Euaana JIy~utl, cney. n o s e ~ ~ ~a ec ~ a s e UDK 371.3:372.847 M~TOAH Ma K Te ~M a T t i K e CTPY~H ~ H J I ~ H & ~ H M & ~ H : 16. IX 2003. 0 . 1 1 1 .

,,IIe~ap Tactik", JIeu~Htiqa BIBLID: 0553-4569,49 (2003), 1-2, p 120-135

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Y pagy ce pa3waiiipa iiparciiiurua i i p u ~ e guq5epeuuupauux ~a wogena Ha pa3 n u r u i i i u ~nuoouMa y ~ o j u gonaae ~ a g o u3paxaja unguougyanue ciioco6uociiiu yreuuKa ycnoajbeue u e u i i i a n u u ~ pa3nu~awa,rcao u ~ y x u o c i i iu pa3no3u n u x o o e iipuaeue y iio~leiiiuoj uaciiiaou .htaiiie~aiiiu~e. Mciioc~Znounoce ga je 3a yciieuuy iipuueuy gucjbepeuliupa~ux uogena ueoiixogau ouulu ciiiaugapg oaciiuiiiafia u 06pa3oaana, iiieuejbuuja iipuiipeua uaciiiao~ulcaKao u pegecjbuuucane iiociiiojehe? uaciiiao~oZ iipoSpa.hta u 3 6 a l i u c a f i e ~ 3aciiiapenux uaciiiaouux cagpxaja. YiiiopgeHo je ga ooaKao iipuciiiyii 3axiiieaa g e ~ o ~ p a L U u 3 a l ~ u ojay~ i i u i i i u 0 - 0 6 p a 3 o a ~ 0 ~ cuciiiewa y ~ o j ce e yreuucw ~ c~o6oguo u cauoculafluo pa3oujajy 6e3 pel2pecusuux u gpyZux Mepa, gorc je u a c l Z a a n u ~ opZauu3aiiiop u ychiepuoar peanu3auuje ~ a c i i i a oe rcoju, ilociiiaojbajyiiu i i p o 6 & e ~paaauja , yLleuurcy pagoauanociii. Ocuoaa yciiexa yclenurca je I - ~ U X O O Ouuiiiepecooane, ciioco6uocE u woZyiiHOCU anaciiiuLUoZ iiiewca y r e n a , Kao u pa3oujane ciiiaapanallrcoZ wuu.mefia, u G o u x ciiiaa~ba y ciiioapuy q 5 y u ~ 1 ~ cy6je~iiia. i~jy
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n E A A r O U K A CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 1-2 (2003), H o i Call ~

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Kao

IIEAArOIUKA CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 1-2 (2003), HOHEI Call

YCM~H H3JIarabe O H pa3rOBOp y OKBHPY B ~ P ~ ~ J I H o - T ~ K c T Y MeTORe ~ J I H ~ npy~ajy BeOMa Mane M O ~ Y ~ H O C T L 3a I nH@epeHqllpaHy HaCTaBy MaTeMaTHKe. Maga, yKonHeo ce npasHnHo yno~pe6e 06,jamne~a H ynyTcTsa, Kao MeToncKe n o j e g ~ ~ o CTH, ~ o r y h je e H oseKHnaTki conclnHe p e 3 y n ~ a ~Y e .n ~ ? + e p e ~ q ~ pHacTasH a ~ o j npHIIane H npHnoeenane ~ p e 6 ~ a 36erasa~~. M ~ ~ Y T TeKCTYaJIHH ~IM, MeTOACKH IIOCTJVIqH naK0 Ce nH~epeHqHpaH0 npHnpe~ajy H n p ~ ~ e n y jY yK . O ~ MyseHHqH KO nonycaMocTanHo pane Ha nHcMeHoM peLLIaBaKy 3anaTaKa, HaCTaBHHK CBe TO MOXe H3BOAHTH Y 3 ~ O M YnyTCTaBa O ~ H o6jaLLIBeEba, AOK je HJIYCTPaTHBHO-neMOHCTpaTHBHy MeTony IIOXeJbHO IIpHMebHBaTH ca ~ o p ~ r u hqpTexa, e ~ e ~ cnma, npegMeTa, Monena. C 06311~0 ga ~C y MaTeMaTHrKH IIO~MOBHIlpHJlH~HOanCTpaKTHH, TO HaC HaBO~H Ha HcKmyrnsane eKcnepHMeHaTa H ~ a ~ ~ n y n a qn uw je a , Kao H n ~ x o s o 3aCHHBaBe Ha IIpHpOflHHM MOneJIHMa PeaJIHOr CBeTa y IIOYCTHO,~ HaCTaBH MaTeMaTHKe. Benll~rn AOIIpHHOC ~ H ~ e p e ~ q H j a q H HaCTaBe jll MaTeMaTHKe, HaPOsHTO aKO Y ~ M ~ M y O06311~ 6 ~ 3 1H 1 TeMno ~ ~ ysena, naje nporpampaaa HacTaBa. C ~ U I T M H ~ ose HacTase je sanpaso y ToMe m ~ ce o onpebe~ nporpaMcKH ~ canpxaj~ parusna~ y j Ha y Mane yenme ~ o j cagpxe e 06jamnena n m a n a Ha ~ o j yreHtiK e ogrosapa. AKOje yseHHKos ogrosop TaYaH, OH ce ynyhyje Ha noHoeHo ~ s y s a ~ a HcTe n e qerime. Ose q e n m e ce pacnopebyjy y Kanpose H n p o r p a ~ ~ l p a j nyTeM y nHHeapHor C H C T ~EinH M ~naK, , paseacTor cacTeMa. Ben~iM ~e O ~ ~ ~ H O CnpHMeHe TH y ~H+epeHqElpaHoj HaCTaBH MaTeMaTHKe H M a n p o 6 n e ~ c HacTasa ~a (o ~ o j oje j paa~je 6 ~ n pem). o Y ~ ~ B H C H O C T08 H Tora na nn ce HacTanHH pan Ha sacy o p r a ~ ~ s yKao j e na ce onpebe~ ca ~n p x a j ~ peanmyjy ca u e n m onemebeM, ca rpynoM ylIeHHKa HnH ca n o j e n yqeHnKoM, ~ ~ ~ ~ KopHcTe ce c n e n e h ~ o 6 n ~ pama: q ~ +~OHT~~ rpynm, H H , pan
ynapOBHMa,HH~HBH~Ya~HHIIHH~HBH~ya~H30BaHH.

A~anm~pajy +h ~O ~ H T ~ J I HO H~ ~ H pana, K yOTlaBaM0 ga, YKOJIHKO Ce CaMOcTanHo n p ~ ~ e n y j~e a , j norogaH, e Haposmo 3a n ~ + e p e ~ q a p a HacTasy, ~y Maria H y H ~ ~ H ~ ~ o B o J ~ HYCJIOBHMa, H ~ H M Kana HaCTaBHHK paAH C a CBHM JWeHHqHMa J ~ A H O ~ ogemena, n o c ~ o j e M O ~ Y ~ H O C Tn H ~ + e p e ~ q ~ , j aH qH ~ jH e ~ H B H A Y HapaBHO ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ H y3 n ~ + e p e ~ q ~ nporpaMcKe pa~e canpxaje a s a x ~ e s e . Meby~tiM, y HaCTaBH MaTeMaTHKe BeOMa peTK0 Ce ,ja~Jba no~pe6a na yKIeHHqti y rpynaMa pane y n p y x e CHaraMa, ~~~ LLITO ~ H ~ Y naHTaKo c x s a h e ~ onaj O ~ J I H K pana ~ ~ lnogecaa. je Y ycnosma n ~ + e p e ~ q ~ nporpaMcKHx pa~~x canpxaja n o c ~ o j e pa3~103~ KO~H Hac ynyhyjy Ha noneny Ha xoMoreHe rpyne, y cKnagy ca HHsoma AH+epeaqnpana. Hajseruhy npHMeHy m a g ~ + e p e ~ q ~ p a Ha n TPH e Hmoa, Maria TO He 3 ~ a w na Ha ToMe ~ p e 6 a H ocTaTH. Aa 6n ce TO cne pean~sonano, npBo ce B ~ L L I H nnaanpane Ha TPH Hmoa, a IIOTOM, y XoMoreHm rpynaMa, HeonxogHe ~ o p e ~ q ~ l j e pana. C 0 6 3 1 1 ~ 0 Ha ~ CoqHonomKe, ncHxonomKe H nenarorrrKe pasnore, j a n ~ l ace no~pe6a 3a + o p ~ ~ p xeTeporeHHx a ~ e ~ rpyna. Pan ca OBHM rpynaMa y n o s e ~ ~ o j HaCTaBH MaTeMaTHKe OTeXaBa nPHMeHY OCTaJIHX KOMnOHeHTH ~ 0 , j e YTHYY H a AHQepeaq~pane H ycnex HacTane yonruTe. Y n o w m o j HacTasH MaTeMaTHKe onpeg e ~ y j e ce ~o yrnasHoM 3a xeTeporeHe napose yseawea ~ os a j e n~ ~o cege y Knynn. Paflehr? y IIapy, yKIeHHqHKaO PaBHOnpaBHH yrIeCHHqH FlOMaXy j e n a ~ ApyrOM. 3Has a j a pasnor ~ 3a npnMeHy onor o 6 n ~ j~ ec a~ e MO~Y~HOC nT~ + e p e ~ q ~ p paga. a~or

~IH~IIBH~Y O~ ~ JJ II HH Kpant3 E I je n0MHHaHTaH y HaCTaBH MaTeMaTHKe H BeOMa JIaKO C e MOXe HH,4HBHnYaJIH30BaTH. TO C e H3BOAH K O P M U I ~ ~B H ~L ~ U eMHaCTaBHHX JIHcTH~~. k I ~ ~ H ~ k i ~ y a J I HHaCTaBa 30~a~a C e MOXe OPTaHH30BaTH: Y 3 I I O M OHaCTaB~ HHX J I M c T H ~ KOJH ~ CY ~ P H J I ~ ~ o @ ? HC H B a K O M YYeHllKY no~aoc06, IIPMMeHOM HaCTaBHHX J I H C T H ~ Ha ~ A B a HJIH BHUIe HHBOa, CaMOCTaJIHHM PaAOM YYeHHKa C a IIpOrpaMHpaHm HJIH nonynporpaMMpaHm ~ a ~ e p ~ j annp ~ o~ 6n ae ,~c~ HacTaBoM, o~ yseBeM IIyTeM O T K ~ H y ~O ~K ,B H P Y~ O M ~ ~ 3a,4aTaKa, H X npeK0 AOIIyHCKOr H AOAaTHOr pans. npo@ecop up H e ~ a n lle~posnh y~o~orpa@ O~ c joa 6 u ~ yreriurca e u aogeflu gu@eper-luupaue ~ a c i i i a a e- ~ u u u o u ue@uk-ac~ociiiuoc~oarioZ o6pa~oeatt.a HCTHre na C e HHTerPaTHBHH MOneJIH 38 U I H P Y yno~pe6y npaKTHYH0 He MOry IIpHMeHHTti y HacTam MaTeMaTme. n p o r p a ~ c ~ canpxaje e ~ o cy jnpnnpeMheHH ~ 3a jena~ HacTaBHH qac ~ o r ce y ~ ~ ~ J I O X HH Ta HUenoBe, antr ce y c a ~ oCTPYKT~PH j gaca noaoBo rpynHuIy norHKIemi penoM. 3 a ~ y o TOKY Yaca, y qHmy g ~ @ e p e ~ q ~ j a Hq ~ j e H H A H B H A ~ ~ J I H HacTaBe, ~ ~ ~ H ~ BeoMa ~ secTo MenaMo o 6 n ~ paua. ~ e T ~ K pan ~ B je T e X H H Y K H OCTBapJbHB C a M O CXBaTaFbeM XOMOreHHX rpyna KaO n o c e 6 ~ ~ OueJbeBEi x 3 E i @~oHT~JIHH pan. Y O B a K B H MY C J I O B H M a noce6~0 C e KOM~HHY~ @POHT~JIHH Y H MHA H B H A Y a J I H H pan 3a C B a K H MOneJI.

I - Culoapatt.e i i p o 6 f l e a c ~ cuulyalcuje e H a n o ~ e ~Y a :n p o 6 n e ~ c~ ~~~ ya ~q u r j a noce6~y ~a, TeLIIKohy npnsmbasa yoqasane OCHOBHHX onHoca H BHXOBO n p e ~ o b e ~ H a e MaTeMaTHsKH j e s ~ n ~ .p ~ peruaBafiy OBHX n p o 6 n e ~ aKOPHCHO , je AaTe o,qHoce npeAcTasHTa r p a @ m ~Ha~, POYHTO n o ~ o h y UYXH HJIH npaBoyraoHma... kI360p 0 6 n ~ e aH CpeACTBa y IIpHMeHH n p o 6 n e ~ c ~ HaCTaBe e MOpa 611~11 IIpBeHCTBeHO y @ Y H K ~ H ~aKTHBHOr H y~~eruha YYeHHKa. OCHOBHH O ~ ~ ~ ~ O sB aH ~H a Yaca ~ a je ~ na FeHxqH npti pemasaBy n p o 6 n e ~ a UaTe onHoce npencTase ~ O M O AYXH. ~ Y YYHTEJb: C a ~ h a e ~ pemMTH o mecT s a n a ~ a H ~ snueTH a LuTa je y & m a Hen o s ~ a ~H~ajyhH o, y nagy sama npeTxoAHa s ~ a ~ a . 3AAATAK 1: Y j e ~ ~ @ o ja 6 p ~ panti q ~ 5 nyTa BHme MyruKapaqa Hero x e Ha. Myru~apaqa m a 3a 640 mime Hero xeHa. KOJIHKO je yKynHo sanocne~o y @a~PH~H? PAA YZIEHHKA: 1H a Y H H 1 1H a Y H H 5 nenosa-1 neo=4 nena Epoj xeHa je x Epoj MyruKapaqa je 5*x 640 W ~ H H4 ~ e n a - ~ y r u ~ a p q ~ 1neo je 640:4=160 5*xx-=640 X e ~ je a 160, jep oHe s m e 1neo. 4*x=640 x=640:4=160 160 je 6poj xeHa. Myur~apa~ H aM 160*5=800 ~ 160*5=800je 6poj MymKapaqa Y ~ y n je ~s oa n o c n e ~ ~ 160+800=960 x Y ~ y n je ~ sanocne~nx o 160+800=960.

nEHArOUrKA CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 1-2 (2003), H o ~ Cafl a

YYklTEJb: Pe3yJWaTEi C yB a M YrJIaBHOM TaKIHH. Q O ~ HCTe ~H HX pa4yHajyhH Ha nBa HasHHa. Ja hy Te HacIHHe HanHCaTH Ha ~ a 6 na~ BH , Y C B O CBeCKC. ~ ~ mTa je y OBOM 3anaTKy H ~ ~ O ~ H ~ T O ? YYEHHL@i: Heno3HaT je 6poj XeHa H MyruKapaqa K O ~ H pane y + a 6 p ~ u ~ . YYkITEJb: HenosHaTy heM0 IIpeACTaBHTH II0Mohy AYXH. C 0 6 3 1 1 ~ 0 na ~ 6poj MyUIKapaqa C T O ~ HY 3aBHCHOCTH On 6poja XeHa, I I ~ ~ A c T ~ B H npB0 ~ ~ M 6poj o XeHa AHOM OM AYXH. 6poj xeHa. Epoj MyruKapaqa fie 611~14 e-*-*-----* (Hajnpe Tpe6a O n YYeHHKa TpaXHTH na C a M H @opMynHIJIyHOBY I I ~ O ~ J I ~ M CKY c n ~ y a q ~ y jy BH~Y cnHKIHors a n a ~ ~Y aK . O ~ ~ ygeHHqH IKO He ycnejy, ysnTeB 38naje cnenefi~ sana~a~.)

.-.

3AQATAK 2: Q a 6 p ~ e je a 1rpo~3sena 4200 K r cnaTKarua H TO:soKonane 5 nyTa BHwe Hero KeKca, a 3 nyTa Mafie Hero 6 0 ~ 6 0 ~Konrn~o a. je +a6pHKa npoHssena csaKor on ~ a s e n e n ~p~ ox ~3~ona? PAQ YYEHHKA: I HaYHU 1 1HaYElH K e ~ c je a npoti3se~e 1~ neo, KontisH~a n p o ~ 3 s e n e ~~ o r e ~jec x, a l ~ o ~ o n a f5l nenosa, e a60~60~a a YoKonane 5x, JJOK je 6 0 ~ 6 0 ~ a 3*5=15 ~ ~ J I O B ~ 3 * 5 ~ = 1 5npeMEi ~. TOMe ~ + 5 ~ + 1 5 ~ = 4 2 0 0 21x=4200, a x=4200:21=200~r 1+5+15=21 neo. KeKCa, YOKOJIaAe 5*200~r=100Kr 420:21=200~r KeKCa, K~o~ona 5*200~r=1000 ne ~ r , 6 0 ~ 6 0 3* ~a 1000=3000~r 6 0 ~ 6 0 ~ ~ ReJIoBa, 1 1 5 3HaqH 1000*3=3000~~1~15*200=3000. YYHTEJb: PesynTaTH C yB a M YrJIaRHOM TaYHH. QO~HJIH CTe HX paYyHajyfiH Ha JJBaHaYHHa. Ja hy Te HaYHHe HaIIHCTaM ~a T ~ ~ J a IH BH, y C B O CBeCKe. ~ ~ mTa je J' OBOM 3anaTKy H ~ I I o ~ H ~ T o ? YYEHMUkI: -Henos~aTaje KOJIHKIHHaYoKonane, KeKCa H 6 0 ~ 6 0 H a KO]~ je npo~3sena @a6pH~a. YYHTEJb: - HenosHaTy heM0 IIpenCTaBHTH n 0 ~ 0 h y AyXH. C 0 6 3 ~ na ~ 0 ~ je KontismHa n p o ~ 3 ~ e n e soKonane ~e y sanmc~oc~m on KonHrHHe npom3sene~or KeKCa, IIpen~TaBtihe~0 IIpBO KOJIH'lMHY K ~ K AHOM C ~ OM HYXH. *-. KOJIHLIHHaIIpOll3BefleHOrKeKCa. KOJIHYHH~ npoti3sene~e soKonaAe e-*-*---*-e AOKje KonHsmxa n p o ~ 3 s e n e ~ 6~ 0x ~60~~1:

.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.

(Hajnpe ~ p e 6 a O n JWeHHKa TpaXHTH ga C a M O @ o ~ M ~ J I H LHOBY u~ IIpOrpaMcti~yaq~ljy y BHAY C J I H ~ H O s~ a g a ~ ~Y aK . O~HK yseHHqH O ue ycnejy, ysmejb 3anaje c n e ~ e s ha ~ a ~ a ~ . ) 3AAATAK 3: Kana je a y ~ o ~ o npemao 6 ~ n 215 nyTa ocTano MY je na npe$e jom 2 4 0 ~K ~O .J I H K je~ AyxHHa qenor n y ~ a ? PAQ YYEHHKA:
CKY

I HaYHH 11HasHH 315 on x je 240 515-2/5=3/5 315 HeKor nyTa je ~ ~ O K M a 115 , je 2 4 0 : 3 = 8 0 ~ ~ x=(240:3)*5 qe0 ~ Y je T 80*50=400~~ x=~O*~=~OOKM YqklTEJb: Pe3yJITaTI4 C yB a M yrJIal3HOM TasHPi. H o 6 n n ~ CTe HX pasy~ajyhll H a nna Hasma. Ja iiy Te Hasme HanHcTan Ha T ~ ~ J I H as , a y c~oje csecee. U Tje~y OBOM 3ana~Ky H~~O~H~TO? YYEHklUH: - Kojti neo nyTa je ocTao ayT0~06HJIyna npebe, aKo je npemao 215 nyra? Konll~a je AyxPiHa rlenor n y ~ a ? YYHTEJb: H e n o s ~ a ~ hy e ~n o p ~ ~ a n3o ~ ao ~h ~ y nyx~. * - * n p e b e ~ nyT. ~ 215 nyTa 2 4 0 ~ ~ Reo nyTa ~ o j je n ocTao a y ~ o ~ o 6 na ~n npebe. y 31.5 nyTa 21.5 nyTa 315 nyTa qe0 nyT. (On Y'eHHKa hy TpaXHTH na CaMOCTanHO @~pMyJIllLLly HOBy np06JIeMCKy c ~ ~ y a qy ~Bj H y~ Y cnHsHor s a n a ~ ~Y aK . ~ J I HyseHHqH K~ He ycnejy, ysnTeJb sanaje cneneha s a n a ~ a ~ . ) 3AQATAK 4: H3 nsa rpana noby j e ~ ApyroM a ~ y cycpeT nsa ay~oMo6Hna. Jena~ npenas~ 3a cBaKa 4 saca ~ ~ O KaM npyr14 , 3a CBaea 3 YaCa 2 7 0 ~KonHKo ~. je pac~ojane as~e$y Ta nsa rpana aKo cy ce OHH cpem nocne 5 s a c o ~ a ? PAA YYEHHKA: 1 HacIllH 11 HaxIHH ~*x=~~O I4 ~ K*M x=~~OKM 320:4=80H ~~ 270:3=90~~ 8 0 ~ ~ * ~ + 9 0 ~ ~ * ~ = 4 0 0 + 4 ~ 0 ~=320:4=80KM = 8 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~=270:3=9OKM 80*5+90*~=400~~+450~~=850~~ Pac~oja~ e s ~ e nsa $ y rpana je 8 5 0 ~ ~ YT-IHTEJb:Pe3yJITaTH C y BaM YrnaBHOM TasHH. AO~HJIH CTe HX pa~yHajyhH Ha nsa Hasma. Ja hy ,re Hawme Hamcam Ha T ~ ~ J a I BH H ,y c ~ o j e CBecKe. mTa je y OBOM 3anaTKY H ~ I I o ~ H ~ T o ? YYEHHLTkl: K o n n ~ je o pac~oja~e 3 ~ e nna b yr p a ~ a ? YYHTEJb: H e n o s ~ a ~ hy e ~n op ~ ~ a 3n ao ~~n ohy nyx~.

. . .-..

.-

sa 4 c~aca 3 2 0 ~ ~

.
1 sac
. -a

sa 3 saca 2 7 0 ~ ~

~OKM

IIEflArOUIKA CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 1-2 (2003), H ~ B Can M

I11 - Zi'pegnaEafie xulloilie~e HAHOMEHA: Y Y ~ H M fie QM AaBaTll P ~ Moxe ce, Ha npmep, Y ~ T H : - Y 1. s a ~ a p ~a ~ sn y ~ AyxHHa ~a 5 AYXH mTo H ~ H O C H640 H ~ K H X jep~~qa. - .-.=640

~ ~ H OAroBope ~ I H T ~HnH
H

he ~ Y T ~ T H .

.-_--.-.-.-.-.

jen~e AYXH npeAcTama 4 R ~ X H ,

- Y 3. 3aAaTKy aK0 C y 315 HeKe A Y X H 240 H e K H X je~HHHqa,OHna je 115 TPH nyTa MaKa, a TO je oHAa 80 HeKHx j e m ~ ~ q a . - Y 4. s a ~ a nocne ~ ~ y5 sacosa nyTosaKa j e ~ a y ~ ~ o ~ o npe$e 6 ~ n 400 HeKHX j e ~ n ~ n qa anpyrti , 450 HeKMx j e ~ ~ ~ ~ u a .

IV - A e r c o ~ l l o ~ u u u lj a lpo6~e~a HA'IIOMEHA: 3 a c s a m on osa 4 s a ~ a ~ ~a3~a a 6 p je a~ 1HawH nocTaBaa%a H peruasaBa n p o 6 n e ~ a Y . pan~ s a ~ a no ~ ynyTcTBy. a ~ AKOCH n p o 6 n e ~ nocTaBHO H peuIEio Ha Apyrn HasHH, ynopenti c ~ opaA j ca osne npeEnoxemM.

( n o s p a ~a ~~ a+ o p ~ a q H jKonHrHHa a: n p o a 3 s e ~ ~ roKonaAe e~e je: x x x x )

.-. -.-. -..-.

.
.

( n o s p a ~ t~ l~ a @ o p ~ a q nKonHsHHa ja: n p o ~ 3 s e ~6 e0 ~~x 6 0je: ~~1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X )

-. -.-. -.-. -

.. -.-.-. .-. -. . .- .--.

--

IIEAArOIIIKA CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 1-2 (2003), Hoscl Cau

(IIospa~~a aaop~aq~ x+Sx+15x=21x; ja: 21x=4200; x=4200:21=200~r KeKca; 5~=5*200=1000~r soeonane; 15*200=3000~r 60~6o~a)

1. KonHKH neo nyTa je OCTaO ~

~ a ?

~ T O M O ~ na H J npebe I ~

aKo je nperuao 215 ny-

3. KonHKa je AyxaHa qenor n y ~ a ?

61lmana JIys~h: MOJJEJITIM flEI@EPEHqTIMPAHE I4 I4HJJI4BIIJJYAJIMSOBAHO 6 P A W ...

2. H 3 p a s y ~ K aO ~~~ HKU n y npebe ~ j e n a ~a , KOJIHKH JJpyrH3a 5 sacoBa

V - Heiiocpeglto peuaaafbe i i p o 6 d e ~ a YYkITEJb: Aa JIH HeKO O n YseHHKa ~ H j e CXBaTHO OAHOC TOJIHKO IIyTa BHWe, Kao H n o j a ~ 3a TOJIHKO B U L U ~ ? (YYHTeJb he Ha ~ ~ ) J H O C T ~ B H O npMMepy M HaBeCTH YseHHKa Aa3aKJbYqH KaKO ce n s p a s y ~ a s a H ~ ~ O ~ H eneMeHT ~ T H Ha npmep: 1. Y Y ~ H Em IK a Ase onoBKe a neT nyTa sHme c ~ e s a e aKOJIMKO . yseHHK m a c~esa~a? 2. M a p ~ o m a TPH ryMaqe, a %Tap sa RBe sHme on &era. K o n l l ~ o ne~ap m ary~~qa? 3. K o j je ~ 6poj 3a 15 s e h OR ~ 20? 4. Asa a y ~ o ~ o 6 ~ nay na j e ~ npeMa ~ a ApyroM. Je)JaH m e ~OKM/X, a RpyrH ~OKM/X. KOJIHKO CY OHH ~ H J I H YAaJbeHH ripe A B a caTa? YYklTEJb: K o n ~ l je ~ aBpeAHocT ~ e n o s ~ yas ~a ~ ~ xa q ~ ~o~ j CMO e a peruasana RaHac Ha sacy? YYEHkl(;ILTH: - Y npeoM s a n a ~ ~ 6poj y xeHa je 160, Myrmapaqa 800, a yKynao s a n o c ~ ~ e HHX 960. - Y ApyroM s a ~ a KeKca ~ ~ yje n p o ~ 3 s e ~ 2 e0 ~0 o~ rsoKonaAe , 100Kr, a 6 0 ~ 6 o ~3 a0 0 0 ~ r . - Y TpeheM 3aAaTKy qe0 nyT je Ayr 4 0 0 ~ ~ . - Y 'CIeTBpToM s a ~ a p~ ac ~~ o yj a n e ~ 3 ~ e Asa b y rpaAa je 8 5 0 ~ ~ . YYHTEJ-6: O 6 p a s n o x ~ perueKe ~e s a ~ a ~ roBopHtiM a ~ a ~~~HKOM. YYEHMLl,H:

IIERArOIlIKA CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 1-2 (2003), H o n ~ Cart

- 1. s a n a ~ aSpoj ~ : MyruKapaqa je 5 nyTa s e h on ~ 6poja xeHa. P a s n ~ y ~ Rea nosHMa 6poja MyuKapaqa H xeHa je 4 ,qena, LUTO H ~ H O C H640. JenaH ,qeo je 160, a TO je 6poj xeHa. ITeT nyTa sekr? 6poj on Tora je 800. Y ~ y n sanocneanx ~o je 36np MyruKapaqa H xeHa, LUTO je 160-t.800=960. - 2. s a ~ a ~Spoj a ~ :n p o ~ 3 ~ e n soKonane e~e a 60~60y ~~ a~ B H C H O C Tje H on 6poja npOH3Be~eHOr KeKCa. Kana Y3MeMO 3a jenPiHHqy nPOH3BOflI-bY KeKCa, OHna je 6poj n p o ~ 3 s e n e ~ soKonane e 5 TaKsHx nenosa, a 6po.j 6 0 ~ 6 0 je ~a 15 nyTa s e k on ~ KonHsnHe n p o ~ 3 s e n e ~ KeKca. or 3 6 ~ CBHX p AenoBa npo~3sona je jepi~r?qa npoHs ~ o ~LUTO a , H ~ H O C H4200. JenHa jenk~~k~qa npo~3sona no6~iie ce Kana 4200 nonenHMO ca 21, TaAa ~06HjaMo 200, UTO je 6poj K O ~ Honrosapa KonHsHHM KeKca. KonasHHa cIOKOJIane je 5*200=1000~r, 60~60~ 15*200=3000~r, a LUTO yKynH0 H3HOCH 4200~r.

VI - I T p u ~ e u a ciilereuux m a f i a o HOGUM culiiyarlujaaa A. Perrra~ane jen~awy ~K aO~HM ce ~ rrojaefiyjy ~ 3 p a TOJIHKO 3~ nyTa seke H 3a Tonmo sehe. 5. Perrra~ane s a n a ~ ay ~~ a o j k i je ~a ,qa~ neo, a Ha OCHOBY Tora na ce ~ s p a s y Ha qenma B. Pernasane s a n a ~ a ~ ya KO~HM ce ~ ~ s p a s y ~ ap sac~okne nsa ayTa K O ~ H C e ~pefiy O,Qpe$eHOM ~ P ~ H H O y3 M HCTO YTPOUIeHO BpeMe. Ha ~ p a j y saca 3a n o ~ a i i a iiy s a n a ~ yseHHqHMa ~ A a perue npsa seTHpH 3anaTKa y PanHHM JIHCTOBHMa.

%C MaTeMaTHKe C a HaCTaBHOM ~ ~ ~ I ? H H PeLIIaBa&e ~ o M : ~ ~ o ~ J I ~ M c 3anaK H x TaKa M e T O A O M R Y X H Y seTBPTOM pa3peny OnpXaJIa C a M y 0. m. ,,neTap T a c ~ h y " JIec~tiqn H npH TOM 3 a 6 e n e x ~ n a ocHoBHe npmene ~ o j cy e naxae 3a y~anpelpisan e HacTase H ~ o j ce e Mory KOPHCTHTM y 6ynyheM paRy. Y s e ~ a q caM ~ ~ nonenHna a ocHoBHe H AonyHcKe n ~ m ~ s ha j ee n ~ oKaKo , ce KOHTaHYHTeT Y pany He 611 ~3ry6110. Ha OCHOBHHM J I H c T H ~ H M HaJIa3HJIa ~~ C eH H +op~auurjaH n p o 6 n e ~ c ~ naTaha a (~~O~JI~ sa M na C q~ KHa )H ~ o j F a e H m caM onroBapa, AOK ce Ha A O ~ Y H C K H M~ B C T H ~ E I~M a~n a 3 ~ IIOBpaTHa na ~~aop~aq Jen~ja. Ha rpyna yseHtiKa je y TOKY j e ~ ~ nena o r 'Iaca caMocTanHo peruaeana n p o 6 n e ~ HaKOH cTBopeHe n p o 6 n e ~ c ~ ce ~~yaq~ ~ jO e je K , rpyna H ~ ~ ~ ~ P O B E I T ygeHHKa H~HX caMOCTaJIHO @ O ~ M Y J I H C ~ n J Ip ~o 6 n e ~ ~ . P O ~ ~ ~ M~H~yaqlljy C K Y C a M CTBOpHna IIpHrOnHOM npHsoM aAeKBaTHoM n o c ~ o j e k e n~ p 0 6 n e ~ yY . I I ~ H Hcy ~E Tana I pearosann Ha n p o 6 n e ~~ , pyneh ce ~na ra LUTO npe pasperne, H Y ~ H B L U H HeKa OD ~ o r y h peme~x n a s a n a ~ a ~& a .i + e p e ~ q ~ p pan a ~Ha ~ TPH H ~ B y3 O ~ MO~Y~HOC AonaTHor T n+epeaqEpana y rpynaMa sanol~eo je + o p ~ y n ~ c a f n ie p~ o6ne~a Ha H H B O ~ ~urjanora, YlXaBHOM C a JJapOBMTHM y9eHHqHMa. M~$YTHM, Y CerMeHTHMa ~ L I @ ~ P ~ H ~ E I P ~ pana y s e m q m a K O ~ Hcnopo H TernKo ~anpenyjy, H n M naK, K O ~ H npocewo Hanpe~ y j y noHynana , caM anTepHaTHBHe nospaTae ma@op~aqtije. To je, name, nonpasy~esano o,qrosope Ha n m a n a AHpeKTHo ~ e 3 a 3a ~ an p o 6 n e ~ HAY~H napu~jan~o on naKrrrHx Ka c n o x e ~n ~ ma jn ~m~ a . K ~ K 611 O ce ~ s 6 e r a o npasa~ xon KOA ycIe-

H O

H H K a npBe H Apyre rpyne, nptinpeMHna caM H AoAaTHe s a ~ a 3a ~ Aaposme ~ e ycreH w K aA a 6 ~ Morna x A a noMorHeM yseHHqtiMa K O ~ M ce H e y~nanajy y ,q~l+epe~q~paHY HaCTaBy. IIospa~~e ~ Q o p ~ ayq TOKY ~je paga Aasana caM Ha s a x ~ yseHHKa e~ nyTeM A O n y H C K H X jnHcTHfia, a KaTKaR H THXHM Pa3rOBOPOM. BepH+H~o~aFbe PaAa y9eHklK a no~aoco6 o 6 a ~ ~ a caM n a TOKOM qenor saca. )Jl;l+epe~q~jaq~ja HacTase, ~ o j y caM npeTxoAHo ~ s n o x ~ noApxaBa a, Mogen B~CIIHTHO-O~~~~O npOQeCa BHO~ H a Pa3JIHYHTHM H H B O H M aY K O ~ ~ AOJIa3e M A 0 kl3paXaja HHAHBHAyaJIHe CIIOCO~HOCTHYseHHKa yCJIOBBeHe MeHTaJIHHM pa3JIHKaMa.

f l a + e p e ~ q ~ j a q ~ HacTase rja ~ojy C ~ M npeTxoAHo ~ s n o x n n a roBopti H a MA a C B e YYeHHKe Tpe6a BOAMTH Y AYXY OCTBapeFba HCTHX, TeMeJbHHX qHJbeBa H Canpxaja, IIITO ce s a n p a ~ nocTHxe o paAoM y xo~oreaoj, OAHOCHO s a j e n ~ m ~rpynH. oj I~P~EIM ~o Y je ~ ~aC je o T ~B a MoAen jO n ~ ? @ e p e ~ q n po6pane a~e HacTaBHHx cagp~aja y ~ O ~ I ~ THaCTaBH H O ~ MaTeMaTHKe ( ~ Y Tn~ pM o6ne~c~ He ~ C T OrJIeRa ~B~) ce y c n e ~ e h e ~ : - y IIpoqecy YseFba JWeHHqM C y ~HJIM Y JJKPCKTHOMOAHOCY C a IIPOrPaMCKHM ca,QpIKaJe~, aC a HaCTaBHHKOM AenOM y ,4ElpeKTHOM, a AeJIOM Y M H A H P e K T H O M OAHOH a K O H nO%THOr HaCTaBHHKOBOr YCMepaBafia YgeHHqIlH CY ~ E I J I HY I I Y ~ ~ H M H a caMocTanHo Tparafie 3a pemeBeM npo6ne~a, B O ~ ~ H npeTexHo EI C R O ~ H McnoCO~HOCTHM H~M O T L I B H C ~ H O ~ ~ Y ,
- osamo y.reKe, o g ~ o c ~ ys oe m perrrasaEeM n p o 6 n e ~ am , a KapaKTepncTme cTBapanasKor ycIe6a a He y c n a j a ~ a roTosHx s ~ a f i y a AaToM o 6 n ~ ~ y . - yseHaK osne aMa nonoxaj c y 6 j e ~ ~ a .

CY,

rpy6op, A. (1996): Augalculurrc~iMogefi ,, Uanonuja y lpynlcuuju gulpepenuupane u utiguougyafiu3ooatie naculaoe, C O M ~ O P . Aejuh, M. (2000): Meulogulca ~ a c u l a o e ~ a u l e ~ a u l u rI c geo, e Jaronki~a. % y p ~ h3. , (1997): M ~ n ~ s ~ ~ p yaa3 n n~~ ee $y yseaxqma - ocHosa 3a x ~ + e p e ~ q ~ j a qHacTase, ~jy y lSyp~fi 3.: OcoGune yqetiulca u ~ o g e f i gulpepetiuuu patie naciliaoe - rurtuoziu e l p u ~ a c ~ o c u ocuootioz lu 06pa30oafia, ~ o t i o z p a lpuja 1, YYHT~J~CKH G ~ K Y ~C TO ~M T~ , OCTP. P , 37-44. % y p ~ h?j , (1998): M o g e n ~ g m + e p e ~ q ~ p aHacTase, ~-~e y %yp~k %.: Oco6une yretiurca u hogenu gulpepetil~upatietiaciiiaoe - ~utiuoiiu elpulcacnociliu o c ~ o o n o z 06pa~ooa&a, ~otio2paq5uja 2, Y Z I E I T ~ ~+ C aK ~y II n ~ e rC r ,O M ~ OCTP. P , 13-29. %opbesah, J. (1981): Caopeheua ~aculaaa, H a y ~ r KfiHra, ~a Eeorpag. E r e p ~ k M. , (2000): IIpalcEiurcy~u . e E o g u ~ e iuaule~aEulce pa3pegue ~aciiiase, Ja"

I'IEQArOIIIKA CTBAPHOCT, XLIX, 1-2 (2003), Ho13aCau

14uja u urtguougyanu3ar~ujartaculaae - ocrtooa urcone 6ygykrtocEu, H a y s ~ k l CKYII, Y9klTeJb~KEi @aKyJITeT,C O ~ M O P CTP. , 93-100. Ma~nklfi, II. (1972): Hrtooauuje y rtaculaou, C a p a j e ~ o . M a p j E i ~ ~ ~ kM. l h ,(1996): Meulogurca htaUehtaiZiurce I , Y ~ I H T ~ ~@ C~ KK H~ J I T Eeo~T, rpan. Mapja~osklh, M. (1996): MeEogurca htazehtaiiiurce 2, Yc1klTeJb~Kkl @aKyJITeT, Ee0rpan. Hklq~osaii,I ' I . (1970): Yretbe iiyilieht pecuaoatba i i p o 6 n e ~ a y rtacluaou, 3 a s o ~ 3a y46e~EIKe kl HaCTaBHa Cpe,I(cTBa,Ee0rpau. IIa~~en~ II. i i (1991): , I7puhtepu pa3oujatba culoapanaulEaa yrerturca y ~ a c u l a a u htnagux pa3pega ocrtooue urcone, J b y 6 o s ~ j a . n e ~ p o ~ k lH h ., (2001): Maule~aulurrcu iipo6nehtu y iipurahta, COM~OP. IIEIHTCP, J . (1997): Maulehtaulurrco htogenoaa~be y iiorelurtoj ttaciiiaeu ~ a u l e ~ a u l u rce, Y W ~ T ~ J ~ C$~KYJIT~T, CKH COM~OP. IIHHT~ J.~EI, CapagHHqH (1970): Oiiculua hteluogurca rtaciliaoe wailiemaulurce, COM60p. I'Ipea~oBklh, C. (1970): Meiiiogurca caopehterto2 htaulehtaulurrco2 06pa~oaatbay o c r t o c ~ ocurconu, j Eeorpa~.
Biljana LuEiC LeSnica
MODELS OF DIFFERENTIATED AND INDIVIDUALIZED PROCESSING OF PROBLEM SOLVING IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS FOR BEGINNERS Summary The paper deals with practical application of differentiated models on various levels in which pupils' individual abilities are emphasized and conditioned by mental abilies as well as the necessity and reasons of their application in teaching mathematics for beginners. Educators realized that successful application of differentiated models seeks for high standard of upbringing, teachers' thorough preparation as well as redefining present curriculum by eliminating old fashioned teaching contents. It is proved that this approach is stipulated by more democratic educational system in which pupils freely and independently develop their knowledge without repressive and other similar measures while the teacher, organizer and supervisor of its realization encourages pupils' inquiring mind. The basis of pupils' success is their interest, ability and possibility of using their own learnng velocity as well as advancing creative thinking, which brings the subject into real function. Key words: teaching mathematics, primary school, models of differentiating and individualization, problem solving

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