange Vertical height of a drop or column head below soffit of a slab (punching shear) Notional size of cross-section Depth of slab Second moment of area of concrete section Insulation (in fire) Radius of gyration MEd/bd2fck. A measure of the relative compressive stress in a member in flexure Factor to account for structural system (deflection) Value of K above which compression reinforcement is required Correction factor for curvature depending on axial load Factor for taking account of creep Coefficient or factor Coefficient allowing for the nature of the stress distribution within the section immediately prior to cracking and for the change of the lever arm as a result of cracking (minimum areas) Clear height of column between end restraints

WE 0 Contents v7 13 Sep 07 for web .doc 8

17-Sep-07

Page 4 of

Symbol l l (or L) l0 l0 l0 l0,fi lb lbd lb,eq lb,min lb,rqd leff lH

ln ls lx, ly M M

M0,Eqp M01, M02 M0Ed

M0Ed,fi M2 Med MEdy, MEdz MRdy, MRdz m m N N

Definition Height of the structure in metres Length; Span Effective length (of columns) Distance between points of zero moment Design lap length Effective length under fire conditions Basic anchorage length Design anchorage length Equivalent anchorage length Minimum anchorage length Basic anchorage length Effective span Horizontal distance from column face to edge of a drop or column head below soffit of a slab (punching shear) Clear distance between the faces of supports Floor to ceiling height Spans of a two-way slab in the x and y directions Bending moment. Moment from first order analysis Moment capacity of a singly reinforced section (above which compression reinforcement is required) First order bending moment in quasi permanent load combination (SLS) First order end moments at ULS including allowances for imperfections Equivalent first order moment including the effect of imperfections (at about mid height) First order moment under fire conditions Nominal second order moment in slender columns Design value of the applied internal bending moment Design moment in the respective direction Moment resistance in the respective direction Number of vertical members contributing to an effect Mass Axial force Basic span-to-effective-depth ratio, l/d, for K = 1.0

Symbol N0Ed,fi NA Na, Nb NEd NDP n n n n0 nb Qk Qk1 (Qki)

qk qb qp qp(ze) R R/A RA RB Rd RH r rcont

rm S, N, R SLS

s s

Definition Axial load under fire conditions National Annex Longitudinal forces contributing to Hi Design value of the applied axial force (tension or compression) at ULS Nationally Determined Parameter(s) as published in a countrys National Annex Load level at normal temperatures. Conservatively n = 0.7 (fire) Axial stress at ULS Ultimate action (load) per unit length (or area) Number of storeys Number of bars in the bundle Characteristic value of a variable action Characteristic value of a leading variable action (Characteristic value of an accompanying variable action) Characteristic value of a variable action per unit length or area Basic wind pressure Peak wind pressure Peak velocity pressure at reference height ze, (wind) Resistance; Mechanical resistance (in fire) Vertical bearing resistance per unit area (foundations) Reaction at support A Reaction at support B Design value of the resistance to an action Relative humidity Radius The distance from the centroid of a column to the control section outside the column head Ratio of first order end moments in columns at ULS Cement types Serviceability limit state(s) corresponding to conditions beyond which specified service requirements are no longer met Spacing Snow load on a roof

WE 0 Contents v7 13 Sep 07 for web .doc 8

17-Sep-07

Page 5 of

Symbol sk sr st

T Ted TRd TRd,max t t0 tef,i ULS

u u u u0 u1 u1* ui uk uout V VEd VEd,red

VRd,c

Definition Characteristic ground snow load Radial spacing of perimeters of shear reinforcement Tangential spacing shear reinforcement along perimeters of shear reinforcement Torsional moment Design value of the applied torsional moment Design torsional resistance moment Maximum design torsional resistance moment capacity Thickness; Time being considered; Breadth of support The age of concrete at the time of loading Effective wall thickness (torsion) Ultimate limit state(s) associated with collapse or other forms of structural failure Perimeter of concrete crosssection, having area Ac Perimeter of that part which is exposed to drying Circumference of outer edge of effective cross-section (torsion) Perimeter adjacent to columns (punching shear) Basic control perimeter (at 2d from face of load) (punching shear) Reduced control perimeter at perimeter columns (at 2d from face of load (punching shear) Length of the control perimeter under consideration (punching shear) Perimeter of the area Ak (torsion) Perimeter at which shear reinforcement is no longer required Shear force Design value of the applied shear force Applied shear force reduced by the force due to soil pressure less self weight of base (punching shear, foundations) Shear resistance of a member without shear reinforcement

Symbol VRd,max

Definition Shear resistance of a member limited by the crushing of compression struts Minimum shear resistance of member considering concrete alone Shear resistance of a member governed by the yielding of shear reinforcement Basic wind velocity The fundamental basic wind velocity being the characteristic 10 minute wind velocity at 10 m above ground level in open country Fundamental basic wind velocity from Figure NA.1 m/s Punching shear stress Shear stress for sections without shear reinforcement (= VEd/bwd) Shear stress for sections with shear reinforcement (= VEd/bwz = VEd/bw0.9d) Design shear resistance of concrete without shear reinforcement expressed as a stress Design punching shear resistance of concrete with shear reinforcement expressed as a stress (punching shear) Capacity of concrete struts expressed as a stress Factor corresponding to a distribution of shear (punching shear) Peak external wind load Characteristic value of wind action (NB not in the Eurocodes and should be regarded as a form of Qk, characteristic value of a variable action) Crack width Limiting calculated crack width Concrete exposure classes Neutral axis depth Distance between buildings (wind) Distance of the section being considered from the centre line of the support Co-ordinates; Planes under consideration
Page 6 of

VRd,cmin VRd,s vb vb,0

vb,map vEd vEd vEd,z vRd,c

vRd,cs

vRd,max W1 We Wk

wk wmax X0, XA, XC, XD, XF, XS x x x x, y, z

WE 0 Contents v7 13 Sep 07 for web .doc 8

17-Sep-07

Symbol xu Z z z ze

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 cc (ct)

A G Gk,sup Gk,inf M

Q C F f g S

Definition Depth of the neutral axis at the ultimate limit state after redistribution Zone number obtained from map (snow) Lever arm of internal forces Reference height (wind) Reference height for windward walls of rectangular buildings (wind) Angle; Angle of shear links to the longitudinal axis; Ratio A coefficient for use with a representative variable action taking into account area supported Factors dealing with anchorage and laps of bars A coefficient taking into account long term effects of compressive (tensile) load and the way load is applied A coefficient for use with a representative variable action taking into account number of storeys supported Angle; Ratio; Coefficient Factor dealing with eccentricity (punching shear) Partial factor Partial factor for accidental actions, A Partial factor for permanent actions, G Partial factor to be applie3d to Gk,inf Partial factor to be applied to Gk,sup Partial factor for a material property, taking account of uncertainties in the material property itself, in geometric deviation and in the design model used Partial factor for variable actions, Q Partial factor for concrete Partial factor for actions, F Partial factor for actions without taking account of model uncertainties Partial factor for permanent actions without taking account of model uncertainties Partial factor for reinforcing steel

Symbol

c cdev p Ftd c c2

c3

cu cu2

cu3

p(0) s u ud uk y

Definition Ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic bending moment. Redistribution ratio (1 % redistribution) Allowance for deviation made in design, e.g. to allow for workmanship (BS EN 13760) Allowance made in design for deviation Change in strain in prestressing steel Additional tensile force in longitudinal reinforcement due to the truss shear model Compressive strain in concrete Compressive strain limit in concrete for concrete in pure axial compression or strain in concrete at reaching maximum strength assuming use of the parabolicrectangular stress strain relationship Compressive strain limit in concrete for concrete in pure axial compression or strain in concrete at reaching maximum strength assuming use of the bilinear stressstrain relationship Ultimate compressive strain in the concrete Ultimate compressive strain limit in concrete which is not fully in pure axial compression assuming use of the parabolic rectangular stressstrain relationship (numerically cu2 = cu3) Ultimate compressive strain limit in concrete which is not fully in pure axial compression assuming use of the bilinear stressstrain relationship Initial strain in prestressing steel Strain in reinforcing steel Strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at maximum load Design limit for strain for reinforcing steel in tension = 0.9 uk Characteristic strain of reinforcement (or prestressing steel) at maximum load Reinforcement yield strain Factor defining effective strength (= 1 for C50/60)

WE 0 Contents v7 13 Sep 07 for web .doc 8

17-Sep-07

Page 7 of

Symbol 1 2 I fi lim I fi

l 0 gd s s

sc(st) sd su (,t0)

Definition Coefficient for bond conditions Coefficient for bar diameter Angle; Angle of compression struts (shear) Inclination used to represent imperfections Slenderness ratio Factor defining the height of the compression zone (= 0.8 for C50/60) Slenderness in fire Limiting slenderness ratio (of columns) Snow load shape factor Ratio of the design axial load under fire conditions to the design resistance of the column at normal temperature but with an eccentricity applicable to fire conditions Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear Reduction factor/distribution coefficient. Factor applied to Gk in BS EN 1990 Exp. (6.10b) Required tension reinforcement ratio Density of air (wind) Reinforcement ratio for required compression reinforcement, As2/bd Percentage of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l0 from the centre line of the lap being considered Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement Reference reinforcement ratio fck0.5 103 Design value of the ground pressure Stress in reinforcement at SLS Absolute value of the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement immediately after the formation of the crack Stress in compression (and tension) reinforcement Design stress in the bar at the ultimate limit state Estimate of stress in reinforcement at SLS (deflection) Torsional shear stress Final value of creep coefficient

Symbol

ef (t,t0)

n m 0 1

Definition Effective creep factor Creep coefficient, defining creep between times t and t0, related to elastic deformation at 28 days Bar diameter Equivalent diameter of a bundle of reinforcing bars Mandrel diameter Factors defining representative values of variable actions Combination value of a variable action (e.g. used when considering ULS) Frequent value of a variable action (e.g. used when considering whether section will have cracked or not) Quasi-permanent value of a variable action (e.g. used when considering deformation) Mechanical reinforcement ratio = As fyd/Ac fcd 1

WE 0 Contents v7 13 Sep 07 for web .doc 8

17-Sep-07

Page 8 of