Integrals Involving Trigonometric Substitution

I. Integrals of the Form

2 2
x a
Suppose that you have an integral of the form
2 2
x a where a is a positive
constant. If you make the substitution sin a x , where
2 2

, then
cos cos ) sin 1 sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a x a because
! cos since
2 2

. "lso,
d a dx cos
. "lso, sin a x

,
_

a
x
a
x
arcsin sin
.
x a
s y
a
s
sin
an# r = a
2 2
x a
a
s a
s a x a s x
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
cos

+ .
$%ample& Fin#
dx x

2
'
.
(et sin 2 x where
2 2

. Then cos 2 '

2
x an# dx
d cos 2
.


d d dx x
2 2
cos ' ) cos 2 ) cos 2 '
C C + + +
1
]
1

+ cos sin 2 2 cos sin

2
1
2
1
'
)
x 2
C
x x x
+

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

2
'
2
2
2
arcsin 2
2
)
2
'
2
arcsin 2
2
x x x
+
,
_

* +.
2
' x
(et,s check this answer.

'

+
,
_

2
'
2
arcsin 2
2
x x x
dx
d
1
( )
+

'

,
_

'

2
2
2
2
2 2
' 2 '
2
'
' 2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
'
' 2
) ' 2
' 2
' '
2
'
x
x
x
x
x x x

an# so it checks.
II. Integrals of the Form
2 2
x a +
Suppose that you have an integral of the form
2 2
x a + where a is a positive
constant. If you make the substitution tan a x , where
2 2

< < , then

sec sec ) tan 1 tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a x a + + + because
! sec since
2 2

< < . "lso, d a dx

2
sec . "lso, tan a x

,
_

a
x
a
x
arctan tan
.
x
2 2
x a +
s y
a
s
tan
an# x = a
a
2 2 2 2 2
s a r r s a + + .
$%ample& Fin#
dx x

+'
2
.
(et tan 2 x where
2 2

< < . Then sec 2 '

2
+ x an# dx )
d
2
sec 2 .
+

d d dx x
- 2 2
sec ' ) sec 2 ) sec 2 '
C C + + + +
1
]
1

+ + tan sec ln 2 tan sec 2 tan sec ln

2
1
tan sec
2
1
'
)
+ +
+
+
,
_

,
_

+
C
x x x x
2 2
'
ln 2
2 2
'
2
2 2
x '
2
+ x

C x x
x x
+ + + +
+
' ln 2
2
'
2
2
.
2
2
(et,s check this answer.

'

+ + + + x x x x
dx
d
' ln 2 '
2
1
2 2
+
+

1
]
1

+
+
1
]
1

+ +
+ + +
1
]
1

+ '
1
' 2
2
'
1
2 '
2
1
'
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
( )

+
+

+
+ + +

1
1
]
1

+
+ +
1
]
1

+ +
+
+
' 2
. 2
' 2
' '
'
'
'
1
2
2
'
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
'
'
'
2
2
2
+
+
+
x
x
x
an# so it checks.
III. Integrals of the Form
2 2
a x
Suppose that you have an integral of the form
2 2
a x where a is a positive
constant. If you make the substitution sec a x , where
2
!

< or
2
-
< ,
then tan tan ) 1 sec sec
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a a a a a a x because
! tan for
2
!

< or
2
-
< . "lso,
d a dx tan sec
. "lso,

,
_

a
x
arc
a
x
a x sec sec sec
.
+onsi#er
a
s
sec
where < !
2
! s

x = a an# r = s
2 2 2 2 2
a s y s y a + .
2 2
a x x
+onsi#er
a
s
sec
where < !
2
-
s

a x
an#
2 2 2 2 2
a s y s y a s r + . a
$%ample& Fin# dx
x
x

'
2
.
(et sec 2 x where
2
!

< or
2
-
< . Then tan 2 '
2
x an#
d dx tan sec 2
. Thus,
( )( )

sec 2
tan sec 2 tan 2 '
2
d
dx
x
x

+ C d d 2 tan 2 ) 1 sec 2 tan 2
2 2
C
x
arc
x
+
,
_

,
_

2
sec 2
2
'
2
2
) '
2
x x

- 2
C
x
arc x +
,
_

2
sec 2 '
2
. This answer #oes check.
I/. Integrals of the Form , ,
2 2 2 2
u a u a + an#
2 2
a u
". Sometimes, you shoul# make a u0substitution before you make a trigonometric
substitution.
$%ample& Fin# dx
x
x

2
2
' 1
.
(et dx du x u x u 2 2 '
2 2
. "lso, - 1
2
a a .
dx
x
x

2
2
' 1
) du
u
u
dx
x
x

2
2
2
2
1
2 2
'
' 1
2 . (et sin - u
where
2 2

. cos - 1
2
u an#
d du cos -

d
d
du
u
u
2
2 2
2
cot 2
) sin -
) cos - cos -
2
1
2

+ C d 2 cot 2 ) 1 csc 2
2
+
,
_

,
_

C
u
u
u
-
arcsin 2
1
2
2
u -
C
x
x
x
+
,
_

,
_

-
2
arcsin 2
2
' 1
2
2
)
C
x
x
x
+
,
_

-
2
arcsin 2
' 1
2
.
2
1 u
2. Sometimes, you have to complete the square before making a u0substitution or a
trigonometric substitution.
$%ample 1& Fin#
dx
x x + 1- . '
1
2
.
Complete the square for 1- . '
2
+ x x &
1- ) 2 ' 1- . '
2 2
+ + x x x x
) ' 1- ) 1 2 '
2
+ + x x
) 1 ) 1 '
2
+ x
'
(et dx du x u x u 2 ) 1 2 ) 1 '
2 2
. "lso, - 1
2
a a .
Thus,

+
du
u
dx
x
dx
x x 1
1
2
1
1 ) 1 '
1
1- . '
1
2 2 2
C
x
C
u
+
,
_

'

,
_

-
) 1 2
arctan
3
1
-
arctan
-
1
2
1
.
$%ample 2& Fin#
dx x x

+
2
1 3 14
.
Complete the square for
2
1 3 14 x x + &
14 3 1 1 3 14
2 2
+ + + x x x x

14
-
2
1
2
+
,
_

x x

1 14
1
1
-
2
1
2
+ +
,
_

+ x x

2 2
) 1 - 13 ) 1 3 1 13 + x x x
(et dx du x u x u - 1 - ) 1 -
2 2
. "lso, ' 13
2
a a .
Thus,
+

dx x dx x x - ) 1 - 13
-
1
1 3 14
2 2
du u

2
13
-
1
. (et sin ' u where
2 2

. Then,
cos ' 13
2
u an#
d du cos '
.
du u

2
13
-
1
)
+ +

C d d cos sin
-
.
-
.
cos
-
13
) cos ' ) cos '
-
1
2
+

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

C
u u u
'
13
' -
.
'
arcsin
-
.
2

C
x x x x
+
+
+
,
_

3
1 3 14 ) 1 -
'
1 -
arcsin
-
.
2
. u '



2
13 u
4
5ractice Sheet for Trigonometric Substitution
1)

2
2
' 24 x
x
dx )
2)

+ 1! 2
2
2
x x
x
dx )
-)

1 '
1
2 2
x x
dx )
')

+ + 4 2
1
2
x x
dx )
4)

+
-
1
2
2 14
1
x x
dx )
3)

-
-
2
1 x
dx )
6)

dx
x x '
1
2 -
.)
+

dx x 1
2
1)

dx e e
x x 2
1
1!)

dx
x x
x
2
3 6
3
11)
+

du
u
a u
2
2 2

12)
+

dx
x
x
2
2
24 1
1-)

dx
x
x 1
2
1')

dx
x
x
2
-
1
14)

dx
x 1
1
2
13)
( )

+

dx
x
2
2
1
1
Solution 7ey for Trigonometric Substitution
1) First, let dx du x u x u 2 2 '
2 2

2
2
' 24 x
x
dx )
du
u
u
dx
x
x

2
2
2
2
24
.
1
2
' 24
'
.
1
. 8e%t, make the trigonometric substitution
4
d du u cos 4 sin 4
an# cos 4 24
2
u u


2
24 u
6
Thus,

du
u
u
2
2
24
.
1
( )

. sin
.
24
cos 4
cos 4
sin 24
.
1
2
2

d d 9sing the
result

d
2
sin
cos sin
2
1
2
1

, we get

13
24
' 24
2
2
dx
x
x

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
4
2
arcsin
13
24
4
24
4 13
24
4
arcsin
13
24
cos sin
13
24
2
x
C
u u u
C
C x x
x
C
x x
+
,
_

,
_

,
_

2
2
' 24
.
1
4
2
arcsin
13
24
4
' 24
4
2
13
24
.
1) 2y long #ivision,
1! 2
.
1! 2
2 2
1
1! 2
1! 2
1
1! 2
2 2 2 2
2
+

+
+

+
+ x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
.
Thus,

+
+

dx
x
dx
x x
x
dx dx
x x
x
1 ) 1
1
.
1! 2
2 2
1
1! 2
2 2 2
2

C
x
x x x +
,
_

+ +
2
1
arctan
-
.
1! 2 ln
2
.
2) First, let dx du x u x u 2 2 '
2 2

1 '
1
2 2
x x
dx )
du
u u
dx
x x

1
1
2 2
1 ' '
1
2
2 2 2 2
. 8e%t, make the trigonometric
substitution
dx x x du u tan sec - sec -
an# tan - 1
2
u
1
2
u u


-
.
Thus,

du
u u 1
1
2
2 2
( )



d d cos
1
2
tan sec -
) tan - sec 1
1
2
2
C
x
x
C
x
x
C
u
u
C +

,
_

,
_

+
1
1 '
2
1 '
1
2 1
1
2
sin
1
2
2 2 2

.
-) First complete the s:uare to get ' ) 1 4 2
2 2
+ + + + x x x . 8e%t, let + 1 x u
dx du

+ + 4 2
1
2
x x
dx )
du
u

+'
1
2
. ;ake the trigonometric
substitution d du u
2
sec 2 tan 2 an# + sec 2 '
2
u
u '
2
+ u


2
du
u

+'
1
2
)
( ) C d d + +

tan sec ln sec sec 2

sec 2
1
2
)
C x x x C u u C
u u
+ + + + + + + + + +
+
) 1 4 2 ln ' ln
2 2
'
ln
2 2
2
.
4) First, complete the s:uare& + + + + + 13 ) 1 2 14 2 2 14
2 2 2
x x x x x x

2
) 1 13 x . 8e%t, let dx du x u 1

+

dx
x x
2
2 14
1
du
u

2
13
1
. ;ake the trigonometric substitution
d du u cos ' sin '
1
an# cos ' 13
2
u
'
u

2
13 u
Thus,
du
u

2
13
1
)
( ) +
,
_

+

C
u
C d d
'
arcsin 1 cos '
cos '
1

+
,
_

C
x
'
1
arcsin
+

dx
x x
-
1
2
2 14
1

,
_

-
1
'
1
arcsin
x


,
_

2
1
arcsin
3
! arcsin

. <Note& =ou woul# not nee# to make the trigonometric substitution

if you recogni>e# that
du
u

2
13
1
)
C
u
+
,
_

'
arcsin
.?
3) ;ake the trigonometric substitution
d dx x cos - sin -
an#
2
1 x
cos -
-
x

2
1 x
Thus,


d d dx x
2 2
cos 1 ) cos - ) cos - 1
( ) + + + + +

C C d cos sin
2
1
2
1
2 sin
'
1
2
1
2 cos 1
2
1
+

+
,
_

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

C
x x x
C
x x x
2
1
-
arcsin
2
1
-
1
- 2
1
-
arcsin
2
1
2 2
1!

-
-
2
1 x
dx )

'

+
,
_

) 1 arcsin
2
1
1 arcsin
2
1
2
1
-
arcsin
2
1
-
-
2
x x x
2
1
2 2
1
2 2
1

,
_

,
_

. <Note&
dx x

-
-
2
1
represents the area of a semicircle
of ra#ius -,
2
1
) -
2
1
2


.?
6) ;ake the trigonometric substitution
d dx x tan sec 2 sec 2
an#
tan 2 '
2
x
x
'
2
x


2
Thus,

dx
x x '
1
2 -
( )
( )



d d
2
-
cos
.
1
tan sec 2
tan 2 sec .
1
C
x
x x
arc C +

+
,
_

+ +
2
2
.
'
2
sec
13
1
cos sin
13
1
13
1
.
.) ;ake the trigonometric substitution d dx x
2
sec tan an# +1
2
x
sec
x 1
2
+ x

1
Thus,
+

dx x 1
2

+

tan sec
2
1
sec ) )sec sec
- 2
d d
C x x x x C x x + + + + + + + 1 ln
2
1
1
2
1
tan sec ln
2
1
2 2
.
11
1) ;ake the u 0substitution
du u dx e e dx e du e u
x x x x


2 2
1 1
.
8e%t, make the trigonometric substitution
d du u cos sin
an#

+ +

C d du u u cos sin
2
1
2
1
cos 1 cos 1
2 2 2
+ + C u u u
2
1
2
1
arcsin
2
1
( ) C e e e
x x x
+ +
2
1
2
1
arcsin
2
1
. u 1

2
1 u
1!) First, complete the s:uare& + + + + 6 ) 3 6 3 3 6
2 2 2
x x x x x x
2 2
) - 13 1 6 ) 1 3 + + + x x x . 8e%t, let dx du x u - an#
+ - u x
+

+

du
u
u
du
u
u
dx
x x
x
2 2 2
13 13
-
3 6
( )

du
u
du u u du
u
2
2
1
2
2
13
1
- ) 2 13
2
1
13
-
( ) { } +
,
_

+ +
,
_

+ C
u
u C
u
u
'
arcsin - 13
'
arcsin - 13 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
C
x
x x +
,
_

+ +
'
-
arcsin - 3 6
2
.
11) ;ake the trigonometric substitution d a du a u
2
sec tan an#

+
+

du
u
a u
a a u
2
2 2
2 2
sec

2 2
2
tan
) sec ) sec
a
d a a
u
2 2
a u +


,
_

d d
1 sec
sec
sec
1 sec
sec
2 2
-
a
+ + +

tan sec ln cot csc sec

tan
sec
sec
2
d d d d
12
C
u
a u
u a u C
u
a u
a
u
a
a u
C +
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
ln ln csc
.
12) (et dx du x u x u - - 1
2 2
using 5roblem
C
x
x
x x du
u
u
dx
x
x
+
+
+ +
+

+

24 1
24 1 - ln -
24
- ) -
1
24 1
-
2
2
2
2
2
2
.
1-) ;ake the trigonometric substitution
d dx x tan sec sec
an#

d
d
dx
x
x
x
2
2
2
tan
sec
) tan )sec tan 1
tan 1
( ) +

C d tan 1 sec
2
x
C x arc x + sec 1
2
. 1
2
x

1
1') ;ake the trigonometric substitution
d dx x cos sin
an#
2
1 x
( )

d dx
x
x
cos
cos
sin
1
cos
-
2
-
+

C d cos
-
2
cos sin
-
1
sin
2 -
x 1
C x x x +
2 2 2
1
-
2
1
-
1
.

2
1 x
14) ;ake the trigonometric substitution d dx x
2
sec tan an# +1
2
x
1-

+

) sec
sec
1
1
1
sec
2
2

d dx
x
+ +

C d tan sec ln sec

x 1
2
+ x
C x x + + +1 ln
2
.
1
13) ;ake the trigonometric substitution dx x dx x
2
sec tan an# +
2
1 x

+

d dx
x
'
2
2 2
2
sec
sec
) 1
1
sec
+ +

C d cos sin
2
1
2
1
cos
2
x
2
1 x +
+

,
_

,
_

+
+ C
x x
x
x
2 2
1
1
1
2
1
arctan
2
1

C
x
x
x +
,
_

+
+
2
1 2
1
arctan
2
1
. 1
1'